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________________ pAli-bhASA ke bauddha granthoM meM jaina dharma DA. gulAbacanda caudharI, em. e., pIec. DI. bhagavAn buddha ne apane sAre upadeza jisa janabhASA meM diye the usakA nAma mAgadhI thaa| mAgadhI meM buddhavacanoM yA uktiyoM ko pariyAya yA paliyAya kahA gayA hai| kAlAntara meM isI pariyAya-paliyAya se pAli zabda nikalA jisakA artha bhASA ke sAtha lagAne para hotA hai buddhavacanoM kI bhaassaa| bauddha grantha saMskRta meM bhI likhe gaye haiM para buddhavacanoM kA pratinidhitva karanevAlI bhASA pAlibhASA hI hai| jisa taraha buddha ne janabhASA meM upadeza diyA thA usI taraha bhagavAn mahAvIra ne bhI apane upadeza tatkAlIna janabhASA ardhamAgadhI meM diye the| donoM bhASAeM magadha meM bolI jAnevAlI mAgadhI ke hI rUpa haiN| donoM sampradAyoM ke netAoM ne eka hI kSetra meM vihAra kara apane upadeza diye, isalie una donoM ke zrAgama granthoM meM bhASA, bhAva, zailI evaM varNana Adi ke sAmya ko dekhakara isa bAta meM tanika bhI sandeha nahIM raha jAtA ki donoM mahApuruSa-mahAvIra aura buddha-samakAlIna the| pAli granthoM ke varNana se hameM yaha bhI mAlUma hotA hai ki ve donoM mahAtmA kabhI kabhI eka hI nagara, eka hI gAMva aura eka hI muhalle meM vihAra karate the, para isa bAta kA ullekha kisI bhI sampradAya ke grantha meM nahIM milatA ki donoM yugapuruSoM ne apane matabhedoM para Apasa meM vArtAlApa yA bahasa kI ho| hAM, isa bAta kI sUcanA jarUra milatI hai ki ina donoM ke ziSya tathA anuyAyivarga prAyaH eka dUsare ke pAsa AtejAte tathA zaMkAsamAdhAna va vAdavivAda karate the| jo ho, pAli granthoM ke par3hane se yaha spaSTataH vidita hotA hai ki bhagavAn buddha ne tathA unake samakAlIna ziSyoM ne jaina sampradAya kI anekoM bAtoM ko apanI A~khoM se dekhA thaa| ina A~khoM dekhe varNanoM se hameM jainoM ke itihAsa, unake dArzanika siddhAnta aura prAcAraviSayaka mAnyatAoM kA bahuta kucha parijJAna hotA hai| ina paMktiyoM dvArA ukta bAtoM ko dikhalAne kA kiJcit prayatna kiyA jaaygaa| itihAsa pAli granthoM meM jaina sampradAya kA nAma 'nigaNTha', 'niggaeTha' evaM 'nigandha' zrAtA hai, jise hama prAkRta meM nIyaeTha tathA saMskRta meM nirgrantha nAma se kahate haiN| ukta sampradAya ke pracAraka mahAtmA kA nAma nAtaputra va nATaputta rUpa se milatA hai jise hama prAkRta meM nAtaputta yA nAyaputta tathA saMskRta meM jJAtaputra nAma se kahate haiN| isa taraha nigaeTa sampradAya ke nAtaputta ko eka zabda se nigaNThanAtaputta kahA gayA hai| nigaNTha kA artha pAli granthoM meM bandhanarahita hai, jisakA Azaya hai, antaraMga aura bahiraMga parigraha se rhit| para nAtaputta zabda kI vyutpatti kA jJAna ukta granthoM se nahIM hotaa| hAM, jaina granthoM kI sahAyatA se hama yaha jAnate haiM ki mahAvIra kSatriyoM kI eka zAkhA 'jJAtR' =nAta =nAya meM utpanna hue the aura jisa taraha bauddha granthoM meM buddha ko zAkya vaMza meM utpanna hone ke kAraNa zAkyaputra kahA gayA hai usI taraha mahAvIra ko naatputt| sAmaJaphala zrAdi kucha sUtroM meM mahAvIra ko agnivezana (amivaizyAyana) nAma se sambodhita kiyA gayA hai para jaina granthoM ke dekhane se yaha mAlUma hotA hai ki yaha bAta galata hai| mahAvIra kA gotra kAzyapa thA para unake eka pramukha ziSya sudharmA kA gotra avazya agnivaizyAyana thaa| yahAM aisA pratIta hotA hai ki pAli-granthoM ke saMkalanakAla meM saMkalanakartAoM dvArA yaha viparyAsa kara diyA gayA hai|
