Shraman evam Vaidik Dhara ka Vikas evam Parasparik Prabhav

Author(s): Sagarmal Jain
Publisher: Z_Shwetambar_Sthanakvasi_Jain_Sabha_Hirak_Jayanti_Granth_012052.pdf
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/212025/1

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zramaNa evaM vaidika dhArA kA vikAsa evaM pArasparika prabhAva bhAratIya saMskRti eka samanvita saMskRti hai| isakI saMracanA meM caitasika stara para svatantra hai, mukta hai| manovijJAna kI bhASA meM jahA~ eka vaidikadhArA aura zramaNadhArA kA mahattvapUrNa avadAna hai| vaidikadhArA mUlataH ora vaha vAsanAtmaka ahaM (ID) se anuzAsita hai, to dUsarI ora pravRttipradhAna aura zramaNadhArA nivRttipradhAna rahI hai| vaidikadhArA kA AdarzAtmA (Super Ego) se prabhAvita bhI hai| vAsanAtmaka ahaM usakI pratinidhitva vartamAna meM hindUdharma karatA hai jabaki zramaNadhArA kA zArIrika mA~goM kI abhivyakti kA prayAsa hai to AdarzAtmA usakA pratinidhitva jaina aura bauddha dharma karate haiN| kintu yaha samajhanA bhrAntipUrNa AdhyAtmika svabhAva hai, usaka nija svarUpa hai jo nirdvandva evaM nirAkula hogA ki vartamAna hindUdharma apane zuddha rUpa meM mAtra vaidika paramparA kA caitasika samatva kI apekSA karatA hai| usake liye ina donoM meM se kisI anuyAyI hai| Aja usane zramaNadhArA ke aneka tattvoM ko apane meM samAviSTa kI bhI pUrNa apekSA sambhava hai| usake jIvana kI saphalatA inake bIca ke kara liyA hai| ata: vartamAna hindUdharma vaidikadhArA aura zramaNadhArA kA eka santulana banAne meM nihita hai| usake vartamAna astitva ke ye do chora haiN| samanvita rUpa hai aura usameM ina donoM paramparAoM ke tattva sannihita haiN| usakI jIvana-dhArA ina donoM kA sparza karate hue inake bIca bahatI hai| isI prakAra yaha kahanA bhI ucita nahIM hogA ki jaina dharma aura bauddhadharma mUlataH zramaNa-paramparA ke dharma hote hue bhI vaidikadhArA yA hindUdharma se pravartaka evaM nivartaka dharmoM kA manovaijJAnika kAraNa pUrNata: aprabhAvita rahe haiN| ina donoM dharmoM ne bhI vaidika dhArA ke vikasita mAnava-jIvana meM zArIrika vikAsa vAsanA ko aura caitasika dharma se kAlakrama meM bahuta kucha grahaNa kiyA hai| vikAsa viveka ko janma detA hai| pradIpta-vAsanA apanI santuSTi ke liye yaha satya hai ki hindUdharma pravRttipradhAna rahA hai| usameM bhI yajJa-yAga 'bhoga' kI apekSA rakhatI hai to vizuddha-viveka apane astitva ke liye aura karmakANDa kI pradhAnatA hai, phira bhI usameM saMnyAsa, mokSa aura vairAgya 'saMyama' yA virAga kI apekSA karatA hai| kyoMki sarAga-viveka sahI nirNaya kA abhAva nahIM hai| adhyAtma, saMnyAsa aura vairAgya ke tattvoM ko usane zramaNa- dene meM akSama hotA hai vAsanA bhogoM para jItI hai aura viveka virAga pr| paramparA se na kevala grahaNa kiyA hai apitu unheM AtmasAta bhI kara liyA yahIM do alaga-alaga jIvanadRSTiyoM kA nirmANa hotA hai| eka kA AdhAra hai| yadyapi vedakAla ke prArambha meM ye tattva usameM pUrNata: anupasthita the, kintu vAsanA aura bhoga hote haiM to dUsarI kA AdhAra viveka aura viraag| zramaNa aupaniSadika kAla meM usameM zramaNa-paraparA ke ina aneka tattvoM ko mAnyatA paramparA meM inameM se pahalI ko mithyA-dRSTi aura dUsarI ko samyak-dRSTi prApta ho cukI thii| IzAvAsyopaniSad sarvaprathama vaidikadhArA aura zramaNadhArA ke nAma se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| upaniSad meM inheM kramaza: preya aura ke samanvaya kA prayAsa hai| Aja hindUdharma meM saMnyAsa, vairAgya, tapa-tyAga, zreya kahA gayA hai| kaThopaniSad meM RSi kahatA hai ki preya aura zreya donoM dhyAna aura mokSa kI jo avadhAraNAe~ vikasita huI haiM, ve sabhI isa tathya hI manuSya ke sAmane upasthita hote haiN| usameM se manda-buddhi zArIrika yogakA pramANa haiM ki vartamAna hindUdharma ne bhArata kI zramaNadhArA se bahuta kucha kSema arthAt preya ko aura vivekI puruSa zreya ko cunatA hai| vAsanA kI grahaNa kiyA hai| upaniSad vaidika aura zramaNadhArA ke samanvayasthala haiM-unameM tuSTi ke liye bhoga aura bhogoM ke sAdhanoM kI upalabdhi ke liye karma vaidika hindU dharma eka nayA svarUpa letA pratIta hotA hai| apekSita hai| isI bhogapradhAna jIvana-dRSTi se karma-niSThA kA vikAsa huA isI prakAra zramaNadhArA ne bhI cAhe-anacAhe vaidikadhArA se bahuta hai| dUsarI ora viveka ke liye virAga (saMyama) aura virAga ke liye kucha grahaNa kiyA hai| zramaNadhArA meM karmakANDa aura pUjA-paddhati to vaidikadhArA AdhyAtmika mUlya-bodha (zarIra ke Upara AtmA kI pradhAnatA kA bodha) se AyI hI hai, apitu aneka hindU devI-devatA bhI zramaNa-paramparA meM mAnya apekSita hai| isI AdhyAtmika jIvana-dRSTi se tapa mArga kA vikAsa huaa| kara liye gae haiN| bhAratIya saMskRti kI ye vibhinna dhArAe~ kisa rUpa meM eka- inameM pahalI dhArA se pravartaka dharma kA aura dUsarI se nivartaka dUsare se samanvita huI haiM, isakI carcA karane ke pUrva hameM yaha dekhanA hogA dharma kA udbhava huaa| pravartaka dharma kA lakSya bhoga hI rahA, ata: usane ki ina donoM dhArAoM kA svatantra vikAsa kina manovaijJAnika aura pAristhitika apanI sAdhanA kA lakSya-suvidhAoM kI upalabdhi ko hI bnaayaa| jahA~ kAraNoM se huA hai, tathA kyoM aura kaise inakA paraspara samanvaya huA? aihika jIvana meM usane dhana-dhAnya, putra, sampatti Adi kI kAmanA kI, pravartaka evaM nivartaka dharmoM kA udbhava vahIM pAralaukika jIvana meM svarga (bhautika sukha-suvidhAoM kI uccatama mAnava-astitva dvi-AyAmI evaM virodhAbhAsa pUrNa hai| yaha avasthA) kI prApti ko hI mAnava-jIvana kA carama lakSya ghoSita kiyaa| svabhAvata: paraspara virodhI do bhinna kendroM para sthita hai| vaha na kevala zarIra punaH Anubhavika jIvana meM jaba manuSya ne yaha dekhA ki alaukika evaM hai aura na kevala cetanA, apitu donoM kI eka vilakSaNa ekatA hai| yahI prAkRtika zaktiyA~ usake sukha-suvidhAoM kI upalabdhi ke prayAsoM ko kAraNa hai ki use do bhinna staroM para jIvana jInA hotA hai| zArIrika stara saphala yA viphala banA sakatI haiM evaM usakI sukha-suvidhAe~ usake apane para vaha vAsanAoM se cAlita hai aura vahA~ una para yAntrika niyamoM kA puruSArtha para nahIM, apitu ina zaktiyoM kI kRpA para nirbhara haiM, to vaha inheM Adhipatya hai kintu caitasika stara para vaha viveka se zAsita hai, yahA~ usameM prasanna karane ke liye eka ora inakI stuti aura prArthanA karane lagA to saMkalpa-svAtantrya hai| zArIrika stara para vaha baddha hai, paratantra hai kintu dUsarI ora unheM bali aura yajJoM ke mAdhyama se santuSTa karane lgaa| isa

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patakadhama 592 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 prakAra pravartaka dharma meM do zAkhAoM kA vikAsa huA-1. zraddhApradhAna bhakti- pravartaka dharma meM prArambha meM jaivika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA rahI, vedoM mArga aura 2. yajJa-yAga pradhAna krm-maarg| meM jaivika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti se sambandhita prArthanAoM ke svara dUsarI ora niSpApa aura svatantra jIvana jIne kI umaMga meM adhika mukhara hue haiN| udAharaNArtha-hama sau varSa jIveM, hamArI santAna baliSTa nivartaka dharma ne nirvANa yA mokSa arthAt vAsanAoM evaM laukika eSaNAoM hoveM, hamArI gAyeM adhika dUdha deveM, vanaspati pracura mAtrA meM hoM aadi| se pUrNa mukti ko mAnava-jIvana kA lakSya mAnA aura isa hetu jJAna aura isake viparIta nivartaka dharma ne jaivika mUlyoM ke prati eka niSedhAtmaka virAga ko pradhAnatA dI, kintu jJAna aura virAga kA yaha jIvana sAmAjika rukha apanAyA, unhoMne sAMsArika jIvana kI duHkhayamatA kA rAga alaapaa| evaM pArivArika vyastatAoM ke madhya sambhava nahIM thaa| ata: nivartaka dharma unakI dRSTi meM zarIra AtmA kA bandhana hai aura saMsAra duHkhoM kA saagr| mAnava ko jIvana ke karma-kSetra se kahIM dUra nirjana vanakhaNDoM aura giri- unhoMne saMsAra aura zarIra donoM se hI mukti ko jIvana-lakSya maanaa| unakI kandarAoM meM le gyaa| usameM jahA~ eka ora daihika mUlyoM evaM vAsanAoM dRSTi meM daihika AvazyakatAoM kA niSedha, anAsakti, virAga aura Atmake niSedha para bala diyA gayA jisase vaisagyamUlaka tapa-mArga kA vikAsa santoSa hI sarvocca jIvana-mUlya haiN| huA, vahIM dUsarI ora usa aikAntika jIvana meM cintana aura vimarza ke eka ora jaivika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA kA pariNAma yaha huA ki dvAra khule, jijJAsA kA vikAsa huA, jisase cintanapradhAna jJAna-mArga pravartaka dharma meM jIvana ke prati eka vidhAyaka dRSTi kA nirmANa huA tathA kA udbhava huaa| isa prakAra nivartaka dharma bhI do zAkhAoM meM vibhakta ho jIvana ko sarvatobhAvena vAMchanIya aura rakSaNIya mAnA gayA, to dUsarI ora gayA-1. jJAna-mArga aura 2. tp-maarg| jaivika mUlyoM ke niSedha se jIvana ke prati eka aisI niSedhAtmaka dRSTi mAnava prakRti ke daihika aura caitasika pakSoM ke AdhAra para kA vikAsa huA jisameM zArIrika mA~goM kA ThukarAnA hI jIvana-lakSya mAna pravartaka aura nivartaka dharmoM ke vikAsa kI isa prakriyA ko nimna sAriNI liyA gayA aura deha-daNDana hI tapa-tyAga aura AdhyAtmikatA ke pratIka ke mAdhyama se adhika spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai bana ge| pravartaka dharma jaivika mUlyoM para bala dete haiM ata: svAbhAvika rUpa se ve samAjagAmI bane, kyoMki daihika AvazyakatA kI jijJAsA jisakA nivartaka evaM pravartaka dharmoM ke dArzanika evaM sAMskRtika pradeya eka aMga kAma bhI hai, kI pUrNa santuSTi to samAja-jIvana meM hI sambhava pravartaka aura nivartaka dharmoM kA yaha vikAsa bhinna-bhinna thI, kintu virAga aura tyAga para adhika bala dene ke kAraNa nivartaka dharma manovaijJAnika AdhAroM para huA thA, ata: yaha svAbhAvika thA ki unake samAja-vimukha aura vaiyaktika bana ge| yadyapi daihika mUlyoM kI upalabdhi dArzanika evaM sAMskRtika pradeya bhinna-bhinna hoN| pravartaka evaM nivartaka dharmoM hetu