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________________ vizva zAMtivAdI sammelana aura jaina paramparA bhUmikA mi0 horesa alekjainDara-pramukha kucha vyaktiyoM ne 1646 meM gA~dhIjI ke sAmane prastAva rakhA thA ki satya aura ahiMsA meM pUrA vizvAsa rakhanevAle vizva bhara ke ine gine zAntivAdI Apake sAtha eka saptAha kahIM zAnta sthAna meM bitAveM / anantara sevAgrAma meM DA. rAjendraprasAdajI ke pramukhatva meM vicArArtha janavarI 1946 meM milI huI baiThaka meM jaisA taya huA thA tadanusAra disambara 1646 meM vizvabhara ke 75 ekaniSTha zAntivAdiyoM kA sammelana milane jA rahA hai| isa sammelana ke AmaMtraNadAtAoM meM prasiddha jaina gRhastha bhI zAmila haiN| __ jaina paramparA apane janmakAla se hI ahiMsAvAdI aura jude-jude kSetroM meM ahiMsA kA vividha prayoga karanevAlI rahI hai| sammelana ke AyojakoM ne anya pariNAmoM ke sAtha eka isa pariNAma kI bhI AzA rakkhI hai ki sAmAjika aura rAjakIya praznoM ko ahiMsA ke dvArA hala karane kA prayatna karanevAle vizva bhara ke strI-puruSoM kA eka saMgha bane / ataeva hama jainoM ke lie Avazyaka ho jAtA hai ki pahale hama soceM ki zAntivAdI sammelana ke prati ahiMsAvAdI rUpa se jaina paramparA kA kyA karttavya hai ? krizciyana zAntivAda ho, jaina ahisAvAda ho yA gA~dhIjI kA ahisA mArga ho, sabakI sAmAnya mUmikA yaha hai ki khuda hiMsA se bacanA aura yathAsambhava lokahita kI vidhAyaka pravRtti karanA / parantu isa ahiMsA tattva kA vikAsa saba paramparAoM meM kucha aMzoM meM jude-jude rUpa se huA hai| zAntivAda ___ "Thou shalt not kill' ityAdi bAIbala ke upadezoM ke zrAdhAra para krAIsTa ke pakke anuyAyioM ne jo ahiMsAmUlaka vividha pravRttiyoM kA vikAsa kiyA hai usakA mukhya kSetra mAnava samAja rahA hai| mAnava samAja kI nAnAvidha sevAoM kI saccI bhAvanA meM se kisI bhI prakAra ke yuddha meM, anya saba taraha kI sAmAjika hita kI javAbadehI ko adA karate hue bhI, sazastra bhAga na lene kI vRttikA bhI udaya aneka zatAbdiyoM se huA hai| jaise-jaise krizciyAniTi kA
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________________ jaina ahiMsA 506 vistAra hotA gayA, bhinna-bhinna dezoM ke sAtha nikaTa aura dUra kA sambandha jur3atA gayA, sAmAjika aura rAjakIya javAbadehI ke bar3hate jAne se usameM se phalita honevAlI samasyAoM ko hala karane kA savAla pecIdA hotA gayA, vaise-vaise zAMtivAdI manovRtti bhI vikasita hotI calI / zurU meM jahA~ varga-yuddha (Class War), nAgarika yuddha (Civil War ) arthAt svadeza ke antargata kisI bhI lar3AIjhagar3e meM sazastra bhAga na lene kI manovRtti thI vahA~ kramazaH antarrASTrIya yuddha taka meM kisI bhI taraha se sazastra bhAga na lene kI manovRtti sthira huI / itanA hI nahIM balki yaha bhI bhAva sthira huA ki sambhavita sabhI zAntipUrNa upAyoM se yuddha ko TAlane kA prayatna kiyA jAya aura sAmAjika, rAjakIya va Arthika kSetroM meM bhI vaiSamya nivAraka zAntivAdI prayatna kiye jaaeN| usI antima vikasita manovRtti kA sUcaka Pacifism ( zAMtivAda) zabda lagabhaga 1605 se prasiddha rUpa meM astitva meM AyA / ' gA~dhIjI ke ahiMsaka puruSArtha ke bAda to Pacifisin zabda kA artha aura bhI vyApaka va unnata huA hai| Aja to Pacifism zabda ke dvArA hama 'hareka prakAra ke anyAya kA nivAraNa karane ke lie bar3I se bar3I kisI bhI zakti kA sAmanA karane kA sakriya adamya Atmabala' yaha zrartha samajhate haiM, jo vizva zAMtivAdI sammelana (World Pacifist Meeting) kI bhUmikA hai| jaina ahiMsA jaina paramparA ke janma ke sAtha hI ahiMsA ko aura tanmUlaka aparigraha kI bhAvanA jur3I huI hai| jaise-jaise isa paramparA kA vikAsa tathA vistAra hotA gayA vaise-vaise usa bhAvanA kA bhI bhinna-bhinna kSetroM meM nAnA prakAra kA upayoga va prayoga huA hai| parantu jaina paramparA kI ahiMsaka bhAvanA, anya katipaya mAratIya dharma paramparAoM kI taraha, yAvat prANimAtra ko ahiMsA va rakSA meM caritArtha hotI AyI hai, kevala mAnava samAja taka kabhI sImita nahIM rahI hai| krizciyana gRhasthoM meM aneka vyakti yA aneka choTe-moTe dala samaya-samaya para aise hue haiM jinhoMne yuddha ko ugratama paristhiti meM bhI usameM bhAga lene kA virodha maraNAnta kaSTa sahana karake bhI kiyA hai jabaki jaina gRhasthoM kI sthiti isase nirAlI rahI hai / hameM jaina itihAsa meM aisA koI spaSTa udAharaNa nahIM milatA jisameM deza rakSA ke saMkaTapUrNa kSaNoM meM AnevAlI sazastra yuddha taka kI javAbadehI TAlane kA yA usakA virodha karane kA prayatna kisI bhI samajhadAra javAbadeha jaina gRhastha ne kiyA ho| 1. Encyclopaedia of Religion (Ed. V. Ferm, 1945,) p. 555.
