New Sanskrit Fragments Of Pramanavinischayah First Chapter

Author(s): Ernst Steinkellner
Publisher: Ernst Steinkellner
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/269232/1

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NEW SANSKRIT-FRAGMENTS OF PRAMANAVINISCAYAH, FIRST CHAPTER By Ernst Steinkellner, Vienna TILMANN VETTER has published in 1966 an edition of the Tibetan translation together with the known Sanskrit-fragments and a German translation of Dharmakirti's Pramanaviniscayah, its first chapter on pratyaksam1. Only two years later the long and somewhat mysteriously delayed edition of Bhasarvajna's Nyayabhusanam has been welcomed 2. We have known for a long time of the great importance of Bhasarvajna's own commentary for the history of the older Nyaya from his short Nyayasarah, from several later commentaries already published3, from numerous references to and quotations from the Nyayabhusanam in later Jinistic, Nyaya-Vaisesika and Vedantic philosophical texts and above all from a considerable number of quotations in polemical passages of Jnanasrimitra's and Ratnakirti's works. But the Nyayabhusanam deserves interest not only for the philosophical qualities of its author and the very personal and to some extent "heterodox" character of his Nyaya-Vaisesika 5, it is also an inestimable mine of 1 TILMANN VETTER, Dharmakirti's Pramanaviniscayah, 1. Kapitel: Pratyaksam; Einleitung, Text der tibetischen Ubersetzung, Sanskritfragmente, deutsche Ubersetzung. Ost. Ak. Phil.-hist. Kl. 250/3, Wien 1966 (abbreviated PVin I). I have used the abbreviations of VETTER's edition. Tib. refers to the Tibetan translation. 2 Srimadacarya-Bhasarvajna-pranitasya Nyayasarasya svopajnam vyakhyanam Nyayabhusanam. SVAMI YOGINDRANANDAH Saddarsanaprakasanagranthamala 1, Varanasi 1968 (abbreviated NBhus). samp., 3 Vasudeva's Nyayasarapadapancika (ed. by V. ABHYANKAR and C. R. DEVADHAR, Poona 1922), Apararkadeva's Nyayamuktavali, Ananda. nubhavacarya's Nyayakalanidhih (ed. S. SUBRAHMANYA SASTRI and V. SUBRAHMANYA SASTRI, Madras 1961 Madras Gov. Or. Ser. 167). 4 Ed. by A. THAKUR, Patna 1959, 1957 = Tib. Skt. Works Ser. 5, 3. 5 Due to the fragmentary tradition we still do not know very much about the real width and possibilities of early Nyaya-thought. For practical

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200 ERNST STEINKELLNER information for the earlier Nyaya and Vaisesika as well as for rival philosophical schodis6. Future research will certainly profit a great deal by taking notice of the numerous and sometimes extensive quotations from a respectable host of sources, only a part of which has been preserved. The following materials are only a limited example of the historical value of this text. Within the Buddhist tradition of epistemology and logic Bhasarvajna's main polemical targets are the theories of Dharmakirti and Prajnakaragupta. He knows both philosophers especially well--he seems to have used even some other commentaries on Dharmakirti's works too-and throughout his work he refers to their teachings whenever possible. Amongst the works of Dharmakirti Bhasarvajna quotes copiously from the Pramanavarttikam and the Vadanyayah, a fact which has already been noted by the editor. A few sentences from the Hetubinduh may not necessarily have been taken directly as they do not go beyond some widely known statements. What has not been seen by the editor is that quite a few of the verses he traces back to the Pramanavarttikam have not been quoted from that work but from the Pramanaviniscayah. This can easily be shown in most cases as Bhasarvajna makes extensive use of the PVin quoting its verses as well as prose-passages. It will be seen from the following collection of fragments that the extent of the quotations surpasses any reasonable expectation and thereby contributes enormously to improving the textual tradition of the PVin. I shall, however, restrict myself to the quotations from the first chapter, as they form a valuable supplement to VETTER's edition? I refrain from taking up into this collection a quantitatively ever increasing group of quotations in various philosophical texts that have not been mentioned in VETTER's edition because-as far as I can seethey do not bring any new Sanskrit text or variants. The fragments are given in their sequence within the PVin. Any wording that not only deviates from the Tibetan translation but must be considered as a product of Bhasarvajna's intervention is not printed in italics. Bhasarvajna usually quotes literally but sometimes he is inclined to make small changes or even free transformations without, however, shifting the sense. Omissions are marked by dots. purposes we may, however, call those teachings ,,orthodox" which are in line with the extant commentaries. 6 SVAMI YOGINDRANANDA has given a first compilation of the sources referred to by Bhasarvajna in his introduction pp. 7-20. ? There are also quotations from the second chapter, which will be incorporated into an edition under preparation. There may be some from the third chapter too, but I have not yet traced any.

