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364
Tattvarthasutra
Anashana, avamaudarya, vritti pariskhyan, rasapariyag, vivikta-shayyasan, and kayiklesh are considered external austerities.
Prayaschitta, vinaya, vaiyavritti, vadayaya, vyutsarga, and dhyana are regarded as internal austerities.
To weaken the passions, the required spiritual strength is cultivated by subjecting the body, senses, and mind to various forms of austerity; all of this is termed "tapa."
There are two classifications of tapa: external and internal. The external tapa predominates in physical activity and can be observed by others as it depends on external substances; therefore, it is called "external" tapa. Conversely, internal tapa predominates in mental activity and is not dependent on external substances, making it invisible to others; hence, it is referred to as "internal tapa."
Although external austerity is gross and mundane, its importance is acknowledged in support of internal austerity. The classification of external and internal tapa encompasses the entire spectrum of general and subtle religious regulations.
External austerities: 1. To renounce all types of food for a limited time or for the duration of one's life is called "anashana." This includes first observing food restrictions and second, understanding the rules of fasting. 2. Eating less than what is offered by one's father is referred to as avamaudarya—asceticism through fasting. 3. To reduce the temptation of various objects is termed "vritti pariskhyan." 4. Adhering to rules regarding clarified butter, milk, and similar substances, as well as alcoholic beverages, for a certain period is included here.