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________________ prAkRta tathA anya bhAratIya bhASAe~ DaoN0 premasumana jaina prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASA kAla meM jo bhASAeM pracalita thIM unake rUpa Rgveda kI RcAoM meM upalabdha hote haiN| ataH vaidika bhASA hI prAcIna bhAratIya Arya bhASA hai| vaidika yuga kI bhASA meM tatkAlIna pradeza vizeSoM kI loka-bhASA ke kucha rUpa bhI prApta hote haiM -vizeSakara atharvaveda kI bhASA meM / isase spaSTa hai ki vaidika bhASA ke atirikta usa samaya bolacAla kI bhI koI bhASA rahI hogii| isI kathya janabhASA se dhIre-dhIre vaidika sAhitya kI bhASA, jise chAMdas kahA gayA hai, vikasita huI hai / vaidika bhASA meM prAkRta bhASA ke tattvoM ke samAveza se yaha bAta spaSTa ho jAtI hai| jina lokabhASAoM se vaidika yuga samRddha thA, unheM tIna bhAgoM meM vibhakta kiyA gayA hai-(1) udIcya yA uttarIya vibhASA, (2) madhyadezIya vibhASA aura (3) prAcyA yA pUrvIya vibhASA / inameM se prAcyA dezya bhASA una logoM dvArA prayukta hotI thI, jo vaidika saMskRti se bhinna vicAra vAle the| inheM vrAtya kahA gayA hai / isa prakAra chAMdas aura prAcya vibhASA se jo bhASA vikasita huI use bhagavAn mahAvIra ke samaya meM mAgadhI nAma se jAnA gayA hai| isa prakAra vikAsa kI dRSTi se prAkRta aura saMskRta donoM sahodarA haiN| eka ho srota janabhASA se donoM udbhUta hai| kramazaH ina bhASAoM kA sAhitya dhAmika evaM vidhA kI dRSTi se bhinna hotA gyaa| ataH inake svarUpa meM bhI spaSTa bheda ho gye| saMskRta niyamabaddha ho jAne se eka hI nAma se vyavahRta hotI rhii| vaha deva bhASA ho gayI / prAkRta meM nirantara lokabhASA ke zabdoM kA samAveza hotA rahatA thaa| ataH vaha rahI to prAkRta, kintu nAma naye-naye dhAraNa karatI rhii| pAli, arghamAgadhI, mahArASTrI, zaurasenI, paizAcI, apabhraMza Adi se gujaratI huI prAkRta bhAratIya Adhunika bhASAoM taka pahuMcI hai| __bhAratIya Adhunika bhASAoM aura prAkRta ke sambandha ko spaSTa karane ke pUrva prAkRta ke artha ko jAna lenA Avazyaka hai| prAcIna vidvAn namisAdhu ne prAkRta zabda kI vyAkhyA ko spaSTa kiyA hai| unake anusAra prAkRta zabda kA artha hai- vyAkaraNa Adi saMskAroM se rahita logoM kA svAbhAvika vacana-vyApAra / usase utpanna athavA vahI vacana-vyApAra prAkRta hai| prAkRta pada se prAkRta zabda banA hai, jisakA artha haipahile kiyA gyaa| jainadharma ke dvAdazAMga granthoM meM gyAraha aMga grantha pahile kiye gaye haiN| ataH unakI bhASA prAkRta hai, jo bAlaka, mahilA Adi sabhI ko subodha hai| isI parisaMvAda-4
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________________ prAkRta tathA anya bhAratIya bhASAe~ 285 prAkRta ke deza bheda evaM saMskArita hone se avAntara vibheda hue haiN| ataH prAkRta zabda kI vyutpati karate samaya 'prakRtyA svabhAvena siddhaM prAkRtam' athavA 'prakRtInAM sAdhAraNajanAnAmidaM prAkRtam' artha ko svIkAra karanA caahie| jana sAmAnya kI svAbhAvika bhASA prAkRta hai| vibhinna prAkRteM prAkRta bhASA ke prayoga meM ekarUpatA nahIM hai| vibhinna vibhASAoM ke bIja kramazaH usameM sammilita hote rahe haiM / prAkRta bhASA ke svarUpa kI dRSTi se do bheda kiye jA sakate haiM - (1) kathya prAkRta aura (2) sAhitya kI prAkRta / prAkRta janabhASA ke rUpa meM prAcIna samaya se bolI jAtI rahI hai, kintu usakA koI udAharaNa hamAre samakSa nahIM hai / jo kucha bhI prAkRta kA svarUpa hamAre sAmane AyA hai, vaha sAhitya ke mAdhyama se| isa sAhityika prAkRta ke bhASA ke prayoga evaM kAla kI dRSTi se tIna bheda kiye jA sakate haiM-prathama yuga, madhyayuga aura apabhraMza yuga / I0 pU0 chaThI zatAbdI se IsA kI dvitIya zatAbdI taka ke bIca prAkRta meM race gaye sAhitya kI bhASA prathama yugIna prAkRta kahI jA sakatI hai| IsA ko dvitIya zatAbdI se chaThI zatAbdI taka jisa prAkRta bhASA meM sAhitya likhA gayA hai, use madhyayugIna prAkRta kahate haiM / vAstava meM isa yuga kI prAkRta sAhityika prAkRta thI, kintu janasAmAnya kI bhASA prAkRta