karma Avazyaka the kintu jaba manuSya ne yaha dekhA ki daihika ke ina pradeyoM aura unake AdhAra para unameM rahI huI pArasparika bhinnatA AvazyatAoM kI santuSTi ke liye usake vaiyaktika prayAsoM ke bAvajUda ko agalI sAraNI se spaSTatayA samajhA jA sakatA hai unakI pUrti yA apUrti kinhI anya zaktiyoM para nirbhara hai, to vaha devavAdI manuSya aura IzvaravAdI bana gyaa| vizva-vyavasthA aura prAkRtika zaktiyoM ke niyantraka tattva ke rUpa meM usane vibhinna devoM aura phira Izvara kI kalpanA cetanA kI aura unakI kRpA kI AkAMkSA karane lgaa| isake viparIta nivartaka dharma vyavahAra meM naiSkarmyatA ke samarthaka hote hue bhI karma-siddhAnta ke prati vAsanA AsthA ke kAraNa yaha mAnane lage ki vyakti kA bandhana aura mukti svayaM virAga (tyAga) usake kAraNa hai, ata: nivartaka dharma puruSArthavAda aura vaiyaktika prayAsoM para AsthA rakhane lge| anIzvaravAda, puruSArthavAda aura karmasiddhAnta usake abhyudaya (preya) niHzreyas pramukha tattva bana ge| sAdhanA ke kSetra meM jahA~ dharma meM alaukika daivIya svarga mokSa (nirvANa) zaktiyoM kI prasannatA ke nimitta karmakANDa aura bAhya-vidhAnoM (yajJa-yAga) kA vikAsa huA, vahIM nivartaka dharmoM ne citta-zuddhi aura sadAcAra para sanyAsa adhika bala diyA tathA kinhIM daivIya zaktiyoM ke nimitta karma-kANDa ke pravRtti nivRtti sampAdana ko anAvazyaka maanaa| sAMskRtika pradeyoM kI dRSTi se pravartaka dharma varNa-vyavasthA, prarvataka dharma nivartaka dharma brAhmaNa saMsthA (purohita varga) ke pramukha samarthaka rhe| brAhmaNa varga manuSya alaukika zaktiyoM kI upAsanA Atmopalabdhi aura Izvara ke bIca eka madhyastha kA kArya karane lagA tathA usane apanI AjIvikA ko surakSita banAe rakhane ke liye eka ora samAja-jIvana meM apane varcasva ko sthApita rakhanA cAhA, to dUsarI ora dharma ko samarpaNamUlaka yajJamulaka cintana pradhAna dehadaNDana malaka karmakANDa aura jaTila vidhi-vidhAnoM kI aupacArikatA meM ulajhA diyaa| bhakti-mArga karma-mArga jJAna-mArga tapa-mArga viveka bhoga karma cintana prabhAta

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prarvataka dharma darzanika pradeya 1. jaivika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA 2. vidhAyaka jIvana dRSTi 3. samaSTivAdI 4. vyavahAra meM karma para bala phira bhI bhAgyavAda evaM niyativAda kA samarthana IzvaravAdI 5. 6. IzvarIya kRpA para vizvAsa 7. zramaNa evaM vaidika dhArA kA vikAsa evaM pArasparika prabhAva sAdhanA ke bAhya sAdhanoM para bala jIvana kA lakSya svarga / Izvara ke sAnnidhya kI prApti sAMskRtika prade 9. varNa vyavasthA aura jAtivAda kA janmanA AdhAra para samarthana 10. gRhastha jIvana kI pradhAnatA 11. sAmAjika jIvana zailI / 12. rAjatantra kA samarthana 13. zaktizAlI kI pUjA 14. vidhi vidhAnoM evaM karma kANDoM kI pradhAnatA 15. brAhmaNa-saMsthA (purohita varga) kA vikAsa 16. upAsanAmUlaka pariNAmasvarUpa UMca-nIca kA bheda-bhAva, jAtivAda aura karmakANDa kA vikAsa huaa| kintu usake viparIta nivartaka dharma ne saMyama, dhyAna aura tapa kI eka sarala sAdhanA-paddhati kA vikAsa kiyA aura varNa-vyavasthA, jAtivAda aura brAhmaNa saMsthA ke varcasva kA virodha kiyaa| unameM brAhmaNa saMsthA ke sthAna para zramaNa saMghoM kA vikAsa huA jisameM sabhI jAti aura varga ke logoM ko samAna sthAna milaa| rAjya saMsthA kI dRSTi se jahA~ pravartaka dharma rAjataMtra aura anyAya ke pratikAra ke hetu saMgharSa kI nIti ke samarthaka rahe, vahA~ nivartaka dharma janatantra aura Atmotsarga ke samarthaka rahe / saMskRtiyoM ke samanvaya kI yAtrA yadyapi uparokta AdhAra para hama pravartaka dharma arthAt vaidika paramparA aura nivartaka dharma arthAt zramaNa paramparA kI mUlabhUta vizeSatAoM aura unake sAMskRtika evaM dArzanika pradeyoM ko samajha sakate haiM kintu yaha mAnanA bhrAntipUrNa hI hogA ki Aja vaidikadhArA aura zramaNadhArA ne apane isa mUla svarUpa ko banAe rakhA hai| eka hI deza aura pariveza meM rahakara donoM hI dhArAoM ke liye yaha asambhava thA ki ve eka-dasUre ke 1. 2. 3. 4. 9. nirvataka dharma 5. anIzvaravAdI 6. vaiyaktika prayAsoM para vizvAsa, karma siddhAnta kA samarthana 7. 8. AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA / niSedhaka jIvana-dRSTi / vyssttivaadii| vyavahAra meM naiSkarmyatA kA samarthana phira bhI dRSTi puruSarthaparaka / Antarika vizuddhatA para bala / jIvana kA mokSa evaM nirvANa kI prApti / jAtivAda kA virodha, varNa-vyavasthA kA kevala karmaNA AdhAra para smrthn| 10. saMnyAsa jIvana kI pradhAnatA / 11. ekAkI jIvana zailI | 593 12. janatantra kA samarthana / 13. sadAcArI kI pUjA 14. dhyAna aura tapa kI pradhAnatA / 15. zramaNa saMsthA kA vikaas| 16. samAdhimUlaka / prabhAva se achUtI rheN| ataH jahA~ vaidikadhArA meM zramaNadhArA (nivartaka dharmaparamparA) ke tattvoM kA praveza huA hai, vahA~ zramaNadhArA meM pravartaka dharmaparamparA ke tattvoM kA praveza huA hai| ataH Aja ke yuga meM koI dharmaparamparA na to aikAntika nivRttimArga kI poSaka hai aura na aikAntika pravRttimArga kI vastutaH nivRtti aura pravRtti ke sambandha meM aikAntika dRSTikoNa na to vyAvahArika hai aura na manovaijJAnika manuSya jaba taka manuSya hai, mAnavIya AtmA jaba taka zarIra ke sAtha yAjita hokara sAmAjika jIvana jItI hai, taba taka aikAntika pravRtti aura aikAntika nivRtti kI bAta karanA eka mRga marIcikA meM jInA hogaa| vastutaH AvazyakatA isa bAta kI rahI hai ki hama vAstavikatA ko samajheM aura pravRtti tathA nivRtti ke tattvoM meM samucita samanvaya se eka aisI jIvana zailI khojeM jo vyakti aura samAja donoM ke liye kalyANakArI ho aura mAnava ko tRSNAjanita mAnasika evaM sAmAjika sanyAsa se mukti dilA ske| isa prakAra ina do bhinna saMskRtiyoM meM pArasparika samanvaya Avazyaka thaa| bhArata meM prAcIna kAla se hI aise prayatna hote rahe haiN| pravartaka .

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594 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 dhArA ke pratinidhi hindUdharma meM samanvaya ke sabase acche udAharaNa hI ye donoM dhArAe~ paraspara eka dUsare se prabhAvita hotI rahI haiN| apanIIzAvAsyopaniSad aura bhagavadgItA haiN| bhagavadgItA meM pravRtti aura nivRtti apanI vizeSatAoM ke AdhAra para vicAra ke kSetra meM hama cAhe unheM alagamArga ke samanvaya kA stutya prayAsa huA hai| isI prakAra zramaNa-dhArA meM alaga dekha leM kintu vyAvahArika stara para unheM eka dUsare se pRthak nahIM bhI paravartI kAla meM pravartaka dharma ke tattvoM kA praveza huA hai| zramaNa-paramparA kara skte| bhAratIya vAGmaya meM Rgveda prAcInatama mAnA jAtA hai| usameM kI eka anya dhArA ke rUpa meM vikasita bauddha dharma meM to pravartaka dhArA jahA~ eka ora vaidika samAja evaM vaidika kriyA-kANDoM kA ullekha hai, ke tattvoM kA itanA adhika praveza huA ki mahAyAna se tantrayAna kI yAtrA vahIM dUsarI ora usameM na kevala vrAtyoM, zramaNoM evaM arhatoM kI upasthiti taka vaha apane mUla svarUpa se kAphI dUra ho gyaa| bhAratIya dharmoM ke ke ullekha upalabdha haiM, apitu RSabha, ariSTanemi Adi jo jaina paramparA aitihAsika vikAsa-krama meM hama kAlakrama meM hue isa AdAna-pradAna kI meM tIrthaGkara ke rUpa meM mAnya haiM, ke prati samAdara bhAva bhI vyakta kiyA gayA upekSA nahIM kara sakate haiN| isI AdAna-pradAna ke kAraNa ye paramparAe~ eka- hai| isase yaha pratIta hotA hai ki aitihAsika yuga ke prArambha se hI bhArata dUsare ke kAphI nikaTa A gaI haiN| meM ye donoM saMskRtiyA~ sAtha-sAtha pravAhita hotI rahI haiN| hindUdharma kI zaiva isase yaha bhI siddha hotA hai ki bhAratIya saMskRti eka saMzliSTa dhArA aura sAMkhyayoga Adi kI paramparAe~ mUlata: nivartaka yA zramaNa rahI saMskRti hai| use hama vibhinna cahAradIvAriyoM meM avarUddha kara kabhI bhI haiM jo kAlakrama meM bRhad hindUdharma meM AtmasAt kara lI gaI haiN| samyak prakAra se nahIM samajha sakate haiM, usako khaNDa-khaNDa meM vibhAjita mohanajodar3o aura har3appA ke utkhanana se jisa prAcIna bhAratIya karake dekhane meM usakI AtmA hI mara jAtI hai| jaise zarIra ko khaNDa- saMskRti kI jAnakArI hameM upalabdha hotI hai, usase siddha hotA hai ki khaNDa kara dekhane se zarIra kI kriyA-zakti ko nahIM samajhA jA sakatA vaidika saMskRti ke pUrva bhI bhArata meM eka ucca saMskRti astitva rakhatI hai, vaise hI bhAratIya saMskRti ko khaNDa-khaNDa karake usakI mUla AtmA thI jisameM dhyAna Adi para bala diyA jAtA thaa| usa utkhanana meM dhyAnastha ko nahIM samajha jA sakatA hai| bhAratIya saMskRti ko hama tabhI sampUrNa rUpa yogiyoM kI sIleM Adi milanA tathA yajJazAlA Adi kA na milanA yahI se samajha sakate haiM, jaba usake vibhinna ghaTakoM arthAt jaina, bauddha aura siddha karatA hai ki vaha saMskRti tapa, yoga evaM dhyAna-pradhAna vrAtya yA hindU dharma-darzana kA samanvita evaM samyak adhyayana na kara liyA jaay| zramaNa-saMskRti kA pratinidhitva karatI thii| yaha nizcita hai ki AryoM ke binA usake saMyojita ghaTakoM ke jJAna se usakA sampUrNatA meM jJAna sambhava Agamana ke sAtha prArambha hue vaidika yuga se ye donoM hI dhArAe~ sAtha-sAtha hI nahIM hai| eka iMjana kI prakriyA ko bhI samyak prakAra se samajhane ke prabhAvita ho rahI haiM aura unhoMne eka-dUsare ko paryApta rUpa se prabhAvita liye na kevala usake vibhinna ghaTakoM ko arthAt kala-puoM kA jJAna bhI kiyA hai| Rgveda meM vrAtyoM ke prati jo tiraskAra bhAva thA, vaha atharvaveda Avazyaka hotA hai, apitu unake paraspara saMyojita rUpa ko bhI dekhanA meM samAdAra bhAva meM badala jAtA hai jo donoM dhArAoM ke samanvaya kA pratIka hotA hai| ata: hameM spaSTa rUpa se isa tathya ko samajha lenA cAhiye ki hai| tapa, tyAga, saMnyAsa, dhyAna, samAdhi, mukti aura ahiMsA kI bhAratIya saMskRti ke adhyayana evaM zodha ke kSetra meM anya sahavartI avadhAraNAe~ jo prArambhika vaidika RcAoM aura karmakANDIya brAhmaNa paramparAoM aura unake pArasparika sambandhoM ke adhyayana