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________________ "sAhityakAra kI pratibaddhatA kA artha hai ki vaha samAja, mAnavIya saMbandhoM, vibhinna sAmAjika saMghaTanAmoM kI vyAkhyA karane meM eka varga vizeSa-zramajIvI varga kI jIvana dRSTi apanAye aura kalA mAdhyama se svayaM apanA pariSkAra karate hue pUre samAja kA pariSkAra karane meM yogadAna kre|" sAhityakAra kI pratibaddhatA : eka sRjanAtmaka tatva rAjIva saksenA sAhityakAra kI racanAtmakatA ke mUlyAMkana meM usakI vicAradhArA aura apane samaya meM usakI sAmAjika sthiti ke adhyayana aura vizleSaNa ko sadA mahatva diyA jAtA rahA hai| saguNa-nirguNa upAsanA, dvaita-advaita siddhAnta, darzanazAstroM meM se kira kI saMlagnatA, vibhinna bhakti sampradAyoM yA samAja-sudhAra AndolanoM ke prati racanAkAra kA dRSTikoNa aura usakI bhUmikA Adi kI carcA se hamAre AlocanA grantha bhare par3e haiN| kintu hAla ke varSoM meM, vizeSakara dUsare vizva yuddha ke bAda zIta-yuddha ke kAla meM, sAhityakAra kI pratibaddhatA ke virodha meM aneka siddhAnta pratipAdita kiye gaye haiM jinheM moTe rUpa se AdhunikatAvAda kA sAra tatva mAnA jAtA hai / vAstava meM, pratibaddha zabda bhI Adhunika yuga kI upaja hai / aba taka sAhityakAra apanI sAmAjika sthiti ke kAraNa svabhAvataH zAsaka vargoM ke nikaTa hI banA rahatA thaa| vidrohI santa-sAhityakAra bhI sAmantI zAsakoM ke lie koI khatarA nahIM bana sake kyoMki unhoMne kevala samAja-sudhAra aura samAja kI vibhinna zreNiyoM ke bIca mAnavIya sambandhoM kI sthApanA kI hI mAMga kii| kintu pUjIvAdI vyavasthA ke udaya ke sAtha eka aise varga kA, majadUra varga kA, udaya huA jo pUrI zoSaNa vyavasthA ko AmUla naSTa kara eka aisI vyavasthA kI sthApanA karane meM samartha hai jisameM aba taka ke zoSaka vargoM (rAjA-mahArAjAoM, sAmantoM, pUMjIpatiyoM, jamIMdArajAgIradAroM Adi) kA astitva taka nahIM raha jAyegA / Aja samAja meM prabhutvazIlI pUMjIpati varga aura usake mitroM (vizva sAmrAjyavAda aura sthAnIya jamIMdAra tathA cora vyApAra zreNI) ke viruddha majadUra varga tathA usake mitroM (kisAna aura buddhijIvI zreNI tathA vizva samAjavA dI khemA) kA saMgharSa aise nirNayakArI caraNa meM pahuMca gayA hai ki sAhityakAra ko ina donoM meM se eka kA varaNa karanA anivArya ho jAtA hai| agara vaha taTastha hone kA nATaka karatA hai to usakA artha hai ki amala meM vaha prabhutvazIla varga ke sAtha hai aura zramajIvI varga kA sAtha nahIM denA caahtaa| ataH Aja pratibaddhatA kA artha hai ki isa yuga ke mahAna krAntikArI saMgharSa meM sAhityakAra zramajIvI varga ke sAtha hai| yaha saMgharSa zramajIvI varga ke lie rAjasattA prApta karane kA rAjanItika saMgharSa mAtra nahIM hai / yaha saMgharSa sadiyoM se zAsaka vargoM dvArA pracalita una mAnyatAoM, jIvana-mUlyoM, naitika AdarzoM Adi ke viruddha bhI hai jinake AdhAra para manuSya ke Upara krUra vyavasthAoM ko aba taka