se bhI usakA sambandha banA huA thaa| prayoga kI bhinnatA kI dRSTi se isa samaya taka prAkRta ke svarUpa meM kramazaH parivartana ho gayA thA / tadanurUpa prAkRta ke vaiyAkaraNoM ne prAkRta ke ye pA~ca bheda nirUpita kiye haiM-ardhamAgadhI, zaurasenI, mahArASTrI, mAgadhI evaM paishaacii| prAkRta evaM apabhraMza madhyayuga meM IsA kI dUsarI se chaThI zatAbdI taka prAkRta bhASA kA sAhitya meM kaI rUpoM meM prayoga huA / vaiyAkaraNoM ne prAkRta bhASA meM bhI niyamoM ke dvArA ekarUpatA lAne kA prayatna kiyA, kintu prAkRta meM ekarUpatA nahIM A skii| yadyapi sAhitya meM kRtrima prAkRta kA prayoga prArambha ho gayA thaa| isase vaha loka se dUra haTane laga gayI tho / lekina jina loka pracalita bhASAoM meM sAhityika prAkRtoM kA vikAsa huA thA, ve loka bhASAe~ abhI bhI pravAhita ho rahI thiiN| unhoMne eka nayI bhASA ko janma diyA, jise apabhraMza kahA gayA hai / yaha prAkRta bhASA ke vikAsa kI tIsarI avasthA hai| prAkRta evaM apabhraMza bhASAoM kA kSetra prAyaH eka jaisA thA tathA eka vizeSa prakAra kA sAhitya inameM likhA gayA hai| vikAsa kI dRSTi se bhI inameM ghaniSTha sambandha hai / ataH kaI vidvAnoM ne prAkRta-apabhraMza ko eka mAna liyA hai, jabaki ye donoM svataMtra parisaMvAda-4
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________________ 286 janavidyA evaM prAkRta : antarazAstrIya adhyayana bhASAe~ haiN| apabhraMza jana sAmAnya kI bhASA kA pUrNatayA pratinidhitva karatI hai| isake atirikta vibhakti, pratyaya, parasargoM meM bhI prAkRta aura apabhraMza meM spaSTa antara hai| apabhraMza meM dezI rUpoM kI bahulatA hai| yaha ukAra bahulA bhASA hai| apabhraMza ko AbhIrI, bhASA, dezI evaM avahaTTa Adi nAma bhI samaya samaya para diye gaye haiN| ye saba nAma apabhraMza ke vikAsa ko sUcita karate haiM / pazcimI bhArata kI eka bolI-vizeSa AbhIrI se apabhraMza prabhAvita hai| jana bhASA kI bolI hone se ise bhASA kahA gayA hai| kathya bhASA hone se yaha dezI kahI gayI hai tathA paravartI apabhraMza ke lie avahaTTa kahA gayA hai, jo apabhraMza aura hindI bhASA ko paraspara jor3ane vAlI kar3I hai / vaha Adhunika bhAratIya AryabhASAoM kI pUrvavartI avasthA hai| prAkRta apabhraMza kA dAya : kSetrIya bhASAeM __ jaba lokabhASAeM sAhitya meM rUr3ha ho jAtI haiM taba jana sAmAnya meM nayI lokabhASA kA vyavahAra hone lagatA hai| isa prakAra lokabhASAeM vikasita hotI rahatI haiN| prAkRta apabhraMza ke sAtha bhI yahI huaa| prAkRtoM meM kRtrimatA A jAne se tathA sAhitya taka sImita hone se apabhraMza bhASA udaya meM AyI thii| jaba apabhraMza kA sAhitya meM sarvAdhika prayoga hone lagA tathA vaha niyamabaddha hone lagI to Age calakara loka meM anya kSetrIya bhASAeM panapane lgiiN| Adhunika Arya bhASAoM ne prAkRta saMskRta ke guNoM ko apanAkara apabhraMza ke prabhAva se apane ko adhika spaSTa aura sarala banAyA hai| unameM prAkRta, saMskRta, apabhraMza ina tInoM kI vizeSatAeM ekatra huI haiN| kintu lokabhASA hone ke kAraNa prAkRta aura apabhraMza kA dAya unake vikAsa meM adhika hai| yaha saMkrAnti kAla kI kucha racanAoM ke adhyayana se jAnA jA sakatA hai| ____ saMkrAnti kAla kI kucha racanAeM isa bAta kI sabala pramANa haiM ki prAcIna apabhraMza Adi meM navIna bhASAoM kA kaise saMmizraNa ho rahA thA / abdula rahamAna ke sandezarAsaka meM svara saMkoca hone laga gayA thaa| saMyukta vyaMjanoM meM se prAyaH eka hI surakSita rakhA jAtA thaa| jaise-ucchvAsa > ussAsa > usAsa Adi / isI taraha prAkRtapeMgalam evaM purAtanaprabandhasaMgraha kI bhASA kramazaH apabhraMza kI sthiti ko chor3atI huI lokabhASAoM kI ora bar3ha rahI thii| pazcimI hindI, gujarAtI aura rAjasthAnI bhASAoM ke bIja inameM dekhe jA sakate haiN| uktivyaktiprakaraNam kI bhASA meM kAzI, kauzala pradeza kI kAvya bhASA ke svarUpa kA prAmANika paricaya milatA hai| vizeSakara avadhI bhASA kA prAcIna rUpa inameM dekhA jA sakatA hai| isa grantha kI bhASA meM Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM ko janma dene vAlI sAmAnya pravRtiyA~ parilakSita hotI haiM / varNa-ratnAkara maithilI kA prAcInatama upalabdha grantha hai| isakI bhASA meM maithilI ke prAcInatama rUpa to surakSita haiM hI, parisaMvAda-4