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New Sanskrit-fragments of Pramanaviniscayah 201 PVin I 32, 1-13 = NBhus 381, 8-13: dvividha evarthah pratyaksah paroksas ca. tatra yo jnanapratibhasam anvayavyatirekav atiano 'nukarayati, sa pratyaksah, tad asadharanam vasturupam svalaksanam. anyas tu ... 8 saksat svabhavopadhanasamarthyarahito 'yukta pratipattir eva. na canyadarsane 'nyakalpana yukta, atiprasangat. tasya nantariyakataya syat. sa hi pratibaddhasvabhavo yathavidhasiddhas tathavidhasannidhanam sucayati. samanyena ca svasambandhino 'rthasya pratipattir anumanam iti dva eva pramane, anyatha pratipattyayogat. PVin I 40,2--5 = NBhus 177, 4; 178, 3f.: pratyaksam kalpanapodham abhrantam (v. 4abl) timirasubhramananauyanasamksobhadyanahitavibhramam avikalpakam jnanam pratyaksam. PVin I 40, 6-8 = NBhus 176, 19f.: abhilapini pratitih kalpana (v. 4|bel) abhilapasamsargayogyapratibhasa pratitih kalpana. PVin I 40, 10--18 = NBhus 178, 19--179, 1: tarthasya samarthyena samudbhavat || (v. 4|cd) ...9 arthasamarthyenotpadyamanam tadrupam evanukuryat. na hy arthe sabdah santi tadatmano va, yena tasmin pratibhasamane ...10 pratibhaseran. na cayam arthasamsparsi 11 samvedanadharmah12, arthesu tanniyojanat, tato 'rthanam apratitiprasangat. tasmad ayam upanipatya vijnanam janayan ...13 PVin I 40, 20-42, 30 = NBhus 179, 2--17 napi tadbalenodiyamanam vijnanam arthantaram anusartum yuktam 14, rasadijnanavat. sato 'pi tadatmana indriyantarajnanotpattav asamarthyad atiprasangac car vikalpakam tu manovijnanam. artha 15 sannidhananapeksam vikalpavasanotthapitam aniyatendriyarthagrahi kutascid anubhavasambandhat saha pethag va glhniyat. api ca arthopayoge 'pi punah smartam sabdanuyojanam aksadhir yady apekseta so 'rtho vyavahito bhavet || (v.5) 8 buddhau NVTT, Tib. 9 tad dhy SVT. 10 te 'pi SVT. 11 -sparsa- NBhus. 12 -dharma NBhus. 13 Bhasarvajna concludes the sentence in his own words. 14 Tib. rjes su cbran ba ma yin te. 15 Tib. don gyi nus pa would be *arthabala-.