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________________ jaina dharma aura darzana gA~dhIjI kI ahiMsA . . gA~dhIjI janma se hI bhAratIya ahiMsaka saMskAra vAle hI rahe haiN| prANimAtra ke prati unakI ahiMsA va anukaMpA vRtti kA srota sadA bahatA rahA hai, jisake aneka udAharaNa unake jIvana meM bhare par3e haiN| gorakSA aura anya pazu-pakSiyoM kI rakSA kI unakI himAyata to itanI prakaTa hai ki jo kisI se chipI nahIM hai / parantu sabakA dhyAna khIMcanevAlA unakA ahiMsA kA prayoga duniyA meM ajor3a ginI jAnevAlI rAjasattA ke sAmane bar3e paimAne para prazastra pratikAra yA satyAgraha kA hai / isa prayoga ne purAnI sabhI prAcya-pAzcAtya ahiMsaka paramparAoM meM jAna DAla dI hai, kyoMki isameM prAtmazuddhipUrvaka sabake prati nyAyya vyavahAra karane kA dRr3ha saMkalpa hai aura dUsarI tarapha se anya ke anyAya ke prati na jhukate hue usakA azastra pratikAra karane kA prabala va sarvakSemaMkara puruSArtha hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki Aja kA koI bhI saccA ahiMsAvAdI yA zAMtivAdI gA~dhIjI kI preraNA kI avagaNanA kara nahIM sktaa| isI se hama vizva zAMtivAdI sammelana ke pIche bhI gA~dhIjI kA anokhA vyaktitva pAte haiN| nivRtti-pravRtti jaina kula meM janma lenevAle baccoM meM kucha aise susaMskAra mAtR-stanyapAna ke sAtha bIjarUpa meM Ate haiM jo pIche se aneka prayatnoM ke dvArA bhI durlabha haiN| udAharaNArtha-nirmAsa bhojana, madya jaisI nasIlI cIjoM ke prati ghRNA, kisI ko na satAne kI tathA kisI ke prANa na lene kI manovRtti tathA kevala asahAya manuSya ko hI nahIM balki prANimAtra ko saMbhavita sahAyatA pahu~cAne kI vRtti / janmajAta jaina vyakti meM ukta saMskAra svataHsiddha hote hue bhI unakI pracchanna zakti kA bhAna sAmAnya rUpa se khuda jainoM meM bhI kama pAyA jAtA hai, jabaki aise hI saMskAroM kI bhitti para mahAvIra, buddha, krAIsTa aura gA~dhIjI jaisoM ke lokakalyANakArI jIvana kA vikAsa huA dekhA jAtA hai / isaliye hama jainoM ko apane virAsatI susaMskAroM ko pahicAnane kI dRSTi kA vikAsa karanA sabase pahale zrAvazyaka hai jo aise sammelana ke avasara para anAyAsa sambhava hai| aneka loga saMnyAsa-pradhAna hone ke kAraNa jaina paramparA ko kevala nivRtti-mArgI samajhate haiM aura kama samajhadAra khuda jaina bhI apanI dharma paramparA ko nivRttimArgI mAnane manavAne meM gaurava lete haiN| isase pratyeka naI jaina pIr3hI ke mana meM eka aisA akarmaNyatA kA saMskAra jAne anajAne par3atA hai jo usake janmasiddha aneka susaMskAroM ke vikAsa meM bAdhaka banatA hai| isalie prastuta mauke para yaha
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________________ nivRtti-pravRtti 511 vicAra karanA jarUrI hai ki vAstava meM jaina paramparA nivRttagAmI hI hai yA pravRttigAmI bhI hai, aura jaina paramparA kI dRSTi se nivRtti tathA pravRtti kA saccA mAne kyA hai| ukta praznoM kA uttara hameM jaina siddhAnta meM se bhI milatA hai aura jaina paramparA ke aitihAsika vikAsa meM se bhii| saiddhAntika dRSTi __ jaina siddhAnta yaha hai ki sAdhaka yA dharma kA ummedavAra prathama apanA doSa dUra kare, apane Apako zuddha kare--taba usakI sat pravRtti sArthaka bana sakatI hai| doSa dUra karane kA artha hai doSa se nivRtta honA / sAdhaka kA pahalA dhArmika prayatna doSa yA doSoM se nivRtta hone kA hI rahatA hai| guru bhI pahale usI para bhAra dete haiM / ataeva jitanI dharma pratijJAyeM yA dhArmika vrata haiM ve mukhyatayA nivRtti kI bhASA meM haiM / gRhastha ho yA sAdhu, usakI choTI-moTI sabhI pratijJAye, sabhI mukhya vrata doSa nivRtti se zurU hote haiM / gRhastha sthUla prANahiMsA, sthUla mRSAvAda, sthUla parigraha Adi doSoM se nivRtta hone kI pratijJA letA hai aura aisI pratijJA nibAhane kA prayatna bhI karatA hai / jabaki sAdhu saba prakAra kI prANahiMsA Adi doSoM se nivRtta hone kI pratijJA lekara use nibAhane kA bharasaka prayatna karatA hai| gRhastha aura sAdhuoM kI mukhya pratijJAe~ nivRttisUcaka zabdoM meM hone se tathA doSa se nivRtta hone kA unakA prathama prayatna hone se sAmAnya samajhavAloM kA yaha khayAla bana jAnA svAbhAvika hai ki jaina dharma mAtra nivRttigAmI hai / nivRtti ke nAma para avazyakartavyoM kI upekSA kA bhAva bhI dharma saMghoM meM A jAtA hai / isake aura bhI do mukhya kAraNa haiM / eka to mAnava-prakRti meM pramAda yA paropajIvitA rUpa vikRti kA honA aura dUsarA binA parizrama se yA alpa parizrama se jIvana kI jarUratoM kI pUrti ho sake aisI paristhiti meM rahanA / para jaina siddhAnta itane meM hI sImita nahIM hai| vaha to spaSTatayA yaha kahatA hai ki pravRtti kare para Asakti se nahIM athavA anAsakti se---doSa tyAga pUrvaka pravRtti kre| dUsare zabdoM meM vaha yaha kahatA hai ki jo kucha kiyA jAya vaha yatanA pUrvaka kiyA jAya / yatanA ke binA kucha na kiyA jAya / yatanA kA artha hai viveka aura anAsakti / hama ina zAstrAgAoM meM spaSTatayA yaha dekha sakate haiM ki inameM niSedha, tyAga yA nivRtti kA jo vidhAna hai vaha doSa ke niSedha kA, nahIM ki pravRtti mAna ke niSedha kA / yadi pravRttimAtra ke tyAga kA vidhAna hotA to yatanA-pUrvaka jIvana pravRtti karane ke
