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________________ mana -- zakti, svarUpa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa - pro0 sAgaramala jaina naitika-sAdhanA meM mana kA sthAna bhAratIya-darzana jIvAtmA ke bandhana aura mukti kI samasyA kI eka vistRta vyAkhyA hai| bhAratIya cintakoM ne kevala mukti kI upalabdhi ke hetu AcAra-mArga kA upadeza hI nahIM diyA varan unhoMne yaha batAne kA bhI prayAsa kiyA ki bandhana aura mukti kA mUla kAraNa kyA hai? apane cintana aura anubhUti ke prakAza meM unhoMne isa prazna kA jo uttara pAyA vaha hai -- "mana hI bandhana aura mukti kA kAraNa hai|" jaina, bauddha aura hindU darzanoM meM yaha tathya sarvasammata rUpa se grAhya hai| jainadarzana meM bandhana aura mukti kI dRSTi se mana kI apAra zakti mAnI gaI hai| bandhana kI dRSTi se vaha paurANika brahmAstra se bhI bar3hakara bhayaMkara hai| karmasiddhAnta kA eka vivecana hai ki AtmA ke sAtha karma-bandha kI kyA sthiti hai ? mAtra kAyayoga se mohanIya jaise karma kA bandha utkRSTa rUpa meM eka sAgara kI sthiti taka kA ho sakatA hai| vacanayoga milate hI paccIsa sAgara kI sthiti kA utkRSTa bandha ho sakatA hai| ghrANendriya arthAt nAsikA ke milane para pacAsa sAgara kA, cakSu ke milate hI sau sAgara kA aura zravaNendriya arthAt kAna ke milate hI hajAra sAgara taka kA bandha ho sakatA hai| kintu yadi mana mila gayA to mohanIyakarma kA bandha lAkha aura karor3a sAgara ko bhI pAra karane lgaa| sattara kroDAkor3I (karor3a * karor3a) sAgaropama kA sarvotkRSTa mohanIyakarma "mana" milane para hI bA~dhA jA sakatA hai| yaha hai mana kI apAra zakti ! isalie mana ko khulA chor3ane se pahale vicAra karanA hogA ki kahIM vaha AtmA ko kisI gahana garta meM to nahIM dhakela rahA hai ? jaina vicAraNA meM mana mukti ke mArga kA prathama praveza dvAra bhI hai| vahA~ kevala samanaska prANI hI isa mArga para Age bar3ha sakate haiN| amanaska prANiyoM ko to isa rAjamArga para calane kA adhikAra hI prApta nahIM hai| samyakdRSTitva kevala samanaska praNiyoM ko ho sakatA hai aura ve hI apanI sAdhanA meM mokSa-mArga kI ora bar3hane ke adhikArI ho sakate haiN| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kahate haiM ki "mana ke saMyamana se ekAgratA AtI hai jisase jJAna (viveka) pragaTa hotA hai aura usa viveka se samyaktva kI upalabdhi hotI hai aura ajJAna (mithyAtva) samApta ho jAtA hai| isa prakAra ajJAna kA nivartana aura satya dRSTikoNa kI upalabdhi, jo mukti (nirvANa) kI anivArya zarta hai, binA manaH zuddhi ke sambhava hI nahIM hai| jaina vicAraNA meM mana mukti kA Avazyaka hetu hai| zuddha saMyamita mana nirvANa kA hetu banatA hai jabaki aniyantrita mana hI ajJAna athavA mithyAtva kA
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________________ 98 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 kAraNa hokara prANiyoM ke bandhana kA hetu hai| isI tathya ko AcArya hemacandra ne nimna spa meM prastuta kiyA hai| ve kahate haiM, "mana kA nirodha ho jAne para karma (bandhana ) meM pUrI taraha ruka jAte haiM kyoMki karma kA Asava mana ke adhIna hai lekina jo puruSa mana kA nirodha nahIM karatA hai usake karmoM ( bandhana ) kI abhivRddhi hotI rahatI hai|"2 bauddhadarzana meM citta, vijJapti Adi mana ke paryAyavAcI zabda hai| tathAgata buddha kA kathana hai "sabhI pravRttiyoM kA Arambha mana se hotA hai, mana kI unameM pradhAnatA hai ve pravRttiyoM manomaya hai| jo sadoSa mana se AcaraNa karatA hai, bhASaNa karatA hai usakA duHkha vaise hI anugamana karatA hai jaise -- ratha kA pahiyA ghor3e ke pairoM kA anugamana karatA hai| kintu jo svaccha (zuddha) mana se bhASaNa evaM AcaraNa karatA hai usakA sukha vaise hI anugamana karatA hai jaise sAtha nahIM chor3ane vAlI chaayaa|"4 kumArga para lagA huA citta sarvAdhika ahitakArI aura sanmArga para lagA huA citta sarvAdhika hitakArI hai| ataH jo isakA saMyama kareMge ve mAra ke bandhana se mukta ho jaaeNge| laMkAvatArasUtra meM kahA gayA hai, "citta kI hI pravRtti hotI hai aura citta kI hI vimukti hotI hai|" vedAnta paramparA meM bhI sarvatra yahI dRSTikoNa milatA hai ki jIvAtmA ke bandhana aura mukti kA kAraNa mana hI hai| brahmabindu upaniSad meM kahA gayA hai ki "manuSya ke bandhana aura mukti kA kAraNa mana hI hai| usake viSayAsakta hone para bandhana hai aura usakA nirviSaya honA hI mukti hai|" gItA meM kahA gayA hai -- "indriyA~ mana aura buddhi hI isa vAsanA ke vAsa sthAna kahe gaye haiM aura yaha vAsanA inake dvArA hI jJAna ko AvRta kara samApta ho gaI hai aise brahmabhUta yogI ko hI uttama Ananda prApta hotA hai|"10 AcArya zaMkara bhI viveka cUDAmaNi meM likhate hai ki mana se hI bandhana kI kalpanA hotI hai aura usI se mokSa kii| mana hI dehAdi viSayoM meM rAga ko bAMdhatA hai aura phira viSavat viSayoM meM virasatA utpanna kara mukta kara detA hai| isIlie isa jIva ke bandhana aura mukti ke vidhAna meM mana hI kAraNa hai| rajoguNa se malina huA mana bandhana kA hetu hotA hai tathA raja-tama se rahita zuddha sAtvika hone para mokSa kA kAraNa hotA hai|"11 yadyapi uparokta pramANa yaha to batA dete hai ki mana bandhana aura mukti kA prabalatama ekamAtra kAraNa hai| lekina phira bhI yaha prazna abhI anuttarita hI raha jAtA hai ki mana hI ko kyoM bandhana aura mukti kA kAraNa mAnA gayA hai ? jaina sAdhanA meM mana hI bandhana aura mukti kA kAraNa kyoM ? yadi hama isa prazna kA uttara jaina tattvajJAna kI dRSTi se khojane kA prayAsa kareM, to hameM jJAta hotA hai ki jaina tattvamImAMsA meM jar3a aura cetana ye do mUla tattva hai| zeSa Asava, saMvara, bandha, mokSa aura nirjarA to ina do mUla tattvoM ke sambandha kI vibhinna avasthAe~ haiN| zuddha AtmA to bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM ho sakatA, kyoMki usameM mAnasika, vAcika aura kAyika
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________________ mana -- zakti, svarUpa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa : 99 kriyAoM ( yoga) kA abhAva hai dUsarI ora manobhAva se pRthak kAyika aura vAcika karma evaM jar3akarma paramANu bhI bandhana ke kAraNa nahIM hote haiN| bandhana ke kAraNa rAga, deva, moha Adi manobhAva Atmika avazya mAne gaye hai, lekina inheM Atmagata isalie kahA gayA hai ki binA cetana-sattA ke ye utpanna nahIM hote hai| cetana sattA rAgAdi ke utpAdana kA nimitta kAraNa avazya hai lekina binA mana ke vaha rAgAdi bhAva utpanna nahIM kara sktii| isIlie yaha kahA gayA ki mana hI bandhana aura mukti kA kAraNa hai| dUsare hindU, bauddha aura jaina AcAra-darzana isa bAta meM ekamata haiM ki bandhana kA kAraNa avidyA (moha) hai| aba prazna yaha hai ki isa avidyA kA vAsa sthAna kahA~ hai ? AtmA ko isakA vAsa sthAna mAnanA bhrAnti hogI, kyoMki jaina aura vedAMta donoM paramparAoM meM AtmA kA svabhAva to samyagjJAna hai, mithyAtva, moha kiMvA avidyA AtmAzrita ho sakate haiM lekina ve Atma-guNa nahIM hai aura isalie unheM Atmagata mAnanA yuktisaMgata nahIM hai| avidyA ko jar3a prakRti kA guNa mAnanA bhI bhrAnti hogI kyoMki ve jJAnAbhAva hI nahIM varan viparIta jJAna bhI hai| ataH avidyA kA vAsasthAna mana ko hI mAnA jA sakatA hai jo jar3a aura caitanya ke saMyoga se nirmita hai| ataH usI meM avidyA nivAsa karatI hai usake nivartana para zuddha AtmadazA meM avidyA kI sambhAvanA kisI bhI sthiti meM nahIM ho sktii| mana AtmA ke bandhana aura mukti meM kisa prakAra apanA bhAga adA karatA hai, ise nimna rupaka se samajhA jA sakatA hai| mAna lIjie, karmAvaraNa se kuMThita zakti vAlA AtmA usa A~kha ke samAna hai jisakI dekhane kI kSamatA kSINa ho cukI hai| jagata eka zveta vastu hai aura mana ainaka hai| AtmA ko mukti ke lie jagata ke vAstavika svarUpa kA jJAna karanA hai lekina apanI svazakti ke kuMThita hone para vaha svayaM to sIdhe rUpa meM yathArtha jJAna nahIM pA sktaa| use mana rUpI cazme kI sahAyatA Avazyaka hotI hai lekina yadi ainaka raMgIna kA~coM kA ho to vaha vastu kA yathArtha jJAna na dekara bhrAMta jJAna hI detA hai| usI prakAra yadi mana rAgadvyAdi vRttiyoM se dUSita ( raMgIna) hai to vaha yathArtha jJAna nahIM detA aura hamAre bandhana kA kAraNa banatA hai| lekina yadi mana rUpI ainaka nirmala hai to vaha vastutattva kA yathArtha jJAna dekara hameM mukta banA detA hai| jisa prakAra ainaka meM binA kisI cetana A~kha ke saMyoga ke dekhane kI koI zakti nahIM hotI, usI prakAra jar3a mana-paramANuoM meM bhI binA kisI cetana AtmA ke saMyoga ke bandhana aura mukti kI koI zakti nahIM hai| vastusthiti yaha hai ki jisa prakAra ainaka se dekhane vAle netra hai lekina vikAsa yA raMgInatA kA kArya ainaka meM hai, usI prakAra bandhana ke kAraNa rAgadevAdi vikAra na to AtmA ke kArya hai aura na jar3a tattva ke kArya hai varan mana ke hI kArya hai| jaina vicAraNA ke samAna gItA meM bhI yaha kahA gayA hai ki indriyoM, mana aura buddhi isa "kAma" ke vAsasthAna hai| inake AzrayabhUta hokara hI yaha kAma jJAna ko AcchAdita kara jIvAtmA ko mohita kiyA karatA hai|12 jJAna AtmA kA kArya hai lekina jJAna meM jo vikAra AtA hai vaha AtmA kA kArya na hokara mana kA kArya hai| phira bhI hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie jahA~ gItA meM vikAra yA kAma kA vAsasthAna mana ko mAnA gayA hai vahA~ jaina vicAraNA meM vikAra yA kAmAdi kA vAsasthAna AtmA ko hI mAnA gayA hai| ve mana ke kArya avazya hai lekina unakA