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202 ERNST STEINKELLNER na hi samketakalabhavinam abhilapasamanyam asmaratas tadyojana sambhavati, sabdantaravat. na carthabhi patakste 'saty antare vikare sabdavisese smrtir yukta, tasyatatkytatve tannamal@grahanaprasangat. tat smrtya vyavadhanan narthopayogo 'nantaravyaparaphalah syat. tatas ca yah prag ajanako buddher upayogavisesatah sa pascad api syat atmabhedena samarthyavisesan naikasyaikatra kriyakriye sambhavatah. tena syad arthapaye 'pi netradhih || (v.6) arthasya saksad buddhav anupayogat smrtiprabodhe copayuktatvan nasyanupakarino buddhir bhavam apekseta. arthabhipatakste ca buddhijanmany abhilapasmrtyantarabhavat. PVin I 44, 2--46, 20 = NBhus 179, 19--180, 14: visesanam visesyam ca sambandham laukikim sthitim glhitva sankalayyaitat tatha pratyeti nanyatha || (v.7) kimcit kenacid visistam grhyamanam visesanavisesyatatsambandhalokavyavasthapratitau tatsankalanena grhyate dandyal?divat. nanyatha, arthasambandhabhidhanavyavasthaparijnane 'bhavat. jatigunakriyavatam etan na sambhavaty eva, rupavivekasambandhayor apratibhasanena ghatanayogat, ksirodakavad atadvedini. yatrapi vivekapratipattir asti, tasyapi grahanam. sanketasmaranopayam drstasankalanatmakam parvaparaparamarsasunye tac caksuse katham || (v. 8) na hidam iyato vyaparat kartum samartham, samnihitavisaya 18bale. notpanne 'vicarakatvat, vicarakatve cendriyamanojnanayor abhedaprasangat. abhede catitanagatavastuprabhedagrahanagrahanohanuharthabhavapeksana peksadiprasangah. manovijnanabhisamskrtam indriyajnanam pratyetiti cet, na, yathoktagrahinas tathapravrtty(r)ayogat, avisaye 'pravitteh, jatyadisambandhatitasabdavyavaharadinam indriyajnana 20. visayatvat. tasman nendriyajnanam arthasamyojanam kalpanam avisati. vikalpotthapita sa ca ni alvartetecchaya matih narthasamnidhim ikseta. (v. 9a-c) api ceyam visesanadivikalpotthapita sati pravrttapi samagrasamagri kasya punar22 icchaya nivarteta tadanyavikalpavat. sakyante hi kalpanah 16 -nama- NBhus. 17 danda. NBhus. 18 The variant of the pratika yul ne baci (Dh 65 b 6) thus is to be prefered to Tib. yul gyi don ne baci. 19 Tib. rtoge pa wrongly translates -pratipatti20 jnana- NBhus. 21 na NBhus. 22 kasya punar has no equivalent in Tib.

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New Sanskrit-fragments of Pramanaviniscayah 203 pratisankhyanena 23 nivarayitum, nendriyabuddhayah. Samagrisakalye vinivartya gobuddhim asvam api kalpayato godarsanat. napiyam arthasamnidhim ikseta, na hi gavadivikalpo 'rthasamnidhav eva bhavati. PVin I 60, 1-4: The definition of the manasam pratyaksam is freely rendered in NBhus 101, 6f.: svavisayanantaravisayasahakarinendriyajnanena ... janitam jnanam manasam ... pratyaksam. PVin I 62, 7-10 = NBhus 101, 7-102, 3: sukhadinam svasamvedanam || (v. 19d) ... sukhadigrahanam spastasamvedanapradarsanartham. sarvajnananam api svasamvedanam. PVin I 72, 2674,4 = NBhus 171, 12-16: bhavanabalatah 24 spastam bhayadav iva bhasate yaj jnanam avisamvadi tat pramanam 25 akalpakam || (v. 28) yoginam api prasrutamayena jnanenarthan glhitva yukticintamayena vyavasthapya bhavayatam tannispattau yat spastavabhasi jnanam tat pratyaksam. tac cavisamvaditvat pramanam, spastabhatvad avikalpakam, bhayadav iva 26 PVin I 74, 24f. (v. 32 ab) = NBhus 178, 627. PVin I 76, 26-78, 9 = NBhus 177, 5f.; 8--11; 12; 13: naiva dvicandradibhrantir indriyaja ity eke. tan na, indriya 28 bhavabhavanurodhasya tattvaprayojakatvat 29 tasyehapi tulyatvat; indriyavikare ca vikarat, tannibandhanatvac casrayasthiteh; sarpadibhrantivan manobhranter aksavikytav api nivrttiprasangat, tatha ksavikaranivrttav apy 23 80 sor brtage pas Tib. and NVV: prasankhyanena NBhus. 24 -valata- NBhus. 36 Tib. mron sum would be *pratyaksam, but the explanatory prose would suggest pramanam too. Moreover the attribute akalpakam would make sense with pramanam but be tautological with pratyaksam. 28 The Tibetan translation differs from yat spastavabhasi in construction, although not in content. I cannot decide whether Bhasarvajna's or the translation's construction should be preferred. The more lucid unfolding of the thought in Bhasarvajna's version may be a reason for considering it as being closer to the original. 27 The verse has been quoted from PVin, for Bhasarvajna continues with the words tathanyatrapy uktam and then starts quoting from the Pramanavarttikam. 28 indriya- may be preferred to Tib. dban po las byun ba la. 29 Tib. has a paraphrased translation.