ke binA koI bhI granthoM meM anupalabdhaM thIM, ve AraNyaka Adi paravartI vaidika sAhitya meM zodha paripUrNa nahIM ho sakatI hai| dharma aura saMskRti zUnya meM vikasita aura vizeSa rUpa se upaniSadoM meM astitva meM A gayI haiN| isase lagatA nahIM hote, ve apane deza, kAla aura sahavartI paramparaoM se prabhAvita hokara hai ki ye avadhAraNAe~ saMnyAsamArgIya zramaNadhArA ke prabhAva se hI vaidika hI apanA svarUpa grahaNa karate haiN| yadi hameM jaina, bauddha, vaidika yA anya dhArA meM praviSTa huI haiN| upaniSadoM, mahAbhArata aura gItA meM eka ora vaidika kisI bhI bhAratIya sAMskRtika dhArA kA adhyayana karanA hai, use samyak karmakANDa kI samAlocanA aura unheM AdhyAtmikatA se samanvita kara nae prakAra se samajhanA hai, to usake deza, kAla evaM parivezagata pakSoM ko bhI rUpa meM paribhASita karane kA prayatna tathA dUsarI ora tapa, saMnyAsa aura prAmANikatApUrvaka taTastha buddhi se samajhanA hogaa| cAhe jaina vidyA ke zodha mukti Adi kI spaSTa rUpa se svIkRti, yahI siddha karatI hai ki ye grantha evaM adhyayana kA prazna ho yA anya kisI bhAratIya vidyA kA, hameM usakI vaidika evaM zramaNadhArA ke bIca hue samanvaya yA saMgama ke hI paricAyaka dUsarI paramparaoM ko avazya hI jAnanA hogA aura yaha dekhanA hogA ki haiN| hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki upaniSad aura mahAbhArata jisakA eka vaha una dUsarI sahavartI paramparAoM se kisa prakAra prabhAvita huI hai aura aMga gItA hai, zuddha rUpa se vaidika karmakANDAtmaka dharma ke pratinidhi nahIM usane unheM kisa prakAra prabhAvita kiyA hai| pArasparika prabhAva ke adhyayana hai| ve nivRttipradhAna zramaNadhArA aura pravRttimArgI vaidikadhArA ke samanvaya ke binA koI bhI adhyayana pUrNa nahIM hotA hai| kA pariNAma haiN| upaniSadoM meM, mahAbhArata aura gItA meM jahA~ eka ora yaha satya hai ki bhAratIya saMskRti ke itihAsa ke AdikAla zramaNadhArA ke AdhyAtmika aura nivRtti-pradhAna tattvoM ko sthAna diyA gayA se hI hama usame zramaNa aura vaidika saMskRti kA astitva sAtha-sAtha pAte hai, vahIM dUsarI ora yajJa Adi vaidika karmakANDoM kI zramaNaparamparA ke haiM kintu hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki bhAratIya saMskRti meM ina donoM samAna AdhyAtmika dRSTi se navIna paribhASAe~ bhI prastuta kI gaI haiM, usameM svatantra dhArAoM kA saMgama ho gayA hai aura aba unheM eka-dUsare se pUrNatayA yajJa kA artha pazubali na hokara svahitoM kI bali yA samAjasevA ho gyaa| alaga nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| bhAratIya itihAsa ke prArambhika kAla se hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki hamArA Aja kA hindUdharma vaidika aura

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zramaNa evaM vaidika dhArA kA vikAsa evaM pArasparika prabhAva 595 zramaNadhArAoM ke samanvaya kA pariNAma hai| vaidika karmakANDa ke virodha avatAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara liyA gayA, vahIM jaina paramparA meM rAma aura meM jo AvAja aupaniSadika yuga ke RSi-muniyoM ne uThAI thI, jaina aura kRSNa ko zalAkA puruSa ke rUpa meM mAnyatA milii| isa prakAra dAnoM dhArAe~ anya zramaNa paramparAoM ne mAtra use mukhara hI kiyA hai| hameM yaha nahIM bhUlanA eka dUsare se samanvita huiiN| cAhiye ki vaidika karmakANDa ke prati yadi kisI ne pahalI AvAja uThAI Aja hameM unakI isa pArasparika prabhAvazIlatA ko taTastha dRSTi to ve aupaniSadika RSi hI the| unhoMne hI sabase pahale kahA thA ki ye se spaSTa karane kA prayAsa karanA cAhiye, tAki dharmoM ke bIca jo dUriyA~ yajJarUpI naukAe~ adRr3ha haiM, ye AtmA ke vikAsa meM sakSama nahIM haiN| yajJa paidA kara dI gayI haiM, unheM samApta kiyA jA sake aura unakI nikaTatA Adi vaidika karmakANDoM kI navIna AdhyAtmika dRSTi se vyAkhyA karane ko bhI samyak rUpa se samajhA jA ske| kA kArya aupaniSadika RSiyoM aura gItA ke pravaktA kA hai| mahAvIra evaM durbhAgya se isa deza meM videzI tattvoM ke dvArA na kevala hindU buddhakAlIna jaina aura bauddha paramparAe~ to aupaniSadika RSiyoM ke dvArA aura musalamAnoM ke bIca apitu jaina, bauddha, hindU aura sikkhoM jo ki prazasta kiye gae patha para gatizIla huI haiN| ve vaidika karmakANDa, janmanA bRhad bhAratIya paramparA ke hI aMga haiM, ke bIca bhI khAiyA~ khodane kA kArya jAtivAda aura mithyA vizvAsoM ke virodha meM uThe hue aupaniSadika RSiyoM kiyA jAtA rahA hai aura sAmAnya rUpa se yaha prasArita kiyA jAtA rahA ke svara kA hI mukharita rUpa haiN| jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM aupaniSadika haiM ki jaina aura bauddha dharma na kevala svatantra dharma haiM, apitu ve vaidika RSiyoM kI arhat RSiyoM ke rUpa meM svIkRti isakA spaSTa pramANa hai| hindU-paramparA ke virodhI bhI haiN| sAmAnyatayA jaina aura bauddha dharma ko vaidika yaha satya hai ki zramaNoM ne yajJoM meM pazubali, janmanA varNa- dharma ke prati eka vidroha ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA jAtA hai| yaha satya hai vyavasthA aura vedoM ke prAmANya se inkAra kiyA aura isa prakAra ve bhAratIya ki vaidika aura zramaNa-paramparAoM meM kucha mUla-bhUta praznoM ko lekara spaSTa saMskRti ke samuddhAraka ke rUpa meM hI sAmane Aye kintu hameM yaha bhI nahIM matabheda haiN| yaha bhI satya hai ki jaina-bauddha paramparA ne vaidika paramparA kI bhUlanA cAhiye ki bhAratIya saMskRti meM AI ina vikRtiyoM ke parimArjana una vikRtiyoM kA jo karmakANDa, purohitavAda, jAtivAda aura brAhmaNa karane kI prakriyA meM ve svayaM hI kahIM na kahIM una vikRtiyoM se prabhAvita varga ke dvArA nimna vargoM ke dhArmika zoSaNa ke rUpa meM ubhara rahI thI, khulakara ho gae haiN| vaidika karmakANDa aba pUjA-vidhAnoM evaM tantra-sAdhanA ke naye virodha kiyA, kintu hameM use vidroha ke rUpa meM nahIM apitu bhAratIya rUpa meM bauddha, jaina aura anya zramaNa-paramparAoM meM praviSTa ho gayA hai aura saMskRti ke pariSkAra ke rUpa meM hI samajhanA hogaa| jaina ora bauddha dharmoM unakI sAdhanA-paddhati kA eka aMga bana gayA hai| AdhyAtmika vizuddhi ne bhAratIya saMskRti meM A rahI vikRtiyoM kA parizodhana kara use svastha ke liye kiyA jAne vAlA dhyAna aba bhautika siddhiyoM ke nimitta kiyA banAne hetu eka cikitsaka kA kArya kiyA hai| kintu smaraNa rakhanA hogA jAna lagA hai| jahA~ eka ora bhAratIya zramaNa-paramparA ne vaidika paramparA ki cikitsaka kabhI bhI zatru nahIM hotA, mitra hI hotA hai| durbhAgya se ko AdhyAtmika jIvana-dRSTi ke sAtha-sAtha tapa, tyAga, saMnyAsa aura mokSa pAzcAtya cintakoM ke prabhAva se bhAratIya cintaka aura kisI sImA taka kI avadhAraNAe~ pradAna kI, vahIM dUsarI ora isakI tIsarI-cauthI-zatI kucha jaina aura bauddha cintaka bhI yaha mAnane lage haiM ki jainadharma aura vaidika se vaidika paramparA ke prabhAva se pUjA-vidhAna aura tAntrika sAdhanAe~ jaina (hindU) dharma paraspara virodhI dharma haiM kintu yaha eka bhrAnta avadhAraNA hai| aura bauddha paramparAoM meM praviSTa ho giiN| aneka hindU deva-deviyA~ prakArAntara cAhe apane mUla rUpa meM vaidika evaM zramaNa saMskRti pravartaka aura nivartaka meM jainadharma evaM bauddhadharma meM svIkAra kara lI giiN| jainadharma meM yakSa-yakSiNiyoM dharma-paramparAoM ke rUpa meM bhinna-bhinna rahI hoM kintu Aja na to hindUevaM zAsana-devatA kI avadhAraNAe~ hindU devatAoM kA jainIkaraNa mAtra paramparA hI usa artha meM pUrNata: vaidika hai aura na hI jaina-bauddha paramparA haiN| aneka hindU deviyA~ jaise- kAlI, mahAkAlI, jvAlAmAlinI, pUrNata: shrmnn| Aja cAhe hindU dharma ho athavA jaina aura bauddha dharma hoM, ambikA, cakrezvarI, padmAvatI, siddhAyikA tIrthaMkaroM kI zAsana-rakSaka ye sabhI apane vartamAna svarUpa meM vaidika aura zramaNa saMskRti ke samanvita deviyoM ke rUpa meM jainadharma kA aMga bana gii| isI prakAra zruta-devatA ke rUpa haiN| yaha bAta alaga hai ki unameM pravRtti aura nivRtti meM se koI eka rUpa meM sarasvatI aura dampatti pradAtA ke rUpa meM lakSmI kI upAsanA bhI pakSa abhI bhI pramukha hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM hama kaha sakate haiM ki jahA~ jainadharma meM hone lagI aura hindU-paramparA kA gaNeza pArzva-yakSa ke rUpa meM jaina dharma Aja bhI nivRttipradhAna hai vahA~ hindU dharma prvRtti-prdhaan| phira bhI loka-maMgala kA devatA bana gyaa| vaidika paramparA ke prabhAva se jaina mandiroM yaha mAnanA ucita hogA ki ye donoM dharma pravRtti aura nivRtti ke samanvaya meM bhI aba yajJa hone lage aura pUjA-vidhAna meM hindU devatAoM kI taraha se hI nirmita hue haiN| tIrthaGkaroM kA bhI AvAhAna evaM visarjana kiyA jAne lgaa| hinduoM kI hama pUrva meM yaha spaSTa kara cuke haiM ki isa samanvaya kA prathama pUjA-vidhi ko bhI mantroM meM kucha zabdika parivartanoM ke sAtha jainoM ne svIkAra prayatna hameM IzAvAsyopaniSad meM spaSTa rUpa se dRSTigocara hotA hai| ataH kara liyaa| isa sabakI vistRta carcA Age kI gaI hai| isa prakAra jaina Aja jahA~ upaniSadoM ko prAcIna zramaNa-paramparA ke pariprekSya meM samajhane aura bauddha paramparAoM meM tapa, dhyAna aura samAdhi kI sAdhanA gauNa hokara kI AvazkatA hai, vahIM jaina aura bauddha paramparA ko bhI aupaniSadika pUjA-vidhi-vidhAna pramukha ho gyaa| isa pArasparika prabhAva kA eka pariNAma paramparA ke pariprekSya meM samajhane kI AvazkatA hai| jisa prakAra vAsanA yaha bhI huA ki jahA~ hindU paramparAoM meM RSabha aura buddha ko Izvara ke aura viveka, preya aura zreya, paraspara bhinna-bhinna hokara bhI mAnava vyaktitva