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________________ pAli-bhASA ke bauddha granthoM meM jaina dharma pAli sUtroM meM jaina dharma ke anuyAyiyoM kA nigaNThaputta, nigaNTha tathA nigaNThasAvaka zabda se ullekha kiyA gayA hai / usa sampradAya ke mahilAvarga ke lie bhI nigarAThI' zabda AyA hai| katipaya bauddha sUtroM meM buddhakAlIna chaha anya tairthikoM kA paramparAgata DhaMga se varNana milatA hai| usameM nAtaputta kA nAma bhI zAmila kiyA gayA hai / una saba ke nAma ke sAtha nimnalikhita vizeSaNa lagAye jAte haiM: "saMghI ceva gaNI ca, gaNAcariyo, Ato, yasasvI, titthakaro, sAdhusammato bahujanassa, rasaJjU, cirapabbajito, addhagato, vayo anuppatto2 " arthAt saMghasvAmI, gaNAdhyakSa, gaNAcArya, jJAnI, yazasvI, tIthekara, bahuta logoM se saMmAnita, anubhavI, cirakAla kA sAdhu, vayovRddha / inameM 'addhagato' aura vayo anupatto, ina do vizeSaNoM se kucha vidvAnoM kA anumAna hai ki anya tairthikoM ke samAna mahAvIra bhI buddha se Ayu meM bar3e the aura usa samaya taka kAphI vRddha the| sAtha hI unakA yaha anumAna hai ki dIghanikAya ke saMgIti paryAya evaM pAsAdika suttoM va majjhimanikAya ke sAmagAmasutta ke kathanAnusAra mahAvIra kA nirvANa bhI buddha se pahale huaA thA; para isa saMbaMdha meM itanA hI kahanA hai ki jarmana vidvAn pro. yAkobI ne yaha siddha kara diyA hai ki mahAvIra kA nirvANa buddha ke nirvANa ke pIche huA hai| una ke matAnusAra vajji-licchiviyoM kA ajAtazatru kuNika ke sAtha jo yuddha huA thA vaha buddha ke nirvANa ke bAda aura mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla meM huA thA / yadyapi vajji aura licchivI gaNoM kA varNana donoM sampradAya ke granthoM meM milatA hai para tathokta yuddha kA varNana kevala jainAgamoM meM hI milatA hai, bauddhAgamoM meM nhiiN| itanA hI nahIM, ina donoM mahApuruSoM kI Ayu ko dekhane se yaha mAlUma hotA hai ki mahAvIra buddha se Ayu meM choTe the| buddha nirvANa ke samaya 80 varSa ke the jabaki mahAvIra 72 varSa ke|| sAtha hI eka aura bAta yaha hai ki mahAvIra dvArA svataMtra rUpa se dharmopadeza prArambha karane ke pahale hI buddha ne apanA dharmamArga sthApita karanA zurU kara diyA thaa| jo ho, para ukta aneka vizeSaNoM meM anta ke do vizeSaNa-addhagato vayo anuppatto-pAlisUtroM meM bhI sandeha kI dRSTi se dekhe gaye haiM aura Azcarya hai ki kucha sUtroM-mahAsakuladAyI (ma. ni.) tathA sabhiyasutta (suttaniyAta) meM ye do vizeSaNa nahIM pAye jAte / nigaNTha nAtaputtake sAtha anya vizeSaNoM kA samarthana jaina AgamoM se bhalIbhAMti hotA hai| upAli sutta ke nigaeTha, nigaeThI zabda se mAlUma hotA hai ki mahAvIra ke saMgha meM striyoM kI bhI pravrajyA hotI thii| bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nirvANa ko sUcita karane vAle katipaya tathokta pAlisUtroM meM likhA hai ki "jisa samaya nigaNTha-nAtaputta kI mRtyu pAvA meM huI thI, usa samaya nigaNThoM meM phUTa hone lagI thI, do pakSa ho gaye the...eka dUsare ko vacana rUpI bANoM se bedhane lage, mAno nigaeThoM meM vadha (yuddha) ho rahA thA, nigaNTha nAtaputta ke jo zvetavastradhArI gRhastha ziSya the, ve bhI nigaNTha ke vaise durAkhyAta, duSpravedita, apratiSThita, Azrayarahita dharma meM anyamanaska ho khinna aura virakta ho rahe the|" isa