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________________ 512 jaina dharma aura darzana Adeza kA koI bhI artha nahIM rahatA aura pravRtti na karanA itanA mAtra kahA jAtA / # dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki zAstra meM gupti aura samiti - aise dharma ke do mArga haiM / donoM mArgoM para binA cale dharma kI pUrNatA kabhI siddha nahIM ho sakatI / gupti kA matalaba hai doSoM se mana, vacana, kAyA ko virata rakhanA aura samiti kA matalaba hai viveka se svaparahitAvaha satpravRtti ko karate rahanA / satpravRtti banAe rakhane kI dRSTi se jo satpravRtti yA doSa ke tyAga para atyadhika bhAra diyA gayA hai usIko kama samajhavAle logoM ne pUrNa mAnakara aisA samajha liyA ki doSa nivRtti se Age phira vizeSa karttavya nahIM rahatA / jaina siddhAnta ke anusAra to saca bAta yaha phalita hotI hai ki jaise-jaise sAdhanA meM doSa nivRtti hotI aura bar3hatI jAe vaise-vaise satpavRtti kI bAjU vikasita hotI jAnI cAhie / jaise doSa nivRtti ke sivAya satpravRtti asambhava hai vaise hI satpravRtti kI gati ke sivAya doSa nivRtti kI sthiratA TikanA bhI asambhava hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina paramparA meM jitane Adarza puruSa tIrthaMkara rUpa se mAne gaye haiM una sabhI ne apanA samagra puruSArthaM zrAtmazuddhi karane ke bAda satpravRtti meM ho lagAyA hai / isaliye hama jaina apane ko jaba nivRttigAmI kaheM taba itanA hI artha samajha lenA cAhie ki nivRtti yaha to hamArI yathArtha pravRttigAmI dhArmika jIvana kI prAthamika taiyArI mAtra hai / mAnasa zAstra kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM to bhI Upara kI bAta kA hI samarthana hotA hai / zarIra se bhI mana aura mana se bhI cetanA vizeSa zaktizAlI yA gatizIla hai | hama dekheM ki agara zarIra aura mana kI gati doSoM se rukI, cetanA kA sAmarthya doSoM kI ora gati karane se rukA, to unakI gati-dizA kauna sI rahegI ? vaha sAmarthya kabhI niSkriya yA gati zUnya to rahegA hI nhiiN| agara usa sadAsphurat sAmarthya ko kisI mahAn uddezya kI sAdhanA meM lagAyA na jAe to phira * yadyapi zAstrIya zabdoM kA sthUla artha sAdhu-jIvana kA AhAra, vihAra, nihAra sambandhI caryA taka hI sImita jAna par3atA hai para isakA tAtparya jIvana ke saba kSetroM kI saba pravRttiyoM meM yatanA lAgU karane kA hai / agara aisA tAtparya na ho, to yatanA kI vyApti itanI kama ho jAtI hai ki phira vaha yatanA hiMsA siddhAnta kI samartha bAjU bana nahIM sakatI / samiti zabda kA tAtparya bhI jIvana kI saba pravRttiyoM se hai, na ki zabdoM meM ginAI huI kevala AhAra vihAra nihAra jaisI pravRttiyoM meM /
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________________ pravRtti-nivRtti vaha UrdhvagAmI yogya dizA na pAkara purAne vAsanAmaya adhogAmI jIvana kI ora hI gati karegA! yaha sarvasAdhAraNa anubhava hai ki jaba hama zubha bhAvanA rakhate hue bhI kucha nahIM karate taba anta meM azubha mArga para hI A par3ate haiN| bauddha, sAMkhyayoga zrAdi sabhI nivattimArgI kahI jAnevAlI dharma paramparAoM kA bhI vahI bhAva hai jo jaina dharma-paramparA kaa| jaba gItA ne karmayoga yA pravRtti mArga para bhAra diyA taba vastutaH anAsakta bhAva para hI bhAra diyA hai| nivRtti pravRtti kI pUraka hai aura pravRtti nivRtti kii| ye jIvana ke sikke kI do bAjue~ haiN| pUraka kA yaha bhI artha nahIM hai ki eka ke bAda dUsarI ho, donoM sAtha na hoM, jaise jAgRti va nidrA / para usakA yathArtha bhAva yaha hai ki nivRtti aura pravRtti eka sAtha calatI rahatI hai bhale hI koI eka aMza pradhAna dikhAI de / manameM doSoM kI pravRtti calatI rahane para bhI aneka bAra sthUla jIvana meM nivRtti dikhAI detI hai jo vAstava meM nivRtti nahIM hai| isI taraha aneka vAra mana meM vAsanAoM kA vizeSa dabAva na hone para bhI sthUla jIvana meM kalyANAvaha pravRtti kA abhAva bhI dekhA jAtA hai jo vAstava meM nivRtti kA hI ghAtaka siddha hotA hai| ataeva hameM samajha lenA cAhie ki doSa