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________________ 100: zramaNa / apraila-jUna/1995 vAsa sthAna AtmA hI hai| jaise raMgIna dekhanA cazme kA kArya hai, lekina raMgInatA kA jJAna to cetanA meM hI hogA / sambhavataH yahA~ zaMkA hotI hai ki jaina vicAraNA meM to aneka baddha prANiyoM ko amanaska mAnA gayA hai, phira unameM jo avidyA yA mithyAtva hai vaha kisakA kArya hai ? isakA uttara yaha hai ki jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra prathama to sabhI prANiyoM meM bhAva mana kI sattA svIkAra kI gaI hai| dUsare zvetAmbara paramparA ke anurUpa yadi mana ko sampUrNa zarIragata mAneM 1 3 to vahA~ devya mana bhI hai, lekina vaha kevala oghasaMjJA hai / dUsare zabdoM meM, unheM kevala vivekazakti vihIna mana (irrational mind) prApta hai| jaina zAstroM meM jo samanaska aura amanaska prANiyoM kA bheda kiyA gayA hai vaha dUsarI vivekasaMjJA (Faculty of reasoning ) kI apekSA se hai| jinheM zAstra meM samanaska prANI kahA gayA hai unase tAtparya viveka zakti yukta prANiyoM se hai| jo amanaska prANI kahe gaye haiM unameM vivekakSamatA nahIM hotI hai| ve na to sudIrghabhUta kI smRti rakha sakate haiM aura na bhaviSya kI aura na zubhAzubha kA vicAra kara sakate haiN| unameM mAtra vartamAnakAlika saMjJA hotI hai aura mAtra aMdha vAsanAoM (mUla pravRttiyoM) se unakA vyavahAra cAlita hotA hai| amanaska prANiyoM meM sattAtmaka mana to hai, lekina unameM zubhAzubha kA viveka nahIM hotA hai, isI vivekAbhAva kI apekSA se hI unheM amanaska kahA jAtA hai / jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra naitika vikAsa kA prArambha viveka kSamatAyukta mana kI upalabdhi se hI hotA hai jaba taka viveka kSamatAyukta mana prApta nahIM hotA hai taba taka zubhAzubha kA vibheda nahIM kiyA jA sakatA aura jaba taka zubhAzubha kA jJAna prApta nahIM hotA hai taba taka naitika vikAsa kI sahI dizA kA nirdhAraNa aura naitika pragati nahIM ho pAtI hai| ataH vivekakSamatA yukta ( Rational mind) naitika pragati kI anivArya zarta hai| breDale prabhRti pAzcAtya vicArakoM ne bhI bauddhika kSamatA yA zubhAzubha viveka ko naitika pragati ke lie Avazyaka mAnA hai| phira bhI jaina vicAraNA kA unase pramukha matabheda yaha hai ki ve naitika uttaradAyitva (Moral responsibility) aura naitika pragati (Moral progress ) donoM ke lie vivekakSamatA ko Avazyaka mAnate haiM, jabaki jaina vicAraka naitika pragati ke lie to viveka Avazyaka mAnate haiM lekina naitika uttaradAyitva ke lie viveka zakti ko Avazyaka nahIM mAnate haiN| yadi koI prANI vivekAbhAva meM bhI anaitika karma karatA hai to jaina dRSTi se vaha naitika rUpa se uttaradAyI hogA / kyoMki (1) prathamataH, vivekAbhAva hI pramattatA hai aura yahI anaitikatA kA kAraNa hai| ataH vivekapUrvaka kArya nahIM karane vAlA naitika uttaradAyitva se mukta nahIM hai| (2) dUsare, viveka zakti to sabhI cetana AtmAoM meM hai, jisameM vaha prasupta hai, usa prasupti ke lie bhI ve svayaM hI uttaradAyI haiN| (3) tIsare aneka prANI to aise haiM jinameM viveka kA pragaTana ho cukA thA, jo kabhI samanaska yA vivekavAna prANI the, lekina unhoMne usa vivekazakti kA yathArtha upayoga na kiyA / phalasvarUpa unameM vaha vivekazakti punaH kuNThita ho gii| ataH aise prANiyoM ko naitika uttaradAyitva se mukta nahIM mAnA jA sktaa|
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________________ mana -- zakti, svarUpa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa : 101 sUtrakRtAMga meM isa sambandha meM spaSTa ullekha milatA hai -- kaI jIva aise bhI haiM, jinameM jarA-sI tarkazakti, prajJAzakti yA mana yA vANI kI zakti nahIM hotI hai| ve mUr3ha jIva bhI sabake prati samAna doSI hai aura usakA kAraNa yaha hai ki saba yoniyoM ke jIva eka janma meM saMjJA (viveka) vAle hokara apane kiye hue karmoM ke kAraNa dUsare janma meM asaMjJI (viveka zUnya ) banakara janma lete haiN| ataeva vivekavAn honA yA na honA apane hI kiye hue karmoM kA phala hotA hai isase vivekAbhAva kI dazA meM jo kucha pApa-karma hote haiM unakI javAbadArI bhI unakI hI hai| yadyapi jaina tatvajJAna meM jIvoM ke avyavahAra-rAzi kI jo kalpanA kI gaI hai, usa varga ke jIvoM ke naitika uttaradAyitva kI vyAkhyA sUtrakRtAMga ke isa AdhAra para nahIM ho sktii| kyoMki avyavahAra-rAzi ke jIvoM ko to viveka kabhI pragaTita hI nahIM huA ve to kevala isa AdhAra para hI uttaradAyI mAne jA sakate haiM ki unameM jo vivekakSamatA prasupta hai ve usakA pragaTana nahIM kara rahe haiN| eka prazna yaha bhI hai ki yadi naitika pragati ke lie "saviveka mana" Avazyaka hai to phira jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra ve sabhI prANI jinameM aise "mana" kA abhAva hai, naitika pragati ke patha para kabhI Age nahIM bar3ha skeNge| jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra isa prazna kA uttara yaha hogA ki "viveka" ke abhAva meM bhI karma kA bandha aura bhoga to calatA hai, lekina phira bhI jaba vicAraka-mana kA abhAva hotA hai to karma vAsanA-saMkalpa se yukta hote hue bhI vaicArika saMkalpa se yukta nahIM hote hai aura karmoM ke vaicArika saMkalpa se yukta nahIM hone ke kAraNa bandhana meM tIvratA bhI nahIM hotI hai| isa prakAra navIna karmoM kA bandha hote hue bhI tIvra bandha nahIM hotA hai aura purAne karmoM kA bhoga calatA rahatA hai| ataH nadI-pASANa nyAya ke anusAra saMyoga se kabhI na kabhI vaha avasara ho jAtA hai, jaba prANI viveka ko prApta kara letA hai aura naitika vikAsa kI ora agrasara ho sakatA hai| mana kA svarUpa isa prakAra hama dekhate hai ki mana AcAradarzana kA kendra bindu hai| jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAradarzanoM kI paramparAyeM mana ko naitika jIvana ke sandarbha meM atyadhika mahatvapUrNa sthAna pradAna karatI hai| ataH yaha svAbhAvika hai ki mana kA svaspa kyA hai aura vaha naitika jIvana ko kisa prakAra prabhAvita karatA hai isa tathya para bhI vicAra kreN| __ mana ke svarUpa ke vizleSaNa kI pramukha samasyA yaha hai ki kyA mana bhautika tattva hai athavA AdhyAtmika tattva hai ? bauddha vicAraNA mana ko cetana tattva mAnatI hai jabaki sAMkhyadarzana aura yogavAsiSTha meM use jar3a mAnA gayA hai|14 gItA sAMkhya vicAraNA ke anurUpa mana ko jar3a prakRti se hI utpanna aura triguNAtmaka mAnatI hai| jaina vicAraNA meM mana ke bhautika pakSa ko "dravyamana" aura cetana pakSa ko "bhAvamana" kahA gayA hai|16 vizeSAvazyakabhASya meM batAyA gayA hai ki dravyamana manovargaNA nAmaka paramANuoM
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________________ 102 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 se banA huA hai| yaha mana kA bhautika pakSa (Physical or structural aspect of mind ) hai| sAdhAraNa rUpa se isameM zarIrastha sabhI jJAnAtmaka evaM saMvedanAtmaka aMga A jAte haiN| manovargaNA ke paramANuoM se nirmita usa bhautika racanA tantra meM pravAhita hone vAlI caitanyadhArA bhAvamana hai| dUsare zabdoM meM, isa racanA tantra ko AtmA se milI huI cintana-manaspa caitanya zakti hI bhAva mana (Psychical aspect of mind ) hai| 'yahA~ para eka vicAraNIya prazna yaha bhI uThatA hai ki dravyamana aura bhAvamana zarIra ke kisa bhAga meM sthita hai| digambara sampradAya ke grantha gommaTasAra ke jIvakANDa meM dravyamana kA sthAna hRdaya mAnA gayA hai jabaki zvetAmbara AgamoM meM aisA koI nirdeza upalabdha nahIM hai ki mana zarIra ke kisa vizeSa bhAga meM sthita hai| paM0 sukhalAla jI apane gaveSaNApUrNa adhyayana ke AdhAra para yaha mAnate haiM ki -- "zvetAmbara paramparA kA samagra sthUla zarIra hI dravyamana kA sthAna iSTa hai|" jahA~ taka bhAvamana ke sthAna kA prazna hai usakA sthAna AtmA hI hai| kyoMki Atma-pradeza sampUrNa zarIra meM vyApta hai ataH bhAvamana kA sthAna bhI sampUrNa zarIra hI siddha hotA hai| yadi hama tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra kareM to bauddha-darzana meM mana ko hRdayapradezavartI mAnA gayA hai| jo digambara sampradAya kI dravyamana sambandhI mAnyatA ke nikaTa AtA hai| jabaki sAMkhya paramparA zvetAmbara sampradAya ke nikaTa hai| paM0 sukhalAla jI likhate hai ki sAMkhya Adi darzanoM kI paramparA ke anusAra mana kA sthAna kevala hRdaya nahIM mAnA jA sakatA kyoMki usa paramparA ke anusAra mana sUkSmaliMga zarIra meM, jo aSTAdaza tattvoM kA viziSTa nikAyarUpa hai, praviSTa hai aura sUkSma zarIra kA sthAna samasta sthUla zarIra hI mAnanA ucita jAna par3atA hai| ataeva usa paramparA ke anusAra mana kA sthAna samagra sthUla zarIra hI siddha hotA hai| jaina vicAraNA mana ke AdhyAtmika aura bhautika donoM svarUpoM ko svIkAra karake hI saMtoSa nahIM mAna letI varana ina bhautika aura AdhyAtmika pakSoM ke bIca gahana sambandha ko bhI svIkAra kara letI hai| jaina naitika vicAraNA meM bandhana ke lie amUrta cetana Atmatattva aura jar3a karmatattva kA jo sambandha svIkAra kiyA gayA hai usakI vyAkhyA ke lie use mana ke svarUpa kA yahI siddhAnta abhipreta ho sakatA hai| anyathA jaina vicAraNA kI bandhana aura mukti kI vyAkhyA hI asambhava hogii| vedAntika advaitavAda, bauddha vijJAnavAda evaM zUnyavAda ke darzanoM meM bandhana kA kAraNa anya tattva ko nahIM mAnA jAtA / ataH vahA~ sambandha kI samasyA hI nahIM aatii| sAMkhyadarzana meM AtmA ko kUTastha mAnane ke kAraNa vahA~ bhI puruSa aura prakRti ke sambandha kI koI samasyA nahIM rhtii| isalie ve mana ko ekAMta jar3a athavA cetana mAnakara apanA kAma calA lete haiN| lekina jar3a aura cetana ke madhya sambandha mAnane ke kAraNa jaina-darzana ke lie mana ko ubhayaspa mAnanA Avazyaka hai| jaina vicAraNA meM mana apane ubhayAtmaka svarUpa ke kAraNa hI jar3a karmavargaNA ke pudgala aura cetana Atma-tattva ke madhya yojaka kar3I bana gayA hai| mana kI zakti cetanA meM hai aura usakA kArya-kSetra bhautika jagata hai| jar3a pakSa kI ora se vaha bhautika padArthoM se prabhAvita hotA hai aura apane cetana-pakSa kI ora se AtmA ko prabhAvita karatA hai| isa prakAra jaina dArzanika mana ke dvArA Atmatattva aura jar3atattva ke madhya aparokSa sambandha banA