varNana se yaha mAlUma hotA hai ki mahAvIra kI mRtyu pAvA meM huI thI tathA unake bAda hI saMghabheda hone lagA thaa| isa kathana meM bhagavAn mahAvIra kA nirvANa pAvA meM honA to jainAgamoM se samarthita hai| yaha pAvA jaina-bauddha AgamoM ke anusAra malloM kI pAvA thI jo ki vartamAna gorakhapura jile meM anumAnita hai| para saMghabheda kI bAta usa prArambhika kAla meM jaina granthoM se samarthita nahIM hotii| jaina mAnyatA ke anusAra bhagavAn mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke do 1. majjhimanikAya, upAlisutta / 2. dIghanikAya, saamnyphlsutt| 3. vIrasaMvat aura jaina kAlagaNanA, bhAratIya vidyA, siMdhIsmAraka, pRSTha 177 / 4. dIghanikAya, saMgItiparyAya evaM pAsAdika sutta; majjhimanikAya, sAmagAmasutta /
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________________ AcArya vijayavallabhasUri smAraka graMtha DhAI sau varSa bAda kucha kAraNoM se saMghabheda huA thaa| aisA mAlUma hotA hai ki mahAvIra ke nirvANa kI ghaTanA ke samAna hI yaha ghaTanA ukta sUtroM meM yA to nirAdhAra DhaMga se jor3a dI gaI yA piTakoM ke saMkalana kAla meM zvetAmbara-digambara saMghabheda kI ghaTanA ko pIche se viparyAsa. rUpa meM lA diyA gyaa| ukta kathana meM gRhastha ziSyoM kA zvetavastradhArI vizeSaNa sUcita karatA hai ki zvetAmbara sAdhuoM ko bhUla se gRhastha ke rUpa meM samajha liyA gayA hai; para isa ullekha se itanA to mAnanA par3egA ki pAli ke grantha jainoM ke saMghabheda se paricita the, cAhe vaha pahale huA ho yA piiche|| pAli granthoM se yaha bhI sUcita hotA hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra aura unake anuyAyiyoM ke vihAra kSetra aMga, magadha, kAzI, kozala tathA vajji, licchivi evaM malloM ke gaNarAjya the| rAjagRha, nAlandA, vaizAlI, pAvA aura zrAvastI meM jaina loga pradhAna rUpa se rahate the tathA vaizAlI ke licchivi jaina dharma ke prabala samarthaka the| ____majjhimanikAya aura aMguttara nikAya ke katipaya sUtroM meM likhA hai ki "nigaNTha loga mahAvIra ko sarvajJa, sarvadarzI, aparimita jJAna evaM darzana se yukta, calatephirate, khar3e rahate, sote, jAgate, aparizeSa jJAnadarzana se yukta mAnate the'" / yaha kathana jainAgamoM se samarthita hai aura jaina mAnyatA isa ke anurUpa hai| yahAM aparizeSa jJAnadarzana jainAgamoM ke kevalajJAna aura kevaladarzana ko sUcita karatA hai| sarvajJatA ke sambaMdha meM bhaga0 buddha kA yaha mata thA ki ve na to svayaM sarvajJa hone kA dAvA karate the aura na dUsaroM ko hI vaisA mAnate the| sandakasuttara meM unake ziSya Ananda ne sarvajJatA kA isa prakAra parihAsa kiyA hai : eka zAstrasarvajJa, sarvadarzI, azeSa jJAnadarzana vAlA hone kA dAvA karatA hai, to bhI vaha sUne ghara meM jAtA hai, vahAM bhikSA bhI nahIM pAtA, kukkura bhI kATa khAtA hai, sarvajJa hone para bhI strI, puruSoM ke nAma gotra pUchatA hai, grAma nigama kA nAma aura rAstA pUchatA hai, 'Apa sarvajJa hokara yaha kyoM pUchate haiM' yaha kahe jAne para kahatA hai ki sUne ghara meM jAnA vihita thA isalie gaye, bhikSA milanI vihita na thI, isalie na milI, kukkura kA kATanA vihita thA isalie usane kATA aadi| yaha AlocanA hameM sUcita karatI hai ki usa samaya tathokta sarvajJatA kI mAnyatA ke sAtha sAtha usakI kharI AlocanA bhI hone lagI thii| darzana bhagavAn mahAvIra kI dArzanikatA kI pRSThabhUmi kriyAvAda (karmavAda) thaa| vinayapiTaka ke mahAvagga grantha meM siMhasenApati ke prasaMga meM tathA aMguttara nikAya meM nigaNThamata ko kiriyAvAda (kriyAvAda) nAma se kahA gayA hai| isa vAda kA artha hai "sukha-dukhaM sayaM kata" arthAt sukhaduHkha kA kartA jIva svayaM hai| sUtrakRtAGga meM yahI bAta yoM kahI gaI hai " sayaM kaDaMca dukkhaM nANNakaDam " arthAt jIva svayaM kiye gaye sukhaduHkha kA kartA evaM bhoktA hai, isake sukhaduHkha kA vidhAtA aura koI nhiiN| kriyAvAda kI isa nigaNTha mAnyatA ko majjhima nikAya ke devadahasutta meM acchI taraha rakhA gayA hai: yaha puruSa pudgala jo kucha bhI sukhaduHkha yA aduHkha asukha anubhava karatA hai vaha saba pahale (puruSa-pUrva) kiye gaye karmoM ke kAraNa hii| ina purAne karmoM kA tapasyA dvArA anta karane se tathA naye karmoM ko na karane se, bhaviSya meM vipAka rahita 1. cUla dukkhandhasutta, cUlasakuladAyisutta; aMguttaranikAya III pR. 74, IV, pR. 428 / 2. majjhimanikAya, 76 / 3. bhAga 4, pRSTha 180-181 / 4. aMguttara nikAya, bhAga 3, pR. 440 / 5. 1. 12. III
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________________ pAli-bhASA ke bauddha granthoM meM jaina dharma anAzrava hotA hai| vipAka rahita hone se karmakSaya, karmakSaya se duHkhakSaya aura duHkhakSaya se vedanAkSaya aura vedanAkSaya se sabhI duHkha jINe ho jAte haiN|" __yahAM bhagavAn mahAvIra ne AdhyAtmika zuddhi ke lie tapasyA kA pratipAdana kiyaa| isa dRSTikoNa se nirgrantha sAdhu kaThora tapazcaraNa karate haiN| para buddha ne isa tapasyA kI AlocanA karate hue kahA hai ki tumhArI sAdhanA yA tapomArga vyartha hai, yadi tuma yaha nahIM jAnate ki hama kaise the kaise haiM, kauna kauna se pApa kiye haiM; kitane pApa naSTa ho gaye, kitane aura naSTa hone haiM; kaba inase chaTakArA mila jAyagA aadi| nirgrantha tapasyA kI aisI hI AlocanAeM pAlI granthoM meM kaI sthAnoM meM dekhane meM AtI haiN| parantu ina aAlocanAoM meM, mAlUma hotA hai, buddha ne nirgrantha tapasyA kI antarAtmA kI AlocanA na kara kevala usake ugra bAhya rUpa kI hI AlocanA kI hai| nirgrantha paramparA kI mAnyatA hai ki kAyakleza yA tapasyA citta ke maloM ko haTAkara AdhyAtmika zuddhi ke lie hai| yadi usase yaha kAma nahIM hotA to vaha vyartha hai| isa dRSTi se buddha kI AlocanA aura jaina mAnyatA meM koI tAttvika antara nahIM raha jaataa| - bhaga0 mahAvIra ne kriyAvAda kI sthApanA meM yaha ghoSita kiyA ki isa saMsAra meM prANiyoM kA jIvana aMzataH bhAgya (pUrvajanmakRta karmoM) para aura kucha mAnavIya prayatnoM (ihajanmakRta) para nirbhara hai| isa taraha niyayAniyayaM (niyatAniyataM) siddhAnta kI sthApanA kara tatkAlIna anya kriyAvAdiyoM se apanA spaSTa matabheda prakaTa kiyaa| unhoMne batalAyA ki pUrvajanmakRta karmoM ke adhIna ho hamane kaise bhavabhramaNa kiyA aura kaise aba kara rahe haiN| bhaga0 buddha bhI kriyAvAdI the para unakA siddhAnta thA ki hama hetu prabhava haiM aura hetuoM (pratItya samutpAda) ke kAraNa cakkara kATa rahe haiN| . ina donoM kriyAvAdiyoM ke matabheda ko dUsare zabdoM meM yoM kahA jA sakatA hai ki mahAvIra antaraMga aura bahiraMga donoM zaktiyoM ko mAnakara calate haiM, buddha kevala antaraMga zakti arthAt mana (manopubbaMgamA dhammA) para calate haiN| eka ne bahiraMga kAya-karma (daNDa) vacana-karma (daNDa) aura antaraMga manaHkarma (daNDa) ko bandhana rUpa se pratipAdita kiyA