nivRtti aura sadguyA pravRtti kA koI virodha nahIM pratyuta donoM kA sAhacarya hI dhArmika jIvana kI Avazyaka zarta hai / virodha hai to doSoM se hI nivRtta hone kA aura doSoM meM hI pravRtta hone kA / isI taraha sadguNoM meM hI pravRtti karanA aura unhIM se nivRtta bhI honA yaha bhI virodha hai| ___ asat-nivRtti aura sat-pravRtti kA paraspara kaisA poSya-poSaka sambandha hai yaha bhI vicArane kI vastu hai / jo hiMsA evaM mUSAvAda se thor3A yA bahuta aMzoM meM nivRtta ho para maukA par3ane para prANihita kI vidhAyaka pravRtti se udAsIna rahatA hai yA satya bhASaNa kI pratyakSa javAbadehI kI upekSA karatA hai vaha dhIre-dhIre hiMsA evaM mRSAvAda kI nivatti se saMcita bala bhI ga~vA baiThatA hai / hiMsA evaM mRSAvAda kI nivRtti kI saccI parIkSA tabhI hotI hai jaba anukampA kI evaM satya bhASaNa kI vidhAyaka pravRtti kA prazna sAmane AtA hai / agara maiM kisI prANI yA manuSya ko takalIpha nahIM detA para mere sAmane koI aisA prANI yA manuSya upasthita hai jo anya kAraNoM se saMkaTagrasta hai aura usakA saMkaTa mere prayatna ke dvArA dUra ho sakatA hai yA kucha halakA ho sakatA hai, yA merI pratyakSa paricaryA evaM sahAnubhati se use zrAzvAsana mila sakatA hai, phira bhI maiM kevala nivRtti kI bAjU ko hI pUrNa ahiMsA mAna lU~ to maiM khuda apanI sadguNAbhimukha vikAsazIla cetanA zakti kA galA ghoTatA huuN| mujhameM jo Atmaupamya kI bhAvanA aura jokhima uThAkara '
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________________ jaina dham aura darzana bhI satya bhASaNa ke dvArA anyAya kA sAmanA karane kI tejasvitA hai use kAma meM naM lAkara kuNThita banA denA aura pUrNa AdhyAtmikatA ke vikAsa ke bhrama meM par3anA hai| isI prakAra brahmacarya kI do bAjue~ haiM jinase brahmacarya pUrNa hotA hai| maithuna viramaNa yaha zaktisaMgrAhaka nivRtta kI bAjU hai| para usake dvArA saMgRhIta zakti aura teja kA vidhAyaka upayoga karanA yahI pravRtti kI bAjU hai| jo maithunavirata vyakti apanI saMcita vIrya zakti kA avikArAnurUpa laukika lokottara bhalAI meM upayoga nahIM karatA hai vaha anta meM apanI usa saMcita vIrya zakti ke dvArA hI yA to tAmasavRtti bana jAtA hai yA anya akRtya kI ora jhuka jAtA hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki maithunavirata aise lAkhoM bAvA saMnyAsI aba bhI milate haiM jo paropajIvI krodhamUtti aura vividha bahamoM ke ghara haiN| aitihAsika dRSTi aba hama aitihAsika dRSTi se nivRtti aura pravRtti ke bAre meM jaina paramparA kA mukAva kyA rahA hai so dekheM / hama pahile kaha cuke haiM ki jaina kula meM mAMsa madya Adi vyasana tyAga, nirarthaka pApakarma se virati jaise niSedhAtmaka susaMskAra aura anukampA mUlaka bhUtahita karane kI vRtti jaise bhAvAtmaka susaMskAra virAsatI hai| aba dekhanA hogA ki aise saMskAroM kA nirmANa kaise zurU huzrA, unakI puSTi kaise-kaise hotI gaI aura unake dvArA itihAsa kAla meM kyA-kyA ghaTanAe~ ghttiiN| jaina paramparA ke Adi pravartaka mAne jAnevAle RSabhadeva ke samaya jitane andhakAra yuga ko hama chor3a deM to bhI hamAre sAmane neminAtha kA udAharaNa spaSTa hai, jise vizvasanIya mAnane meM koI Apatti nhiiN| neminAtha devakIputra kRSNa ke cacere bhAI aura yaduvaMza ke tejasvI taruNa the| unhoMne ThIka lagna ke mauke para mAMsa ke nimitta ekatra kie gaye saikar3oM pazupakSiyoM ko lagna meM asahayoga ke dvArA jo abhayadAna dilAne kA mahAn sAhasa kiyA, usakA prabhAva sAmAjika samArambha meM pracalita cirakAlIna mAMsa bhojana kI prathA para aisA par3A ki usa prathA kI jaDa hila-sI gii| eka tarapha se aisI prathA zithila hone se mAMsa-bhojana tyAga kA saMskAra par3A aura dUsarI tarapha se pazu-pakSiyoM ko mArane se bacAne kI vidhAyaka pravRtti bhI dhayaM ginI jAne lagI / jaina paramparA ke Age ke itihAsa meM hama jo aneka ahiMsApoSaka aura prANirakSaka prayatna dekhate haiM unake mUla meM neminAtha kI tyAga-ghaTanA kA saMskAra kAma kara rahA hai|| pArzvanAtha ke jIvana meM eka prasaGga aisA hai jo Upara se sAdhAraNa lagatA hai para nivRtti-pravRtti ke vicAra se vaha asAdhAraNa hai / pArzvanAtha ne dekhA ki