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________________ sAhityakAra kI pratibaddhatA'.. 19 lAde rakhA gayA thA / arthAt, yaha eka naye jIvana-darzana ke lie saMgharSa hai / aura isa saMgharSa meM sAhityakAra sameta tamAma buddhijIviyoM ke yogadAna kI AvazyakatA hai| vastutaH varga-vibhakta samAja meM zAsaka vargoM ke jIvana-mUlyoM se svayaM zoSita varga bhI grasta rahate haiM, isalie ina jIvana-mUlyoM se apane ko tathA apanI mitra-zreNiyoM ko mukta karane kA saMgharSa cher3e binA zoSita varga apanI vargIya ekatA bhI sthApita nahIM kara sakatA aura na zoSaka vargoM ke viruddha vijaya prApta kara sakatA hai| eka sahayogI ke rUpa meM jaba sAhityakAra sAmAjika rUpAntara ke krAntikArI saMgharSa meM bhAga lene ke lie taiyAra hotA hai to prathamataH usake lie Avazyaka hotA hai ki vaha zramajIvI varga kA dRSTikoNa apanAye aura zoSaka vargoM ke jIvana mUlyoM (Aja kI bhAratIya sthiti meM paramparAgata sAmantI mUlyoM aura navodita pUMjIvAdI mUlyoM) ke unmUlana ke saMgharSa meM bhAga lekara zramajIvI varga ke jIvana mUlyoM ko prasArita karane meM apane kalA-kauzala kA upayoga kre| ataH sAhityakAra kI pratibaddhatA kA artha hai ki vaha samAja, mAnavIya sambandhoM, vibhinna sAmAjika saMghaTanAoM ko vyAkhyA karane meM eka varga vizeSa yAnI zramajIvI varga kI jIvana dRSTi apanAye aura kalA mAdhyama se svayaM apanA pariSkAra karate hue pUre samAja kA pariSkAra karane meM yogadAna kre| zramajIvI varga kI jIvana-dRSTi kA sampanna darzana hai mArksavAdI vicAradhArA jo yathArtha ko manogata dRSTi ke viruddha (manogata dRSTi anivAryataH paramparAgata mAnasa ko pratiphalita karatI hai, phira cAhe vaha kitane hI naye rUpa meM kyoM na abhivyakta kI gayI ho) vastugata dRSTi se dekhane-parakhane kI zakti detI hai| kintu, yaha bhI sambhava hai ki koI vyakti mArksavAdI darzana pUrNatayA svIkAra na kara sakA ho, magara mAnavatAvAdI bhAvanAoM se prerita hokara vaha apane ko zramajIvI varga ke sAtha rakhatA hai, zoSaka vargoM ke jIvana-mUlyoM para AghAta karatA hai aura isa prakAra zramajIvI zreNI ke jIvana-mUlyoM ko vikasita karane meM sahAyaka banatA hai| ataH yahAM zramajIvI zreNI se bhAvanAtmaka tAdAtya yA pakSadharatA kA bar3A mahatva hai, lenina ne apanI eka kRti "paramparA jisako hama tilAMjalI dete haiM", meM likhA thA : "koI bhI sajIva vyakti eka yA dUsare varga pakSa kA liye binA nahIM raha sakatA (jaba vaha una vargoM kA antarasambandha samajha letA hai), usa varga kI saphalatAoM para Ananda aura asaphalatA para dukha manAye binA nahIM raha sakatA, yA jo loga usa varga ke viruddha haiM, yA jo loga pichar3e hue vicAroM kA prasAra kara. usa varga ke vikAsa meM bAdhAeM DAlate haiM, unake prati kucha kruddha hue binA nahIM raha sakatA, aadi|" harSa-viSAda, prema-ghRNA, asantoSa-Akroza...yahI to vaha sAmagrI hai jisase sAhitya kI vibhinna vidhAeM apanA tAnA bunatI haiM / ataH sAhityakAra kI pratibaddhatA ke vastutva kA mukhya srota hai zramajIvI varga ke prati pkssdhrtaa| pakSadharatA eka atyanta racanAtmaka tatva hai| aksara Ama AdamI ke sukha-dukha harSaviSAda, AzA-AkAMkSA kA tIvra saMvedana grahaNa karane ke kAraNa sAhityakAra apanI jIvana-darzana sambandhI sImAoM kA atikramaNa kara yathArtha kA itanA bahayAmI bodha prApta yA pradAna karatA hai ki usakI racanA yuga kI atyanta pratinidhi racanA bana jAtI hai| isake atirikta zramajIvI varga kI pakSadharatA se sAhityakAra ko pracalita jIvanamUlyoM ke Upara car3he hue sajjanatA aura sabhyatA ke mulamme ke nIce-chipI bhauMr3I aura krUra vAsta