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________________ mana zakti, svarUpa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa 103 : dete haiM aura isa sambandha ke AdhAra para hI apanI bandhana kI dhAraNA ko siddha karate haiM / mana, jar3a jagat aura cetana jagat madhya avasthita eka aisA mAdhyama hai jo donoM svatantra sattAoM meM sambandha banAye rakhatA hai, jaba taka yaha mAdhyama rahatA hai tabhI taka jar3a evaM cetana jagat meM pArasparika prabhAvakatA rahatI hai, jisake kAraNa bandhana kA krama calatA rahatA hai| nirvANa kI prApti ke lie pahale mana ke ina ubhaya pakSoM ko alaga-alaga karanA hotA hai| inake alaga-alaga hone para mana kI prabhAvaka zakti kSINa hone lagatI hai aura anta meM mana kA hI vilaya hokara nirvANa kI upalabdhi ho jAtI hai aura nirvANa dazA meM isa ubhaya svarUpa mana kA hI abhAva hone se bandhana kI sambhAvanA nahIM rahatI / ubhayAtmaka mana ke mAdhyama se jar3a aura cetana meM pArasparika prabhAvakatA (Interaction) mAna lene mAtra se samasyA kA pUrNa samAdhAna nahIM hotaa| prazna yaha hai ki bAhya bhautika ghaTanAyeM evaM kriyAyeM Atmatattva ko kaise prabhAvita karatI haiM jabaki donoM svatantra haiM / yadi ubhayarUpa mana ko unakA yojaka tattva mAna bhI liyA jAya to isase samasyA kA nirAkaraNa nahIM hotaa| yaha to samasyA kA khisakAnA mAtra hai| jo sambandha kI samasyA bhautika jagat aura Atmatattva ke madhya thI, use kevala dravya mana aura bhAva mana ke nAma se manojagat meM sthAnAntarita kara diyA gayA hai / dravya mana aura bhAva mana kaise eka-dUsare ko prabhAvita karate haiM yaha samasyA abhI banI huI hai| cAhe yaha sambandha kI samasyA bhautika aura AdhyAtmika stara para ho, cAhe jar3a karma paramANu aura cetana AtmA ke madhya ho athavA mana ke bhautika aura abhautika staroM para ho, samasyA avazya banI rahatI hai| usake nirAkaraNa ke do hI mArga hai| yA to bhautika aura AdhyAtmika saMjJAoM meM se kisI eka ke astitva kA niSedha kara diyA jAe athavA unameM eka prakAra kA samAnAntaravAda mAna liyA jaae| jaina dArzanikoM ne pahile vikalpa meM yaha doSa pAyA ki yadi kevala cetana tattva kI sattA mAnI jAe to samasta bhautika jagat ko mithyA kahakara anubhUti ke tathyoM ko ThukarA denA hogA, jaisA ki vijJAnavAdI evaM zUnyavAdI bauddha dArzanikoM tathA advaitavAdI AcArya zaMkara ne kiyaa| yadi dUsarI ora cetana kI svatantra sattA kA niSedha kara mAtra jar3atatva kI sattA ko hI mAnA jAye to bhautikavAda meM AnA hogA, jisameM naitika jIvana ke lie koI sthAna zeSa nahIM rhegaa| DaoN0 rAdhAkRSNan likhate haiM, "jaina dArzanikoM ne mana aura zarIra kA dvaita svIkAra kiyA aura isalie ve samAnAntaravAda ko bhI usakI samasta sImAoM sahita svIkAra kara lete haiN| ve caitasika aura acaitasika tathyoM meM eka pUrva saMsthApita sAmaMjasya {Pre-established harmony ) svIkAra karate haiN|"17 lekina jaina vicAraNA meM dravyamana aura bhAvamana ke madhya kevala samAnAntaravAda yA pUrva saMsthApita sAmaMjasya hI nahIM mAnatI hai| vyAvahArika dRSTi se to jaina vicAraka unameM vAstavika sambandha bhI mAnate haiN| samAnAntaravAda yA pUrva saMsthApita sAmaMjasya to kevala pAramArthika yA dravyArthika dRSTi se svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| isa prakAra jaina dArzanika tattvajJAna ke kSetra meM jar3a aura cetana meM nitAnta bhinnatA mAnate hue bhI anubhava ke stara para yA manovaijJAnika stara para unameM vAstavika sambandha ko svIkAra kara lete hai| DaoN0 kalaghaTagI likhate haiM ki "jaina cintakoM ne mAnasika bhAvoM ko jar3a karmoM se prabhAvita hone ke sandarbha meM eka pariSkArita samAnAntaravAda prastuta kiyA hai| unakA samAnAntaravAda --
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________________ 104 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 vyakti ke mana aura zarIra ke sambandha meM eka prakAra kA manobhautika samAnAntaravAda hai-- yadyapi ve mAnasika aura zArIrika tathyoM ke madhya hone vAlI pArasparika kriyA-pratikriyA kI dhAraNA ko spaSTa rUpa se abhivyakta karatA hai -- jaina dRSTikoNa jar3a aura cetana ke madhya rahe hue tAtvika virodha ke samanvaya kA eka prayAsa hai jo vaiyaktika mana evaM zarIra ke madhya pArasparika kriyA-pratikriyA kI dhAraNA kI saMsthApanA karatA hai| isa prakAra hamane yaha dekhA ki jaina vicAraNA meM bAhya bhautika jagata se sambandhita "mana" kA dravyAtmaka pakSa kisa prakAra apane bhAvAtmaka pakSa ko prabhAvita karatA hai aura "jIvAtmA" ko bandhana meM DAlatA hai| lekina mana jina sAdhanoM ke dvArA bAhya jagat se sambandha banAtA hai ve to indriyA~ haiM, mana kI viSaya-sAmagrI to indriyoM ke mAdhyama se AtI hai| bAhya jagat se mana kA sIdhA sambandha nahIM hotA hai varan vaha indriyoM ke mAdhyama se jAgatika viSayoM se apanA sambandha banAtA hai| mana jisa para kArya karatA hai vaha sArI sAmagrI to indriya-saMvedana se prApta hotI hai| ataH mana ke kArya ke sambandha meM vicAra karane se pahale hameM indriyoM ke sambandha meM bhI thor3A vicAra kara lenA hogaa| mana ke sAdhana-indriyA~ indriya zabda ke artha kI vizada vivecanA na karate hue yahA~ hama kevala yahI kaheM ki "jina-jina kAraNoM kI sahAyatA se jIvAtmA viSayoM kI ora abhimukha hotA hai athavA viSayoM ke upabhoga meM samartha hotA hai ve indriyA~ hai|" isa artha ko lekara gItA yA jaina AgamoM meM kahIM koI vivAda nahIM pAyA jaataa| yadyapi kucha vicArakoM kI dRSTi meM indriyA~ "mana" kA sAdhana yA "karaNa" mAnI jAtI haiN| indriyoM kI saMkhyA __ jaina dRSTi meM indriyA~ pA~ca mAnI jAtI hai -- (1) zrotra, (2) cakSu, (3) ghrANa, (4) rasanA aura (5) sprshn| sAMkhya vicAraNA meM indriyoM kI saMkhyA 11 mAnI gaI hai -- 5 jJAnendriyA~, 5 karmendriyA~ aura 1 mn| jaina vicAraNA meM 5 jJAnendriyA~ to usI rUpa meM mAnI gaI haiM kintu mana noindriya (Quasi sense-organ) kahA gayA hai| pA~ca karmendriyoM kI tulanA -- unakI 10 bala kI dhAraNA meM vAkbala, zarIrabala evaM zvAsocchvAsa bala se kI jA sakatI hai| bauddha granya vizuddhimaggo meM indriyoM kI saMkhyA 22 mAnI gaI hai|20 bauddha vicAraNA meM ukta pA~ca indriyoM ke atirikta puruSatva, strItva, sukha-duHkha tayA zubha evaM azubha Adi ko bhI indriya mAnA gayA hai| jaina darzana meM indriyA~ do prakAra kI hotI haiM -- (1) dravyendriya (2) bhaavendriy| indriyoM kI AMgika saMracanA (Structural aspect ) dravyendriya kahalAtI hai aura Antarika kriyA zakti (Functional aspect) bhAvendriya kahalAtI hai| inameM se pratyeka ke punaH upa vibhAga kiye gaye haiM jinheM saMkSepa meM nimna sAriNI se samajhA jA sakatA hai : Travyendriya bhAvendriya..-- upakaraNa (indriya rakSaka aMga) nivRtti indriya aMga) labdhi (zakti) bahiraMga aMtara~ga bahiraMga ara~ga upayoga (cetanA)
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________________ mana indriyoM ke vyApAra yA viSaya jIva kA | ( 1 ) zrotrendriya kA viSaya zabda hai / zabda tIna prakAra kA mAnA gayA hai zabda, ajIva kA zabda aura mizra zabda / kucha vicAraka 7 prakAra ke zabda mAnate haiM / ( 2 ) cakSu indriya kA viSaya raMga-rUpa hai| raMga kAlA, nIlA, pIlA, lAla aura zveta, pA~ca prakAra kA hai| zeSa raMga inhIM ke sammizraNa ke pariNAma haiN| ( 3 ) ghrANendriya kA viSaya gandha hai / gandha do prakAra kI hotI hai sugandha aura durgandha / ( 4 ) rasanA kA viSaya rasAsvAdana hai| rasa 5 prakAra ke hote haiM kaTu, amla, lavaNa, tikta aura kaSAya / ( 5 ) sparzana indriya kA viSaya sparzAnubhUti hai| sparza ATha prakAra ke hote haiM uSNa, zIta, skSa, cikanA, halkA, bhArI, karkaza aura komala / isa prakAra zrotrendriya ke 3, cakSurindriya ke 5 ghrANendriya ke 2, rasanendriya ke 5 aura sparzendriya ke 8, kula milAkara pA~coM indriyoM ke 23 viSaya hote haiN| -- ---- zakti, svarUpa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa : 105 jaina vicAraNA meM sAmAnya rUpa se yaha mAnA gayA hai ki pA~coM indriyoM ke dvArA jIva uparokta viSayoM kA sevana karatA hai| gItA meM kahA gayA hai yaha jIvAtmA zrotra, cakSu, tvacA, rasanA, ghrANa aura mana ke Azraya se hI viSayoM kA sevana karatA hai| 21 viSaya-bhoga AtmA ko bAhyamukhI banA dete hai| pratyeka indriya apane-apane viSayoM kI ora AkarSita hotI hai aura isa prakAra AtmA kA Antarika samatva bhaMga ho jAtA hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki, "sAdhaka zabda, rUpa, rasa, gandha tathA sparza ina pA~coM prakAra ke kAmaguNoM (indriya-viSayoM) ko sadA ke lie chor3a de22 kyoMki ye indriyoM ke viSaya AtmA meM vikAra utpanna karate haiN| indriyA~ apane viSayoM se kisa prakAra sambandha sthApita karatI haiM aura AtmA ko una viSayoM se kaise prabhAvita karatI haiM isakI vistRta vyAkhyA prajJApanAsUtra aura anya jaina granthoM meM milatI hai| vistAra bhaya se hama isa vivecanA meM jAnA nahIM cAhate hai| hamAre lie itanA hI jAna lenA paryApta hai ki jisa prakAra dravyamana bhAvamana ko prabhAvita karatA hai aura bhAvamana se AtmA prabhAvita hotA hai| usI prakAra dravya - indriya (Structural aspect of sense organ ) kA viSaya se samparka hotA hai aura vaha bhAva - indriya (Functional and Psychic aspect of sense organ ) ko prabhAvita karatI hai aura bhAva-indriya AtmA kI zakti hone ke kAraNa usase AtmA prabhAvita hotA hai| naitika cetanA kI dRSTi se mana aura indriyoM ke mahatva tathA svarUpa ke sambandha meM yatheSTa rUpa se vicAra kara lene ke pazcAt yaha jAna lenA ucita hogA ki mana aura indriyoM kA aisA kauna sA mahattvapUrNa kArya hai jisake kAraNa unheM naitika cetanA meM itanA sthAna diyA jAtA hai| vAsanAprANIya vyavahAra kA preraka tattva mana aura indriyoM ke dvArA viSayoM kA samparka hotA hai| isa samparka se kAmanA utpanna hotI hai| yahI kAmanA yA icchA naitikatA kI parisImA meM Ane vAle vyavahAra kA AdhArabhUta preraka tattva hai| sabhI bhAratIya AcAra-darzana yaha svIkAra karate haiM ki vAsanA,