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________________ pravRtti-nivRtti 515 eka tApasa jo paMcAgni tapa kara rahA hai usake Asa-pAsa jalane vAlI bar3I-baDI lakar3iyoM meM sA~pa bhI jala rahA hai| usa samaya pArzvanAtha ne cupakI na pakar3a kara tAtkAlika prathA ke viruddha aura lokamata ke viruddha aAvAja uThAI aura apane para Ane vAlI jokhima kI paravAha nahIM kii| unhoMne logoM se spaSTa kahA ki aisA tapa adharma hai jisameM niraparAdha prANI marate hoN| isa prasaGga para pArzvanAtha mauna rahate to unheM koI hiMsAbhAgI yA mRSAvAdI na khtaa| phira bhI unhoMne satya bhASaNa kA pravRtti-mArga isaliye apanAyA ki svIkRta dharma kI pUrNatA kabhI kevala mauna yA nivRtti se siddha nahIM ho sktii| caturyAma ke puraskartA aitihAsika pArzvanAtha ke bAda paMcayAma ke samarthaka bhagavAn mahAvIra Ate haiN| unake jIvana kI kucha ghaTanAe~ pravRttimArga kI dRSTi se bahuta sUcaka haiM / mahAvIra ne samatA ke AdhyAtmika siddhAnta ko mAtra vyaktigata na rakhakara usakA dharma dRSTi se sAmAjika kSetra meM bhI prayoga kiyA hai| mahAvIra janma se kisI manuSya ko U~cA yA nIcA mAnate na the| sabhI ko sadguNa-vikAsa aura dharmAcaraNa kA samAna adhikAra eka-sA hai.-aisA unakA dRr3ha siddhAnta thA / isa siddhAnta ko tatkAlIna samAja-kSetra meM lAgU karane kA prayatna unakI * dharmamUlaka pravRtti kI bAjU hai| agara ve kevala nivRtti meM hI pUrNa dharma samajhate to apane vyaktigata jIvana meM aspRzyatA kA nivAraNa kara ke saMtuSTa rahate / para unhoMne aisA na kiyA / tatkAlIna prabala bahumata kI anyAyya mAnyatA ke viruddha sakriya kadama uThAyA aura metAyeM tathA harikeza jaise sabase nikRSTa gine jAnevAle aspRzyoM ko apane dharma saMgha meM samAna sthAna dilAne kA dvAra khola diyA / itanA hI nahIM balki harikeza jaise tapasvI AdhyAtmika caNDAla ko chuAchUta meM Anakhazikha DUbe hue jAtyabhimAnI brAhmaNoM ke dharmavAToM meM bhejakara gA~dhIjI ke dvArA samarthita mandira meM aspRzya praveza jaise vicAra ke dharma bIja bone kA samarthana bhI mahAvIrAnuyAyI jaina paramparA ne kiyA hai / yajJa yAgAdi meM anivArya mAnI jAnevAlI pazu Adi prANI hiMsA se kevala svayaM pUrNatayA virata rahate to bhI koI mahAvIra yA mahAvIra ke anuyAyI tyAgI ko hiMsAbhAgI nahIM khtaa| para ve dharma ke marma ko pUrNatayA samajhate the| isIse jayaghoSa jaise vIra sAdhu yajJa ke mahAn sabhAraMbha para virodha kI va saMkaTa kI paravAha binA kie apane ahiMsA siddhAnta ko kriyAzIla va jIvita banAne jAte haiN| aura anta meM usa yajJa meM mAre jAnevAle pazu ko prANa se tathA mAranevAle yAjJika ko hiMsAvRtti se bacA lete haiN| yaha ahiMsA kI pravRtti vAja, nahIM to aura kyA hai ? khuda mahAvIra ke samakSa unakA pUrva sahacArI gozAlaka AyA aura apane zrApako vAstavika svarUpa se chipAne kA
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________________ 516 jaina dharma aura darzana bharasaka prayatna kiyaa| mahAvIra usa samaya cupa rahate to koI unheM mRSAvAdaH viriti ke mahAvrata se cyuta na ginatA / para unhoMne svayaM satya dekhA aura socA ki asatya na bolanA itanA hI usa vrata ke lie paryApta nahIM hai balki asatyavAda kA sAkSI honA yaha bhI bhayamUlaka asatyavAda ke barAbara hI hai| isI vicAra se gozAlaka kI atyugra roSaprakRti ko jAnate hue bhI bhAvI saMkaTa kI paravAha na kara usake sAmane vIratA se satya prakaTa kiyA aura durvAsA jaise gozAlaka ke roSAgni ke duHsaha tApa ke kaTuka anubhava se bhI kabhI satyasaMbhASaNa kA anutApa na kiyA / aba hama suvidita aitihAsika ghaTanAoM para Ate haiM / neminAtha kI hI prANirakSaNa kI paramparA ko sajIva karanevAle azoka ne apane dharmazAsanoM meM jo Adeza die haiM, ye kisI se bhI chipe nahIM hai / aisA eka dharmazAsana to khada neminAtha kI hI sAdhanA-bhUmi meM Aja bhI neminAtha kI paraMparA ko yAda dilAtA hai| azoka ke pautra samprati ne prANiyoM kI hiMsA rokane va unheM abhayadAna dilAne kA rAjocita pravRtti mArga kA pAlana kiyA hai| bauddha kavi va santa mAtRceTa kA kaNikAlekha itihAsa meM prasiddha hai / kaniSka ke AmaMtraNa para ati bur3hApe ke kAraNa jaba mAtRceTa bhitu unake darabAra meM na jA sake to unhoMne eka padyabaddha lekha ke dvArA AmaMtraNadAtA kaniSka jaise zaka nRpati se pazu-pakSI Adi prANiyoM ko abhayadAna dilAne kI bhikSA maaNgii| harSavardhana, jo eka parAkramI dharmavIra samrATa thA, usane pravRtti mArga ko kaise vikasita kiyA yaha sarvavidita hai / vaha hara pA~caveM sAla apane sAre khajAne ko bhalAI meM kharca karatA thaa| isase bar3hakara aparigraha kI pravRtti bAjU kA rAjocita udAharaNa zAyada hI itihAsa meM ho / gurjara samrATa zaiva siddharAja ko kauna nahIM jAnatA ? usane maladhArI prAcArya abhayadeva tathA hemacandrasUri ke upadezAnusAra pazu, pakSI Adi prANiyoM ko abhayadAna dekara ahiMsA kI pravRtti bAjU kA vikAsa kiyA hai| usakA uttarAdhikArI kumArapAla to paramAta hI thaa| usane kalikAla sarva prAcArya hemacandra ke upadezoM ko jIvana meM itanA adhika apanAyA ki virodhI loga usakI prANirakSA kI bhAvanA kA parihAsa taka karate rhe| jo kartavya pAlana kI dRSTi se yuddhoM meM bhAga bhI letA thA vahI kumArapAla amAri-ghoSaNA ke lie prakhyAta hai| ___akabara, jahA~ gira jaise mAMsabhojI va zikArazokhI musalima bAdazAhoM se hIravijaya, zAnticandra, bhAnucandra Adi sAdhuoM ne jo kAma karAyA vaha hisA dharma kI pravRtti bAjU kA prakAzamAna udAharaNa hai / ye sAdhu tathA unake anugAmI