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204 ERNST STEINKELLNER anivrttiprasangat. tasmad indriyajam apy etad bhranter 30 apratyaksam. ata eva ... vikalpavargat prthak 31 timiropalaksitam viplavam pratyaksabhasam aha. PVin I 78, 16--80, 17 = NBhu$ 46, 15--47, 12: . arthena ghatayaty enam na hi muktvartharupatam tasmat prameyadhigateh pramanam meyarupata || (v. 34) na hi kriyayah sadhanam ity eva sarvam sarvasyah sadhanam, kin tu ya yatah prasiddhim upayati. tatranubhavamatrena sadssatmano jnanasya sarvatra karmani tenatmana bhavitavyam, yenasyedam iti pratikarma vibhajyate. anatmabhutas casyendriyarthasannikarsadisu, hetusu vidyamano 'pi bhedo bhinne karmany abhinnatmano na 32 bhedena niyamakah, kriyanibandhatvat karanatvasya, tadavisese tasya api visesasiddheh 33 sato 'pi va visesasya 34 tadanangatayakaranatvat 35. tasmad yato 'syatmabhedad asyeyam adhigatir ity ayam asyah karmani niyamah, tat sadhanam. na ceyam arthaghatana arthasarupyad anyato jnanasya sambhavati. na hi patumandatadibhih 36 svabhedair bhedakam apindriyady arthenaitad 37 ghatayati, tatra pratyasattinibandhanabhavat. asty anubhavaviseso 'rthakrto yata iyam pratitir na sarupyad 38 iti cet, atha kim idanim sato 'pi rupam na nirdisyate. nedam idantaya sakyam vyapadestum. anirupitenayam atmana bhavan vyavasthapayatidam asyedam neti suvyavasthita bhavah 39 tasmat prameyadhigateh sadhanam meyarupata | (v. 35ab) PVin I 80, 18--27 (vv. 35cd_37) = NBhus 49, 15--1940. PVin I 84, 18-86, 9 = NBhus 104, 841641 30 Tib. Ckhrul pa cdi ni dban po las skyes kyan would be equivalent to *indriyajapy sa bhrantir ..., but NBhus has the lectio difficilior. 31 Tib. rnam par bcad has no equivalent in Sanskrit. 32 No equivalent for Tib. ses pa. 38 -siddhe NBhus, but cf. 48, 19. 34 visesasya has no equivalent in Tib. and is very probably a gloss. 35 Tib. deci byed pa ma yin paci phyir. 36 patumandaksadibhih NBhus 47, 8; but cf. 48, 26 and Tib. 37 Tib. de Itar would be *evam. 38 Tib. don dan cdra ba las would be *arthasarupyat. 39 bhavah without equivalent in Tib., where the sentence is a bit shortened. 40 These verses too are apparently quoted from PVin, not from PV, for they are the immediate continuation of the quotation above. 41 For the discovery of this fragment I am much obliged to Dr. OTTO GROHMA who thereby aroused my curiosity to search for other fragments. He has also called my attention to the parallel passages of the Nyayavartika