hai to dUsare ne kevala antaraMga mana ko hI anarthakara batalAyA hai| majhimanikAya ke upAlisutta meM yahI carcA uThAI gaI hai ki nigaNTha nAtaputta kAya, vacana aura mana rUpa se tIna daNDa mAnate haiM jaba ki buddha ne kAya, vacana aura mana ko tIna karma mAnA hai; para ina donoM ke matoM kI uktasUtra meM AlocanA karate hue yaha dikhalAyA gayA hai ki mahAvIra kAyadaNDa ko mahApApavAlA mAnate haiM jaba ki buddha manaHkarma ko| isa prasaMga meM daNDa aura karma kA eka hI artha samajhanA cAhiye, parantu mahAvIra ke mata meM kAyadaNDa ko hI sabakucha batalAkara use galata DhaMga se upasthita kiyA gayA hai| upAlisUtra meM yadi hama buddha aura upAli ke bIca hue samvAda ko sUkSmarIti se par3heM, to mahAvIra kI mAnyatA kA yathArtha rUpa samajha sakate haiM: "buddha : 'caturyAma saMvara se saMvRta nigaNTha pAte jAte bahuta choTe choTe prANisamudAya ko mAratA hai| he gRhapati! nigaeThanAtaputta inakA kyA phala batalAte haiN|" upAli: "bhante, anajAna (asaMcetanika) ko nigaNThanAtaputta mahAdoSa nahIM mAnate, jAnakara kiye gaye karma ko hI pApa mAnate haiN|" isa sevAda se yaha niSkarSa nikAlanA sarala hai ki manaHpUrvaka (jAnakara) kiyA gayA karma hI pApakara hai| mahAvIra kA yaha siddhAnta ki manaHkarma aura kAyakarma donoM samAna rUpa se pApajanaka haiM, majjhimanikAya ke mahAsaccakasutta se bhalIbhAnti samarthita hotA hai| uktasUtra meM nigarAThaputta saccaka zrAjIvaka aura buddha ke mata kI zrAlocanA karate hue kahatA hai ki AjIvaka to kAyika bhAvanA meM tatpara ho vicaratA hai, citta 1. majjhimanikAya, cUladukkhakkhandha evaM devadahasutta / ' 2. mahAvagga, sAriputta-moggalAna pravrajyA /
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________________ prAcArya vijayavallamasUri smAraka graMtha kI bhAvanA meM nahIM, Ara buddha citta kI bhAvanA meM lagA rahatA hai, kAyika bhAvanA meM nhiiN| ukta bAlocanA se mahAvIra ke mata kA niSkarSa nikAlanA koI kaThina nhiiN| mahAvIra ke mata meM 'kAyanvayaM cittaM hoti, cittanvayo kAyo hoti' arthAt kAya aura mana donoM kI bhAvanA se mukti mila sakatI hai na ki kevala kAya yA kevala mana kI bhAvanA se| isI taraha pApa bhI donoM ke saMyoga se hogaa| isase aba hama yaha acchI taraha samajha sakate haiM ki mana aura kAya kI dvandvAtmaka kriyA para niyaMtraNa karane ke lie mahAvIra ne tapasyA ke AdhAra ko kAyamanovijJAnAtmaka banAyA aura manosaMvara tathA kAyakleza ko apane dharma meM mahattva diyaa| unakA kahanA thA ki : puruSa jina sukhaduHkhoM kA anubhava karatA hai vaha saba pUrvajanma meM kiye karma ke kAraNa hI, use kar3avI duSkara tapasyA se naSTa karo aura jo aba yahAM vacana mana ko saMvRta kara karma karoge to bhaviSya meM pApa na hoNge| isa taraha purAne karmoM kA tapasyA se anta karane para aura navIna karmoM ko na karane se bhaviSya meM Azrava na hogA aura zrAzrava na hone se karmoM kA kSaya aura karmoM ke kSaya hone se duHkhoM kA nAza tathA duHkhoM ke nAza se vedanA kA nAza aura vedanA ke nAza se saba pApa jIrNa ho jaaveNge'| unakA dUsarA kathana thA ki: pUrva janmameM kiye gaye pApakarma yadi avipakvaphalavAle hoMge to unake kAraNa duHkha vedanIya zrAzrava aAte raheMge jinakA janmAntara meM phala milegaa| unakA upadeza thA ki sukha se sukha nahIM pAyA jA sakatA, duHkha se hI sukha mila sakatA hai| yadi sukha se sukha mila