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________________ pravRtti-nivRtti 517 gRhastha loga apane dharmasthAnoM meM hiMsA se virata rahakara hiMsA ke zrAcaraNa kA saMtoSa dhAraNa kara sakate the| para unakI sahaja siddha zrAtmaupamyakI vRtti niSkriya na rahI / usa vRtti ne unako vibhinnadharmI zaktizAlI bAdazAhoM taka sAhasa pUrvaka apanA dhyeya lekara jAne kI preraNA kI aura anta meM ve saphala bhI hue| una bAdazAhoM ke zAsanAdeza Aja bhI hamAre sAmane haiM, jo ahiMsA dharma kI gatizIlatA ke sAkSI haiM / gujarAta ke mahAmAdhya vastupAla kA nAma kauna nahIM jAnatA ? vaha apanI dhanarAzi kA upayoga kevala apane dharmapaMtha yA sAdhusamAja ke lie hI karake santuSTa na rhaa| usane sArvajanika kalyANa ke lie aneka kAmoM meM ati udAratA se dhana kA sadupayoga karake dAna mArga kI vyApakatA siddha kii| jagaDDu zAha jo eka kaccha kA vyApArI thA aura jisake pAsa anna ghAsa Adi kA bahuta bar3A saMgraha thA usane usa sAre saMgraha ko kaccha, kAThiyAvAr3a aura gujarAta vyApI tIna varSa ke durbhikSa meM yathoyogya bA~Ta diyA va pazu tathA manuSya kI anukaraNIya sevA dvArA apane saMgraha kI saphalatA siddha kI / neminAtha ne jo pazu pakSI Adi kI rakSA kA choTA sA dharmatrIjavapana kiyA thA, aura jo mAMsabhojana tyAga kI nIMva DAlI thI usakA vikAsa unake uttarAdhikAriyoM ne aneka prakAra se kiyA hai, jise hama Upara saMkSepa meM dekha cuke / para yahA~ para eka do bAteM khAsa ullekhanIya haiN| hama yaha kabUla karate haiM ki piMjarApola kI saMsthA meM samayAnusAra vikAsa karane kI bahuta guMjAiza hai aura usameM aneka sudhArane yogya truTiyAM bhI hai / para piMjarApola kI saMsthA kA sArA itihAsa isa bAta kI sAkSI de rahA hai ki piMjarApola ke pIche eka mAtra prANirakSA aura jIvadayA kI bhAvanA hI sajIva rUpa meM vartamAna hai / jina lAcAra pazu-pakSI zrAdi prANiyoM ko unake mAlika taka chor3a dete haiM, jinheM koI pAnI taka nahIM pilAtA una prANiyoM kI niSkAma bhAva se AjIvana paricaryA karanA, isake lie lAkhoM rupae kharca karanA, yaha koI sAdhAraNa dharma saMskAra kA pariNAma nahIM hai| gujarAta va rAjasthAna kA aisA zAyada hI koI sthAna ho jahA~ piMjarAghola kA koI na koI svarUpa varttamAna na ho / vAstava meM neminAtha ne piMjarabaddha prANiyoM ko abhayadAna dilAne kA jo tejasvI puruSArtha kiyA thA, jAna par3atA hai, usI kI yaha cirakAlIna dharmasmRti unhIM ke janmasthAna gujarAta meM cirakAla se vyApaka rUpa se calI AtI hai, aura jisameM zrama janatA kA bhI pUrA sahayoga hai | piMjarApola kI saMsthAe~ kevala lUle laMgar3e lAcAra prANiyoM kI rakSA ke kArya taka hI sImita nahIM haiM / ve ativRSTi duSkAla zrAdi saMkaTapUrNa samaya meM dUsarI bhI anekavidha sambhakti prANirakSaNa pravRttiyA~ karatI haiM /
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________________ 518 jaina dharma aura darzana ahiMsA va dayA ke vikAsa kA purAnA itihAsa dekhakara tathA nirmosa bhojana ko vyApaka prathA aura jIva dayA kI vyApaka pravRtti dekhakara hI lokamAnya tilaka ne eka bAra kahA thA ki gujarAta meM jo ahiMsA hai, vaha jaina paramparA kA prabhAva hai / yaha dhyAna meM rahe ki yadi jaina paramparA kevala nivRtti bAjU kA poSaNa karane meM kRtArthatA mAnatI to itihAsa kA aisA bhavya rUpa na hotA jisase tilaka jaisoM kA dhyAna khiMcatA / __hama "jIva dayA maNDalI" kI pravRti ko bhala nahIM sakate / vaha karIba 40 varSoM se apane satata prayatna ke dvArA itane adhika jIva dayA ke kArya karAne meM saphala huI hai ki jinakA itihAsa jAnakara santoSa hotA hai / aneka prAntoM meM va rAjyoM meM dhArmika mAnI jAne vAlI prANihiMsA ko tathA sAmAjika va vaiyaktika mAMsa bhojana kI prathA ko usane canda karAyA hai va lAkhoM prANiyoM ko jIvita dAna dilAne ke sAtha-sAtha lAkhoM strI puruSoM meM eka prAtmaupamya ke susaMskAra kA samartha bIjavapana kiyA hai| vartamAna meM santabAlakA nAma upekSya nahIM hai| vaha eka sthAnakavAsI jaina muni hai / vaha apane gurU yA anya dharma-sahacArI muniyoM kI taraha ahiMsA kI kevala niSkriya bAjU kA Azraya lekara jIvana vyatIta kara