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________________ prAkRta tathA anya bhAratIya bhASAe~ 287 baMgalA, magahI aura bhojapurI bhASAoM ke prAcIna rUpoM para bhI isase prakAza par3atA hai / kIrtilatA nAmaka avahaTTha bhASA kA grantha isa dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa sAmagrI prastuta karatA hai / caryApada kI bhASA kI kucha vizeSatAeM baMgalA ke vikAsa para prakAza DAlatI haiM / baMgalA tathA pUrvI bhArata kI anya bhASAeM asamiyA, ur3iyA Adi mAgadhI - prAkRta va apabhraMza kI pravRtiyoM se adhika prabhAvita haiM / jJAnezvarI kI bhASA meM marAThI bhASA kA prAcIna rUpa dekhane ko milatA hai, jo mahArASTrI prAkRta se vikasita mAnA jAtA hai / Adhunika bhASAoM ke poSaka tattva bhAratIya Adhunika bhASAeM Aja bhASA va sAhitya kI dRSTi se paryApta samRddha haiM / unake vikAsa kI lambI paramparA hai / kintu yaha kaha pAnA kaThina hai ki kisa prAkRta va apabhraMza vizeSa se kauna sI Adhunika bhASA kA janma huA hai / kevala bhASAgata samAnatA ke AdhAra para kucha anumAna hI kiyA jA sakatA hai ki isa apabhraMza se yaha kSetrIya bhASA utpanna huI hogI / ataH prAkRta aura apabhraMza ko Adhunika bhASAoM kI jananI mAnane ke sthAna para unakI poSaka mAnanA adhika ThIka hai / isa prakAra ke poSaka tattva ina bhASAoM meM khoje bhI jA sakate haiM / vastutaH bhAratIya Adhunika bhASAoM kA janma una vibhinna lokabhASAoM se huA hai, jo prAkRta va apabhraMza se prabhAvita thIM / unakA usa samaya koI nAmakaraNa nahIM thA / ataH ve vibhinna kSetroM kI apabhraMza ke nAma se jAnI gayI haiM / prAkRta apabhraMza ne Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM ko kaI taraha se prabhAvita kiyA hai / bhASA abhivyakti kA mAdhyama hai / ataH use itanA sarala honA cAhie ki kahane evaM sunane vAle ke bIca vicAroM kA sampreSaNa banA rhe| eka dUsare ke antaraMga ko ve samajha sakeM / prAkRta apabhraMza ne isI saralIkaraNa ko svayaM apanAyA tathA dAya ke rUpa meM kSetrIya bhASAoM ko yaha virAsata sauMpI hai / bhASA kA saralIkaraNa una zabdoM ko grahaNa karane se AtA hai jo jana sAmAnya ke bIca abhivyakti ke mAdhyama hote haiM / prAkRta va apabhraMza ne aise hI dezI zabdoM ko prAthamikatA dI thI / hemacandra kI dezInAmamAlA isa prakAra ke zabdoM kA bhaNDAra hai / Adhunika Arya bhASAoM meM bhI aise aneka zabda Aja prayukta hote haiM, jo prAkRta apabhraMza kI yAtrA karate hue yahAM taka pahu~ce haiN| kintu loka zabdoM se hI kisI bhASA kA kAma nahIM calatA / use ziSTabhASA ke zabda evaM pravRtiyoM ko bhI apanAnA par3atA hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki prAkRta va apabhraMza meM tatsama aura tadbhava zabdoM kA bhI samAveza hai / bhAratIya bhASAoM ke itihAsa se yaha parisaMvAda -4
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________________ 288 jainavidyA evaM prAkRta : antarazAstrIya adhyayana bhalIbhA~ti jJAta hotA hai ki kabhI lokabhASAoM ne dezI zabdoM ko sAhitya ke siMhAsana para baiThAyA to kabhI pariSkRta zabdoM ko bhI loka mAnasa ke anukUla unhoMne gar3hA hai| dhvani vikAsa ke dvArA aise zabda kisI bhI bhASA meM prayukta hote rahate haiN| pazcimI bhASAe" AdhUnika Arya bhASAoM aura boliyoM ke vargIkaraNa tathA unake prAcIna rUpa ke adhyayana anusandhAna meM DaoN0 griyarsana aura DaoN0 sunItikumAra caTarjI ke mata ullekhanIya mAne jAte haiM / anya vidvAnoM ne bhI isa viSaya para kArya kiyA hai| pazcimI bhArata kI Adhunika bhASAoM meM sindhI, paMjAbI, rAjasthAnI aura gujarAtI pramukha haiN| sindha ke brAcar3a pradeza meM bolI jAne vAlI apabhraMza se sindhI bhASA kA vikAsa mAnA jAtA hai| kaikaya pradeza kI apabhraMza se pazcimI paMjAbI ( laMhadI, multAnI ) kA tathA Takka apabhraMza se pUrvI paMjAbI bhASA kA