sake to rAjA zreNika bhI use pA sakatA hai| pAli ke sattoM se mahAvIra ke kriyAvAda ke atirikta unake jJAnavAda kA bhI thoDA saMketa milatA hai| saMyuttanikAya ke cittasaMyutta meM apanA abhimata prakaTa karate hue mahAvIra ne kahA hai ki H "saddhAya kho gahapati ANaM eva paNItataraM" arthAt zraddhA se bar3hakara kahIM jJAna hai| yaha kathana jaina granthoM se milatA hai| jaina darzana meM jJAna ko svaparaprakAzaka mAnA gayA hai aura use 'samyagjJAnaM pramANaM' ke rUpa meM bhI svIkRta kiyA hai| AcAramArga pAli granthoM se hameM jaina zrAvakoM evaM muniyoM ke prAcAraviSayaka niyamoM kI bhI thor3I bahuta jAnakArI hotI hai| ina varNanoM se mAlUma hotA hai ki nirgrantha sampradAya ke niyamoM kA eka vyavasthita rUpa thA jinakA pAlana usa samaya eka viziSTa varga ke loga karate the| itanA hI nahIM, bhaga0 buddha ne buddhatvaprApti ke pahale jina sAdhanA mArgoM aura niyamoM kA pAlana kara tyAga kiyA thA, unameM kucha aise the jo nigrantha sampradAya meM taba pracalita the aura Aja bhI pAlana kiye jAte haiN| udAharaNa ke lie majjhimanikAya ke mahAsIhanAda ko hI leN| isa sUtra meM acelaka sampradAya ke rUpa meM jaina muniyoM ke kucha prAcAroM kA varNana milatA hai / yadyapi pAli granthoM meM acelaka (vastrarahita) kA artha AjIvaka sampradAya hI liyA gayA hai para jainAgamoM ko dekhane se mAlUma hotA hai ki acelaka nimranthasampradAya meM bhI the / svayaM mahAvIra vastrarahita (nagma) the| zrAjIvaka bhI nama rahate the| pro. yAkobI ne pAli granthoM meM varNita zrAjIvakoM ke prAcAroM se jainAcAroM kI samAnatA tathA jainAgamoM meM varNita mahAvIra aura zrAjIvaka netA makkhalI gozAla kA 6 varSoM taka nirantara sAhacarya dekhakara yaha niSkarSa nikAlA hai ki AjIvaka aura nirgrantha Apasa meM eka dUsare se avazya prabhAvita hue haiN| jainoM kI mAnyatA hai ki bhaga0 mahAvIra ke pahale jaina paramparA ke pratiSThApaka bhaga0 pArzvanAtha ho gaye haiM 1. cuuldukkhkkhndhsutt| 2. aMguttaranikAya, catukkanipAta, 165 sutta / 3. cuuldukkhkvndhsutt|
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________________ pAli bhASA ke bauddha granthoM meM jaina dharma 11 jinake calAye zrAcAravicAra ke niyama usa samaya zrAjIvakoM, nirgranthoM aura buddha ke sAmane the| jo ho, para mahAsIhanAda aura mahAsaccaka sUtroM meM acelakoM ke nAma se jina zrAcAroM kA varNana diyA gayA hai ve hI zrAcAra ariga, dazavaikAlika zrAdi sUtroM meM nirgranthoM ke pracAra ke rUpa meM varNita haiN| una sUtroM meM unakA varNana saMkSepa meM yoM hai: "acelaka rahanA, muktAcAra honA (snAna, dAtuna nahIM karanA, khar3e hokara bhojana karanA ), hAtha cATakara khAnA, Aiye bhadanta ! khar3e rahiye bhadanta ! aisA koI kahe to use sunA anasunA kara denA, sAmane lAkara dI huI bhikSA kA, apane uddezya se banAI huI bhikSA kA aura diye gaye nimantraNa kA asvIkAra jisa bartana meM rasoI pakI ho, usameM sIdhI dI gaI bhikSA kA tathA khala Adi meM se dI gaI bhikSA kA asvIkAra, bhojana karate hue do meM se uThakara eka ke dvArA dI jAne vAlI bhikSA kA, garbhiNI strI ke dvArA dI huI bhikSA kA aura puruSoM ke sAtha ekAnta meM sthita strI ke dvArA dI jAne vAlI bhikSA kA asvIkAra,.. kabhI eka ghara se eka kaura, kabhI do ghara se do kaura zrAdi bhikSA lenA, to kabhI eka upavAsa, kabhI do upavAsa Adi karate hue pandraha upavAsa karanA, dAr3hI-mUMchoM