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________________ 106 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 kAmanA yA icchA se prasUta samasta vyavahAra hI naitika vivecanA kA viSaya hai| smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki bhAratIya darzanoM meM vAsanA, kAmanA, kAmaguNa, icchA, AzA, lobha, tRSNA, Asakti Adi zabda lagabhaga samAnArthaka rUpa meM prayukta hue hai| jinakA sAmAnya artha mana aura indriyoM kI apane viSayoM kI cAha" se hai| bandhana kA kAraNa indriyoM kA unake viSayoM se hone vAlA samparka yA sahaja zArIrika kriyAe~ nahIM hai, varan vAsanA hai| niyamasAra meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki sAmAnya vyakti ke uThanA-baiThanA, calanA-phiranA, dekhanA-jAnanA Adi kriyAe~ vAsanA se yukta hone ke kAraNa bandhana kA kAraNa hai jabaki kevalI ( sarvajJa yA jIvanmukta ) kI ye sabhI kriyAe~ vAsanA yA icchArahita hone ke kAraNa bandhana kA kAraNa nahIM hotI / icchA yA saMkalpa ( pariNAma) pUrvaka kie hue vacana Adi kArya hI bandhana ke kAraNa hote haiN| icchArahita kArya bandhana ke kAraNa nahIM hote|23 isa prakAra yaha siddha hotA hai ki jaina AcAra-darzana meM vAsanAtmaka tathA aicchika vyavahAra hI naitika nirNaya kA pramukha AdhAra hai| jaina naitika vivecanA kI dRSTi se vAsanA (ikA) ko hI samaya jIvana ke vyavahAra kSetrakA cAlaka tattva kahA jA sakatA hai| pAzcAtya AcAra-darzana meM jIkvRtti (want) kSudhA (Appetite), icchA (Desire) abhilASA (wish) aura saMkalpa (will) meM artha vaibhinya evaM krama mAnA gayA hai| unake anusAra isa samagra krama meM cetanA kI spaSTatA ke AdhAra para vibheda kiyA jA sakatA hai| jIvavRtti cetanA ke nimnatama stara vanaspati jagata meM pAyI jAtI hai, pazajagata meM jIvavatti ke sAtha-sAtha kSadhA kA bhI yoga hotA hai lekina cetanA ke mAnavIya stara para Akara to jIkvRtti se saMkalpa taka ke sAre hI tattva upalabdha hote hai| vastutaH jIvRtti se lekara saMkalpa taka ke sAre staroM meM vAsanA ke mUla tattva meM mUlataH koI antara nahIM hai, antara hai, kevala cetanA meM usake bodha kaa| dUsare zabdoM meM, inameM mAtrAtmaka antara hai, guNAtmaka antara nahIM hai| yahI kAraNa hai bhAratIya darzana meM isa krama ke sambandha meM koI vivecanA upalabdha nahIM hotI hai| bhAratIya sAhitya meM vAsanA, kAmanA, icchA aura tRSNA Adi zabda to avazya milate haiM aura vAsanA kI tIvratA kI dRSTi se inameM antara bhI kiyA jA sakatA hai| phira bhI sAdhAraNa rUpa se samAnArthaka rUpa meM hI unakA prayoga huA hai| bhAratIya-darzana kI dRSTi se vAsanA ko jIvavRtti ( want) tathA kSudhA (Appetite), kAmanA ko icchA (Desire), icchA ko abhilASA (Desire ) aura tRSNA ko saMkalpa (wit) kahA jA sakatA hai| pAzcAtya vicAraka jahA~ vAsanA ke kevala usa spako jise hama saMkalpa (will ) kahate haiM, naitika nirmANa kA viSaya banAte haiM, vahIM bhAratIya cintana meM vAsanA ke ve spa bhI jinameM vAsanA kI cetanA kA spaSTa bodha nahIM hai, naitikatA kI parisImA meM A jAte haiN| cAhe vAsanA ke rUpa meM andha aindrika abhivRtti ho yA mana kA vimarzAtmaka saMkalpa ho, donoM ke hI mula meM vAsanA kA tattva nihita hai aura yahI vAsanA prANIya vyavahAra kI mUlabhUta preraka hai| vyavahAra kI dRSTi se vAsanA (jIkvRtti) aura tRSNA (saMkalpa) meM antara yaha hai ki pahalI spaSTa rUpa se cetanA ke stara para nahIM hone ke kAraNa mAtra andha pravRtti hotI hai jabaki dUsarI cetanA ke stara para hone ke kAraNa vimarzAtmaka hotI hai| cetanA meM icchA ke
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________________ mana spaSTa bodha kA abhAva icchA kA abhAva nahIM hai| isIliye jaina aura bauddha vicAraNA ne pazu Adi cetanA ke nimna staroM vAle prANiyoM ke vyavahAra ko bhI naitikatA kI parisImA meM mAnA hai| vahA~ pAzavika stara para pAyI jAne vAlI vAsanA kI andha pravRtti hI naitika nirNayoM kA viSaya banatI hai| -- vAsanA kyoM hotI hai ? gaNadharavAda meM kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra devadatta apane mahala kI khir3akiyoM se bAhya jagat ko dekhatA hai usI prakAra prANI indriyoM ke mAdhyama se bAhya padArthoM se apanA samparka banAtA hai| 24 kaThopaniSad meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki indriyoM ko bahirmukha karake hiMsita kara diyA gayA hai isalie jIva bAhya viSayoM kI ora hI dekhatA hai antarAtmA ko nahIM 125 zakti, svarUpa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa : 107 indriyoM kA viSayoM se samparka hone para kucha viSaya anukUla aura 'kucha viSaya pratikUla pratIta hote haiN| anukUla viSayoM kI ora punaH punaH pravRtta honA aura pratikUla viSayoM se bacanA yahI vAsanA hai| jo indriyoM ko anukUla hotA hai vahI sukhada aura jo pratikUla hotA hai vahI duHkhada hai| 26 ataH sukhada kI ora pravRtti karanA aura duHkhada se nivRtti cAhanA, yahI vAsanA kI cAlanA ke do kendra haiM, jinameM sukhada viSaya dhanAtmaka tathA duHkhada viSaya RNAtmaka cAlanA ke kendra hai| isa prakAra vAsanA, tRSNA yA kAmaguNa hI samasta vyavahAra kA preraka tattva hai| bhAratIya cintana meM vyavahAra ke preraka ke rUpa meM jisa vAsanA ko svIkArA gayA hai vahI vAsanA pAzcAtya phrAyaDIya manovijJAna meM "kAma" aura mekDUgala ke prayojanavAdI manovijJAna meM hArmI (harme ) yA arja (urge) athavA mUla pravRtti kahI jAtI hai| pAzcAtya aura bhAratIya paramparAe~ isa sambandha meM ekamata hai ki prANIya vyavahAra kA preraka tattva vAsanA, kAmanA yA tRSNA hai| inake do rUpa banate haiM rAga aura dveSa | rAga dhanAtmaka aura dveSa RNAtmaka hai| Adhunika manovijJAna meM karTa levina ne inheM kramazaH AkarSaNa zakti (positive valence ) aura vikarSaNa zakti (negative valence ) kahA hai| ---- vyavahAra kI cAlanA ke do kendra sukha aura duHkha anukUla viSaya kI ora AkarSita honA aura pratikUla viSayoM se vikarSita honA yaha indriya svabhAva hai, lekina prazna yaha uThatA hai ki indriyoM kyoM anukUla viSayoM kI ora pravRtti aura pratikUla viSayoM se nivRtti rakhanA cAhatI hai| yadi isakA uttara manovijJAna ke AdhAra para dene kA prayAsa kiyA jAe to hameM mAtra yahI kahanA hogA ki anukUla viSayoM kI ora pravRtti aura pratikUla viSayoM se nivRtti yaha eka naisargika tathya hai jise hama sukha-duHkha kA niyama bhI kahate haiN| manovijJAna prANI jagat kI isa naisargika vRtti kA vizleSaNa to karatA hai lekina yaha nahIM batA sakatA hai ki aisA kyoM hai ? -- yahI sukha-duHkha kA niyama samasta prANIya vyavahAra kA cAlaka tattva hai| jaina dArzanika bhI prANIya vyavahAra ke cAlaka tattva ke rUpa meM isI sukha-duHkha ke niyama ko svIkAra karate haiN| mana evaM indriyoM ke mAdhyama se isI niyama ke anusAra prANIya vyavahAra kA saMcAlana
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________________ 108 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 hotA hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki vAsanA hI apane vidhAnAtmaka rUpa meM sukha aura niSedhAtmaka rUpa meM duHkha kA rUpa le letI hai| jisase vAsanA kI pUrti ho vahI sukha aura jisase vAsanA kI pUrti na ho athavA vAsanA-pUrti meM bAdhA utpanna ho vaha duHkh| isa prakAra vAsanA se hI sukha-duHkha ke bhAva utpanna hokara prANIya vyavahAra kA nirdhAraNa karane lagate hai| apane anukUla viSayoM kI ora AkRSTa honA aura unheM grahaNa karanA yaha indriyoM kI svAbhAvika pravRtti hai| mana ke abhAva meM yaha indriyoM kI andha pravRtti hotI hai lekina jaba indriyoM ke sAtha mana kA yoga ho jAtA hai to indriyoM meM sukhada anubhUtiyoM kI punaH -punaH prApti kI tathA duHkhada anubhUti se bacane kI pravRtti vikasita ho jAtI hai| basa yahIM icchA, tRSNA yA saMkalpa kA janma hotA hai| jainAcAryoM ne icchA kI paribhASA karate hue likhA hai-- mana aura indriyoM ke anukUla viSayoM kI punaH prApti kI pravRtti hI icchA hai|27 athavA indriyoM ke viSayoM kI prApti kI abhilASA kA atireka hI icchA hai|28 yaha indriyoM kI sukhada anubhUti ko punaH punaH prApta karane kI lAlasA yA icchA hI tIvra hokara Asakti yA rAga kA rUpa le letI hai| dUsarI ora duHkhada anubhUtiyoM se bacane kI abhivRtti ghRNA evaM Trena kA spa le letI hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahA hai, "manojJa, priya yA anukUla viSaya hI rAga kA kAraNa hote hai aura pratikUla yA amanojJa viSaya deSa kA kAraNa hote sukhada anubhUtiyoM se rAga aura duHkhada anubhUtiyoM se dveSa tathA isa rAga-draya se anyAnya kaSAya aura azubha vRttiyA~ kaise pratiphalita hotI hai, ise uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM spaSTa spa se kahA gayA hai ki indriya aura mana ke unake viSayoM ko sevana karane kI lAlasA jAgRta hotI hai| sukhada anubhUti ko punaH-punaH prApta karane kI icchA aura duHkha se bacane kI icchA se hI rAga yA Asakti utpanna hotI hai| isa Asakti se prANI moha yA jar3atA ke samudra meM DUba jAtA hai| kAmaguNa (indriyoM ke viSayoM) meM Asakti utpanna hotI hai| isa Asakti se prANI moha yA jar3atA ke samudra meM DUba jAtA hai| kAmaguNa (indriyoM ke viSayoM) meM Asakta hokara jIva krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobha, rAga, ghRNA, hAsya, bhaya, zoka tathA strI, puruSa aura napusaMka bhAva kI vAsanAe~ Adi aneka prakAra ke zubhAzubha bhAvoM ko utpanna karatA hai aura una bhAvoM kI pUrti ke prayAsa meM aneka spoM (zarIroM) ko dhAraNa karatA hai| isa prakAra indriyoM aura mana ke viSayoM meM Asakta prANI janma-maraNa ke cakra meM pha~sakara viSayAsakti se avaza, dIna, lajjita aura karuNAjanaka sthiti ko prApta ho jAtA hai|30 gItA meM bhI yahI dRSTikoNa prastuta karate hue kahA gayA hai ki "mana se indriyoM ke viSayoM kA cintana kie jAne para una viSayoM se samparka kI icchA utpanna hotI hai aura usa samparka icchA se kAmanA yA Asakti kA janma hotA hai| Asakta viSayoM kI prApti meM jaba