vikAsa svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| kintu abhI taka sindhI evaM paMjAbI bhASAoM kA prAkRta apabhraMza ke sAtha vizeSa adhyayana prastata nahIM kiyA gayA hai| prAkRta granthoM meM ina dezoM ke vyApAriyoM kA paryApta ullekha milatA hai| udyotanasUri ne to kuvalayamAlAkahA meM saindhava aura Takka deza ke vyApAriyoM kI bhASA ke zabdoM kI bAnagI bhI prastuta kI hai| rAjasthAnI jise Aja rAjasthAnI kahA jAtA hai vaha bhASA nAgara apabhraMza se utpanna mAnI jAtI hai, jo madhyakAla meM pazcimottara bhArata kI kathyabhASA thii| rAjasthAnI bhASA ke kSetra aura vividhatA ko dhyAna meM rakhakara isakI janaka bhASA ko saurASTra apabhraMza tathA gurjarI apabhraMza bhI kahA jAtA hai| kyoMki rAjasthAnI kA sambandha bahata samaya taka gujarAtI bhASA se banA rahA hai| rAjasthAnI bhASA ke antargata jo boliyA~ haiMhAr3autI, DhUMDhArI, mevAr3I aura mAravAr3I Adi una saba para prAkRta evaM apabhraMza kA prabhAva dRSTigocara hotA hai / dhvaniparivartana aura vyAkaraNa donoM kI dRSTi se rAjasthAnI madhyayugIna bhASAoM se prabhAvita hai| rAjasthAnI ke saMjJA rUpoM kI racanA para prAkRta kA sIdhA prabhAva hai| prAkRta meM prathamA vibhakti ke eka vacana ke akAra ko okAra hotA hai| rAjasthAnI meM bhI yahI pravRtti upalabdha hai / yathA-ghor3o, choro Adi / prAkRta apabhraMza kI bhA~ti rAjasthAna meM bhI vibhaktiyoM kI saMkhyA kama ho gayI hai| prAkRta ke sarvanAmoM kI saMkhyA apabhraMza meM kama ho gayI thii| apabhraMza se bahuta se sarvanAma rAjasthAna meM yathAvat apanA liye gaye haiN| prAkRta aura apabhraMza kA haM, hauM (maiM) rAjasthAnI meM khUba pracalita hai| yathA-- parisaMvAda-4
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________________ prAkRta tathA anya bhAratIya bhASAe~ 289 ghar3a zA bIhai bohai kIdhau hau~ kosIsA kaMta hUM pApI hekalau Adi / isI taraha apabhraMza ke kAMi (kyA) kA prayoga rAjasthAnI meM adhika hotA hai| kAI cha (DhUMDhArI) kaMi hai (mevAr3I), kaMi huo (mAravAr3I) Adi prayoga draSTavya haiM / rAjasthAnI bhASA kI aneka dhAtue~ prAkRta evaM apabhraMza se grahIta haiN| unameM bahuta thor3A parivartana huA hai / tulanAtmaka dRSTi se kucha kriyAe~ draSTavya haiM yathAprAkRta rAjasthAnI artha ghaDai banAtA hai jAMca jAMce mAMgatA hai khaNDai khAMDai tor3atA hai dhArai dhAratA hai DaratA hai pUrA karatA hai kido kiyA hosai hosI hogA chollijjai chole chIlatA hai isI prakAra rAjasthAnI bhASA meM aise aneka zabda prayukta hote haiM, jo thor3e se dhvani parivartana ke sAtha prAkRta va apabhraMza se grahaNa kara liye gaye haiN| gujarAtI gujarAtI aura rAjasthAnI meM ghaniSTha sambandha rahA hai| ina para madhya deza kI zaurasenI prAkRta va apabhraMza kA adhika prabhAva hai| zrI ela0 pI0 TesITarI ne gujarAtI aura rAjasthAnI ke svarUpa Adi para vizeSa prakAza DAlA hai tathA una para prAkRta ke tattvoM ko spaSTa kiyA hai| prAkRta aura gujarAtI ke kucha samAna zabda isa prakAra haiN| prAkRta artha aMgohali aMghola zarIra kA snAna utthalla-patthallA uthala-pAthala ulaTa-phera oilla olabu or3hanI uNDA uNDA gaharA kAThu badanAma, burA gahilla gahila mandabuddhi (ghelu) kUkar3I murgI gujarAtI kaTu kukkaDI parisaMvAda-4
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________________ 290 lar3akA maDu janavidyA evaM prAkRta : antarazAstrIya adhyayana choyara chokarA Doya Doyo lakar3I kI cammaca maDaya mRta Dabba DAbu bAMyA lITa lITI rekhA rAna jaMgala gujarAtI ke bahuta se sarvanAma bhI apabhraMza se sIdhe Aye haiM / hemacandra ke anusAra apabhraMza meM kathaM, tathA kethA ko ema aura ima Adeza hote haiM / jaise kema samappau duDha diNa gujarAtI ke kema cha, ema che Adi prayogoM meM yahI pravRtti dekhI jA sakatI hai| pUrvI bhASAe~ pUrvI bhArata meM isa samaya kaI bhASAeM pracalita haiN| unameM bhojapurI, magahI, maithilI, ur3iyA, baMgAlI aura asamiyA pramukha haiN| inameM kaI vidhAoM meM sAhitya bhI likhA gayA hai tathA ye bola-cAla