kA luMcana karanA, khar3e hokara aura ukkaDu zrAsana para baiThakara tapa karanA, snAna kA sarvathA tyAga karake zarIra para mala dhAraNa karanA, itanI sAvadhAnI se jAnAnA ki jala ke yA anya kisI sUkSma jantu kA ghAta na ho, kar3I ThaMDa meM khar3e rahanA Adi Adi / " tapasyA jaina sAdhu jIvana kA mukhya aMga thaa| usake kAraNa jainamuni dIghatapassI jaisA nAma bhI pAte the| ve loga tapasyA kA zrAcaraNa prAyaH khar3e hokara ( ubbhaTTako ), zrAsana chor3akara ( zrAsana parikkhitto ) karate the| vaha tapasyA bar3I duHkhakara, tIvra ( tippA ) evaM kar3avI (kaTukA) hotI thI / ' caturyAmasaMvara : dIghanikAya ke sAmaJJaphalasUtra meM nigaNThanAthaputta ko caturyAmasaMvara se saMvRta likhA hai| vahAM caturyAma saMvara kA artha diyA gayA hai-- saba prakAra ke pAnI se saMvRta (sabbavArivArito) sabhI pApoM se nivRta (sabbavAriyatto) sabhI pApoM kI zuddhi hone se saMvRta (sabbAvAri dhuto) sabhI pApa hAni se sukha anubhava karane vAlA -- sabbavAri puTTho / pAli kA yaha caturyAma saMvara hameM jainAgamoM ke cAujjAma (caturyAma) kI yAda dilAtA hai jisakA artha hotA hai cAra vrata - ahiMsA, satya, acaurya aura aparigraha | ina caturyAmoM ko, jainAgamoM ke anusAra, , upadeza dene vAle bhaga0 pArzvanAtha the jo ki bhaga0 mahAvIra se 250 varSa pahale hue the / mahAvIra ne ina cAra yAmoM meM eka aura yAma - brahmacaryavrata- milAkara paJcayAma arthAt paJcamahAvratoM kI sthApanA kI / para ukta pAli sUtra meM caturyAma saMvara kA jo artha diyA gayA hai vaha ekadama bhrAnta evaM aspaSTa hai / nirgrantha paramparA ke yathArtha caturyAma saMvara se bhaga0 buddha yA unakI samakAlIna ziSyamaNDalI acchI taraha paricita na rahI ho so bAta nahIM / majjhima nikAya ke cUlasakuladAyi evaM saMyuttanikAya ke gAmiNi saMyutta ke AThaveM sUtra se mAlUma hotA hai ki prANAtipAta ( hiMsA), adinnAdAna (corI), kAmesu micchAcAra (brahmacarya), musAvAda (asatya) se virakta honekA upadeza bhagavAn mahAvIra sadA dete the| tathApi ina sUtroM meM una bAtoM kA caturyAmasaMvara nAma se ullekha nahIM kiyA gyaa| bauddhaparamparA meM nirgranthaparamparA ke ina caturyAma yA paJcayAmoM kA eka rUpAntara paJcazIla evaM dazazIla ke rUpa meM pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai tathA ve uvata nAma se hI vahAM samajhe gaye haiN| mahAvIra aura buddha ke samaya ke caturyAma saMvara ko bauddha bhikSu jAnate avazya the para pIche usake arthasUcaka tattvoM kA apane granthoM meM nAmAntara dekha jaina paramparA ke artha ko bhUla gaye / mAlUma hotA hai ki pIche jaba pAlipiTakoM kA saMkalana huA to usa samaya caturyAma saMvara kA artha dene kI AvazyakatA par3I aura kisI bauddha bhikSu ne apanI kalpanA se ukta artha kI yojanA kara dii| jo ho, para caturyAma kA ThIka artha vahAM nahIM diyA gyaa| kucha vidvAnoM kI mAnyatA hai ki mahAvIra kI ahiMsA kI 1. majjhimanikAya, cUladukkhavakhandharAtta