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New Sanskrit fragments of Pramanaviniscayah 205 na tavad eko 'vayavi 42, tatha sati tasya 43 panyadi 44 kampe sarvakampa. prapteh, akampe va salacalayoh prthaksiddhiprasangat, vastrodakavat. ekasya cavarane sarvasyavaranaprasangat, abhedat. na va kasyacid avaranam ity avikalam drsyeta. avayavasyavaranam navayavina iti cet 45, ardhavarane 'py anavrtatvat prag ivasya darsanaprasangah. avayavadarsanadvarena taddarsanad adsstavayavasya tasyapratipattir iti cet, na, sarvathapratipattiprasangat 46 sarvavayavanam 47 drasstum asakyatvat, ...48 katipayavayavadarsane tu 49 avayavi 50darsane tadvad 51 alpa 52. vayavadarsane 'pi sthulopalambhaprasangah 53. rakte caikasminn avayave nasarvo (*.lity abranno tatparyatika (Calcutta Sanskrit Series XVIII, Calcutta 1936. Abbreviated NVTT). These parallel passages of the NVTT are interwoven in a purvapaksah (NVTT 473, 23474, 21), that sets out with a formal proof against MVTT). These parallel passages of the NVTT are interwovon-in-t parvahpaksah (NVIT-473, 23474, 21), that sets out with a formal proof against the existence of complex reals and in developing the argument uses the three reasons of Dharmakirti as given in the PVin. It would be natural to think of Dharmottara's Tika as the source of this purvapaksah, but the relevant passage (Peking edition, Tshad-ma, Dse, f. 167 a 2 ff.) shows a different text. Vacaspati may, however, have changed and shortened the text to give just the gist of the argument. I cannot decide this question, but the few sentences and words from the PVin interspersed in this text are of great help in correcting the fragment as presented by Bhasarvajna. 42 Tib. yul rags pa would be *sthulavisayam and there is no Sanskrit equivalent for Tib. snan ba yan. 43 No Tib. equivalent for tatha sati tasya. The whole introductory part seems to be slightly changed by Bhasarvajna. 44 No Sanskrit equivalent for Tib. gcig (*-eka-). 45 iti cet NVTT 474, 12 und Tib. (ze na): ity abhyupagame 'pi NBhus. 46 avayavadarsanadvarenavayavidarsanam ity asminn api pakse sarvathavayavino 'pratipattiprasangah NBhus. Here Bhasarvajna seems to have made some transformations. The original sentence can be reconstructed with the help of NVTT 474, 15f. (avayavadarsanadvarenavayavidarsanad adrstavayavasyavayavino 'pratipattir iti cet, na.) and Tib. (Tib. would be equivalent to'*avayavadvarena in the beginning and gives as a reason for the answer additionally tha dad pa med pas). 47 No Sanskrit equivalent for Tib. kyan and cig car. 48 In the NBhus this sentence is a reason for the proceeding one. According to Tib. it is part of a new argument, whose main part (thams cad kyi tshe cdi mi mthon bar thal lo) would be without any equivalent in the NBhus. 49 Tib. mthon ba na yan (Erganzung nach Dh 168b 1), -darsane tu NVTT 474, 19: -darsanad NBhus. 60 No Tib. equivalent for avayavi-. 51 Tib. de bzin du: yadvad NBhus. 62 Tib. cun zad gcig, alpa- NVTT 474, 19: atra- NBhus. 53 Tib. rags pa mthon bar Cgyur ro, sthulopalambhaprasanga) NVTT 474, 19: tathabhutasyaiva darsanaprasangah NBhus.

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206 ERNST STEINKELLNER yady avayavi raktah, tadanyavayavastho 'pi rakta eva droyeta. no cet, tada sarvavayavarage 'py avayavy arakta evopalabhyeta 54. PVin I 94, 17--25 = NBhus 107, 7-108, 3 api ca sahopalambhaniyamad abhedo nilataddhiyoh | (v. 55 a b) na hi bhinnavabhasitve 'py arthantaram eva 55 rupam nilasyanubhavat, tayoh sahopalambhaniyamat, dvicandradivat. na hy anayor ekanupalambhe 'nyopalambho 'sti na caitat svabhavabhede yuktam, pratibandhakaranabhavat. PVin I 96, 10---17 = NBhus 108, 549 apratyaksopalambhasya narthadsstih prasidhyati || (v. 55cd) na hi visayasattaya visayopalambhah. kim tarhi56. tadupalambhasattaya. sa capramaniki na sattanibandhanams tad 57 vyavaharan anurunaddhi. tada prasiddhau visayasyapy aprasiddhir iti sadvyavaharo 58 cchedah syat. na hi 59 sad apy anupalabhyamanam sad iti vyavahartum sakyate 59. PVin I 96, 23--98,5 = NBhus 108, 10-14 atha arthasamvedanam anyena samvedanena samvedyate, tad api sanvedanam asiddhasattakam asatkalpam katham anyasya sadhakam syat. tatrapi samvedanantaranvesane 'navastha syat. tatha ca na kasyacid arthasya siddhir iti60 andhamukam jagat syat. kvacin nisthabhyupagame ca svayam atmanam visayakaram yugapad upalabhata iti tadanye 'pi tatha bhavantu, visesahetvabhavat. tat siddhah sahopalambhah. 54 The last sentence has been rewritten by Bhasarvajna. 55 Cf. TBV 364, 13: evam NBhus. 56 Tib. has ... gyi / con kyan .... 57 No Tib. equivalent for tad58 Tib. has only thams cad. 59 Tib. tha snad mi dnigs paci phyir. 60 Bhasarvajna has rewritten the first part of the fragment and even made some glosses in the first sentence with a view to making it more lucid.