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Tattvarthasutra General Explanation: Any concept that represents a subject relatively is termed as Nay. Nay is broadly classified into two categories: 1. Dravyarthika (substance-oriented) and 2. Paryayarthika (modification-oriented). All things in the world, big or small, do not appear entirely unequal to one another. Likewise, they do not appear entirely the same either. They exhibit aspects of both similarity and dissimilarity. Hence, the mere substance is commonly referred to as a general special duality. Human intellect often leans towards either the general aspect of things or the special aspect. When it leans towards the general aspect, that thought is referred to as "Dravyarthika Nay," and when it leans towards the special aspect, it is called "Paryayarthika Nay." Not all general perspectives or special perspectives are the same; there are differences even among them. To indicate this, a brief division has also been made regarding these two perspectives. There are three divisions for Dravyarthika and four for Paryayarthika, totaling seven, which represent the seven nays. It is not that the substance does not appear in the special or modification perspective; rather, this division of perspectives should be understood in terms of secondary and primary significance. - The above is explained with simple illustrations. When one, at any time and in any circumstance, looks towards the sea, the water's color, taste, depth, clarity, extent, or boundary, etc. are all aspects related to it.