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596 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 ke hI aMga haiM usI prakAra nivRtti-pradhAna zramaNadhArA aura pravRtti-pradhAna Adi jainAgama hiMsaka yajJIya karmakANDa kA niSedha karate haiM, kinta ve vaidikadhArA donoM bhAratIya saMskRti ke hI aMga haiN| vastutaH koI bhI saMskRti brAhmaNoM ko bhI usI naitika evaM AdhyAtmika patha kA anugAmI mAnate aikAntika nivRtti yA aikAntika pravRtti ke AdhAra para pratiSThita nahIM ho haiM jisa patha para zramaNa cala rahe the| unakI dRSTi meM brAhmaNa vaha hai jo sadAcAra sakatI hai| jaina aura bauddha paramparAe~ bhAratIya saMskRti kA vaise hI abhinna kA jIvanta pratIka hai| usameM aneka sthaloM para zramaNoM aura brAhmaNoM aMga haiM, jaise hinduu-prmpraa| yadi aupaniSadika dhArA ko vaidika dhArA se (samaNA-mAhaNA) kA sAtha-sAtha ullekha huA hai| bhinna hote hue bhI vaidika yA hindU-paramparA kA abhinna aMga mAnA jAtA isI prakAra sUtrakRtAMga meM yadyapi tatkAlIna dArzanika mAnyatAoM hai to phira jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM ko usakA abhinna aMga kyoM nahIM kI samIkSA hai kintu unake sAtha hI usameM aupaniSadika yuga ke aneka mAnA jA sktaa| yadi sAMkhya aura mImAMsaka anIzvaravAdI hote hue bhI RSiyoM yathA-videhanami, bAhuka, asitadevala, dvaipAyana, pArAzara Adi abhI taka hindU-dharma darzana ke aMga mAne jAte haiM, to phira jaina va bauddha kA samAdarapUrvaka ullekha huA hai| sUtrakRtAMga spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra karatA dharma ko anIzvaravAdI kahakara usase kaise bhinna kiyA jA sakatA hai? hai ki ina RSiyoM ke AcAra-niyama usakI AcAra-paramparA se bhinna the, vastutaH hindU-paramparA koI eka dharma aura darzana na hokara vyApaka paramparA phira bhI vaha unheM apanI arhat paramparA kA hI pUjya puruSa mAnatA hai| vaha kA nAma hai yA kaheM ki vaha abhinna vaicArika evaM sAdhanAtmaka paramparAoM unakA mahApuruSa aura tapodhana ke rUpa meM ullekha karatA hai aura yaha mAnatA kA samUha hai| usameM IzvaravAda-anIzvaravAda, dvaitavAda-advaitavAda, pravRtti- hai ki unhoMne siddhi arthAt jIvana ke carama sAdhya mokSa ko prApta kara nivRtti, jJAna-karma sabhI kucha to samAhita hai| usameM prakRti-pUjA jaise dharma liyA thaa| sUtrakRtAMga kI dRSTi meM ye RSigaNa bhinna AcAra-mArga kA pAlana ke prArambhika lakSaNoM se lekara advaita kI ucca gaharAiyA~ taka sabhI kucha karate hue bhI usakI apanI hI paramparA ke RSi the| sUtrakRtAMga meM ina to usameM sanniviSTa haiN| ata: hindU usI artha meM koI eka dharma nahIM hai RSiyoM ko mahApuruSa, tapodhana evaM siddhi-prApta kahanA tathA uttarAdhyayana jaise yahUdI, IsAI yA muslmaan| hindU eka saMzliSTa paramparA hai, eka meM anya liMga siddhoM kA astitva mAnanA yahI sUcita karatA hai ki prAcIna sAMskRtika dhArA hai jisameM aneka dhArAe~ samAhita haiN| kAla meM jaina paramparA atyanta udAra thI aura vaha mAnatI thI ki mukti kA ata: jaina aura bauddha dharma ko hindU-paramparA se nitAnta bhinna adhikAra kevala usake AcAra-niyamoM kA pAlana karane vAle ko hI nahIM nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| jaina aura bauddha bhI usI adhyAtma-pakSa ke anuyAyI hai, apitu bhinna AcAra-mArga kA pAlana karane vAlA bhI mukti kA adhikArI haiM jisake aupaniSadika Rssi| unakI vizeSatA yaha hai ki unhoMne bhAratIya ho sakatA hai| samAja ke dalita varga ke utthAna tathA janmanA jAtivAda, karmakANDa va isI sandarbha meM yahA~ RSibhASita (isibhAsiyAI) kA ullekha purohitavAda se mukti kA mArga prazasta kiyaa| unhoMne usa dharma kA pratipAdana karanA bhI Avazyaka hai jo jaina Agama sAhitya kA prAcInatama grantha kiyA jo janasAmAnya kA.dharma thA aura jise karmakANDoM kI apekSA naitika (I0pU0 cauthI zatI) hai| jaina paramparA meM isa grantha kA nirmANa usa samaya sadguNoM para adhiSThita kiyA gayA thaa| unhoMne bhAratIya samAja ko purohita huA hogA jaba jaina dharma eka sampradAya ke rUpa meM vikasita nahIM huA varga ke dhArmika zoSaNa se mukta kiyaa| ve videzI nahIM haiM, isI mATI kI thaa| isa grantha meM nArada, asitadevala, aMgirasa, pArAzara, aruNa, santAna haiM, ve zata-pratizata bhAratIya haiN| jaina, bauddha aura aupaniSadika nArAyaNa, yAjJavalkya, uddAlaka, vidura, sAriputta, mahAkazyapa, maMkhaligozAla, dhArA kisI eka hI mUla strota ke vikAsa haiM aura Aja unheM usI pariprekSya saMjaya (veliThThiputta) Adi paiMtAlisa RSiyoM kA ullekha hai aura ina sabhI meM samajhane kI AvazyakatA hai| ko arhat RSi yA brAhmaNa RSi kahA gayA hai| RSibhASita meM inake bhAratIya dharmoM, vizeSarUpa se aupaniSaki, bauddha aura jaina dharmoM AdhyAtmika aura naitika upadezoM kA saMkalana hai| jaina-paramparA meM isa kI jisa pArasparika prabhAvazIlatA ke adhyayana kI Aja vizeSa grantha kI racanA isa tathya kA spaSTa saMketa hai ki aupaniSadika RSiyoM AvazyakatA hai, use samajhane meM prAcIna stara ke jaina Agama yathA- kI paramparA aura jaina-paramparA kA udgama strota eka hI hai| yaha grantha na AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, RSibhASita aura uttarAdhyayana Adi hamAre dizA- kevala jaina dharma kI dhArmika udAratA kA sUcaka hai, apitu yaha bhI batAtA nirdezaka siddha ho sakate haiN| mujhe vizvAsa hai ki ina granthoM ke adhyayana hai ki sabhI bhAratIya AdhyAtmika paramparAoM kA mUla strota eka hI hai| se bhAratIya vidyA ke adhyetAoM ko eka naI dizA milegI aura yaha mithyA aupaniSadika, bauddha, jaina, AjIvaka, sAMkhya, yoga Adi sabhI usI mUla vizvAsa dUra ho jAegA ki jainadharma, bauddhadharma aura hindUdharma paraspara virodhI strota se nikalI huI dhArAe~ haiN| jisa prakAra jaina dharma ke RSibhASita meM dharma haiN| AcArAMga meM hameM aise aneka sUtra upalabdha hote haiM jo apane vibhinna paramparAoM ke upadeza saMkalita haiM, usI prakAra bauddha paramparA kI bhAva, zabda-yojanA aura bhASA-zailI kI dRSTi se aupaniSadika sUtroM ke theragAthA meM bhI vibhinna paramparAoM ke jina-sthaviroM ke upadeza saMkalita nikaTa haiN| AcArAMga meM Atma ke svarUpa ke sandarbha meM jo vivaraNa prastuta haiN| usameM bhI aneka aupaniSadika evaM anya zramaNa-paramparA ke AcAryoM kiyA gayA hai vaha mANDUkyopaniSad se yathAvat milatA hai| AcArAMga meM ke ullekha haiM jinameM eka vardhamAna (mahAvIra) bhI haiN| yaha saba isa tathya zramaNa aura brAhmaNa kA ullekha paraspara pratispardhiyoM ke rUpa meM nahIM, kA sUcaka hai ki bhAratIya cintana-dhArA prAcInakAla se hI udAra aura apitu sahagAmiyoM ke rUpa meM milatA hai| cAhe AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana sahiSNu rahI hai aura usakI pratyeka dhArA meM yahI udAratA aura sahiSNutA

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zramaNa evaM vaidika dhArA kA vikAsa evaM pArasparika prabhAva 597 pravAhita hotI rahI hai| Aja jaba hama sAmpradAyika abhinivezoM meM jakar3akara samanvaya sthApita karanA thaa| yadyapi gItA meM jJAnayoga, karmayoga aura paraspara saMgharSoM meM ulajha gaye haiM, ina dhArAoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana hameM bhaktiyoga kI carcA huI hai kintu vahA~ inameM se pratyeka ko mokSa-mArga mAna eka nayI dRSTi pradAna kara sakatA hai| yadi bhAratIya sAMskRtika cintana liyA gayA hai| kI ina dhArAoM ko eka dUsare se alaga kara dekhane kA prayatna kiyA jAyagA jainadharma ne na kevala vaidika RSiyoM dvArA pratipAdita yajJa-yAga to hama unheM samyak rUpa se samajhane meM saphala ho skeNge| uttarAdhyayana, kI paramparA kA virodha kiyA, varan zramaNa-paramparA ke deha-daNDana kI sUtrakRtAMga, RSibhASita aura AcArAMga ko samajhane ke lie tapasyAtmaka praNAlI kA bhI virodha kiyaa| sambhavata: mahAvIra ke pUrva pArzva aupaniSadika sAhitya kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai| usI prakAra ke kAla taka dharma kA sambandha bAhya tathyoM se hI jor3A gayA thaa| yahI upaniSadoM aura bauddha sAhitya ko bhI jaina paramparA ke adhyayana ke abhAva kAraNa thA ki jahA~ brAhmaNa-varga yajJa-yAga ke kriyAkANDoM meM hI dharma kI meM samyak prakAra se nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai| Aja sAmpradAyika itizrI mAna letA thaa| sambhavataH jaina paramparA ke mahAvIra ke pUrvavartI abhinivezoM se Upara uThakara taTastha evaM tulanAtmaka rUpa se satya kA tIrthaGkara pArzvanAtha ne AdhyAtmika sAdhanA ke bAhya pahalU ke sthAna para usake anveSaNa hI eka aisA vikalpa hai jo sAmpradAyika abhiniveza se grasta Antarika pahalU para bala diyA thA aura pariNAmasvarUpa zramaNa-paramparAoM mAnava ko mukti dilA sakatA hai aura bhAratIya dharmoM kI pArasparika meM bhI bauddha Adi kucha dharma-paramparAoM ne isa Antarika pahalU para adhika prabhAvazIlatA ko spaSTa kara sakatA hai| bala denA prArambha kara diyA thaa| lekina mahAvIra ke yuga taka dharma evaM sAdhanA kA yaha bAhyamukhI dRSTikoNa pUrI taraha samApta nahIM ho pAyA thA, varan jaina dharma kA hindU dharma ko avadAna brAhmaNa paramparA meM to yajJa, zraddhAdi ke rUpa meM vaha adhika prasAra pA gayA aupaniSadika kAla .yA mahAvIra-yuga kI sabase pramukha samasyA thaa| dUsarI ora jina vicArakoM ne sAdhanA ke Antarika pakSa para bala denA yaha thI ki usa yuga meM aneka paramparAe~ apane ekAMgI dRSTikoNa ko hI prArambha kiyA thA, unhoMne usake bAhya pakSa kI pUrI taraha avahelanA karanA pUrNa satya samajhakara paraspara eka-dUsare ke virodha meM khar3I thiiN| usa yuga prArambha kara diyA thA, pariNAmasvarUpa ve bhI eka ati kI ora jAkara meM cAra pramukha varga the- 1. kriyAvAdI, 2. akriyAvAdI, 3. vinayavAdI ekAMgI bana ge| ata: mavIra ne donoM hI pakSoM meM samanvaya sthApita karane aura 4. ajnyaanvaadii| mahAvIra ne sarvaprathama unameM samanvaya karane kA prayAsa kA prayatna kiyA aura yaha batAyA ki dharma-sAdhanA kA sambandha sampUrNa kiyaa| prathama, kriyAvAdI dRSTikoNa AcAra ke bAhya pakSoM para adhika bala jIvana se hai| usameM AcaraNa ke bAhya pakSa ke rUpa meM kriyA kA jo sthAna detA thaa| vaha karmakANDaparaka thaa| bauddha paramparA meM isa dhAraNA ko zIlavrata hai, usase bhI adhika sthAna AcaraNa ke Antarika preraka kA hai| isa prakAra parAmarza kahA gayA hai| dUsarA dRSTikoNa akriyAvAda kA thaa| akriyAvAda unhoMne dhArmika jIvana meM AcaraNa ke