kI bhI bhASAe~ haiN| ina bhASAoM kA vikAsa jisa kSetra meM huA hai, vahA~ prAcIna samaya se prAkRta va apabhraMza bolI jAtI rahI haiM, jise mAgadhI va ardhamAgadhI kahA jAtA thaa| ataH svAbhAvika rUpa se ye bhASAe~ mAgadhI prAkRta va apabhraMza se prabhAvita hokara vikasita huI haiN| inakA prAkRta va apabhraMza se kyA aura kitanA sambandha hai, isa viSaya para vidvAnoM ne vizeSa adhyayana prastuta kiye haiM / tulanAtmaka dRSTi se kucha sAmya-vaiSamya yahA~ draSTavya haibhojapurI bihAra meM bolI jAne vAlI bhASAoM meM bhojapurI pramukha hai| yadyapi isake bolane vAle vibhinna prAntoM meM bhI nivAsa karate haiN| bhojapurI bhASA ke vyAkaraNa evaM bhASA vaijJAnika tattvoM ke adhyayana ke AdhAra para isa bhASA kA sambandha ardhamAgadhI prAkRta ke sAtha adhika dRr3ha hotA hai| isa bhASA meM prAkRta tattvoM kI pracuratA hai| saMkrAntikAla ke jo grantha upalabdha haiM unameM bhI bhojapurI ke udAharaNa prApta hote haiN| dhvanitattva kI dRSTi se bhojapurI meM prAkRta ke samAna nimna vizeSatAeM pAyI jAtI haiM / (1) hrasva svaroM kA dIrgha aura dIrthoM kA hrasva ho jAnA / yathA -jIhA-jobha cakka-cAka, AAsa-akAsa / (2) dhvani kA vibhinna svaroM meM parivartana / yathA-- kisana-kisuna, maccu-miratu, maay-mtaarii| parisaMvAda-4
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________________ prAkRta tathA anya bhAratIya bhASAe~ 291 ( 3 ) akAraNa anunAsika pravRtti kA pAyA jAnA / yathA-gAma-gAMva, mahiSIbhaiMsa / (4) vibhinna vargoM ke sthAna para dUsare varNoM kA prayoga / yathA-zakuna-saguna, kissA-khissA, kelaa-keraa| bhojapurI bhASA meM dhvanitattva ke atirikta vyAkaraNa kI dRSTi se bhI prAkRta kI pravRttiyAM pAyI jAtI haiN| bhojapurI ke saMjJArUpoM kI racanA para prAkRta kA spaSTa prabhAva hai tathA vibhakti-lopa ke sAtha parasoM kA prayoga apabhraMza ke prabhAva se isameM AyA hai| SaSThI vibhakti meM bhojapurI meM jo parasarga jor3e jAte haiM, ve prAkRta ke haiN| yathA unakarA kAma bhI karata aiva / toharA kAma se hama alaga rahitA / yahA~ karA aura harA kramazaH prAkRta kI kara dhAtu aura amhArA Adi zabdoM se Aye pratIta hote haiN| bhojapurI ke sarvanAmoM kA prAkRta se sIdhA sambandha hai| vaikalpika rUpoM kA pAyA jAnA prAkRta kI hI pravRti hai / kucha sarvanAma dRSTavya haiM prA0-mae tu tumha tumhANa appANaM / bho0-mayaM tu taheM tohanI apne| bhojapurI bhASA kI kriyAoM meM bhI prAkRta ke tattva upalabdha haiN| adhikAMza dhAtuoM kA mUla prAkRta dhAtueM haiN| yathA-kUTe >kuTTa, kAr3ha > kaDDha, cukaracukka, DUba > Dubba, sIjha sijjha, Adi / bhojapurI meM prAkRta ke samAna hI vartamAna, bhUta, bhaviSyat, AjJAvidhi aura saMbhAvanA ye pAMca kAla hote haiN| bhojapurI kI kriyAeM prAkRta kI bhA~ti hI sarala haiM / prAkRta ke aneka zabda bhojapurI meM svIkAra kara liye gaye haiN| kucha zabda prAkRta ke pratyayoM ko jor3akara banAye gaye haiM tathA kucha zabda sIdhe le liye gaye haiN| yathAbhojapurI prAkRta kA pratyaya inakarA ina + karA gamai gama+i illa gharelu ghara + elu Ala IhAM hi hA majhilA. majjhilla+Aka illaa kera parisaMvAda-4
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________________ 292 janavidyA evaM prAkRta : anta razAstrIya adhyayana bhojapurI prAkRta kA pratyaya kahata kaha + ata anta DarAvana Dara+Avana AppaNa karatava kara+tava tavva ber3A beDilA maugI mAuggAma aMgolA aMgAliaM maithilI mithilA ke Asa-pAsa ke kSetra meM bolI jAne vAlI bhASA maithilI ke rUpa meM prasiddha huI hai| vartamAna meM sAhitya kI dRSTi se bhI yaha samRddha bhASA hai| isakA vikAsa bhI mAgadhI apabhraMza se huA hai| bhojapurI kI bhAMti maithilI meM bhI prAkRta kA spaSTa prabhAva hai| yaha saMskRta se bhI prabhAvita hai| maithilI ke svara aura vyaMjanoM ke kucha udAharaNa yahA~ prastuta haiM, jinameM prAkRta kI vizeSatAeM spaSTa haiM / saMskRta prAkRta maithilI kRtyagRha kaccaharia kacaharI kardama kaddama kAdoM zRNoti suNai suntava drakSyati dekkhati dekhava lohakAra lohAla lohAra zevAla sevAla semara laghu zrRMkhalA sikkhala sikkarI tilaka Tilaka TikulI pIThikA piDhiA pirahiA gopAla goAla goAra, gvArA . ur3iyA __ ur3iyA prAcIna utkala athavA vartamAna ur3IsA kI bhASA hai| baMgalA se isakA ghaniSTha sambandha hai| vidvAnoM kA mata hai ki lagabhaga 14vIM zatAbdI meM yaha baMgalA se pRthak ho gayI hogii| mAgadhI apabhraMza kI pUrvI zAkhA se ur3iyA va baMgalA kA vikAsa huA mAnA jAtA hai| ur3iyA meM bhI prAkRta kI sAmAnya pravRttiyA~ upalabdha hotI haiM / yathA nahu parisaMvAda-4