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________________ 20 philAsaphI eNDa sozala ekzana vikatA ko samajhane kI painI dRSTi milatI hai aura usake viruddha mAnava-saMvedanazIlatA gahana banAne tathA zramajIvI varga ke upayukta pratimUlyoM ko jana sAdhAraNa ke jIvana se khoja lene kI kSamatA prApta hotI hai| sAtha hI, isa pakSadharatAvaza sAhityakAra ko Ama AdamI ke dainandina jIvana se bahuraMgI zabda, muhAvare, bimba aura pratIka cunakara apanI bhASA aura abhivyaMjanA ko samRddha karane kI sAmartha prApta hotI hai| aisA sAhityakAra zabdakoza aura zAstrIya granthoM ke AdhAra para kRtrima racanA nahIM karatA, vAstavika jIvana ke AdhAra para sajIva racanA karatA hai| ataH Aja ke varga-vibhakta samAja meM sAhityakAra kI prabiddhatA sAhitya kA eka atyanta racanAtmaka mukhya tatva hai jisase usakI racanA ko nitanayI preraNA, nayA vastutatva, nayA zilpa aura nayI abhivyaMjanA prApta hotI hai / isakI khoja se sAhityazAstra ke eka atyanta mahatvapUrNa siddhAMta kI khoja huI hai jisakA zreya zramajIvI janatA ke darzana mArksavAda ko hai| Aja jaba karor3oM jana rAjanIti ko apane hAtha meM le rahe haiM, jaba rAjanItika saMgharSoM kI pariNati se pUre samAja ke vartamAna aura bhaviSya kA nirNaya hotA hai aura jaba rAjanIti se vyaktigata jIvana taka kA koI konA achUtA nahIM raha gayA hai, taba koI sAhityakAra rAjanIti se baca nahIM sakatA / vAstava meM, Aja ke samAja meM rAjanIti kA vahI sthAna hai jo madhyayuga meM dharma kA rahA hai| vastutaH arAjanIti kI bhI apanI rAjanIti hai, usakA artha hai ki arAjanIti ke samarthaka, daraasala, satAdhArI zoSaka vargoM kI rAjanIti ke viruddha koI saMgharSa nahIM cAhate / yaha koI Akasmika nahIM hai ki sAhityakAra se arAjanItika pravRtti kI mAMga karane vAle loga mukhyataH zramajIvI varga kI hI rAjanIti para hamalA karate haiN| kabhI-kabhI ve zramajIvI varga kI rAjanIti ke sAtha hI zoSaka vargoM kI rAjanIti se bhI apanI vitRSNA prakaTa karate haiM aura zuddha sAhityadharmI hone kI ghoSaNAeM karate haiM / isa vAgajAla ke pIche yaha nahIM chipAyA jA sakatA ki yathArthataH unakA uddezya hotA hai Ama janatA ko ArAjanItika banAnA tathA . zoSakoM kI rAjanItika niraMkuzatA kI rakSA krnaa| spaSTa hI, rAjanIti meM dilacaspI liye binA sAhityakAra apane samaya ke samAja kI asaliyata aura zoSoM ke darzana ke bhUTha tathA chala-chadma ko bArIkI se nahIM samajha sakatA, aura na hI ImAnadArI aura saccAI se sarvAMga aura pUrNa sAmAjika satya ke bodha se apanI kalA ko gahanatA pradAna kara sakatA hai| ataH sAhityakAra kI pratibaddhatA meM arAjanIti ke siddhAnta ko koI sthAna nahIM hai, kyoMki yaha siddhAMta racanAkAra ko zramajIvI janatA se alaga kara zoSaka vargoM se jor3atA hai aura kalAtmaka navonmeSa ke eka jIvanta srota se racanA ko vilaga kara detA hai / pUMjIvAdI vyavasthA eka saMgaThita zakti