preraka aura AcaraNa ke pariNAma donoM ke tAttvika AdhAra yA to vibhinna niyativAdI dRSTikoNa the yA AtmA para hI bala diyaa| unhoMne jJAna aura kriyA ke bIca samanvaya sthApita kiyaa| ko kUTastha evaM akartA mAnane kI tAttvika avadhAraNA ke poSaka the| ye narasiMhapurANa (61/9/11) meM bhI Avazyaka niyukti (pRSTha, 95-97) paramparAe~ jJAnamArga kI pratipAdaka thiiN| jahA~ kriyAvAda ke anusAra karma ke samAna hI jJAna aura kriyA ke samanvaya ko aneka rUpakoM se varNita yA AcaraNa hI sAdhanA kA sarvasva thA, vahA~ akriyAvAda ke anusAra jJAna kiyA hai| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki jaina-paramparA ke isa cintana meM hI sAdhanA kA sarvasva thaa| kriyAvAda karmamArga kA pratipAdaka thA aura hindU-paramparA ko prabhAvita kiyA hai| akriyAvAda jJAnamArga kA prtipaadk| karmamArga aura jJAnamArga ke atirikta tIsarI paramparA ajJAnavAdiyoM kI thI jo atIndriya evaM pAralaukika mAnava mAtra kI samAnatA kA udghoSa mAnyatAoM ko 'ajJeya' svIkAra karatI thii| isakA darzana rahasyavAda aura usa yuga kI sAmAjika samasyAoM meM varNa-vyavasthA eka sandehavAda ina do rUpoM meM vibhAjita thaa| ina tInoM paramparAoM ke atirikta mahattvapUrNa samasyA thii| varNa. kA AdhAra karma aura svabhAva ko chor3a cauthI paramparA vinayavAda kI thI jise bhaktimArga kA prArambhika rUpa mAnA janma mAna liyA gayA thaa| pariNAmasvarUpa varNa-vyavasthA vikRta ho gayI jAtA hai| vinayavAda bhaktimArga kA hI aparanAma thaa| isa prakAra usa yuga thI aura U~ca-nIca kA bheda ho gayA thA jisake kAraNa sAmAjika meM jJAnamArga, karmamArga, bhaktimArga aura ajJeyavAda (sandehavAda) kI svAsthya viSamatA ke jvara se AkrAnta thaa| jaina vicAradhArA ne janmanA paramparAe~ alaga-alaga rUpa meM pratiSThita thiiN| mahAvIra ne apane jAtivAda kA virodha kiyA aura samasta mAnavoM kI samAnatA kA udghoSa anekAntavAdI dRSTikoNa ke dvArA inameM samanvaya khojane kA prayAsa kiyaa| eka ora usane harikezI bala jaise nimna kulotpanna ko, to kiyaa| sarvaprathama unhoMne samyak-jJAna, samyak-darzana aura samyak cAritra dUsarI ora gautama jaise brAhmaNa kulotpanna sAdhakoM ko apane sAdhanAke rUpa meM trividha mokSamArga kA eka aisA siddhAnta pratipAdita kiyA jisameM mArga meM samAna rUpa se dIkSita kiyaa| kevala jAtigata vibheda hI nahIM jJAnavAdI, karmavAdI aura bhaktimArgI paramparAoM kA samucita samanvaya thaa| varan Arthika vibheda bhI samAnatA kI dRSTi se jaina vicAradhArA ke sAmane isa prakAra mahAvIra evaM jaina-darzana kA prathama prayAsa jJAnamArgIya, koI mUlya nahIM rkhtaa| jahA~ eka ora magadha-samrATa to dUsarI ora karmamArgIya, vibhinna bhaktimArgI, tApasa Adi ekAMgI dRSTikoNoM ke madhya puNiyA jaise nirdhana zrAvaka bhI usakI dRSTi meM samAna the| isa prakAra

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598 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 usane jAtigata yA Arthika AdhAra para U~ca-nIca kA bheda asvIkAra antara meM vizuddha hai, vahI saccA brAhmaNa hai| dhammapada meM bhI kahA gayA hai kara mAnava mAtra kI samAnatA para bala diyaa| isakA prabhAva hindUdharma ki jaise kamalapatra pAnI se alipta hotA hai, jaise Are kI noka para sarasoM para bhI par3A aura usameM bhI guptakAla ke pazcAt bhaktiyuga meM varNa- kA dAnA hotA hai, vaise hI jo kAmoM meM lipta nahIM hotA, jisane apane vyavasthA aura brAhmaNa varga kI zreSThatA kA virodha huaa| vaise to du:khoM ke kSaya ko yahIM para dekha liyA hai, jisane janma-maraNa ke bhAra ko mahAbhArata ke racanAkAla (lagabhaga cauthI zatI) se hI yaha prabhAva utAra diyA hai, jo sarvathA anAsakta haiM, jo medhAvI haiM, sthitaprajJa haiM, jo parilakSita hotA hai| sanmArga tathA kumArga ko jAnane meM kuzala haiM aura jo nirvANa kI uttama sthiti ko pahuMca cuke haiM- unheM hI maiM brAhmaNa kahatA huuN|2 isa prakAra hama Izvara se mukti aura mAnava kI svatantratA kA udghoSa dekhate haiM ki jaina evaM bauddha donoM paramparAoM ne hI brAhmaNatva kI zreSThatA usa yuga kI dUsarI samasyA yaha thI ki mAnavIya svatantratA kA ko svIkAra karate hue bhI brAhmaNa kI eka naI paribhASA prastuta kI jo mUlya logoM kI dRSTi meM kama A~kA jAne lagA thaa| eka ora IzvaravAdI zramaNa paramparA ke anukUla thii| phalata: na kevala jaina paramparA evaM bauddha dhAraNAe~ to dUsarI ora kAlavAdI evaM niyativAdI dhAraNAe~ mAnavIya paramparA meM, varan hindU paramparA ke mahAn grantha mahAbhArata meM bhI brAhmaNatva svatantratA ko asvIkAra karane lagI thiiN| jaina-darzana ne isa kaThinAI ko kI yahI paribhASA dI gaI hai| jaina paramparA ke uttarAdhyayanasUtra, bauddha paramparA samajhA aura mAnavIya svatantratA kI puna: prANa-pratiSThA kii| usane yaha ke dhammapada aura mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva meM sacce brAhmaNa ke svarUpa kA udghoSa kiyA ki na to Izvara aura na anya zaktiyA~ mAnava kI nirdhAraka jo vivaraNa milatA hai, vaha na kevala vaicArika sAmyatA rakhatA hai, varan haiM, varan manuSya svayaM hI apanA nirmAtA hai| isa prakAra usane manuSya ko usameM zAbdika sAmyatA bhI bahuta adhika hai jo ki tulanAtmaka adhyayana IzvaravAda kI usa dhAraNA se mukti dilAI jo mAnavIya svatantratA kA kI dRSTi se bahuta mahattvapUrNa hai aura ina paramparAoM ke pArasparika prabhAva apaharaNa kara rahI thI aura yaha pratipAdita kiyA ki mAnavIya svatantratA ko spaSTa karatA hai| meM niSThA hI dharma-darzana kA saccA AdhAra bana sakatI hai| jainoM kI isa avadhAraNA kA prabhAva hindUdharma para utanA adhika nahIM par3A, jitanA yajJa kA nayA artha apekSita thaa| phira bhI IzvaravAda kI svIkRti ke sAtha-sAtha mAnava kI jisa prakAra brAhmaNa kI naI paribhASA prastuta kI gaI usI prakAra zreSThatA ke svara to mukharita hue hI the| yajJa ko bhI eka nae artha meM paribhASita kiyA gyaa| mahAvIra ne na kevala hiMsaka yajJoM ke virodha meM apanA mantavya prastatu kiyA, varan unhoMne yajJa rUr3hivAda se mukti kI AdhyAtmika evaM tapasyAparaka naI paribhASA bhI prastuta kii| uttarAdhyayana jaina dharma ne rUr3hivAda se bhI mAnava-jAti ko mukta kiyaa| usane meM yajJa ke AdhyAtmika svarUpa kA savistAra vivecana hai| batAyA gayA usa yuga kI aneka rUr3hiyoM jaise-pazu-yajJa, zrAddha, purohitavAda Adi se hai ki "tapa agni hai, jIvAtmA agnikuNDa hai, mana, vacana aura kAyA kI mAnava-samAja ko mukta karane kA prayAsa kiyA thA aura isaliye ina sabakA pravRttiyA~ hI kalachI (cammaca) haiM aura karmoM (pApoM) kA naSTa karanA hI khulA virodha bhI kiyaa| brAhmaNa-varga ne apane ko Izvara kA pratinidhi Ahuti hai, yahI yajJa saMyama se yukta hone se zAntidAyaka aura sukhakAraka batAkara sAmAjika zoSaNa kA jo silasilA prArambha kiyA thA, use samApta hai| RSiyoM ne aise hI yajJa kI prazaMsA kI hai|"3 phalata: na kevala jainakarane ke liye jaina evaM bauddha paramparAoM ne prayAsa kiyaa| jaina aura bauddha paramparA meM varan bauddha aura vaidika paramparAoM meM bhI yajJa-yAga ke bAhya AcAryoM ne sabase mahattvapUrNa kAma yaha kiyA ki unhoMne yajJAdi pratyayoM pakSa kA khaNDana aura usake AdhyAtmika svarUpa kA citraNa upalabdha hotA ko naI paribhASAe~ pradAna kii| yahA~ jainadharma ke dvArA prastuta brAhmaNa, yajJa hai| buddha ne bhI AdhyAtmika yajJa ke svarUpa kA citraNa lagabhaga usI rUpa Adi kI kucha naI paribhASAe~ dI jA rahI haiN| meM kiyA hai jisa rUpa meM usakA vivacena uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM kiyA gayA hai| aMguttaranikAya meM yajJa ke AdhyAtmika svarUpa kA varNana karate hue brAhmaNa kA nayA artha buddha kahate haiM ki he brAhmaNa, ye tIna agniyA~ tyAga karane aura parivartana jaina-paramparA ne sadAcaraNa ko hI mAnavIya jIvana meM uccatA karane ke yogya haiM, unakA sevana nahIM karanA caahiye| he brAhmaNa, ina tIna aura nimRtA kA pratimAna mAnA aura use hI brAhmaNatva kA AdhAra btaayaa| agniyoM kA satkAra kareM, inheM sammAna pradAna kareM, inakI pUjA aura paricaryA uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke paccIsaveM adhyAya evaM dhammapada ke brAhmaNa varga nAmaka bhalIbhA~ti sukha se kreN| ye agniyA~ kauna sI haiM, AhvAnIyAgni adhyAya meM saccA brAhmaNa kauna hai, isakA savistAra vivecana upalabdha hai| (Ahanehayyaggi), gArhapatyAgni (gahapattaggi) aura dakSiNAgni (dkkhinnaayyggi)| vistAra bhaya se usakI samagra carcA meM na jAkara kevala eka do padyoM ko mA~-bApa ko AhvAnIyAgni samajhanA cAhiye aura satkAra se unakI pUjA prastuta kara hI virAma leNge| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM batAyA gayA hai ki 'jo jala karanI caahiye| patnI aura bacce, dAsa tathA karmakAra ko gArhapatyAgni meM utpanna hue kamala ke samAna bhogoM meM utpanna hote hue bhI bhogoM meM lipta samajhanA cAhiye aura AdarzapUrvaka unakI pUjA karanI caahiye| zramaNanahIM rahatA, vahI saccA brAhmaNa hai'| jo rAga, dveSa aura bhaya se mukta hokara brAhmaNoM ko dakSiNAgni samajhanA cAhiye aura satkArapUrvaka unakI pUjA