sakatA thA, para gAMdhIjI ke vyaktitva ne usakI AtmA meM ahiMsA kI bhAvAtmaka premajyoti ko sakriya banAyA / ataeva vaha rUr3ha lokApavAda kI binA paravAha kie apanI premavRtti ko katArtha karane ke lie paMca mahAvrata kI vidhAyaka bAjU ke anusAra nAnAvidha mAnavahita kI pravRtiyoM meM niSkAma bhAva se kUda par3A jisakA kAma Aja jaina jenetara saba logoM kA dhyAna khIMca rahA hai / jaina jJAna-bhANDAra, mandira, sthApatya va kalA aba hama jaina paramparA kI dhArmika pravRtti bAjU kA eka aura bhI hissA dekheM jo ki khAsa mahattva kA hai aura jisake kAraNa jaina paraMparA Aja jIvita va tejasvI hai| isa hisse meM jJAnabhaNDAra, mandira aura kalA kA samAveza hotA hai| saikar3oM varSoM se jagaha-jagaha sthApita bar3e bar3e jJAna-bhANDAroM meM kevala jaina zAstra kA yA adhyAtmazAstra kA hI saMgraha rakSaNa nahIM huA hai balki usake dvArA aneka vidha laukika zAstroM kA asAmpradAyika dRSTi se saMgraha saMrakSaNa huA hai| kyA vaidyaka, kyA jyotiSa, kyA mantra tantra, kyA saMgIta, kyA sAmudrika, kyA bhASAzAstra, kAvya, nATaka, purANa, alaMkAra va kathAgraMtha aura kyA sarva darzana saMbandhI mahatva ke zAstra--ina saboM kA jJAnabhANDAroM meM saMgraha saMrakSaNa hI nahIM huA hai balki inake adhyayana va adhyApana ke dvArA kucha viziSTa vidvAnoM ne aisI pratibhA
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________________ lokahita kI dRSTi 516 mUlaka nava kRtiyoM bhI racI haiM jo anyatra durlabha haiM aura maulika ginI jAne lAyaka haiM tathA jo vizvasAhitya ke saMgraha meM sthAna pAne yogya haiN| jJAnabhANDArI meM se aise graMtha mile haiM jo bauddha Adi anya paraMparA ke haiM aura Aja duniyA~ ke kisI bhI bhAga meM mUlasvarUpa meM abhI taka upalabdha bhI nahIM haiN| jJAnabhANDAroM kA yaha jIvanadAyI kArya kevala dharma ko nivRtti bAjU se siddha ho nahIM sakatA / yoM to bhArata meM aneka kalApUrNa dharmasthAna hai, para cAmuNDarAya pratiSThita gomaTezvara kI mUrti kI bhavyatA va vimala zAha tathA vastupAla zrAdi ke mandiroM ke zilpa sthApatya aise anokhe haiM ki jina para hara koI mugdha ho jAtA hai | jinake hRdaya meM dhArmika bhAvanA kI vidhAyaka saundarya kI bAjU kA AdarapUrNa sthAna na ho, jo sAhitya va kalA kA dharmapoSaka marma na jAnate hoM ve apane dhana ke khajAne isa bAjU meM kharca kara nahIM sakate / vyApaka lokahita kI dRSTi __pahale se aAja taka meM aneka jaina gRhasthoM ne kevala apane dharma samAja ke hita ke lie hI nahIM balki sAdhAraNa jana samAja ke hita kI dRSTi se prAdhyAtmika aise kArya kie haiM, jo vyAvahArika dharma ke samarthaka aura AdhyAtmikatA ke poSaka hokara sAmAjikatA ke sUcaka bhI haiM / yArogyAlaya, bhojanAlaya, zikSaNAlaya, vAcanAlaya, anAthAlaya jaisI saMsthAe~ aise kAryoM meM gine jAne yogya hai / Upara jo hamane pravartaka dharma kI bAjU kA saMkSepa meM varNana kiyA hai, vaha kevala itanA hI sUcana karane ke lie ki jaina dharma jo eka AdhyAtmika dharma va mokSavAdI dharma hai vaha yadi dhArmika pravRttiyoM kA vistAra na karatA aura aisI pravRttiyoM se udAsIna rahatA to na sAmAjika dharma bana sakatA, na sAmAjika dharma rUpa se jIvita raha sakatA aura na kriyAzIla loka samAja ke bIca gaurava kA sthAna pA sktaa| Upara ke varNana kA yaha bilakula uddezya nahIM hai ki atIta gaurava kI gAthA gAkara zrAtmaprazaMsA ke mithyA bhrama kA hama poSaNa kareM aura dezakAlAnurUpa nae-nae Avazyaka kartavyoM se muMha modd'eN| hamArA spaSTa uddezya to yahI hai ki purAnI va naI pIr3hI ko hajAroM varSa ke virAsatI susaMskAra kI yAda dilAkara unameM karttavya kI bhAvanA pradIpta kareM tathA mahAtmAjI ke sevAkAryoM kI ora AkRSTa kreN| gAMdhIjI kI sUjha jaina paramparA pahale hI se ahiMsA dharma kA atyanta Agraha rakhatI AI hai| para sAmAjika dharma ke nAte deza tathA sAmAja ke nAnAvidha utthAna-patanoM meM jabajaba zastra dhAraNa karane kA prasaMga AyA taba taba usane usase bhI mu~ha na modd'aa|
