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The Tattvarthasutra and various other texts categorize time based on the movement of the sun. The ongoing action is the present tense, the one that is about to happen is the future tense, and the one that has already happened is the past tense. Time that can be counted is numerable, while that which cannot be counted but can only be known through analogy is innumerable, such as examples like a measure of time or the ocean; and that which has no end is infinite. [15]
Richar Jyoti: The sun outside the human realm is stationary in its orbit. This is because its nature is to remain permanently in one place. It does not wander here and there. For this reason, its light and shade are also stationary in nature; thus, the natural yellow color of celestial bodies remains unchanged without the shadow of Rahu and others falling on it, and due to the absence of rising and setting, the light perceived by the eyes is also uniformly stable. [16]
Vaimanik: The gods of the fourth category are called Vaimanika. The term Vaimanika is merely a technical designation; others from different categories may also travel in aircraft. There are two distinctions of Vaimanika: Kalpapanna and Kalpaatit. Those who reside in a kalpa are called Kalpapanna, and those who remain outside of a kalpa are called Kalpaatit. Not all Vaimanika are located in one place; they do not live in a flat manner but are layered over each other. [18–19]
The concept of Saudharm, Aishan, and others are twelve distinctions. Among these, Saudharm refers to the countless beings climbing up to the Jyotish Chakra of the Kalpa.