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zramaNa evaM vaidika dhArA kA vikAsa evaM pArasparika prabhAva 599 karanI caahiye| he brAhmaNa, yaha lakar3iyoM kI agni to kabhI jalAnI par3atI kSaNa bhara bhI sevA kare to yaha sevA kahIM uttama hai, na ki sau varSoM taka hai, kabhI upekSA karanI par3atI hai aura kabhI use bujhAnI par3atI hai, kintu kiyA huA yjny| isa prakAra jainadharma ne tatkAlIna karmakANDI mAnyatAoM ye agniyA~ to sadaiva aura sarvatra pUjanIya haiN| isI prakAra buddha ne bhI hiMsaka ko eka naI dRSTi pradAna kI aura unheM AdhyAtmika svarUpa diyA, sAtha yajJoM ke sthAna para yajJa ke AdhyAtmika evaM sAmAjika svarUpa ko prakaTa hI dharma-sAdhanA kA jo bahirmukhI dRSTikoNa thA use AdhyAtmika saMsparza kiyaa| itanA hI nahIM, unhoMne sacce yajJa kA artha sAmAjika jIvana meM dvArA antarmukhI bnaayaa| isase usa yuga ke vaidika cintana meM eka sahayoga karanA btaayaa|5 zramaNa-dhArA ke isa dRSTikoNa ke samAna hI krAntikArI parivartana upasthita huaa| isa prakAra vaidika saMskRti ko upaniSadoM evaM gItA meM bhI yajJa-yAga kI nindA kI gayI hai aura yajJa kI rUpAntarita karane kA zreya sAmAnya rUpa se zramaNa-paramparA ke aura vizeSa sAmAjika evaM AdhyAtmika dRSTi se vivecanA kI gaI hai| sAmAjika sandarbha rUpa se jaina-paramparA ko hai| meM yajJa kA artha samAja-sevA mAnA gayA hai| niSkAmabhAva se samAja kI karmakANDa aura AdhyAtmika sAdhanAe~ pratyeka dharma ke anivArya sevA karanA gItA meM yajJa kA sAmAjika pahalU thaa| dUsarI ora gItA meM aMga haiN| karmakANDa usakA zarIra hai aura AdhyAtmikatA usakA praann| yajJa ke AdhyAtmika svarUpa kA vivecana bhI kiyA gayA hai| gItAkAra kahatA bhAratIya dharmoM meM prAcIna kAla se hI hameM ye donoM prakAra kI pravRttiyA~ spaSTa hai ki yogIjana saMyamarUpa agnirUpa agni meM zrotrAdi indriyoM kA havana rUpa se dRSTigocara hotI haiN| jahA~ prArambhika vaidika-paramparA dharma-karmakarate haiM yA indriyoM ke viSayoM kA indriyoM meM havana karate haiN| dUsare kucha kANDAtmaka adhika rahI haiM, vahA~ prAcIna zramaNa-paramparAe~ sAdhanAtmaka sAdhaka indriyoM ke sampUrNa karmoM ko aura zarIra ke bhItara rahane vAlA vAyu adhika rahI haiN| phira bhI ina donoM pravRttiyoM ko eka dUsare se pUrNatayA jo prANa kahalAtA hai, usake 'saMkucita hone', 'phalane' Adi karmoM ko pRthak rakha pAnA kaThina hai| zramaNa-paramparA meM AdhyAtmika aura dhArmika jJAna se prakAzita huI Atma-saMyamarUpa yogAgni meM havana karate haiN| ghRtAdi sAdhanA ke jo vidhi-vidhAna bane the, ve bhI dhIre-dhIre karmakANDa ke rUpa cikanI vastu prajjvalita huI agni kI bhA~ti viveka-vijJAna se ujjvalatA meM hI vikasita hote gye| aneka Antarika evaM bAhya sAkSyoM se yaha ko prApta huI (dhAraNA-dhyAna samAdhi rUpa) usa Atma-saMyama-yogAgni meM sunizcita ho jAtA hai ki inameM adhikAMza karmakANDa vaidika yA brAhmaNa (prANa aura indriyoM ke karmoM ko) vilIna kara dete haiN| isa prakAra jainadharma paramparA athavA dUsarI anya paramparAoM ke prabhAva se Aye haiN| meM yajJa ke jisa AdhyAtmika svarUpa kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai, usakA jaina-paramparA mUlataH zramaNa-paramparA kA hI eka aMga hai aura anumodana bauddha paramparA aura vaidika paramparA meM huA hai| yahI zramaNa- isaliye yaha apane prArambhika rUpa meM karmakANDa kI virodhI evaM paramparA kA hindU-paramparA ko mukhya avadAna thaa| AdhyAtmika sAdhanA pradhAna rahI hai| mAtra yahI nahIM uttarAdhyayana jaise prAcIna jaina-granthoM meM snAna, havana, yajJa Adi karmakANDoM kA virodha bhI parilakSita snAna Adi ke prati nayA dRSTikoNa hotA hai| jaisA hama pUrva meM batA cuke haiM ki uttarAdhyayanasUtra kI yaha vizeSatA jaina vicArakoM ne anya naitikatA sambandhI vicAroM ko bhI naI hai ki usane dharma ke nAma para kiye jAne vAle ina karmakANDoM evaM anuSThAnoM dRSTi pradAna kii| bAhya zauca yA snAna jo ki usa samaya dharma aura naitika ko eka AdhyAtmika rUpa pradAna kiyA thaa| tatkAlIna brAhmaNa varga ne yajJa, jIvana kA eka mukhya rUpa mAna liyA gayA thA, ko bhI eka nayA zrAddha aura tarpaNa ke nAma para karmakANDoM evaM anuSThAnoM ke mAdhyama se AdhyAtmika svarUpa pradAna kiyA gyaa| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai sAmAjika zoSaNa kI jo prakriyA prArambha kI thI, jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM ki dharma jalAzaya hai aura brahmacarya ghATa (tIrtha) hai, usameM snAna karane se ne usakA khulA virodha kiyA thaa| AtmA zAnta, nirmala aura zuddha ho jAtI hai| isI prakAra bauddha-darzana meM vastutaH vaidika karmakANDa kI virodhI janajAtiyoM evaM bhI sacce snAna kA artha mana, vANI aura kAyA se sadguNoM kA sampAdana bhaktimArgI paramparA meM dhArmika anuSThAna ke rUpa meM pUjA-vidhi kA vikAsa mAnA gayA hai| na kevala jaina aura bauddha paramparA meM varan vaidika paramparA huA, to zramaNa-paramparA meM tapasyA aura dhyAna kaa| jaina samAja meM yakSapUjA meM bhI yaha vicAra prabala ho gayA ki yathArtha zuddhi AtmA ke sadguNoM ke ke prAcInatama ullekha jainAgamoM meM upalabdha haiN| janasAdhAraNa meM pracalita vikAsa meM nihita hai| isa prakAra zramaNoM ke isa cintana kA prabhAva vaidika bhaktimArgI dhArA kA prabhAva jaina aura bauddha dharmoM para bhI par3A aura unameM yA hindU paramparA para bhI huaa| tapa, saMyama evaM dhyAna ke sAtha-sAtha jina evaM buddha kI pUjA kI bhAvanA isI prakAra brAhmaNoM ko dI jAne vAlI dakSiNA ke prati eka vikasita huii| pariNAmata: prathama stUpa, caitya Adi ke rUpa meM pratIka pUjA naI dRSTi pradAna kI gaI aura yaha batAyA gayA ki dAna kI apekSA, saMyama prArambha huI, phira siddhAyatana (jina-mandira) Adi bane aura buddha evaM jinahI zreSTha hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki prati mAsa sahasroM gAyoM pratimA kI pUjA hone lagI, pariNAmasvarUpa jina-pUjA, dAna Adi ko kA dAna karane kI apekSA bhI jo bAhya rUpa se dAna nahIM karatA varan saMyama gRhastha kA mukhya karttavya mAnA gyaa| digambara paramparA meM to gRhastha ke kA pAlana karatA hai, usa vyakti kA saMyama hI adhika zreSTha hai| dhammapada liye prAcIna SaDAvazyakoM ke sthAna para SaT dainika kRtyoM-jinapUjA, meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki eka tarapha manuSya yadi varSoM taka hajAroM kI dakSiNAA gurusevA, svAdhyAya, tapa, saMyama evaM dAna kI kalpanA kI gyii| hameM dekara prati mAsa yajJa karatA jAya aura dUsarI tarapha yadi vaha puNyAtmA kI AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana, bhagavatI Adi prAcIna AgamoM meM

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600 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 jinapUjA kI vidhi kA spaSTa ullekha nahIM milatA hai| inakI apekSA paravartI ho sakatA hai| vaha prAyazcitta pATha nimnalikhita haiAgamoM-sthAnAMga Adi meM jinapratimA evaM jinamandira (siddhAyatana) ke IyApathe pracalatAdya mayA pramAdAt, ullekha haiM, kintu unameM pUjA sambandhI kisI anuSThAna kI carcA nahIM hai| ekendriyprmukhjiivnikaaybaadhaa| jabaki rAjapraznIya meM sUryAbhadeva aura jJAtAdharmakathA meM draupadI ke dvArA nidvartitA yadi bhaveva yugAntarekSA, jinapratimAoM ke pUjana ke ullekha haiN| yaha saba bRhad hindU-paramparA kA mithyA tadastu duritaM gurUbhaktito me|| jainadharma para prabhAva hai| smaraNIya hai ki zvetAmbara paramparA meM caityavandana meM bhI harivaMzapurANa meM jinasena ne jala, candana, akSata, puSpa, dhUpa, 'iriyAvihi virAhanAye' nAmaka pATha kiyA jAtA hai jisakA tAtparya hai 'maiM dIpa aura naivedya kA ullekha kiyA hai| isa ullekha meM bhI aSTadravyoM kA caityavandana ke liye jAne meM huI ekendriya jIvoM kI hiMsA kA prayazcitta krama yathAvat nahIM aura na jala kA pRthak nirdeza hI hai| smaraNa rahe ki karatA huuN| dUsarI ora pUjAvidhAnoM meM evaM homoM meM pRthvI, vAyu, apa, pratimA-prakSAlana kI prakriyA kA agrima vikAsa abhiSeka hai jo apekSAkRta agni aura vanaspatikAyika ekendriya jIvoM kI hiMsA kA vidhAna, eka aura bhI paravartI hai| Antarika aMsagati to hai hii| sambhavataH hindU dharma ke prabhAva se IsA kI padmapurANa, padmanandikRta paMcaviMzati, AdipurANa, harivaMzapurANa, chaThI-sAtavIM zatAbdI taka jainadharma meM pUjA-pratiSThA sambandhI aneka vasunandi zrAvakAcAra Adi granthoM se aSTadravyoM kA phalAdeza bhI jJAta hotA karmakANDoM kA praveza ho gayA thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki AThavIM zatI meM hai| yaha mAnA gayA hai ki aSTadravyoM dvArA pUjana karane se aihika aura haribhadra ko inameM se aneka kA muniyoM ke liye niSedha karanA pdd'aa| haribhadra pAralaukika abhyudayoM kI prApti hotI hai| bhAvasaMgraha meM bhI aSTadravyoM kA ne sambodhaprakaraNa meM caityoM meM nivAsa, jinapratimA kI dravyapUjA, pRthak-pRthak phalAdeza batAyA gayA hai| jinapratimA ke samakSa nRtya, gAna, nATaka Adi kA jainamuni ke liye niSedha DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI dvArA prastuta yaha vivaraNa hindU-paramparA kiyA hai|10 ke prabhAva se digambara paramparA meM pUjA-dravyoM ke kramika vikAsa ko spaSTa sAmAnyata: jaina-paramparA meM tapapradhAna anuSThAnoM kA sambandha kara detA hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM hinduoM kI paMcopacArI pUjA se aSTaprakArI karmamala ko dUrakara manuSya ke AdhyAtmika guNoM kA vikAsa aura pAzavika pUjA aura usI se satraha bhedI pUjA vikasita huii| yaha sarvopacArI yA satraha AvegoM kA niyantraNa rahA hai| jinabhakti aura jinapUjA sambandhI anuSThAnoM bhedI vaiSNavo kI SoDazopacArI pUjA kA hI rUpa hai aura bahuta kucha rUpa kA uddezya bhI laukika upalabdhiyoM evaM vighna-bAdhAoM kA apazamana na meM isakA ullekha rAjapraznIya meM upalabdha hai| hokara vyakti kA apanA AdhyAtmika vikAsa hI hai| jaina sAdhaka spaSTa isa samagra carcA meM hameM aisA lagatA hai ki jaina-paramparA meM rUpa se isa bAta ko dRSTi meM rakhatA hai ki prabhu kI pUjA aura stuti kevala sarvaprathama dhArmika anuSThAna ke rUpa meM SaDAvazyakoM kA vikAsa huaa| bhakta ke sva-svarUpa yA jinaguNoM kI upalabdhi ke liye hai| unhIM SaDAvazyakoM meM stavana yA guNa-stuti kA sthAna yA usI se Age jaina paramparA kA udghoSa hai- 'vande tadguNa labdhaye' arthAt calakara bhAvapUjA pracalita huI aura phira dravyapUjA kI kalpanA sAmane jinadeva kI evaM hamArI AtmA tattvataH samAna hai, ata: vItarAga ke AI kintu dravyapUjA kA vidhAna kevala zrAvakoM ke liye huaa| guNoM kI upalabdhi kA artha hai svarUpa kI uplbdhi| isa prakAra jaina tatpazcAt zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM paramparAoM meM jinapUjA-sambandhI anuSThAna mUlataH Atmavizuddhi aura svarUpa kI upalabdhi ke liye hai| jaTila vidhi-vidhAnoM kA jo vistAra huA, vaha saba brAhmaNa-paramparA jaina anuSThAnoM meM jina gAthAoM yA mantroM kA pATha kiyA jAtA hai, unameM kA