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________________ prAkRta tathA anya bhAratIya bhASAe~ maha muha (i) RkAra kA i meM parivartana-~ zRgAla >siAla >siAla hRdaya > hiaa> hiA ( ii ) ai kA e meM parivartana vaidya>vejja>veja taila > tellaM > tela (iii) dIrgha svaroM kA prayoga --- bhakta>bhatta>bhAta haista >hattha>hAtha (i) kha, gha, tha, gha, pha, bha, kA ha meM parivartanasaMskRta prAkRta ur3iyA mukha sakhI sahI sahI laghuka lahuka nAtha nAha vadhu bahu ( ii) saMyukta vyaJjanoM kA saralIkaraNagrAma gAa dhvani dhaNi sthAna ThANa stana thana agni agi agi sapatnI savatti sAvata yugma jugga juga valkala vakkala vakala uDiyA kI kriyAoM meM prAkRta se thor3A antara hai| kintu unakA vikAsa apabhraza ke mAdhyama se huA hai| kriyAeM eka vacana va bahuvacana se hI sambandhita hai| yathAapabhraMza harai haranti ur3iyA harai haranti __isa prakAra ur3iyA bhASA vyAkaraNa aura dhvani tattvoM kI dRSTi se prAkRta va apabhraMza ke adhika najadIka hai| baMgalA aura asamiyA Adi bhASAeM bhI madhyayugIna ThA thaNa parisaMvAda-4
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________________ 294 bundelI artha janavidyA evaM prAkRta : antarazAstrIya adhyayana Arya-bhASAoM se paryApta prabhAvita haiM / kintu isa dRSTi se abhI unakA adhyayana kiyA jAnA zeSa hai| madhyadezIya bhASAyeM Adhunika bhAratIya Arya-bhASAkoM ke vikAsakrama meM madhyadeza kI loka-bhASAoM kA mahattvapUrNa yoga rahA hai| zaurasenI aura ardhamAgadhI prAkRtoM kA madhyadeza meM adhika prasAra thA / ataH yahA~ vikasita hone vAlI bundelI, kannaujI, brajabhASA, avadhI, baghelI evaM chatIsagar3hI boliyoM para inakA prabhAva adhika hai| ye boliyA~ pazcimI aura pUrvI hindI kI upabhASAyeM haiN| inameM racita sAhitya prAkRta aura apabhraMza kI pravRtiyoM se achUtA nahIM hai| bola-cAla kI bhASAoM meM bhI madhyayugIna Arya-bhASAoM kA prabhAva najara AtA hai / isa dazA meM samagrarUpa se adhyayana kiyA jAnA abhI apekSita hai| bundelI bhASA ke zabda draSTavya haiM prAkRta goNI gauna, gonI 2 mana vajana kI borI caMgeDA caMgerI DaliyA cillarI cilarA culli cUlA-cUlaiyA cUlhA coppaDa cupar3A lagAyA huA cheli chiriyA~ bakarI joya johanA dekhanA juhAra namaste karanA Dagalaka DigalA DhelA Dhora Dhora pazu titta tIto gIlA dhusiya dhussA moTA cAdara nAhara nAhara siMha paTTaula paTela pradhAna parai paroM parasoM pADI par3iyA bhaiMsa pUrA ghAsa kA pulindA baDDA baDDA bar3A bAggura bagura samUha mulahA murahA mUla meM utpanna putra johAra pUla parisaMvAda-4
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________________ prAkRta tathA anya bhAratIya bhASAe~ 295 prAkRta lAga viyAla vihANa suhAlI bundelI lAga vyArI bhyAne suhArI artha cuMgI vikAla bhojana (rAtri bhojana) prabhAta pur3I marAThI marAThI dakSiNa bhArata meM mahArASTra meM prAcIna samaya se hI saMskRta aura prAkRta kA prabhAva rahA hai| mahArASTrI prAkRta caki lokabhASA thI ataH usane Age Ane vAlI apabhraMza aura Adhunika marAThI ko adhika prabhAvita kiyA hai| prAkRta aura mahArASTrI bhASA kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana kaI vidvAnoM ne prastuta kiyA hai| yadyapi mahArASTrI prAkRta hI marAThIbhASA nahIM hai| usameM kaI bhASAoM kI pravRttiyoM kA sammizraNa hai| phira bhI prAkRta ke tattva marAThI meM adhika haiN| jo zabda 5-6ThI zatAbdI ke prAkRta granthoM meM prayukta hote the ve bhI Aja kI marAThI