hai aura usako tor3ane ke lie eka saMgaThita aura anuzAsita zakti kI AvazyakatA hai| isalie zramajIvI varga ko apanI saMgaThita rAjanItika pArTI kI AvazyakatA hotI hai jo zramajIvI vicAradhArA para AdhArita ho / zramajIvI varga ko nirastra karane ke lie pUMjIvAdI varga aura usake hita sAdhaka vicAraka dala-hIna aura vicAradhArA-hIna prajAtaMtra ke siddhAMta baghArate haiM, kyoMki ve jAnate haiM ki dala-hIna jana-pratinidhi ko paise ke bala para pUMjIvAdI niyaMtraNa meM rakhanA AsAna hotA hai aura vicAradhArA hInatA kI sthiti meM inheM suvidhAvAdI banAyA jA sakatA hai / vastutaH sarvahArA krAnti se bhayabhIta pUMjIpati varga ne pichalI AdhI zatAbdI meM, vizeSakara samAjavAdI akTUbara krAnti ke bAda se,
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________________ sAhityakAra kI pratibaddhatA... 21 "yaha cintA kiye binA ki usake lekhana se kisa dala ko prazraya milatA hai, sAhityakAra zramajIvI varga ke jIvana-mUlyoM se prerita aura anuprANita sarjanA meM datacitta raha sakatA hai|" avivekazIlatA para AdhArita aneka dArzanika siddhAMtoM ko janma diyA hai jinakI mukhya sthApanA hai ki jIvana arthahIna hai, sAmAjika ghaTanAkrama atyanta Akasmika aura tarkahIna hai, aura duniyA kA vinAza nikaTa hai, isalie sAmAjika rUpAntara kA koI artha nahIM hai / ve pArTI aura vicAradhArA ke prati saMlagnatA ko sAhityakAra kI svataMtratA ke lie ghAtaka siddha karane ke lie eDI-coTI kA jora lagA rahe hai| kintu eka aisI vyavasthA meM jisameM muTThI bhara zoSaka aura unake buddhijIvI bAnAdhArI anucara samAja ke samasta saMcAra sAdhanoM, reDiyo-TelIvijana, patra-patrikAoM, prakAzanagRhoM Adi para adhikAra jamAye baiThe haiM, jisa sImA taka sAhityakAra apane kRtitva se zoSaka vyavasthA kA pardAphAza karane, zoSita vargoM meM varga-cetanA tathA saMgaThita hone kI bhAvanA paidA karane, mAnava-sambandhoM kI jaTilatA ko samajhane aura sUkSma se sUkSma saMvedana jAgRta karane kA kAma karatA hai, usa sImA taka vaha apanI svatantratA kA kSitija vistRta banAtA hai / varga-vibhakta samAja meM 'svataMtratA' kA yahI artha hai / pUMjIvAdI varga 'svataMtratA' kI bAta karatA hai to usakA artha hai ki sAhityakAra zramajIvI varga ke Andolana ke viruddha kAma karane ke lie pUrNa svataMtra hai, itanA ki isa kAma ke daurAna agara vaha svayaM apane svAmiyoM kI kiMcita AlocanA bhI kara de to kSamya mAnA jaaygaa| yahAM yaha noTa karanA Avazyaka hai ki varga vibhakta samAja meM sAhityakAra ke lie yaha AsAna nahIM hotA ki vaha (pUMjIvAdI saMsthAna yA sarakArI naukariyoM meM hone ke kAraNa) khule Ama zramajIvI varga kI pArTI kA sadasya bana ske| kintu jaba taka isa vivazatA ko chipA kara vaha apanI sthiti ko 'sAhityakAra kI vargetara aura pArTIhIna sthiti kI sahajatA aura anivAryatA' kA siddhAnta banAkara peza karane aura zramajIvI varga kI pArTI se jur3e sAhityakAroM para kIcar3a uchAlane kA kAma nahIM karatA, dUsare zabdoM meM, zramajIvI varga ke saMgaThanoM para hamalA nahIM karatA, taba taka zramajIvI varga use apanA zatru nahIM maanegaa| kyoMki kisI vivazatA vaza zramajIvI varga