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20
Tattvarthasutra
1. Distinctive thought and reflection
2. Unified thought without reflection
3. Subtle action and counteraction
4. The cessation of erroneous action and the cessation of action due to confusion.
The first two meditations have a common underlying principle, which is that both begin with the soul possessing prior knowledge. Thus, both are termed "vitaraka," meaning they include scriptural knowledge. Despite both having a similarity in vitaraka, there is also a distinction: in the first, there is "pruthakrutva," meaning differentiation; while in the second, there is "ekatva," meaning non-differentiation. Similarly, in the first, "vichara" means transition, whereas in the second, there is no vichara. For this reason, the two meditations are named sequentially "pruthakrutvavitarakasvichara" and "ekatvavitaraka avichara." When a meditator is a prior holder of knowledge, based on the knowledge acquired in the past, and when one is not such a holder, then various phenomena, whether it be matter, atom, or sentient form, manifest, exist, perish, take form, are formless, and so forth—various phenomena and manifestations are contemplated through different perspectives. Based on the scriptural knowledge that is possible, the meditator may engage in contemplation from one substance's perspective to another, or from one aspect to a different aspect, or from one aspect to another aspect, or from meaning to word and from word to meaning. Likewise, when the mind relinquishes one connection and embraces another momentum, then that meditation is termed "pruthakrutvavitarakasvichara," because it contains "vitaraka," meaning scriptural knowledge.