meM sammilita haiN| yaha isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki prAkRta aura marAThI kA sambandha bahuta purAnA hai-bhASA aura kSetra donoM kI dRSTi se / marAThI ke ve kucha zabda yahA~ prastuta haiM jo prAkRta sAhitya meM bhI prayukta hue haiM tathA jinake donoM meM samAna artha haiN| prAkRta artha aNiya aNiyA agrabhAga aMgohali AMghola gale taka kA snAna undara undIra cUhA kacchoTTha kAsoTA kaTivastra karavatI karavata karavA kolluga kolhA gAra gAra guDiyA guThI toTaNa ghor3A cikkhalla cikhala cheli seli cheppa zepUTI jalla jAla zarIra kA maila DhiMkuNa DhekUNa khaTamala tuMDa toMDa muha takka tAka maThA sUtI cAdara gIdar3a patthara kIcar3a bakarI tUli parisaMvAda-4
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________________ 296 jaina vidyA evaM prAkRta : antarazAstrIya adhyayana neUNa poTTa peTa medaNA sAlA prAkRta marAThI artha NirUta nirUte nizcaya daddara dAdara sIr3hI doddhi dUdhI laukI neUna le jAkara poTa mukka mukaNo bhauMkanA mAucchiya mAusI mausI melA melA melA mehuNa raMgAvali rAMgolI raMgolI bAulla bAhulI gur3iyA suNha kannar3a, tamila, telagu kevala marAThI hI nahIM, apitu dakSiNa bhArata kI anya bhASAe~ bhI prAkRta ke prabhAva se achUtI nahIM haiN| yadyapi unameM saMskRta ke zabdoM kI adhikatA hai tathApi unhoMne loka-bhASAoM se bhI zabdoM kA saMgraha kiyA hai| dakSiNa kI kannar3a, tamila, telagu malayAlama Adi bhASAoM meM prAkRta ke tattva viSaya ko lekara svatantra anusandhAna kI AvazyakatA hai / kucha vidvAnoM ne isa viSaya para kArya bhI kiyA hai| ina bhASAoM meM prayukta prAkRta se vikasita kucha zabda isa prakAra haiMprAkRta kannar3a olagga olaga, olagisu sevA karanA karaDA karaDe karaTA kaNdala mAranA lar3AI kurara kurI,kuraba bher3a, gar3ariyA koTTa koTe kilA cabeDa cappAli tAlI mAranA desiya dezika pathika dhagadhaga dhAdhagisu tejI se calanA palli pallI, hallI gA~va pulli puli, huli bAgha pisuNa pisuNi kahanA artha kada parisaMvAda-4
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________________ prAkRta tathA anya bhAratIya bhASAe~ prAkRta atraka kaDappa kurara koha pillama prAkRta kaDappa kurulu cabeDa Dombi pulli rASTrabhASA hindI aura prAkRta prAkRta akkhADa arahaTTha ukkhala ulluTa kakkaDI kahAro koilA kuhADa khaTTIka 38 Adhunika bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM meM hindI kA pramukha sthAna hai / deza ke adhikAMza logoM dvArA yaha bolI jAtI hai / rASTrabhASA hone kA gaurava ise prApta hai / deza ke vibhinna bhAgoM aura bhASAoM kI samparka bhASA hone ke kAraNa hindI meM vibhinna bhASAoM ke zabda bhI sammilita ho gaye haiM / saMskRta ke zabda bhI isameM grahIta kiye gaye haiM, kintu hindI meM prAkRta apabhraMza jaisI loka bhASAoM ke zabda bhI kama nahIM haiM / yadi ina zabdoM kI jAnakArI ho to hindI ke hareka zabda kI vyutpatti ke lie saMskRta para nirbhara nahIM rahanA par3egA / hemacandra kI dezInAmamAlA tathA prAkRta apabhraMza ke anya granthoM ke ve kucha zabda yahA~ uddhRta haiM jo hindI meM sIdhe grahaNa kara liye gaye tathA unake artha meM bhI koI parivartana nahIM AyA hai / hindI akhAr3A rahaTa okhalI ulaTA kakar3I tamila akkA kalappai kori koTTai pillai telagu kalape kuhAr3A khaTIka kurulu cappaTa Do nili kahAra koyalA prAkRta cir3iya cAro culli cokkha chaillo challi jhamAla jhADaM jhaMjhaDiyA artha mA~ samUha bher3a kilA pazu kA choTA baccA artha samUha ghuMgharAle bAla tAlI bajAnA bhagina bAgha hindI cir3iyA cArA cUlhA cokhA chailA 297 chAla jhamelA jhAr3a jhaMjhaTa parisaMvAda -4
