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The Tattvarthasutra mentions nine types of penance: Alochana, Pratikramana, Tadubhay, Viveka, Vyutsarga, Tapa, Cheda, Parihara, and Upasthapana. There are various methods to identify faults or mistakes, and all of them are considered penance. Here are the nine classifications briefly: 1. To openly reveal one's father's mistake in an honest manner in front of the guru is "Alochana." 2. To repent for the mistake made and to be cautious not to repeat it is "Pratikramana." 3. When both Alochana and Pratikramana are performed together, it is termed "Tadubhay" or "Mixed." 4. To abandon any unimagined food or items that later become known, is "Viveka." 5. To completely renounce body and speech while being focused is "Vyutsarga." 6. To engage in external penance like fasting or the like, is "Tapa." 7. To decrease one's vows according to the fault for a day, fortnight, month, or year is "Cheda." 8. To distance oneself from a specific object according to the fault with the person being careful not to touch anything, is "Parihara." 9. To re-adopt the great vows, due to a violation of Ahimsa, Satya, Brahmacharya, etc., is "Upasthapana."
Parihara and Upasthapana are the three penances that are foundational, unalterable, and transcendent, hence there is much literature describing ten types of penance. The specific application of each penance to various types of faults is elaborated in texts focusing on penance, such as the Jatakalyana Sutra and others.