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________________ mana -- zakti, svarupa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa : 109 bAdhA utpanna hotI hai to krodha (ghRNA, dveSa ) utpanna ho jAtA hai| krodha meM mUDhatA yA aviveka, aviveka se smRtinAza aura smRtinAza se buddhi vinaSTa ho jAtI hai aura buddhi ke vinaSTa hone se vyakti vinAza kI ora calA jAtA hai| ___ isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaba indriyoM kA anukUla yA sukhada viSayoM se samparka hotA hai to una viSayoM meM Asakti tathA rAga ke bhAva jAgata hote hai aura jaba indriyoM kA pratikUla yA duHkhada viSayoM se saMyoga hotA hai athavA anukUla viSayoM kI prApti meM koI bAdhA AtI hai to ghaNA yA vidveSa ke bhAva jAgRta hote haiN| isa prakAra sukha-duHkha kA preraka niyama eka dUsare spa meM badala jAtA hai| jahA~ sukha kA sthAna rAga yA Asakti kA bhAva le letA hai aura duHkha kA sthAna ghRNA yA deSa kA bhAva le letA hai| ye rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyA~ hI vyakti ke naitika adha: patana evaM janma-maraNa kI paramparA kA kAraNa hotI hai| sabhI bhAratIya darzana ise svIkAra karate haiN| jaina vicAraka kahate hai, "rAga aura deSa ye donoM hI karma-paramparA ke bIja hai aura yahI karma-paramparA ke kAraNa haiN|32 sabhI bhAratIya AdhAra-darzana ise svIkAra karate haiN| gItA meM kahA gayA hai, "he arjuna ! icchA (rAga) aura dveSa ke ndra meM moha se Avata hokara prANI isa saMsAra meM paribhramaNa karate rahate hai|"35 tathAgata buddha kahate hai,"jisane rAga-dveSa aura moha ko chor3a diyA hai vahI phira mAtA ke garbha meM nahIM pdd'taa|"34 isa samagra vivecanA ko hama saMkSepa meM isa prakAra rakha sakate haiM ki vividha indriyoM evaM mana ke barA unake viSayoM ke grahaNa kI cAha meM vAsanA ke pratyaya kA nirmANa hotA hai| vAsanA kA pratyaya punaH apane vidhAnAtmaka evaM niSedhAtmaka pakSoM ke rUpa meM sukha aura duHkha kI bhAvanAoM ko janma detA hai| yahI sukha aura duHkha kI bhAvanAe~ rAga aura deva kI vRttiyoM kA kAraNa bana jAtI hai| yahI rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyA~ krodha, mAna, mAyA, lobhAdi vividha prakAra ke anaitika vyApAra kA kAraNa hotI hai| lekina ina sabake mUla meM to aindrika evaM manojanya vyApAra hI hai aura isaliye sAdhAraNa rUpa se yaha mAnA gayA ki naitika AcaraNa evaM naitika vikAsa ke lie indriya aura mana kI vRttiyoM kA nirodha kara diyA jaae| AcArya hemacandra kahate hai ki indriyoM para kAbU kiye binA rAgadeva evaM kaSAyoM para vijaya pAnA sambhava nahIM hotA hai| ataH aba isa sambandha meM vicAra karanA iSTa hogA ki kyA indriya aura mana ke vyApAroM kA nirodha sambhava hai aura yadi nirodha sambhava hai to usakA vAstavika rUpa kyA hai ? indriya nirodha : sambhAvanA aura satya indriyoM ke viSaya apanI pUrti ke prayAsa meM kisa prakAra naitika patana kI ora le jAte hai isakA sajIva citraNa uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke 32veM adhyayana meM milatA hai| vahA~ kahA gayA hai ki-- rUpa ko grahaNa karane vAlI cakSu indriya hai aura spa cakSu indriya se grahaNa hone yogya hai| priya spa, rAga kA aura apriya spa dveSa kA kAraNa hai|36 jisa prakAra dRSTi ke rAga meM Atura hokara pataMgA mRtyu pAtA hai, usI prakAra rUpa meM atyanta Asakta hokara jIva akAla meM hI mRtyu pAte haiN| rupa kI AzA meM par3A huA gurukarmI, ajJAnI jIva, basa aura sthAvara jIvoM kI aneka prakAra se hiMsA karatA hai| paritApa
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________________ 110: zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 utpanna karatA hai tathA pIr3ita karatA hai|38 rUpa meM mUJchita jIva una padArthoM ke utpAdana, rakSaNa evaM vyaya meM aura viyoga kI cintA meM lagA rahatA hai| use sukha kahA~ hai ? vaha saMyoga kAla meM bhI atRpta rahatA hai|39 rUpa meM Asakta manuSya ko thor3A bhI sukha nahIM hotA, jisa vastu kI prApti meM usane duHkha uThAyA, usake upayoga ke samaya bhI vaha duHkha pAtA hai|40 zrotrendriya zabda kI grAhaka aura zabda zrota kA grAhya hai| priya zabda rAga kA aura apriya zabda dekhe kA kAraNa hai| jisa prakAra rAga meM gaddha banA huA maga mugdha hokara zabda meM santoSita na hotA huA mRtyu pA letA hai| usI prakAra zabdoM ke viSaya meM atyanta muchita hone vAlA jIva akAla meM hI naSTa ho jAtA hai|42 zabda kI Asakti meM par3A huA bhArI karmI jIva, ajJAnI hokara trasa aura sthAvara jIvoM kI aneka prakAra se hiMsA karatA hai, paritApa utpanna karatA hai aura pIr3A detA hai|43 vaha manohara zabda vAle padArthoM kI prApti, rakSaNa evaM vyaya meM tathA viyoga kI ciMtA meM lagA rahatA hai, unake saMbhoga kAla ke samaya meM bhI atRpta hI banA rahatA hai, phira use sukha kahA~ hai|4 tRSNAvaza vaha jIva corI, jhUTha aura kapaTa kI vRddhi karatA huA atRpta hI rahatA hai, duHkha se nahIM chUTa sktaa|45 nAsikA gandha ko grahaNa karatI hai aura gaMdha nAsikA kA grAhya hai| sugandha rAga kA kAraNa hai aura durgandha dveSa kA kAraNa hai| jisa prakAra sugandha meM mUrchita huA sarpa bA~bI se bAhara nikalakara mArA jAtA hai, usI prakAra gandha meM atyanta Asakta jIva akAla meM hI mRtyu pA letA hai| sugandha ke vazIbhUta hokara bAlajIva aneka prakAra se trasa aura sthAvara jIvoM kA ghAta karatA hai, unheM duHkha detA hai|48 vaha jIva sugandhita padArthoM kI prApti, rakSaNa, vyaya tathA viyoga kI cintA meM hI lagA rahatA hai, ataH vaha unake bhogakAla meM bhI atRpta hI rahatA hai, phira use sukha kahA~ hai| jihvA rasa ko grahaNa karatI hai aura rasa jihvA kA grAhya hai| manapasanda rasa rAga kA kAraNa aura mana ke pratikUla rasa deva kA kAraNa kahA gayA hai| jisa prakAra mAMsa khAne ke lAlaca meM phaMsA huA maccha kA~Te meM phaMsakara mArA jAtA hai, usI prakAra rasoM meM atyanta gRddha jIva akAla meM mRtyu kA grAsa bana jAtA hai| use kucha bhI sukha nahIM hotA, vaha rasabhoga ke samaya bhI duHkha aura kleza hI pAtA hai| 2 isI prakAra amanojJa rasoM meM deza karane vAlA jIva bhI duHkha paramparA bar3hAtA hai aura kaluSita mana se karmoM kA upArjana karake usake duHkhada phala ko bhogatA hai|53 zarIra sparza ko grahaNa karatA hai aura sparza zarIra kA grAhya hai| sukhada sparza rAga kA tathA duHkhada sparza deva kA kAraNa hai|54 jo jIva sukhada sparzoM meM ati Asakta hotA hai vaha jaMgala ke tAlAba ke ThaNDe pAnI meM par3e hue makara dvArA grasita bhaise kI taraha akAla meM hI mRtyu pAtA hai| sparza kI AzA meM par3A huA vaha gurukarmI jIva carAcara jIvoM kI aneka prakAra se hiMsA karatA hai, unheM duHkha detA hai| sukhada sparzoM meM mUJchita huA prANI una vastuoM kI prApti, rakSaNa, vyaya evaM viyoga kI cintA meM hI ghulA karatA hai| bhoga ke samaya bhI vaha tapta nahIM
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________________ mana -- zakti, svarUpa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa : 111 hotA phira usake lie sukha kahA~ ? 57 sparza meM Asakta jIvoM ko kiMcit bhI sukha nahIM hotA hai / jisa vastu kI prApti kleza evaM duHkha se huI usake bhoga ke samaya bhI kaSTa hI milatA hai | 58 AcArya hemacandra bhI yogazAstra meM kahate haiM ki sparzendriya ke vazIbhUta hokara hAthI, rasanendriya ke vazIbhUta hokara machalI, ghrANendriya ke vazIbhUta hokara bhramara, cakSu indriya ke vazIbhUta hokara pataMgA aura zravaNendriya ke vazIbhUta hokara hariNa mRtyu kA grAsa banatA hai| jaba eka-eka indriya ke viSayoM meM Asakti mRtyu kA kAraNa banatI hai phira bhalA pA~coM indriyoM ke viSayoM ke sevana meM Asakta manuSya kI kyA sthiti hogii| 59 gItA meM bhI zrIkRSNa ne indriya- damana ke sambandha meM kahA hai ki jisa prakAra jala meM vAyu nAva ko hara letI hai vaise hI mana sahita viSayoM meM vicaratI huI indriyoM meM se eka hI indriya isa puruSa kI buddhi ko haraNa kara lene meM samartha hotI hai| sAdhanA meM prayatnazIla buddhimAn puruSa ke mana ko bhI ye pramathana svabhAva vAlI indriyA~ balAtkAra se hara letI haiM aura use sAdhanA se cyuta kara detI haiN| ataH sampUrNa indriyoM ko vaza meM karake tathA samAhita citta hokara mana ko mere meM lagA / jisa vyakti kI indriyA~ apane adhikAra meM haiM, vahI prajJAvAna hai / anyatra punaH kahA gayA hai ki sAdhaka sabase pahale indriyoM ko vaza meM karake jJAna ke vinAza karane vAle isa kAma kA parityAga kareM 160 dhammapada meM tathAgata buddha bhI kahate haiM ki "jo manuSya indriyoM ke viSayoM meM asaMyata rahatA hai use mAra (kAma) sAdhanA se usI prakAra girA detA hai jaise durbala vRkSa ko havA girA detI hai| lekina jo indriyoM ke viSayoM meM susaMyata rahatA hai use mAra (kAma) usI prakAra sAdhanA se vicalita nahIM kara sakatA jaise vAyu parvata ko vicalita nahIM kara sktaa|" ,"61 jaina-darzana aura gItA meM indriya-damana kA vAstavika artha prazna yaha hai ki yadi indriya-va pa-vyApAra bandhana ke kAraNa haiM to phira kyA inakA nirodha sambhava hai ? yadi hama isa prazna para gambhIratApUrvaka vicAra kareM to yaha pAyeMge, ki jaba taka jIva deha dhAraNa kiye hai usake dvArA indriya-vyApAroM kA nirodha sambhava nahIM hai| kAraNa yaha hai ki vaha eka aise vAtAvaraNa meM rahatA hai jahA~ use indriyoM ke viSayoM se sAkSAt samparka rakhanA hI par3atA hai| A~kha ke samakSa dRzya-viSaya prastuta hone para vaha usake rUpa aura raMga ke darzana se vaMcita nahIM raha sakatA, bhojana karate samaya usake rasa ko asvIkAra nahIM kara sktaa| kisI zabda ke upasthita hone para karNa yantra usakI AvAja ko sune binA nahIM raha sakatA aura ThIka isI prakAra anyAnya indriyoM ke viSaya upasthita hone para vaha unheM asvIkAra nahIM kara sakatA arthAt manovaijJAnika dRSTi se indriya-vyApAroM kA nirodha eka asambhava tathya / tathApi yaha prazna uThatA hai ki bandhana se kaise bacA jAya ? isa prazna kA uttara dete hue jainadarzana kahatA hai ki bandhana kA kAraNa indriya-vyApAra nahIM varan unake mUla meM nihita rAga aura dveSa kI vRttiyA~ hI hai| jaisA ki uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM spaSTa ullekha hai ki indriyoM aura mana ke viSaya, rAgI 1