prabhAva thaa| Age calakara jinamandira ke nirmANa evaM jinabimboM kI bhI adhikAMzata: to pUjanIya ke svarUpa kA hI bodha karAte haiM athavA pratiSThA ke sambandha meM hinduoM kA anusaraNa karake aneka prakAra ke AtmA ke liye patanakArI pravRttiyoM kA anusmaraNa karAkara unase mukta vidhi-vidhAna bne| paM0 phUlacaMdajI siddhAntazAstrI ne "jJAnapITha hone kI preraNA dete haiN| pUjAMjali' kI bhUmikA meM aura DaoN0 nemicaMdajI zAstrI ne, apane eka yadyapi jaina anuSThAnoM kI mUla prakRti adhyAtmaparaka hai kintu lekha 'puSpakarma-devapUjA : vikAsa evaM vidhi' jo unakI pustaka manuSya kI yaha eka svAbhAvika kamajorI hai ki vaha dharma ke mAdhyama se "bhAratIya saMskRti ke vikAsa meM jaina vAGmaya kA avadAna" (prathama bhautika sukha-suvidhAoM kI upalabdhi cAhatA hai, sAtha hI unakI upalabdhi khaNDa), pR0 379 para prakAzita hai, meM isa bAta ko spaSTa rUpa se meM bAdhaka zaktiyoM ke nivartana ke liye bhI dharma se hI apekSA rakhatA hai| svIkAra kiyA hai ki jaina-paramparA meM pUjA-dravyoM kA kramaza: vikAsa vaha dharma ko iSTa kI prApti aura aniSTa ke zamana kA sAdhana mAnatA hai| huA hai| yadyapi puSpapUjA prAcInakAla se hI pracalita hai phira bhI yaha manuSya kI isa svAbhAvika pravRtti kA yaha pariNAma huA ki hindU dharma jaina-paramparA ke Atyantika ahiMsA siddhAnta se mela nahIM khAtI hai| ke prabhAva se jaina paramparA meM bhI anuSThAnoM kA AdhyAtmika svarUpa pUrNatayA eka ora to pUjA-vidhAna kA pATha jisameM hone vAlI ekendriya jIvoM sthira na raha sakA, usameM vikRti aayii| satya to yaha hai ki jainadharma kA kI hiMsA kA prAyazcitta ho aura dUsarI ora puSpa, jo svayaM ekendriya anuyAyI Akhira vahI manuSya hai jo bhautika jIvana meM sukha-samRddhi kI jIva hai, unheM jina-pratimA ko samarpita karanA kahA~ taka saMgatipUrNa kAmanA se mukta nahIM hai| ata: jaina AcAryoM ke liye yaha Avazyaka ho

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zramaNa evaM vaidika dhArA kA vikAsa evaM pArasparika prabhAva 601 gayA ki ve apane upAsakoM kI jainadharma meM zraddhA banAye rakhane ke liye mantrahInaM kriyAhInaM dravyahInaM tathaiva c| jainadharma ke sAtha kucha aise anuSThAnoM ko bhI jor3eM jo apane upAsakoM tatsarva kSamyatAM deva rakSa rakSa jineshvr||2|| ke bhautika kalyANa meM sahAyaka ho| nivRttipradhAna, adhyAtmavAdI evaM . -visarjanapATha karmasiddhAnta meM aTala vizvAsa rakhane vAle jainadharma ke liye yaha nyAyasaMgata isake sthAna meM brAhmaNadharma meM ye zloka upalabdha hote haiMto nahIM thA phira bhI yaha eka aitihAsika satya hai ki usameM yaha pravRtti AvAhanaM na jAnAmi na jAnAmi visrjnm| vikasita huI hai| pUjanaM naiva jAnAmi kSamasva prmeshvr||1|| jainadharma kA tIrthaGkara vyakti ke bhautika kalyANa meM sAdhaka yA mantrahInaM kriyAhInaM bhaktihInaM jnaardn| bAdhaka nahIM ho sakatA hai, ata: jaina anuSThAnoM meM jinapUjA ke yakSa-yakSiyoM yatpUjitaM mayA deva paripUrNa tadastu me||2|| ke rUpa meM zAsanadevatA tathA devI kI kalpanA vikasita huI aura yaha maanaa| - isI prakAra paMcopacArapUjA, aSTadravyapUjA, yajJa kA vidhAna, jAne lagA ki tIrthaGkara kI athavA apanI upAsanA se zAsanadevatA (yakSa- vinAyaka-yantra-sthApanA, yajJopavItadhAraNa Adi bhI jaina-paramparA ke yakSI) prasanna hokara upAsaka kA kalyANa karate haiN| zAsanarakSaka devI- anukUla nahIM haiN| kintu jaba paurANika dharma kA prabhAva bar3hane lagA, to devatAoM ke rUpa meM sarasvatI, lakSmI, agnikA, padmAvatI, cakrezvarI, paMcorapacArapUjA Adi vidhiyoM kA praveza huaa| dasavIM zatI ke anantara kAlI Adi aneka deviyoM tathA maNibhadra, ghaNTAkarNa mahAvIra, pArzvayakSa ina vidhiyoM ko itanA mahattva prApta huA jisase pUrva pracalita vidhi gauNa Adi yakSoM, dikpAloM evaM aneka kSetrapAloM (bhairavoM) ko jaina-paramparA meM ho gyii| pratimA ke samakSa rahane para bhI AhvAna, satridhikaraNa, pUjana aura sthAna milaa| ina sabakI pUjA ke liye jainoM ne vibhinna anuSThAnoM ko visarjana kramaza: paMcakalyANakoM kI smRti ke liye vyavahRta hone lge| kiMcit parivartana ke sAtha vaidika paramparA se grahaNa kara liyaa| bhairava pUjA ko vaiyAvRtya kA aMga mAnA jAne lagA tathA eka prakAra se ise padmAvatIkalpa Adi granthoM se isakI puSTi hotI hai| jaina-pUjA aura pratiSThA 'AhAradAna' ke tulya mahattva prApta huaa| isa prakAra pUjA ke samaya kI vidhi meM vaidika paramparA ke aneka aise tattva bhI jur3a gaye jo jaina- sAmAyika yA dhyAna kI mUla bhAvanA meM parivartana huA aura pUjA ko paramparA ke mUlabhUta mantavyoM se bhinna haiN| hama yaha dekhate haiM ki jaina-paramparA atithisaMvibhAga vrata kA aMga mAna liyA gyaa| yaha sabhI brAhmaNa paramparA meM cakrezvarI, padmAvatI, ambikA, ghaNTAkarNa mahAvIra, nAkor3A bhairava, kI anukRti hI hai, yadyapi isa sambandha meM bole jAne vAle mantroM ko nizciya bhemiyAjI, dikpAla, kSetrapAla Adi kI upAsanA pramukha hotI jA rahI hI jaina rUpa de diyA gayA hai| jisa paramparA meM eka varga aisA ho jo tIrthaGkara hai| jainadharma meM pUjA aura upAsanA kA yaha dUsarA pakSa jo hamAre sAmane ke kavalAhAra kA bhI niSedha karatA ho vahI tIrthaGkara kI sevA meM naivedya AyA, vaha mUlata: vaidika yA brAhmaNa-paramparA kA prabhAva hI hai| jinapUjA arpita kare, yaha kyA siddhAnta kI viDambanA nahIM kahI jAyegI? jainaevaM anuSThAna vidhiyoM meM aneka aise mantra milate haiM jinheM brAhmaNa-paramparA paramparA ne pUjA-vidhAna ke atirikta saMskAra-vidhi meM bhI hindU-paramparA ke tatsambandhI mantroM kA mAtra jainIkaraNa kahA jA sakatA hai| udAharaNa ke kA anusaraNa kiyA hai| sarvaprathama AcArya jinasena ne AdipurANa meM hindU rUpa meM jisa prakAra brAhmaNa-paramparA meM iSTa devatA kI pUjA ke samaya usakA saMskAroM ko jaina dRSTi se saMzodhita karake jainoM ke liye bhI eka pUrI AhvAna aura visarjana kiyA jAtA hai, usI prakAra jaina-paramparA meM bhI pUjA saMskAra-vidhi taiyAra kI hai| sAmAnyatayA hinduoM meM jo solaha saMskAroM ke samaya jina ke AhvAna aura visarjana ke mantra bole jAte haiN| yathA- kI paramparA hai, usameM nivRttimUlaka paramparA kI dRSTi se dIkSA OM hrIM NamoM siddhANaM siddhaparameSThin atra avatara avatara sNvosstt| (saMnyAsagrahaNa) Adi kucha saMskAroM kI vRddhi karake yaha saMskAra-vidhi U~ hrIM NamoM siddhANaM siddhaparameSThin atra tiSTha tiSTha ThaH tthH| taiyAra kI gayI hai| isameM garbhAnvaya kriyA, dIkSAnvaya kriyA aura kriyAnvaya OM hrIM NamoM siddhANaM siddhaparameSThin atra mama sannihato bhavabhava vsstt| kriyA aise tIna vibhAga kiye gae haiN| inameM garbha se lekara nirvANa paryanta U~ hrIM NamoM siddhANaM siddhaparameSThin svasthAnaM gaccha gaccha jaH jaH jH| kriyAe~ batAI gaI haiN| yaha spaSTa hai ki digambara paramparA meM jo saMskAra ye mantraM jainadarzana kI mUlabhUta mAnyatAoM ke pratikUla haiN| vidhi pracalita huI vaha bRhad hindU-paramparA se prabhAvita hai| zvetAmbara paramparA kyoMki jahA~ brAhmaNa-paramparA kA yaha vizvAsa hai ki AhvAna karane para devatA meM kisI saMskAra-vidhi kA ullekha nahIM milatA hai kintu vyavahAra meM ve Ate haiM aura visarjana karane para cale jAte haiN| vahA~ jaina-paramparA meM bhI hindU-paramparA meM pracalita saMskAroM ko yathAvat rUpa meM apanAte haiN| siddhAvasthA ko prApta tIrthaGkara na to AhvAna karane para upasthita ho sakate unameM Aja bhI vivAhAdi saMskAra hindU paramparAnusAra hI brAhmaNa paNDita haiM aura na visarjana karane para jA hI sakate haiN| paM0 phUlacandajI ne "jJAnapITha ke dvArA sampanna karAe jAte haiN| ata: spaSTa hai ki vivAhAdi saMskAroM ke pUjAMjali" kI bhUmikA meM vistAra se isakI carcA kI hai tathA AhvAna sambandha meM bhI jaina paramparA para hindU paramparA kA spaSTa prabhAva hai| evaM visarjana sambandhI jaina mantroM kI brAhmaNa mantroM meM samAnatA bhI dikhAI vastuta: mandira evaM jinabimba-pratiSThA Adi se sambandhita hai| tulanA kIjiye adhikAMza anuSThAna brAhmaNa paramparA kI dena haiM aura usakI mUlabhUta AvAhanaM naiva jAnAmi naiva jAnAmi puujnm| prakRti kahe jA sakate haiN| kisI bhI paramparA ke liye apanI sahavartI visarjanaM na jAnAmi kSamasva prmeshvr||1|| paramparA se pUrNatayA aprabhAvita raha pAnA kaThina hai aura isaliye yaha

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602 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 svAbhAvika hI thA ki jaina-paramparA kI anuSThAna vidhiyoM meM brAhmaNa lagabhaga sAtavIM sadI meM dakSiNa bhArata meM hue AcArya jinasena ne paramparA kA prabhAva aayaa| lokApavAda ke bhaya se tathA jaina dharma kA astitva aura sAmAjika sammAna banAye rakhane ke liye hindU varNa evaM jAti-vyavasthA ko isa prakAra hindu varNa evaM jAti vyavasthA kA jainadharma para prabhAva AtmasAta kara liyA ki isa sambandha meM jainoM kA jo vaiziSTya thA, vaha mUlataH zramaNa-paramparA aura jainadharma varNa-vyavasthA ke viruddha prAya: samApta ho gyaa| jinasena ne sarvaprathama yaha batAyA ki Adi brahmA khar3e hue the kintu kAlakrama meM bRhat hindU-samAja ke prabhAva se usameM RSabhadeva ne SaTkarmoM kA upadeza dene ke pazcAt tIna varNoM (kSatriya, vaizya, bhI varNa evaM jAti sambandhI avadhAraNAe~ praviSTa ho giiN| jaina paramparA meM aura zUdra) kI sRSTi kii| isI grantha meM Age yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki jAti aura varNa-vyavasthA ke udbhava evaM aitihAsika vikAsa kA vivaraNa jo kSatriya aura vaizya varNa kI sevA karate haiM ve zUdra haiN| inake do bheda sarvaprathama AcArAMganiyukti (lagabhaga IsvI san tIsarI zatI) meM prApta hotA haiM-kArU aura akaaruu| punaH kArU ke bhI do bheda haiM-spRzya aura aspRshy| hai| usake anusAra prArambha meM manuSya jAti eka hI thii| RSabha ke dvArA rAjya- dhobI, nApita Adi spRzya zUdra haiM aura cANDAla Adi jo nagara ke bAhara vyavasthA kA prArambha hone para usake do vibhAga ho gaye-1. zAsaka (svAmI) rahate haiM ve aspRzya zUdra haiM (AdipurANa, 