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________________ 12 prAcArya vijayavallabhasUri smAraka graMtha caramasAdhanA ko dRSTi meM rakhakara hI caturyAma kA pAlisUtroM meM ukta artha pratipAdita kiyA gayA hai| saba prakAra ke pAnI ke tyAga kA sIdhA artha yaha hai ki jaina loga ThaMDe pAnI meM jIva mAnate haiM aura usakA prAzuka banAkara hI upayoga karate haiN| jaina muni aprAzuka ThaMDApAnI nahIM le skte| isa AcaraNa se pAli grantha acchItaraha paricita haiN| upAlisutta meM spaSTa likhA hai mahAvIra 'sItodakapaTikkhitto' (ThaNDepAnI kA tyAgI) 'uNhodaka paTisevI' (uSNa jala lene vAle) the| jaina zrAvakoM ke kucha vrata ___ aMguttara nikAya ke tRtIya nidAna ke 70 veM sUtra meM nigarAThopasatha nAma se jo varNana diyA gayA hai usase hameM jaina zrAvakoM ke dikhata aura pauSadha bratoM kA paricaya milatA hai| ukta sUtra meM bhaga0 buddha ne vizAkhA nAma kI upAsikA ke lie gopAlaka-uposatha aura nigaNTha uposatha kA parihAsa karate hue, Arya uposatha kA upadeza diyA hai| nigaNTha uposatha kA varNana isa prakAra hai: he vizAkhe! zramaNoM kI eka jAti hai jise nigaNTha kahate haiN| ve loga apane zrAvakoM ko bulAkara kahate haiM ki "pratyeka dizA meM itane yojana se Age jo prANI haiM unakA daNDa-hiMsaka vyaapaar--chodd'o| dekho vizAkhe! ve nirgrantha zrAvaka amuka amuka yojana ke bAda na jAne kA nizcaya karate haiM aura utane yojana ke bAda prANiyoM kI hiMsA kA tyAga karate haiM tathA sAtha hI ve maryAdita yojana ke bhItara pAne vAle prANiyoM kI hiMsA kA tyAga nahIM karate, isase ve prANAtipAta se nahIM bacate haiN|" bhaga0 buddha ke ina vacanoM meM jaina zrAvakoM ke 12 vratoM meM se prathama guNavrata-divrata-ko pahicAnanA kaThina nahIM hai| digvata kA artha hai pUrva, uttara, dakkhina, pacchima kI dizAoM meM yojanoM kA pramANa karake usase Age dizAtroM aura vidizAoM meM na jaanaa| isase zrAvaka apane alpa icchA nAma ke guNa kI vRddhi karatA hai| usI prasaMga meM Age kahA gayA hai| ve loga uposatha ke dina (tadaha uposathe) zrAvakoM se isa taraha kahate haiM ki "he bhAiyo! tuma saba kapar3oM kA tyAga kara aisA kaho ki maiM kisI kA nahIM hU~ aura merA koI nahIM hai ityaadi| para yaha kahane vAle yaha nizcaya rUpa se jAnate haiM ki amuka mere mAtApitA haiM, amuka merA putra, strI, svAmI evaM dAsa hai| para ye isa taraha jAnate hue bhI jaba yaha kahate haiM ki maiM kisI kA nahIM hUM aura merA koI nahIM hai, to ve avazya jhUTha bolate haiN|" ina zabdoM meM jaina gRhastha ke bAraha vratoM meM se dvitIya zikSAvrata-pauSadha-kA ullekha milatA hai| jaina graMthoM meM yaha pauSadhavata uttama, madhyama aura jaghanya tIna prakAra se kahA gayA hai| uttama pauSadha vaha hai jisameM jaina zrAvaka saba prakAra ke AhAra kA tyAga kara maryAdita samaya ke lie vastra, alaMkAra, kuTumba se sambandha Adi kA tyAga kara detA hai| madhyama uposatha meM yadyapi vidhi pUrvavat hI rahatI hai para zrAvaka usadina jalamAtra grahaNa karatA hai| jaghanya pauSadha meM zrAhAra bhI grahaNa karatA hai| isa jaghanya uposatha ko hama ukta prasaMga meM hI parihAsa ke DhaMga se varNana kiye gaye gopAlaka uposatha ke rUpa meM pahacAna sakate haiM: "he vizAkhe! jaise sAyaMkAla gvAle gAyoM ko carAkara unake mAlikoM ko vApasa sauMpate haiM taba kahate haiM ki Aja amuka jagaha meM gAyeM carI, amuka jagaha meM pAnI piyA aura kala amuka amuka sthAna meM careMgI aura pAnI piyeNgii...aadi| vaise hI jo loga uposatha lekara khAnapAna kI carcA karate haiM ve aAja hamane amuka khAyA, amuka piyA aura amuka khAyeMge, amuka pAna kareMge, aisI carcA karane vAloM kA uposatha gopAlaka uposatha hai|" isa taraha bauddha granthoM meM vikharI huI sAmagrI ko jaina granthoM se tulanA kara tatkAlIna jaina dharma kA rUpa acchI taraha jAnA jA sakatA hai|