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________________ 112: zramaNa / apraila-jUna/ 1995 puruSoM ke lie hI duHkha (bandhana) ke kAraNa hote haiM, ye viSaya vItarAgiyoM ke lie bandhana yA duHkha kA kAraNa nahIM ho sakate 162 kAmabhoga kisI ko bhI sammohita nahIM karA sakate na kisI meM vikAra hI paidA kara sakate haiM, kintu jo viSayoM meM rAga-dveSa karatA hai, vahI rAga-dveSa se vikRta hotA hai 53 gItA meM bhI isI prakAra nirdeza diyA gayA hai ki sAdhaka indriya ke viSayoM arthAt bhogoM meM upasthita, jo rAga aura dveSa haiM, unake vaza meM nahIM ho kyoMki ye donoM hI kalyANa mArga meM vighna karane vAle mahAn zatru haiN| 64 jo mUDhabuddhi puruSa karmendriyoM ko haThAt rokakara indriyoM ke bhogoM kA mana se cintana karatA rahatA hai, usa puruSa ke rAga-dveSa nivRtta na hone ke kAraNa vaha mithyAcArI yA dambhI kahA jAtA hai| 65 indriyoM ke dvArA viSayoM ko na grahaNa karane vAle puruSa ke kevala viSaya to nivRtta ho jAte haiM, kintu rAga nivRtta nahIM hotaa| jabaki nirvANa lAbha ke lie rAga kA nivRtta honA paramAvazyaka hai| 66 vAstavikatA yaha hai ki nirodha indriya-vyApAroM kA nahIM varan unameM nihita rAga-dveSa kA karanA hotA hai, kyoMki bandhana kA vAstavika kAraNa indriya-vyApAra nahIM, varan rAga-dveSa kI pravRttiyA~ haiM / jaina dArzanika kahate haiM indriyoM ke zabdAdi manoja athavA amanojJa viSaya Asakta vyakti ke lie hI rAga-dveSa ke kAraNa hote haiM, vItarAga ke liye nahIM 167 gItA kahatI hai ki rAga-dveSa se vimukta vyakti indriya-vyApAroM ko karatA huA bhI pavitratA ko hI prApta hotA hai 68 isa prakAra jainadarzana aura gItA indriya-vyApAroM ke nirodha kI bAta nahIM kahate, varan indriyoM ke viSayoM ke prati rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyoM ke nirodha kI dhAraNA ko prasthApita karate hai / isI prakAra manonirodha ke sambandha meM kucha bhrAnta dhAraNAe~ banA lI gaI haiM, yahA~ hama usakA bhI yathArtha svarUpa prastuta karane kA prayAsa kreNge| icchAnirodha yA manonigraha bhAratIya AcAra-darzana meM icchA nirodha evaM vAsanAoM ke nigraha kA svara kAphI mukharita huA hai| AcAradarzana ke adhikAMza vidhi - niSedha icchAoM ke damana se sambandhita haiM, kyoMki icchAe~ tRpti cAhatI haiM aura isa prakAra citta zAnti yA AdhyAtmika samatva kA bhaMga ho jAtA hai| ataH yaha mAnA gayA ki samatva ke naitika Adarza kI upalabdhi ke lie icchAoM kA damana kara diyA jaay| mana icchAoM evaM saMkalpoM kA utpAdaka hai, ataH icchAnirodha kA artha manonigraha hI mAna liyA gyaa| pataMjali ne to yahA~ taka kaha diyA ki cittavRtti kA nirodha hI yoga hai| yaha mAnA jAne lagA ki mana svayaM hI samagra klezoM kA dhAma hai| usameM jo bhI vRttiyA~ uThatI hai ve sabhI bandhanarUpa hai| ataH una manovyApAroM kA sarvathA avarodha kara denA yahI nirvikalpaka samAdhi hai, yahI naitika jIvana kA Adarza hai| jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra- darzanoM meM icchAnirodha aura manonigraha ke pratyaya ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai. uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai, "yaha mana usa duSTa aura bhayaMkara azva ke samAna hai jo cAroM 1
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________________ mana -- * zakti, svarUpa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa : 113 dizAoM meM bhAgatA hai|" 69 ataH sAdhaka saMrambha, samArambha aura Arambha meM pravRtta hone vAle isa mana kA nigraha kareM 170 gItA meM bhI kahA gayA hai-- "yaha mana atyanta hI caMcala, vikSobha utpanna karane vAlA aura bar3A balavAna hai, isakA nirodha karanA vAyu ke rokane ke samAna atyanta hI duSkara hai|"71 phira bhI kRSNa kahate haiM ki "nissaMdeha isa mana kA kaThinatA se nigraha hotA hai, phira bhI abhyAsa aura vairAgya ke dvArA isakA nigraha sambhava hai"| 72 aura isalie he arjuna ! tU mana kI vRttiyoM kA nirodha kara isa mana ko mere meM lgaa| 73 bauddha grantha dhammapada meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki "yaha citta atyanta hI caMcala hai, isa para adhikAra kara kyoMki kumArga se isakI rakSA karanA atyanta kaThina hai, isakI vRttiyoM kA kaThinatA se hI nivAraNa kiyA jA sakatA hai| ataH buddhimAna manuSya ise aise hI sIdhA kara jaise iSukAra (bANa banAne vAlA) bANa ko sIdhA karatA hai|" yaha citta kaThinatA se nigrahita hotA hai, atyanta zIghragAmI aura yatheccha vicaraNa karane vAlA hai isalie isakA damana karanA hI zreyaskara hai, damita kiyA huA citta hI sukhavardhaka hotA hai| 74 madhyakAlIna jaina AcArya hemacandra kahate haiM, "A~dhI kI taraha caMcala mana mukti prApta karane ke icchuka evaM tapa karane vAle manuSya ko bhI kahIM kA kahIM le jAkara paTaka detA hai ataH jo manuSya mukti cAhate hoM unheM samagra vizva meM bhaTakane vAle lampaTa mana kA nirodha karanA caahie|"75 manonigrahaNa ke uparokta sandarbhoM ke AdhAra para bhAratIya naitika cintana para yaha AkSepa lagAyA jA sakatA hai ki vaha Adhunika manovijJAna kI kasauTI para kharA nahIM utaratA / Adhunika manovijJAna icchAoM ke damana evaM manonigraha ko mAnasika samatva kA hetu nahIM mAnatA, varan isake ThIka viparIta use citta vikSobha kA kAraNa mAnatA hai| damana, nigraha, nirodha Aja kI manovaijJAnika dhAraNA meM mAnasika santulana ke bhaMga karane vAle mAne gaye haiM / phrAyaDa ne manovighaTana evaM manovikRtiyoM kA pramukha kAraNa damana aura pratirodha ko hI mAnA hai| Adhunika manovijJAna kI isa mAnyatA ko jhuThalAyA nahIM jA sakatA ki icchA nirodha aura manonigrahaNa mAnasika svAsthya ke liye ahitakara hai| yahI nahIM icchAoM ke damana meM jitanI adhika tIvratA hotI hai ve damita icchAe~ utane hI vega se vikRta rUpa se prakaTa hokara na kevala apanI pUrti kA prayAsa karatI haiM varan vyakti ke vyaktitva ko bhI vikRta banA detI haiN| yadi hama isa tathya ko svIkAra karate haiM to phira naitika jIvana se isa "damana" kI dhAraNA ko hI samApta kara denA hogA / prazna hotA hai ki kyA bhAratIya nIti nirmAtAoM kI dRSTi se yaha tathya ojhala thA ? lekina bAta aisI nahIM hai jaina, bauddha aura gItA ke AcAra-darzana ke nirmAtAoM kI dRSTi meM damana ke anaucitya kI dhAraNA atyanta spaSTa thI, jise sapramANa prastuta kiyA jA sakatA hai| yadi gaharAI se dekheM to gItA spaSTa rUpa se damana yA nigraha ke anaucitya ko svIkAra karatI hai| gItA meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki prANI apanI prakRti ke anusAra hI vyavahAra karate haiM ve nigraha kaise kara sakate haiN|"76 yogavAsiSTha meM isa bAta ko adhika spaSTa karate hue kahA gayA hai ki he rAjarSi ! tInoM loka meM jitane bhI prANI haiM svabhAva se hI unakI deha dvayAtmaka hai| jaba taka zarIra rahatA hai taba taka zarIradharma svabhAva se hI anivArya hai arthAt prAkRtika vAsanA kA damana yA nirodha nahIM hotaa| 77
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________________ 114: zramaNa / apraila-jUna/ 1995 gItA kahatI hai ki yadyapi viSayoM ko grahaNa nahIM karane vAle arthAt indriyoM ko unake viSayoM ke upabhoga karane se roka dene vAle vyaktiyoM ke dvArA viSayoM ke bhoga kA to nigraha ho jAtA hai, lekina unakA rasa (Asakti) banA rahatA hai| arthAt ve mUlataH naSTa nahIM ho pAte aura anukUla paristhitiyoM meM punaH vyutthita ho jAte haiN| "rasavarjaraso'tyasya " kA pada spaSTa rUpa se yaha saMketa karatA hai ki gItA meM naitika vikAsa kA vAstavika mArga nigraha kA nahIM hai| na kevala gItA ke AcAra- darzana meM damana ko anucita mAnA gayA hai varan bauddha aura jaina vicAraNAoM meM bhI yahI dRSTikoNa apanAyA gayA hai| buddha ke madhyamamArga ke upadeza kA sAra yahI hai ki AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke mArga meM vAsanAoM kA damana itanA mahattvapUrNa nahIM hai jitanA unase Upara uTha jaanaa| vAsanAoM ke damana kA mArga aura vAsanAoM ke bhoga kA mArga donoM hI buddha kI dRSTi meM sAdhanA ke sacce mArga nahIM hai / tathAgata buddha ne jisa madhyamamArga kA upadeza diyA usakA spaSTa Azaya yahI thA ki sAdhanA meM damana para jo atyadhika bala diyA jA rahA thA use kama kiyA jaay| bauddha sAdhanA kA Adarza to cittazAnti hai jabaki damana to cittakSobha yA mAnasika dvandva ko hI janma detA hai| bauddhAcArya anaMgavajra kahate haiM ki "citta- kSubdha hone se kabhI bhI mukti nahIM hotI ataH isa taraha baratanA cAhie ki jisase mAnasika kSobha utpanna na ho| 78 damana kI prakriyA cittakSobha kI prakriyA hai, cittazAnti kI nahIM / bodhicaryAvatAra kI bhUmikA meM likhA hai ki buddha ke dharma meM jahA~ dUsare ko pIr3A pahu~cAnA manA hai vahA~ apane ko pIr3A denA bhI anArya karma kahA gayA hai| saugata tantra ne AtmapIr3A ke mArga ko ThIka nahIM smjhaa| kyA damana mAtra se citta - vikSobha sarvathA calA jAtA hogA ? dabAyI huI vRttiyA~ jAgratAvasthA meM na sahI svapnAvasthA meM to avazya hI citta ko matha DAlatI hoMgI 179 jaba taka citta meM bhoga- lipsA hai taba taka cittakSobha kA utpanna honA svAbhAvika hai| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki bauddha vicAraNA ko damana kA pratyaya abhipreta nahIM hai| damana ke virodha meM uTha khar3I bauddha vidhAraNA kI carama pariNati cAhe vAmAcAra ke rUpa meM huI ho, lekina phira bhI usake damana ke virodha ko avAstavika nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai / cittazAnti ke sAdhanAmArga meM damana kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna nahIM ho sktaa| jahA~ taka jaina vicAraNA kA prazna hai vaha apanI pAribhASika bhASA meM spaSTa rUpa se kahatI hai ki "sAdhanA kA saccA mArga upazamika nahIM varan kSAyika hai| " jaina dRSTikoNa ke anusAra aupazamika mArga vaha mArga hai jisameM mana kI vRttiyoM, vAsanAoM ko dabAkara sAdhanA ke kSetra meM Age bar3hA jAtA hai / icchAoM ke nirodha kA mArga hI 'aupazamika mArga hai| jisa prakAra Aga ko rAkha se Dhaka diyA jAtA hai usI prakAra upazama meM karma - saMskAra yA vAsanA - saMskAra ko dabAte hue naitikatA ke mArga para Age bar3hA jAtA hai / Adhunika manovijJAna kI bhASA meM kaheM to yaha damana (Repression ) kA mArga hai| sAdhanA ke kSetra meM vAsanA-saMskAra ko dabAkara Age bar3hane kA mArga damana kA mArga hai lekina yaha manaH zuddhi kA vAstavika mArga nahIM hai, yaha to mAnasika gandagI ko DhakanA mAtra hai, chipAnA mAtra hai| jaina vicArakoM ne guNasthAna prakaraNa meM batAyA hai ki yaha vAsanAoM ko dabAkara Age bar3hane kI avasthA naitika vikAsa meM Age taka nahIM calatI hai| jaina vicAraNA yaha mAnatI hai ki aisA sAdhaka padacyuta ho jAtA hai| jisa damana ko Adhunika manovijJAna meM vyaktitva ke vikAsa meM