16/184-186) / zUdroM ke evaM 2. zAsita (sevk)| usake pazcAt zilpa aura vANijya ke vikAsa kArU aura akArU tathA spRzya aura aspRzya ye bheda sarvaprathama kevala ke sAtha usake tIna vibhAga hue-1. kSatriya (zAsaka), 2. vaizya (kRSaka purANakAla meM jinasena ne kiye haiN| unake pUrvavartI anya kisI jaina AcArya aura vyavasAyI) aura 3. zUdra (sevk)| usake pazcAt zrAvaka-dharma kI ne isa prakAra ke bhedoM ko mAnya nahIM kiyA hai| kintu hindU samAja-vyavasthA sthApanA hone para ahiMsaka, sadAcArI aura dharmaniSTha vyaktiyoM ko brAhmaNa se prabhAvita hone ke bAda ke jaina AcAryoM ne ise prAya: mAnya kiyaa| (mAhaNa) kahA gyaa| isa prakAra kramaza: cAra varNa astitva meM aae| ina SaTprAbhRta ke TIkAkAra zrutasAgara ne bhI isa spRzya-aspRzya kI carcA cAra vargoM ke strI-puruSoM ke samavarNIya anuloma evaM pratiloma saMyogoM se kI hai| yadyapi purANakAra ne zUdroM ko ekazATakavrata arthAta kSullakadIkSA solaha varNa bane jinameM sAta varNa aura nau antara varNa khlaae| sAta varNa kA adhikAra mAnya kiyA thA kintu bAda ke digambara jaina AcAryoM ne usameM meM samavarNIya strI-puruSa ke saMyoga se cAra mUla varNa tathA brAhmaNa puruSa bhI kamI kara dI aura zUdra kI muni-dIkSA evaM jinamandira meM praveza kA evaM kSatriya strI ke saMyoga se utpanna, kSatriya puruSa evaM vaizya strI ke saMyoga bhI niSedha kara diyaa| zvetAmbara paramparA meM sthAnAMgasUtra (3/202) ke se utpanna aura vaizya puruSa evaM zUdra strI ke saMyoga se utpanna, aise anuloma mUlapATha meM to kevala rogI, bhayArta aura napuMsaka kI muni-dIkSA kA niSedha saMyoga se utpanna tIna vrnn| AcArAMgacUrNi (IsA kI 7vIM zatI) meM ise thA kintu paravartI TIkAkAroM ne cANDAlAdi jAti-juMgita aura vyAdhAdi spaSTa karate hue batAyA gayA hai ki 'brAhmaNa puruSa evaM kSatrANI ke saMyoga karmasuMgati logoM ko dIkSA dene ko niSedha kara diyaa| yadyapi yaha saba jainase jo santAna utpanna hotI hai vaha uttama kSatriya, zuddha kSatriya yA saMkara dharma kI mUla paramparA ke to virUddha hI thA phira bhI hindU-paramparA ke prabhAva kSatriya kahI jAtI hai, yaha pA~cavA~ varNa hai| isI prakAra kSatriya puruSa aura se ise mAnya kara liyA gyaa| sthiti yahA~ taka pahu~cI ki eka hI jainadharma vaizya strI se utpanna santAna uttama vaizya, zuddha vaizya yA saMkara vaizya kahI ke anuyAyI jAtIya bheda ke AdhAra para dUsarI jAti kA chuA huA khAne jAtI hai, yaha chaThA~ varNa hai tathA vaizya puruSa evaM zUdra-strI ke saMyoga se meM, unheM sAtha biThAkara bhojana karane meM Apatti karane lge| zUdra kA jalautpanna santAna zuddha zUdra yA saMkara zUdra kahI jAtI hai, yaha sAtavA~ varNa tyAga eka Avazyaka kartavya ho gayA aura zUdroM kA jina-mandira meM praveza hai| puna: anuloma aura pratiloma sambandhoM ke AdhAra para nimnalikhita nau niSiddha kara diyA gyaa| antara-varNa banobrAhmaNa puruSa aura vaizya strI se 'ambaSTha' nAmaka AThavA~ isa prakAra jahA~ prAcIna stara meM jaina cAroM hI vargoM aura sabhI varNa utpanna huA, kSatriya puruSa aura zUdra strI se 'ugra' nAmaka navA~ varNa jAtiyoM ke vyakti jina-pUjA karane, zrAvaka dharma evaM munidharma kA pAlana huA, brAhmaNa puruSa aura zUdra strI se 'niSAda' nAmaka dasavA~ varNa utpanna karane aura sAdhanA ke sarvocca lakSya nirvANa ko prApta karane ke adhikArI huA, zUdra puruSa aura vaizya strI se 'ayoga' nAmaka gyArahavA~ varNa utpanna mAne gaye the, vahIM sAtavIM-AThavIM sadI meM jinasena ne sarvaprathama zUdra ko huA, kSatriya aura brAhmaNI se 'sUta' nAmaka terahavA~ varNa huA, zUdra puruSa muni-dIkSA aura mokSa-prApti hetu ayogya maanaa| zvetAmbara AgamoM meM kahIM aura kSatriya strI se 'kSatrA' (khannA) nAmaka caudahavA~ varNa utpanna huA, vaizya zUdra kI dIkSA kA niSedha nahIM hai, sthAnAMga meM mAtra rogI, bhayArta aura napuMsaka puruSa aura brAhmaNa strI ke saMyoga se 'vedeha' nAmaka pandrahavA~ varNa utpanna kI dIkSA kA niSedha hai kintu Age calakara unameM bhI jAti-juMgati jaisehuA aura zUdra puruSa tathA brAhmaNa strI ke saMyoga se 'cANDAla' nAmaka cANDAla Adi aura karma-juMgita jaise-kasAI Adi kI dIkSA kA niSedha solahavA~ varNa huaa| isake pazcAt ina solaha vargoM meM paraspara anuloma kara diyA gyaa| kintu yaha bRhattara hindU-paramparA kA prabhAva hI thA jo ki evaM pratiloma saMyoga se aneka jAtiyA~ astitva meM AyIM" jainadharma ke mUla siddhAnta ke viruddha thaa| jainoM ne ise kevala apanI uparokta vivaraNa meM hama yaha dekhate haiM ki jaina dharma ke AcAryoM sAmAjika pratiSThA ko banAe rakhane hetu mAnya kiyA kyoMki AgamoM meM ne bhI kAla-krama meM jAti aura varNa kI utpatti ke sandarbha meM hindU-paramparA harikezIbala, metArya, mAtaMgamuni Adi aneka cANkaloM ke muni hone aura kI vyavasthAoM ko apane DhaMga se saMzodhita kara svIkAra kara liyaa| mokSa prApta karane ke ullekha haiN|

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zramaNa evaM vaidika dhArA kA vikAsa evaM pArasparika prabhAva 603 m h sandarbha 5. bhagavAna buddha (dharmAnanda kausAmbI), pR0, 236-239. uttarAdhyayana, 25/27, 21. gItA, 4/33, 26-28. dhammapada, 401-403. uttarAdhyayana, 12/46. uttarAdhyayana, 12/44. uttarAdhyayana, 9/40, dekhiye-gItA (zA0) 4/26-27. 4. aMguttaranikAya, suttanipAta udhRta bhagavAn buddha (dharmAnanda 9. dhammapada, 106. kausAmbI), pR0 26. 10. sambodha prakaraNa, gurvAdhikAra, jaina dharma kI paramparA, itihAsa ke jharokhe se yadyapi janasaMkhyA kI dRSTi se Aja vizva meM prati eka hajAra prAcIna kAla meM AcAra aura vicAragata vibhinnatAoM ke hote hue bhI ina vyaktiyoM meM mAtra chaha vyakti jaina haiM, phira bhI vizva ke dharmoM ke itihAsa RSiyoM meM pArasparika sauhArda thaa| meM jaina dharma kA apanA eka viziSTa sthAna hai kyoMki vaicArika udAratA, RSibhASita jo ki prAkRta jaina AgamoM aura bauddha pAlipiTakoM dArzanika gaMbhIratA, vipula sAhitya aura utkRSTa zilpa kI dRSTi se vizva meM apekSAkRta rUpa se prAcIna hai aura jo kisI samaya jaina paramparA kA ke dharmoM meM isakA avadAna mahattvapUrNa hai| prastuta nibandha meM hama isa dharma mahattvapUrNa grantha mAnA jAtA thA, adhyAtmapradhAna zramaNadhArA ke isa paramparA ko itihAsa ke Aine meM dekhane kA prayAsa kreNge| pArasparika sauhArda aura ekarUpatA ko sUcita karatA hai| yaha grantha AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke pazcAt tathA zeSa sabhI prAkRta aura pAli sAhitya zramaNa paramparA ke pUrva I0pU0 lagabhaga caturtha zatAbdI meM nirmita huA hai| isa grantha meM vizva ke dharmoM kI mukhyata: semeTika dharma aura Arya dharma, aisI nirgrantha, bauddha, aupaniSadika evaM AjIvaka Adi anya zramaNa paramparAoM do zAkhAe~ haiN| semeTika dharmoM meM yahUdI, IsAI aura musalamAna Ate haiM ke 45 RSiyoM ke upadeza saMkalita haiN| isI prakAra bauddha paramparA ke grantha jabaki Arya dharmoM meM pArasI, hindU (vaidika), bauddha aura jaina dharma kI theragAthA meM bhI zramaNa dhArA ke vibhinna RSiyoM ke upadeza evaM AdhyAtmika gaNanA kI jAtI hai| inake atirikta sudUra pUrva ke deza jApAna aura cIna anubhUtiyA~ saMkalita haiN| aitihAsika evaM anAgrahI dRSTi se adhyayana karane meM vikasita kucha dharma kanphUziyasa evaM zinto ke nAma se jAne jAte haiN| se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki na to RSibhAsita (isibhAsiyAI) ke sabhI Arya dharmoM meM jahA~ hindU dharma ke vaidika svarUpa ko pravRttimArgI RSi jaina paramparA ke haiM aura na theragAthA ke sabhI thera (sthavira) bauddha paramparA mAnA jAtA hai vahA~ jainadharma aura bauddhadharma ko saMnyAsamArgI yA nivRttiparaka ke haiN| jahA~ RSibhASita meM sAriputra, vAtsIputra (vajjIputta) aura kahA jAtA hai| jaina aura bauddha donoM hI dharma zramaNa paramparA ke dharma haiN| mahAkAzyapa bauddha paramparA ke haiM, vahIM uddAlaka, yAjJavalkya, aruNa, zramaNa paramparA kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki vaha sAMsArika evaM aihika jIvana asitadevala, nArada, dvaipAyana, aMgirasa, bhAradvAja Adi aupaniSadika kI duHkhamayatA ko ujAgara kara saMnyAsa evaM vairAgya ke mAdhyama se nirvANa dhArA se sambandhita haiM, to saMjaya (saMjaya velaTThiputta),maMkhalI gozAlaka, kI prApti ko jIvana kA carama lakSya nirdhArita karatI hai| isa nivRttimArgI rAmaputta Adi anya svatantra zramaNa paramparAoM se sambandhita haiN| isI prakAra zramaNa paramparA ne apanI tapa evaM yoga kI AdhyAtmika sAdhanA evaM zIloM theragAthA meM varddhamAna Adi jaina dhArA kI, to nArada Adi aupaniSadika yA vratoM ke rUpa meM naitika mUlyoM kI saMsthApanA kI dRSTi se bhAratIya dharmoM dhArA ke RSiyoM kI svAnubhUti saMkalita hai| sAmAnyatayA yaha mAnA jAtA ke itihAsa meM apanA viziSTa avadAna pradAna kiyA hai| isa zramaNa paramparA hai ki zramaNadhArA kA janma vaidika dhArA kI pratikriyA ke rUpa meM huA meM na kevala jaina aura bauddha dhArAyeM hI sammilita haiM, apitu aupaniSadika kintu isameM mAtra AMzika satyatA hai| yaha sahI hai ki vaidika dhArA aura sAMkhya-yoga kI dhArAyeM bhI sammilita haiM jo Aja bRhad hindU dharma pravRttimArgI thI aura zramaNa dhArA nivRttimArgI aura inake bIca vAsanA aura kA hI eka aMga bana cukI haiN| inake atirikta AjIvaka Adi anya kucha viveka athavA bhoga aura tyAga ke jIvana mUlyoM kA saMgharSa thaa| kintu dhArAeM bhI thIM jo Aja vilupta ho cukI haiN| aitihAsika dRSTi se to zramaNa-dhArA kA udbhava mAnava vyaktitva ke parizodhana evaM naitika tathA adhyAtmika mUlyoM ke pratisthApana kA hI prayatna pArasparika sauhArda kI prAcIna sthiti thA jisameM zramaNa-brAhmaNa sabhI sahabhAgI bane the| RSibhASita meM ina RSiyoM prAkRta sAhitya meM RSibhASita (isibhAsiyAI) aura pAli ko arhat kahanA aura sUtrakRtAMga meM inheM apanI paramparA se sammata mAnanA, sAhitya meM theragAthA aise grantha haiM jo isa tathya kI puSTi karate haiM ki ati prAcIna kAla meM ina RSiyoM kI paramparA ke bIca pArasparika sauhArda kA