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**Tattvarthasutra**
Ajiva is the emotive essence that opposes jiva. It is not merely negative.
The intention behind calling dharma and the other three ajivas mastya is that this essence is not only a spatial element or a component but rather a collective or aggregate. Dharma, adharma, and akasa are all three of them spatial aggregates, and pudgala is both element and element-aggregate.
The concept of time is not counted among the distinctions of ajiva; because there is a difference of opinion on whether time is substantive or not. The acharya who considers it a principle sees it merely as spatial and not as a spatial aggregate. Therefore, in their opinion, the inclusion of time in the existence (astika) is not warranted; and how can time be counted among the distinctions of that essence by the acharyas who do not consider time as an independent principle?
Q: Are the four ajivas above accepted by other philosophies as well?
A: No, even if akasa and pudgala exist, they are accepted by Vaishesika, Nyaya, Samkhya, and other philosophies, but only when dharmastikaya and adharma-stikaya exist does Jain philosophy not accept any other philosophy. Jain philosophy refers to what others call akasa as akasa-stikaya. The term pudgala-stikaya is also recognized only in Jain scriptures. In other philosophies, terms like prakriti and paramanu are used to describe that essence. [1]