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Chapter 1 - Sutra 34-35
It is stated that the present Rajgriha is different from the past Rajgriha; and its description is presented as ‘Rajgriha was’. This differentiation in time reveals examples of non-difference. Now, in gender differentiation, there is non-difference: for example, a well, a pit. Here the first word is masculine and the second is feminine; both of them are known as non-different in practice. Some stars are identified by the name of a constellation, but according to this reasoning, certain stars cannot practically be called ‘this star is within this constellation’. This is because, due to accepting non-difference in gender differentiation, the words star and constellation, as well as this and constellation, cannot be used interchangeably with one meaning. Words like institution, presentation, presence, and similarly words like rest, pause, etc., although they share the same root, show a differentiation in meaning, which prepares the ground for this linguistic reasoning. Various beliefs based on this kind of verbal principle fall within the entire category of linguistic reasoning.
The intellect, prepared to conceive non-difference based on the distinction of verbal principles, then advances towards the differentiation of etymology, and is made to believe that even when many different words are considered to have one meaning, they do not truly have one meaning; rather, they are different. In argument, it is stated that if gender differentiation and numerical differentiation are regarded as non-difference, then should not verbal differentiation also be considered as meaning differentiation? Thus, it is stated: king, ruler, lord.