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________________ 520 jaina dharma aura darzana yadyapi zastra dhAraNa ke dvArA sAmAjika hita ke rakSAkArya kA ahiMsA ke Atyantika samarthana ke sAtha mela biThAnA sarala na thA para gAMdhIjI ke pahile aisA koI azastra yuddha kA mArga khulA bhI na thA / ataeva jisa rAste zranya janatA jAtI rahI usI rAste jaina janatA bhI calI / parantu gAMdhIjI ke bAda to yuddha kA karmakSetra saccA dharmakSetra bana gyaa| gAMdhIjI ne apanI apUrva sUjha se aisA mArga logoM ke sAmane rakhA jisameM vIratA kI parAkASThA jarUrI hai aura so bhI zastra dhAraNa binA kie hI / jaba aise azastra pratikAra kA ahiMsaka mArga sAmane AyA taba vaha jaina paramparA ke mUlagata ahiMsaka saMskAroM ke sAtha savizeSa saMgata dikhAI diyA / yahI kAraNa hai ki gAMdhIjI kI ahiMsAmUlaka sabhI pravRttiyoM meM jaina strIpuruSoM ne apanI saMkhyA ke anupAta se tulanA meM adhika hI bhAga liyA aura aAja bhI deza ke kone-kone meM bhAga le rahe haiN| gAMdhIjI kI ahiMsA kI racanAtmaka amalI sUjha ne ahiMsA ke dizAzUnya upAsakoM ke sAmane itanA bar3A Adarza aura kAryakSetra rakhA hai jo jIvana kI isI loka meM svarga aura mokSa kI AkAMkSA ko siddha karane vAlA hai| aparigraha va parigraha-parimANa vrata prastuta zAntivAdI sammelana jo zAntiniketana meM gAMdhIjI ke satya ahiMsA ke siddhAnta ko vartamAna ati saMgharSapradhAna yuga meM amalI banAne ke lie vizeSa ' UhApoha karane ko mila rahA hai, usameM ahiMsA ke virAsatI saMskAra dhAraNa karane vAle hama jainoM kA mukhya kartavya yaha hai ki ahiMsA kI sAdhanA kI haraeka bAjU meM bhAga leM / aura usake navIna vikAsa ko apanAkara ahiMsaka saMskAra ke stara ko U~cA utthaaveN| parantu yaha kAma kevala carcA yA maukhika sahAnubhUti se kabhI siddha nahIM ho sakatA / isake lie jisa eka tattva kA vikAsa karanA jarUrI hai vaha hai aparigraha yA parigraha-parimANa vrata / ukta vrata para jaina paramparA itanA adhika bhAra detI AI hai ki isake binA ahiMsA ke pAlana ko sarvathA asambhava taka mAnA hai| tyAgivarga svIkRta aparigraha kI pratijJA ko sacce artha meM taba taka kabhI pAlana nahIM kara sakate jaba taka ve apane jIvana ke aMga pratyaMga ko svAvalambI aura sAdA na banAve / purAnI rUr3hiyoM ke cakra meM par3akara jo tyAga tathA sAdagI ke nAma para dUsaroM ke zrama kA adhikAdhika phala bhogane kI prathA rUr3ha ho gaI hai use gAMdhIjI ke jIvita udAharaNa dvArA haTAne meM va mahAvIra kI svAvalambI saccI jIvana prathA ko apanAne meM Aja koI saMkoca honA na cAhie / yahI aparigraha vrata kA tAtparya hai| jaina paramparA meM gRhasthavarga parigraha-parimANa vrata para arthAt svatantra icchA
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________________ aparigraha 521 pUrvaka parigraha kI maryAdA ko saMkucita banAne ke saMkalpa para hamezA bhAra detA aAyA hai| para usa vrata kI yathArtha AvazyakatA aura usakA mUlya jitanA Aja hai, utanA zAyada hI bhUtakAla meM rahA ho| Aja kA vizvavyApI saMgharSa kevala parigrahamUlaka hai / parigraha ke mUla meM lobhavRtti hI kAma karatI hai| isa vRtti para aicchika aMkuza yA niyantraNa binA rakhe na to vyakti kA uddhAra hai na samAja kA aura na rASTra kA / lobha vRtti ke aniyantrita hone ke kAraNa hI deza ke andara tathA antarrASTrIya kSetra meM khIMcAtAnI va yuddha kI AzaMkA hai, jisake nivAraNa kA upAya socane ke lie prastuta sammelana ho rahA hai| isalie jaina paramparA kA prathama aura sarvaprathama kartavya to yahI hai ki vaha parigraha-parimANa vrata kA zrAdhunika dRSTi se vikAsa kare / sAmAjika, rAjakIya tathA Arthika samasyAoM ke nipaTAre kA agara koI kAryasAdhaka ahiMsaka ilAja hai to vaha aicchika aparigraha vrata yA parigraha-parimANa vrata hI hai| __ ahiMsA ko parama dharma mAnanevAle aura vizva zAMtivAdI sammelana ke prati apanA kucha-na-kucha kartavya samajhakara use adA karane kI vRttivAle jainoM ko purAne parigraha-parimANa vrata kA nIce likhe mAne meM nayA artha phalita karanA hogA aura usake anusAra jIvana vyavasthA karanI hogii| (1) jisa samAja yA rASTra ke hama aMga yA ghaTaka ho usa sAre samAja yA rASTra ke sarvasAmAnya jIvana dhoraNa ke samAna hI jIvana dhoraNa rakhakara tadanusAra jIvana kI AvazyakatAoM kA ghaTanA yA bar3hanA / (2) jIvana ke lie anivArya jarUrI vastuoM ke utpAdana ke nimitta kisIna-kisI prakAra kA utpAdaka zrama kie binA hI dUsare ke vaise zramapara, zakti rahate hue bhI, jIvana jIne ko parigraha-parimANa vrata kA bAdhaka mAnanA / (3) vyakti kI bacI huI yA saMcita saba prakAra kI sampatti kA uttarAdhikAra usake kuTumba yA parivAra kA utanA hI honA cAhie jitanA samAja yA rASTra kA / arthAt parigraha-parimANa vrata ke nae artha ke anusAra samAja tathA rASTra se pRthak kuTumba parivAra kA sthAna nahIM hai / ye tathA anya aise jo jo niyama samaya-samaya kI AvazyakatA ke anusAra rASTrIya tathA antarrASTrIya hita kI dRSTi se phalita hote hoM, unako jIvana meM lAgU karake gAMdhIjI ke rAha ke anusAra auroM ke sAmane sabaka upasthita karanA yahI hamArA vizva zAntivAdI sammelana ke prati mukhya karcavya hai aisI hamArI spaSTa samajha hai| I0 1646