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## Chapter 48: Samantabhadra-Bharati
**[The question arises: Are atomic moments or aggregates generated by a cause? The first view, that atomic moments are generated, leads to a contradiction similar to the contradiction between the established and the establisher, and the destructible and the destroyer. How can there be a generation with a cause? In the absence of cause and effect, these states, generation, and destruction, are contradictory, because atoms are indivisible. The 43rd verse already negated the existence of cause and effect in the context of momentary existence with the statement "Not because of cause and effect, nor because of other causes." **
**Just as there is no state without an establisher, and no destruction without a destroyer, similarly, there is no generation without cause and effect. How can there be a generation with a cause? If the second view is accepted, that aggregates are generated, then aggregates are not real in the ultimate sense according to Buddhists, and are therefore uncreated and without a cause. How can there be a cause for them? In the absence of the object, there is no means. Therefore, the five aggregates of Buddhists (form, feeling, perception, volition, and consciousness) are not real in the ultimate sense, but are mere conceptual constructs. Their states, generation, and destruction are like the horn of a donkey. Just as the horn of a donkey does not exist, and therefore cannot have a state, generation, or destruction, similarly, the aggregates of form, feeling, perception, volition, and consciousness, which are composed of atoms of form, feeling, smell, and touch, are not real, but are conceptual constructs. Therefore, their states, generation, and destruction do not occur. **