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## Introduction Negation cannot exist without accepting its existence, and accepting duality completely eliminates the acceptance of non-duality. In reality, non-duality is the negation of duality, and how can duality, which is not accepted in the absolute non-dualistic standpoint, be considered as the negation of absolute non-duality? ## Criticism of Vaisheshika's Pluralism Through Karika 28, the Vaisheshika's pluralism, which advocates for complete duality (many), is criticized. It is argued that the quality of separateness, which is used to define substances like matter as separate (many), is either inseparable from them or separate. It cannot be said to be inseparable from them, because that is not their doctrine. If it is said to be separate from them, then that quality of separateness cannot maintain its existence, because it maintains its existence only by residing in the many. Thus, when the foundation of the Vaisheshika's pluralism (the quality of separateness) collapses, the edifice of pluralism built upon it also crumbles. ## Criticism of Buddhist Pluralism Buddhists are also pluralists. However, their pluralism differs from that of the Vaisheshika. They do not accept a unity based on analogy, but rather accept completely separate, distinct moments as the reality. This belief is also reviewed in three Karikas (29-31). It is argued that without accepting a unity based on analogy in moments, like the thread in a garland, there cannot be progeny, similarity, community, and the state of being after death, because moments do not have a relationship of unity with each other. In addition, by considering both knowledge and the object of knowledge as different from 'being', both become non-being. And in that situation, there will be no state of knowledge, nor will there be an external and internal object of knowledge in the form of internal reality. Their position cannot be established by words either, because words refer only to the general (anvayapoha), which is non-existent, not to the particular (svalakshyatmaka vastu), and in such a situation, all words are not truly indicative of reality, and are therefore false. ## Criticism of Accepting Both Unity and Plurality Karika 32 criticizes the acceptance of both complete unity and complete plurality (ubhaya) of reality, arguing that it leads to contradiction and inexpressibility (anubhaya).
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________________ प्रस्तावना निषेध उसके अस्तित्वको स्वीकार किये बिना नहीं हो सकता और द्वैतको स्वीकार करनेपर सर्वथा अद्वैतकी मान्यता समाप्त हो जाती है । यथार्थमें अद्वैत द्वैतका निषेध है और द्वैत वस्तुभूत अद्वैतैकान्तमें स्वीकृत न होने से उसका निषेधरूप सर्वथा अद्वैत कसे माना जा सकता है ? कारिका २८ के द्वारा सर्वथा द्वैत (अनेक) वादी वैशेषिकोंके अनेकवादकी आलोचना करते हुए प्रतिपादन किया गया है कि जिस पृथक्त्व गुणसे द्रव्यादि पदार्थों को पृथक् ( अनेक ) कहा जाता है वह उनसे अपृथक् है या पृथक् ? उसे उनसे अपृथक् तो कहा नहीं जा सकता, क्योंकि वैसा उनका सिद्धान्त नहीं है। यदि उसे उनसे पृथक् कहा जाय तो वह पृथक्त्व गुण अपनी सत्ता कायम नहीं रख सकता, क्योंकि वह अनेकोंमें रहकर ही अपने अस्तित्वको स्थिर रखता है। इस प्रकार वैशेषिकोंके अनेकवादकी मान्यताका आधार-स्तम्भ ( पृथक्त्वगुण ) जब ढह जाता है तो उसपर आधारित अनेकवादका प्रसाद भी धराशायी हो जाता है । बौद्ध भी अनेकवादी हैं। पर उनका अनेकवाद वैशेषिकोंके अनेकवादसे भिन्न हैं। वे अन्वयरूप एकत्व न मानकर सर्वथा पृथक-पृथक् अनेक विसदृश क्षणोंको ही वस्तु स्वीकार करते हैं। उनकी इस मान्यताकी भी २९-३१ तक तीन कारिकाओं द्वारा समीक्षा की गई है। कहा गया है कि मालाके दानोंमें सूतकी तरह क्षणोंमें अन्वयरूप एकत्व न माननेपर उनमें सन्तान, सादृश्य, समुदाय और प्रेत्यभाव आदि नहीं बन सकते, क्योंकि क्षणोंका एक-दूसरेसे एकत्वरूप सम्बन्ध नहीं है। इसके अतिरिक्त ज्ञान और ज्ञेय इन दोनोंको 'सत्' की अपेक्षासे भी भिन्न माननेपर दोनों ही असत् हो जावेंगे। और उस हालतमें न ज्ञानकी स्थिति रहेगी और न बाह्य तथा अन्तस्तत्त्वरूप आभ्यन्तर ज्ञेय ही बन सकेगा । वचनोंसे भी उनकी स्थिति नहीं रोपी जा सकती है, क्योंकि वचन सामान्य (अन्यापोह) मात्रको कहते हैं, जो अवस्तु है, विशेष ( स्वलक्षात्मक वस्तु ) को नहीं और ऐसी दशामें समस्त वचन यथार्थतः वस्तुके वाचक न होनेसे मिथ्या ( असत्य ) ही हैं। कारिका ३२ के द्वारा वस्तुको सर्वथा एक और सर्वथा अनेक दोनों ( उभय ) रूप अङ्गीकार करनेपर विरोध तथा अवाच्य ( अनुभय ) Jain Education International For Private & Personal Use Only www.jainelibrary.org
SR No.001170
Book TitleAptamimansa
Original Sutra AuthorSamantbhadracharya
AuthorJugalkishor Mukhtar
PublisherVeer Seva Mandir Trust
Publication Year1978
Total Pages190
LanguageHindi, Sanskrit
ClassificationBook_Devnagari & Philosophy
File Size9 MB
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