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________________ 298 prAkRta khalahAna khaDDa khalla gaMThI gaDa gobara cAulA beTTiya baDDA poTTalI hindI khalihAna khaDaDA khAla gAMTha gaDDA gobara cAMvala jaina vidyA evaM prAkRta : antarazAstrIya adhyayana prAkRta hindI Doro Dora taggaM tAgA DAlI DAlI thiggala thegalA nAI nAI bappa bApa bailla baila bhalla saloNa salaunA sADI sAr3I beTI bar3A poTalI kuTTa bhiDai khudda DaMsa hindI bhASA meM prAkRta zabda hI nahIM grahaNa kiye gaye haiM, apitu bahuta sI hindI kI kriyAe~ bhI prAkRta kI haiM / tulanAtmaka dRSTi se kucha kriyAe~ draSTavya haiM / prAkRta hindI prAkRta hindI uDDa ur3anA jhillia jhelanA kaDDha kAr3hanA dekkha dekhanA kUdanA bujjha bujhanA kUTanA piTTa pITanA khella khelanA bhir3anA khodanA bolla bolanA cukka cUkanA DasanA cuNNa cuganA saMbhaliya saMbhalanA camakka camakanA baiTha chaDDa chor3anA piMjiya chUTanA bheTTiA bheTanA chollia cholanA nikkAla nikalanA jAga jAganA lukkai lukanA joDiyA jor3anA pallaTTa palaTanA jhullavi jhUlanA hallai halanA zabda aura dhAtuoM ke atirikta prAkRta ko anya pravRttiyAM bhI hindI meM parilakSita hotI haiM / dvivacana kA prayoga nahIM hotA, saMyukta vyaMjanoM meM saralIkaraNa hai| baiThanA pIjanA cha parisaMvAda-4
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________________ prAkRta tathA anya bhAratIya bhASAe~ 299 vibhaktiyoM kA adarzana tathA parasargo kA prayoga prAkRta apabhraMza ke prabhAva se hindI meM hone laga gayA hai | kisI bhI janabhASA ke lie ina pravRttiyoM se gujaranA svAbhAvika hai / vahI hindI bhASA jana-jana taka pahuMca sakatI hai, jo sugama aura subodha ho / isa prakAra prAkRta vibhinna kAloM aura kSetroM kI bhAratIya bhASAoM ko nirantara prabhAvita karatI rahI hai / Adhunika bhAratIya bhASAoM kI saMracanA aura zabda tathA dhAturUpoM para bhI prAkRta kA spaSTa prabhAva hai / yaha usakI saralatA aura jana- bhASA hone kA pramANa hai| na kevala bhAratIya bhASAoM ke vikAsa meM apitu ina bhASAoM ke sAhitya kI vibhinna vidhAoM ko bhI prAkRta apabhraMza bhASAoM ke sAhitya ne puSTa kiyA hai / yaha isa bAta kA pratIka hai ki rASTrIya ekatA ke nirmANa meM bhASA kitanA mahattvapUrNa mAdhyama hotI hai surakSA bhASA kI udAratA para hI nirbhara hai / prAkRta apabhraMza bhASAeM unhIM kA prabhAva Aja kI bhAratIya bhASAoM meM hai / zabda saMgrahIta ho pAte haiN| DaoN0 katre ke zabdoM meM kahA jAya to madhyakAlIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM kA bhASAvaijJAnika dRSTi se prAcIna aura navIna bhAratIya Arya bhASAoM ke nirmANa meM spaSTa yogadAna hai aura yaha eka majabUta kar3I hai, jo ki prAcIna aura navIna ko jor3atI hai| / saMskRti kI isa kSetra meM tabhI unameM agraNI rahI haiM / aneka bhASAoM ke sandarbha 1. sukamAra sena, e kampereTiva grAmara Apha miDila iNDo Aryana legvejeja / 2. pizela, prAkRta bhASAoM kA vyAkaraNa / 3. devendra kumAra zAstrI, apabhraMza bhASA aura sAhitya kI zodha pravRttiyAM / 4. udayanArAyaNa tivArI, hindI bhASA kA udgama aura vikAsa / 5. ratnA zreyAna, e kriTIkala sTaDI Apha mahApurANa Apha puSpadanta / 6 e0 ena0 upAdhye, kannaDa varDasa ina dezI lekjanas / 7. nAmavara siMha, hindI ke vikAsa meM apabhraMza kA yoga / 8. jagadIzacandra jaina, prAkRta eNDa hindI / 9. nemicandra zAstrI, bhojapurI bhASA meM prAkRta tattva / 10. vaziSTha nArAyaNa jhA, prAkRta eNDa maithilI / 11. ke0 bI0 tripAThI, prAkRta eNDa ur3iyA / 12. premasumana jaina, rAjasthAnI bhASA meM prAkRta tattva / " parisaMvAda -x
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________________ 300 jaina vidyA evaM prAkRta : antarazAstrIya adhyayana 13. Ara0 ena0 dANDekara, prosIDiMgs Apha da seminAra ina prAkRta sTaDIja, 1969, pUnA / 14. giryasana, ligvisTika sarve Apha iNDiyA, khaNDa 1, bhAga 1 / 15. ke0 ema0 munzI, gujarAtI eNDa iTas liTarecara / 16. tagAre, hisTArikala grAmara Apha apbhrNsh| 17. vIrendra zrIvAstava, apabhraMza bhASA kA adhyayana / 18. esa0 ema0 katre, prAkRta leMgvejeja eNDa deyara kanTrIvyUsanas du iNDiyana kalcara / 19. eca0 sI0 bhayANI, apabhraMza eNDa olDa gujarAtI sTaDIja / 20. sunIti kumAra caTarjI, orijana eNDa DevalapameMTa Apha baMgAlI legveja / 21. Tarnara, nepAlI-zabdakoza / jainavidyA evaM prAkRta vibhAga, sukhAr3iyA vizvavidyAlaya, udayapura, ( rAjasthAna ) parisaMvAda-4