kI pArTI aura usakI vicAradhArA se khulI pratibaddhatA na kara pAnevAlA sAhityakAra bhI aneka apratyakSa mAdhyamoM se zramajIvI varga kI vicAradhArA aura saMgaThana kI sahAyatA kara sakatA hai| ____eka aise samaya meM jaba zramajIvI varga kI pArTI kaI hissoM meM, kaI daloM meM vibhAjita ho, taba yaha sambhava hai ki sAhityakAra unameM se kisI eka se sambaddha ho yA sabhI se asambaddha ho| aisI sthiti meM yaha cintA kiye vinA ki usake lekhana se unameM se kisa dala ko sahAyatA milatA hai, sAhityakAra zramajIvI varga ke jIvana-mUlyoM se prerita aura anuprANita sarjanA meM dattacitta raha sakatA hai| isa silasile meM yaha dhyAna dene yogya hai ki pUMjIvAda ke anucara loga pArTI aura sAhityakAra ke sambandhoM ko jAnabUjhakara galata rUpa meM peza karate haiN| prathamataH ve pArTI aura sAhityakAra ke sambandhoM ko ekataraphA batAte haiM yAni ki pArTI sAhityakAra ko anuzAsita rakhatI hai aura pArTI ke nirmANa yA anuzAsita svarUpa meM sAhityakAra kA koI yogadAna nahIM hotaa| yaha yathArtha sthiti nahIM hai / pArTI aura vyakti kA vahI sambandha hai jo samAja aura vyakti
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________________ 22 philAsaphI eNDa sozala ekzana dUsare, jahAM pArTI ke andara vAda-vivAda ke bAda sabhI praznoM para ekAtmaka rukha apanAne niyamoM ke nirmAtA lenina ne apane suprasiddha nibandha 'pArTI saMgaThana aura pArTI sAhitya' meM spaSTa kahA thA ki sAhitya ko 'sarvahArA varga kI pArTI ke lakSya ke anya pakSoM ke sAtha yAMtrika rUpa se eka rUpa nahIM banAyA jA sakatA' aura sAhitya para 'yAMtrika samaMjana athavA usako eka stara banAne, yA alpamata ke Upara bahumata ke niyama nahIM clte|' unhoMne kahA ki sAhitya kSetra meM pArTI ko "vyaktigata pahalakadamI, vyaktigata rujhAna, vicAra aura phaMtAsI tathA vividha rUpa tatva aura vastutva ke lie" adhikAdhika guMjAiza dekhanI caahie| ___ ataH sAhityakAra kI pratibaddhatA meM zramajIvI varga ke jIvana darzana kI hI nahIM, sAhitya aura kalAoM ko anubhUti pradhAnatA tathA racanAkAra ko maulika pratimA ko isa vizleSaNa se spaSTa hai ki sAhityakAra kI pratibaddhatA meM zramajIvI janatA se tAdAtmya vaha mUla vindu hai jisase Age bar3hakara sAhityakAra samAja meM vargoM aura vyaktiyoM ke ApasI sambandhoM tathA antaraprakriyAoM ko samajhane ke lie zramajIvI janatA kI dRSTi se yathArtha ko sakSamataH dekhane kI kSamatA juTAtA hai aura jana-jIvana ko eka racanAtmaka zakti svIkAra kara usase bhASA, zilpa aura kalA-rUpoM kA nirmANa karane ke lie Avazyaka sAmagrI prApta karate hue apanI kalA ko eka AtmIya aura nayA rUpa detA hai| Adhunika sAhityazAstra meM sAhityakAra kI pratibaddhatA kA siddhAMta atyanta mahatvapUrNa upalabdhi hai / . *akhila bhAratIya lekhaka sammelana ke prathama adhivezana (bambaI-mArca 1975) meM par3hA gayA lekh| tIsarI duniyA ke bAre meM hAM, hama kaTTara hI shii| kyoMki hama roTI ko insAna kI sabase bar3I jarUrata kahate haiM / aura bandUka ko use pAne kA saMbase sahI rAstA mAnate haiN| rUpAntara : nareza kumAra kyUbA ke kavi: DeviDa pharnAnDeja cerIsIyAna (janma : 1940)