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________________ mana --- zakti, svarUpa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa : 115 bAdhaka mAnA gayA hai, vahI vicAraNA jaina-darzana meM maujUda thii| jaina dArzanikoM ne bhI damana ko vikAsa kA saccA mArga nahIM mAnA / unhoMne kahA, vikAsa kA saccA mArga vAsanA-saMskAra ko dabAnA nahIM hai apitu unakA kSaya karanA hai| vAstava meM damana kA mArga svAbhAvika nahIM hai, vAsanAoM yA icchAoM ke nirodha karane kI apekSA ve kSINa ho jAe~, yahI apekSita hai| prazna hotA hai ki vAsanAoM ke kSaya aura nirodha meM kyA antara hai| nirodha meM citta meM vAsanA uThatI hai aura phira use dabAyA jAtA hai, jabaki kSaya meM vAsanA kA uThanA hI zanaiH-zanaiH kama hokara samApta ho jAtA hai| Adhunika manovijJAna kI dRSTi meM damana kI kriyA meM vAsanAtmaka ahaM (Id) aura AdarzAtmaka ahaM (Super-ego ) meM saMgharSa calatA rahatA hai| lekina kSaya meM yaha saMgharSa nahIM hotA hai| vahA~ to vAsanA uThatI hI nahIM hai| damana yA upazama meM hameM krodha kA bhAva AtA hai aura hama use dabAte hai yA use abhivyakta hone se rokate haiM, jabaki kSAyika bhAva meM krodhAdi vikAra samApta ho jAte haiN| upazamana (damana) meM mana meM krodha kA bhAva hotA hai, mAtra krodha-bhAva kA pragaTIkaraNa nahIM hotA jise sAdhAraNa bhASA meM gassA pI jAnA kahate hai| upazama bhI gasse kA pI jAnA hI hai| isameM lokamaryAdA Adi bAhya tattva hI usake nirodha kA kAraNa banate haiN| isalie yaha Atmika vikAsa nahIM hai apitu usakA DhoMga hai, eka Aropita AvaraNa hai| kSAyika bhAva meM krodha utpanna hI nahIM hotA hai| sAdhAraNa bhASA meM hama kahate haiM ki aise sAdhaka ko gussA AtA hI nahIM hai, ataH yahI vikAsa kA saccA mArga hai| jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra yadi koI sAdhaka naitika evaM AdhyAtmika pragati karatA hai to vaha pUrNatA ke apane lakSya ke atyadhika nikaTa pahu~ca kara bhI punaH patita ho jotA hai| jaina vicAraNA kI pAribhASika zabdAvalI meM kaheM to upazama mArga kA sAdhaka AdhyAtmika pUrNatA ke 14 guNasthAna (sIr3hiyoM) meM se 11veM guNasthAna taka pahu~ca kara vahA~ se aisA gira sakatA hai ki punaH nimnatama avasthA prathama mithyAtva guNasthAna meM A jAtA hai|80 yaha tathya jaina sAdhanA meM damana kI paramparA kA kyA anaucitya hai ise spaSTa kara detA hai| yahA~ para yaha prazna svAbhAvika rUpa se utpanna hotA hai ki Agama granthoM meM mana ke nirodha kA upadeza aneka sthAnoM para diyA gayA hai, vahA~ nirodha kA kyA artha hai ? vahA~ para nirodha kA artha damana nahIM lagAnA cAhie anyathA aupazamika aura kSAyika dRSTiyoM kA koI artha hI nahIM raha jaaegaa| ataH vahA~ nirodha kA artha kSAyika dRSTi se hI karanA samucita hai| prazna hotA hai ki kSAyika dRSTi se mana kA zuddhIkaraNa kaise kiyA jAya ? uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM mana ke nigraha ke sambandha meM jo spaka prastuta kiyA gayA hai usameM zramaNakezI gautama se pUchate hai -- Apa eka duSTa bhayAnaka azva para savAra hai, jo bar3I tIvra gati se bhAgatA hai, vaha Apako unmArga kI ora na le jAkara sanmArga para kaise le jAtA hai ? gautama ne isa lAkSaNika carcA ko spaSTa karate hue batAyA hai -- "yaha mana hI sAhasika, duSTa evaM bhayaMkara azva hai, jo cAroM ora bhAgatA hai| maiM usakA jAtivAn azva kI taraha zrutaspI rassiyoM se bA~dhakara samatva evaM dharma-zikSA se nigraha karatA huuN|"
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________________ 116 : zramaNa / apraila-jUna/1995 I isa zloka ke prasaMga meM do zabda mahattvapUrNa haiM samme tathA dhammasikkhAye / dharma - zikSaNa dvArA mana ko nigraha karane kA artha damana nahIM hai varan unakA udAttIkaraNa hai / dharma-zikSaNa kA artha hai mana ko sadpravRttiyoM meM saMlagna kara denA tAki vaha anartha mArga para jAe hI nhiiN| aise hI zruta rUpa rassI se, bA~dhane kA artha hai -- viveka evaM jJAna ke dvArA use ThIka ora calAnA yaha samatva ke artha meM hai| samatva ke dvArA nigrahaNa kA artha bhI damana nahIM hai varan manodazA ko samabhAva se yukta banAnA hai| mana kA samatva damana meM to sambhava hI nahIM hotA, kyoMki vaha to saMgharSa kI avasthA hai| jaba taka vAsanAoM aura naitika Adarza kA saMgharSa hai taba taka samatva ho hI nahIM sktaa| jaina-sAdhanA paddhati to samatva (samabhAva ) kI sAdhanA hai| vAsanAoM ke damana kA mArga to citta kSobha utpanna karatA hai, ataH vaha use svIkArya nahIM hai| jaina sAdhanA kA Adarza kSAyika sAdhanA hai jisameM vAsanA damana nahIM, varan vAsanAzUnyatA hI sAdhanA kA lakSya hai| gItA meM bhI mana ke nigraha kA jo upAya batAyA gayA hai vaha hai, vairAgya aura abhyAsa / vairAgya manovRttiyoM athavA vAsanAoM kA damana nahIM hai, apitu bhogoM ke prati eka anAsakta vRtti hai| taTasthaM vRtti yA udAsIna vRtti damana se bilakula bhinna hai, vaha to bhogoM ke prati rAga-bhAva kI anupasthiti hai| dUsarI ora abhyAsa zabda bhI damana kA samarthaka nahIM hai / yadi gItAkAra ko damana hI iSTa hotA to vaha abhyAsa kI bAta nahIM khtaa| damana meM abhyAsa kI AvazyakatA nahIM hotI hai, kyoMki yadi damana hI karanA ho to phira abhyAsa kisaliye ? abhyAsa hotA hai vilayana, pariSkAra yA udAttIkaraNa ke lie| vastutaH sAdhanA kA lakSya vAsanA yA caitasika AvegoM kA vilayana (samApti) hotA hai na ki unakA damana / kyoMki jaba taka damana hai taba taka citta - vikSobha hai kintu sAdhanA kA lakSya to samAdhi hai| samAdhi vAsanAoM ke damana se nahIM, apitu unake vilayana se phalita hotI hai| damana meM vAsanA rahatI hai ataH usameM citta - vikSobha bhI rahatA hai| jabaki vilayana meM vAsanA hI samApta ho jAtI hai ataH vaha citta kI zAnta avasthA hai| yahI citta kI zAnta evaM nirvikalpaka avasthA sampUrNa sAdhanA-paddhatiyoM kA lakSya hai| yahI samAdhi hai, vItarAgatA hai| -- vAsanAkSaya yA manojaya kA samyagmArga cittavRttiyoM yA vAsanAoM kA vilayana (vAsanA - zUnyatA) kaise ho ? isa sambandha meM AcArya hemacandra ne yogazAstra meM eka samucita mArga prastuta kiyA hai| ve likhate haiM ki, "mana jina-jina viSayoM meM pravRtta hotA hai, unase use balAt rokanA nahIM cAhie, kyoMki balAt rokane se vaha usa ora adhika daur3ane lagatA hai aura na rokane se zAnta ho jAtA hai| jaise madonmatta hAthI ko rokA jAya to vaha aura adhika prerita hotA hai, agara use nahIM rokA jAve to vaha iSTa-viSaya prApta karake zAnta ho jAtA hai| yahI sthiti mana kI hai|" sAdhaka apane viSayoM ko grahaNa karate hue indriyoM ko na to roke aura na pravRtta kareM, apitu itanA sajaga ( apramatta) rahe ki unake kAraNa mana meM rAga-dveSa kI vRttiyA~ utpanna na hoN| vaha kiMcit bhI saMkalpa-vikalpa nahIM kare, kyoMki citta saMkalpoM se vyAkula hotA hai| sabhI citta vikSobha saMkalpajanya hai| ataH saMkalpayukta citta meM sthiratA nahIM A sakatI hai| 81 vastutaH yahA~ AcArya kA mantavya yaha hai ----
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________________ mana -- zakti, svarupa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa : 117 ki citta ko zAnta karane ke liye use saMkalpa-vikalpa se mukta karanA hogA aura isa hetu jJAtA-draSTA yA sAkSI banAnA hogaa| jaba citta yA mana draSTA, sAkSI aura apramatta hogAto svAbhAvika rUpa se vaha vAsanAoM evaM vikSobhoM se mukta ho jaaegaa| citta-vikSobha kevala pramattadazA meM raha sakatA hai, apramattadazA meM nhiiN| yaha bAta Adhunika manovaijJAnika dRSTi se bhI satya hai| jaba mana svayaM apanI vRttiyoM kA draSTA banegA to vaha unakA kartA nahIM raha jAegA, kyoMki eka hI mana eka hI samaya meM draSTA aura kartA donoM nahIM ho sktaa| jisa samaya vaha draSTA-bhAva meM hogA usI samaya usameM kartAbhAva nahIM raha sktaa| udAharaNa ke lie jaba hama krodha karate haiM, usa samaya apanI krodha kI avasthA ko jAnate nahIM hai aura jaba apanI krodha kI avasthA ko jAnane kA prayAsa karate hai to krodha zAnta hone lagatA hai| manovijJAna kA yaha niyama hai ki jaba viveka jAgrata hogA to vAsanA kSINa hogI aura jaba vAsanA jAgrata hogI to viveka kSINa hogaa| ata: sAdhanA meM AvazyakatA hotI hai viveka ko jAgrata banAye rakhane kii| vAsanA-kSaya kA samyak mArga vAsanAoM kA damana nahIM, apitu viveka ko jAgrata karanA hai| sAdhaka ko apanI zakti vAsanAoM se saMgharSa karane meM nahIM apitu viveka ko jAgrata karane meM lagAnI caahie| vastutaH mana meM jaba viveka kA prakAza hotA hai to vAsanA usameM praveza nahIM kara paatii| jaise jaba ghara kA mAlika jAgatA hai to cora ghara meM praveza nahIM krtaa| jaba mana apramatta yA jAgrata rahatA hai to vAsanAe~ svayaM vilupta ho jAtI haiN| mana kI vibhinna avasthAyeM vAsanA se viveka kI ora, pramattatA se apramattatA kI ora -- mana kI yaha yAtrA aneka sopAnoM se hotI hai| jaina, bauddha aura hindU paramparA meM isa sambandha meM samAnAntara rUpa se ina sopAnoM kA ullekha milatA hai| AcArya hemacandra ne yogazAstra meM mana kI cAra avasthAoM kA ullekha kiyA hai -- 1.vikSipta mana -- yaha mana kI viSayAsakta aura saMkalpa-vikalpayukta vikSubdha avasthA hai| ise pramattatA kI avasthA bhI kaha sakate haiN| 2. yAtAyAta mana -- mana isa avasthA meM kabhI bahirmukhI ho viSaya kI ora daur3atA hai to kabhI antarmukhI ho draSTA yA sAkSI banane kA prayAsa karatA hai| sAdhanA kI prArambhika sthiti meM mana kI yaha avasthA rahatI hai| yaha pramattApramatta avasthA hai| 3. zliSTa mana -- yaha citta kI apramatta avasthA hai| yahA~ citta nirviSaya to nahIM hotA kintu usake viSaya zubha-bhAva hote haiN| yaha azubha manobhAvoM kI vilaya kI avasthA hai, ataH ise Anandamaya avasthA bhI kahA gayA hai| 4. sulIna mana -- yahA~ cittavRttiyoM kA pUrNa vilayana ho jAtA hai aura citta zubha-azubha donoM se Upara uTha jAtA hai| yaha usakI zuddha jJAtA-draSTA avasthA hai ise paramAnanda yA samAdhi kI avasthA bhI kahA jA sakatA hai|
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________________ 118 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 jaina paramparA ke anurupa bauddha aura hindU paramparAoM meM bhI manobhUmiyoM kA. ullekha upalabdha hai| bauddha-darzana meM jaina-darzana ke samAna hI citta kI 1. kAmAvacara, 2. rUpAvaghara, 3. arUpAvacara aura 4, lokottara -- ina cAra avasthAoM kA ullekha hai jo ki kramazaH vikSipta, yAtAyAta, zliSTa aura sulIna ke samatulya hai| yoga-darzana meM mana kI nimna pA~ca avasthAoM kA ullekha hai -- 1. kSipta, 2. mUr3ha, 3. vikSipta, 4. ekAgra aura 5. niruddha / isameM bhI yadi hama kSipta aura mUr3ha citta ko eka hI varga meM rakheM, to tulanAtmaka dRSTi se yahA~ bhI jaina-darzana se samAnatA hI parilakSita hotI hai| jise nimna tAlikA se spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai -- jaina-darzana bauddha-darzana yoga-darzana vikSipta kAmAvacara kSipta evaM mUr3ha yAtAyAta rUpAvacara vikSipta zliSTa aspAvacara ekAgra sulIna lokottara niruddha jaina-darzana kA vikSipta mana, bauddha-darzana kA kAmAvacara citta aura yoga-darzana ke kSipta evaM mUr3ha citta samAnArthaka haiM, kyoMki sabhI ke anusAra isa avasthA meM citta meM vAsanAoM kI bahulatA tathA vikalatA rahatI hai| isI prakAra yAtAyAta mana, spAvara citta aura vikSipta citta bhI samAnArthaka hI haiM kyoMki sabhI ne ise citta kI alpakAlika, prayAsasAdhya sthiratA kI avasthA mAnA hai| yahA~ vAsanAoM kA vega tathA citta vikSobha to banA rahatA hai kintu usameM kucha mandatA avazya A jAtI hai| tIsare stara para jaina-darzana kA zliSTa mana, bauddha-darzana kA aspAvadhara citta aura yoga-darzana kA ekAgracitta bhI samakakSa hai kyoMki ise sabhI ne mana kI sthiratA aura apramattatA kI avasthA mAnA hai| citta kI antima avasthA, jise jaina-darzana meM sulIna mana, bauddha-darzana meM lokottara citta aura yoga-darzana meM niruddha citta kahA gayA hai, svarUpa kI dRSTi se samAna hI hai kyoMki isameM sabhI ne vAsanA-saMskAra evaM saMkalpa-vikalpa kA pUrNa abhAva mAnA hai| vastutaH sabhI sAdhanA paddhatiyoM kA carama lakSya mana kI usa vAsanA-zUnya, nirvikAra, nirvicAra evaM apramatta dazA ko prApta karanA hai, jise sabhI ne samAdhi ke sAmAnya nAma se abhihita kiyA hai| sAdhanA hai -- vAsanA se viveka kI ora, pramattatA se apramattA kI ora tathA citta-kSobha se citta-zAnti kI ora pragati / mana kA yaha svaspa vizleSaNa hameM isa dizA meM nirdezita kara sakatA hai kintu prayAsa to svayaM hI karane hoNge| sAdhanA kevala sva-prayAsoM se hI phalavatI hotI hai| sandarbha 1. 2. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 29/56 yogazAstra (hemacandra), 4/38
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________________ 3 4 5 6 7 4. 5. 6. 7. 34 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. gItA, 3/40 dekhiye darzana aura cintana, bhAga 1, pR0 140 tathA bhAga 2, pR0 311 manazcaiva jaDaM manya yogavAsiSTha, nirvANa prakaraNa, sarga 78/21 19. - laMkAvatArasUtra 145 brahmabindu upaniSad - 2 gItA - 3/40 dhammapada yamaka varga 1 dhammapada yamaka varga 2 dhammapada cittavarga 43 dhamampada cittavarga 37 cittaM vartate cittaM cittameva vimucyate / cittaMhi jAyate nAnyaccittameva nirudhyate / / gItA - 6/27 gItA, 3/40 mana -- -- zakti, svarUpa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa 119 bhUmirApoilo vAyuH khaM mano buddhireva ca / ahaMkAra itIyaM me bhinnA prakRtiraSTadhA / / gItA 7/4 manaH dvividhaH rAdhAkRSNana The Jaina's have given a modified parallelism with reference to psychic activity as determined by the Karmic matter They presented a sort of psycho-physical parallelism concerning individual mind & bodies yet they were not unaware of interaction between the mental and bodily activity Jaina's do not speak merely interms of pre-established harmony their theory transcends parallelism and postulates a more intimate connection between body and mind their motion of the structure of the mind and functional aspects of the mind shows that they were aware of the significance of interaction. Jaina theory was an attempt at the integration of metaphysical dichotomy of Jiva and Ajiva and the establishment of the interaction of individual mind and body. dravyamanaH bhAvamanaH ca / bhAratIya darzana bhAga 1 jainadarzana Some Problems of Jain Psychology, Page 29. vizada tulanAtmaka vivecanA ke liye dekhiye darzana aura cintana bhAga 1, pR0 134-135 -- --
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________________ 120 : zramaNa/apraila-jUna/1995 23. vizada vivecanA ke lie dekhie -- vizuddhimaggo, bhAga 2, pR0 103-128 ( hindI anuvAda) gItA, 15/9 sadde-sve ya gandhe ya, rase-phAse taheva ya / paMcavihe kAmaguNa, niccaso privjje| - uttarAdhyayana, 16/10 jANaMto passaMto IhApudhvaM Na hoI kevlinno| kevaliNANI tamhA teNa tuso'bandhago bhnnido|| pariNAma puvvavayaNaM jIvassa ya baMdhakaraNaM hoii| pariNAmarahiya vayaNaM tamhA NANIssa Nahi bnyo|| IhApuvvaM vayaNaM jIvassa ya baMdhakAraNaM hoii| IhArahiyaM vasaNaM tamhA NANIssa Na hi bndho|| ThANaNisejjavihArA IhApuvvaM Na hoI kevlinno| tamhA Na hoI bandho sAkaTa mohsnniiyss|| - niyamasAra, 171, 172, 173, 174 TippaNI -- IhA zabda vimarzAtmaka saMkalpa kI apekSA -- vimarzarahita "vAsanA" ke adhika nikaTa hai| gaNadharavAda -- vAyubhUti se carcA parAMci khAni vyatRNatsvayaMbhU stasmAtparAGpazyati nAntarAtman -- kaTha0 2/1/1 savve suhasAyA dukkhapaDikUlA -- AcArAMga indriya manonukUlAyAmpravRtto -- abhidhAnarAjendra, khaNDa 2, pR0 575 lAbhasvArthasyAbhilASAtireke --- vahI, pR0 575 rAgassaheu samaNunnamAhu dosassaMheDaM amaNunnamAhu -- uttarA0 32/23 tulanA kIjiye : rAga kI utpatti ke do hetu hai --- 1. zubha ( anukUla ) karake dekhanA, 2. anucita vicAra / veSa kI utpatti ke do hetu haiM -- 1. pratikUla karake dekhanA tathA 2. anucita vicaar| - aMguttara nikAya, dUsarA nipAta, 11/6-7 25. 26. 27. 28. 30. tao se jAyaMti paoyaNAI nimajjiuM mohmhnnnnvmmi| suhesiNo dukkhaviNoyaNaTThA tappaccayaM ujjamae ya raagii|| kohaM gha mANaM ca taheva mAyaM lohaM durgacchaM araI riNc| hAsaM bhayaM yoga pumityivyaM napuMsaveyaM vivihe ya bhaave|| AvajjaI eyamaNegasve evaMvihe kAmaguNesu stto| anne ya eyappabhave kseise kAruNNadINe hirimaM visse|| -- uttarAdhyayana, 32/105, 102, 103
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________________ mana -- zakti, svarUpa aura sAdhanA : eka vizleSaNa : 121 31. 34. 36. 38. 40. 41. dhyAyato viSayAna puMsaH : sNgstessuupjaayte| saMgAtsaMjAyate kAmaH kaamaatkrodho'bhijaayte|| krodhAd bhavati saMmohaH saMmohAtsmRtivibhramaH / smRtibhraMzAd buddhinAzo buddhinAzAtpraNazyati / / --- gItA, 2/62-63 rAgo yA dosA vi ya kammabIyaM kamma dha mohappabhavaM vyNti| kammaM ca jAimaraNassa mUlaM dukkhaM ca jAI maraNaM vyNti|| -- uttarAdhyayana, 3216 icchA-dveSa-samutyena chandamohena bhArata ! sarvabhUtAni sammohaM sarge yAnti parantapa ! / ! -- gItA, 7/27 saMyuttanikAya, nandana varga, pR0 12 vinendriyajayaM naiva kaSAyAn jetumIzvaraH / -- yogazAstra, 4/24 uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 32/23 vahIM, 32/24 vahI, 32/27 vahI, 32/28 vahI, 32/32 vahI, 32/36 vahI, 32/37 vahI, 32/40 vahI, 32141 vahI, 32/43 vahI, 32/49 vahI, 32/50 vahI, 32/53 vahI, 32/54 vahI, 32/62 vahI, 32/63 vahI, 32/71 vahI, 32/72 vahI, 32/75 vahI, 32/76 vahI, 32/79 vahI, 32/80 vahI, 32184 yogazAstra (hemacandra) prakAza 4 gItA, 2160-67, 3/41 48. 50. 51. 55. 56. 57. 58. 60.
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________________ 122 : zramama/apraila-jUna/1995 63. 64. 61. dhammapada, 1/7-8 62. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 32/100 uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 32/101 gItA, 3/34 gItA, 3/6 66. mItA, 2/59 67. uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 32/109 68. gItA, 2/64 69. maNo sAhasio bhImo duTThaso pridhaavii| -- uttarAdhyayana 23/58 70. rambha samArambhe Arambhe ya taheva y| maNaM pavattamANaM tu niyattijja jayaM jii|| -- uttarAdhyayana 24/11 71. gItA, 6/34 72. gItA, 6/35 73. manaHsaMyamya maccitto yukta AsIta matparaH / -- gItA 6/14 dhammapada, cittavarga, 33-35 yogazAstra ( hemacandra ), 36-39 76. prakRti yAnti bhUtAni nigrahaH kiM krissyti| -- gItA 3/33 77. sarvAsyA evaM rAjarSi ! bhuutjaatairjgttrye| devAdevArapi dehoDyaM drayAtmaiva svabhAvataH / ajJamastvatha tajjJaM vA yAvatsvAntaM zarIrakarma / / -- yogavAsiSTha 105/109 tathA tathA pravarteta yathA na kSubhyate manaH / saMkSubye cittaratne tu siddhi va kadAcana / / prajJopAyavinizcaya, 5/40 ( uddhRta bodhicaryAvatAra, bhUmikA), pR0 20 79. bodhicaryAktAra, bhUmikA, pR0 20 80. vizeSa jAnakArI ke liye dekhiye -- guNasthAnArohaNa / 81. yogazAstra 12/33-36 74. 75