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________________ mahAvIra yugIna kAla DaoN. esa. ema. pahAr3iyA bhagavAna mahAvIra kA kAla punarjAgaraNa kA krAMtikArI yuga thA / purAnI mAnyatAeM gira rahI thIM aura naI mAnyatAeM, naI cetanA, naye vicAra janma le rahe the| jIvana ke hara kSetra meM parivartana dRSTigocara ho rahA thA / rAjanIti ke kSetra meM susaMgaThita rAjya bana rahe the| rAjA aura usake kAryoM kA mahatva bar3ha rahA thaa| sAmAjika kSetra meM brAhmaNoM kI pratiSThA ko dhakkA lagA thA aura saMyukta parivAra prathA panapa rahI thii| gotra aura pravara ke astitva meM Ane se niyoga prathA kA anta ho gayA thA / Arthika kSetra meM udyoga vyApAra evaM vyavasAyoM meM vRddhi ho rahI thii| sikkoM kA pracalana bar3ha rahA thA aura lauha dhAtu kA adhikAdhika upayoga hone lagA thaa| dharma ke kSetra meM vizvavyApI krAMti ke lakSaNa dRSTigocara ho rahe the| kalA ke kSetra meM ullekhanIya pragati huI, uttara ke kAle camakIle pAtra usa yuga kI vizeSatA thii| rAjanItika paristhitiyA~ usa kAla meM solaha bar3e rAjya the jo "solaha mahAjanapada" nAma se jAne jAte the| ina rAjyoM kI nizcita sImAeM thI aura unameM rAjatantra evaM gaNatantra donoM kA samAveza thaa| choTe gaNatantra svatantra yA arddha svatantra vaMzoM, jaise kapilavastu ke zAkya, devadAha va rAmagAma ke koliyA, sumasumArA pahAr3iyoM ke bhagga, kalAkappA ke bulisa, kezapuTa ke kAlamA evaM pippalIvAna ke mauryoM dvArA zAsita the| sAdhAraNatayA rAjA kSatriya hote the / yadyapi rAjA niraMkuza hotA thA phira bhI use dasa rAjya dharmoM kA pAlana karanA par3atA thA / jIvana meM naitikatA kA pAlana una dasa dharmoM meM eka dharma thaa| rAjA kA mukhya kArya apane rAjya kI bAharI aura bhItarI saMkaToM se rakSA karanA thA / rAjA vaMza paraMparAgata hotA thA / rAjA kA jyeSThaputra "uparAjA" kahalAtA thA tathA senApati rAjA kA saMbaMdhI hotA thaa| rAjA kI sahAyatA ke lie eka maMtrI pariSada hotI thI jisameM sAdhAraNatayA pAMca sadasya hote the jo "amAcchA" kahalAte the| prAntIya zAsana lagabhaga svatantra sA hI thaa| grAma zAsana meM 'grAma bhojaka' kA vizeSa sthAna thA / nyAya ke kSetra meM rAjya sarvopari thA parantu nyAya maMtrI usakI sahAyatA karatA thA aura vaha "vinicchAyamAcchA" kahalAtA thaa| sainika saMgaThana acchA thaa| senA meM ratha, hAthI, azvArohI evaM paidala sainika hote the / gaNatantra, pazcima meM spArTA, ethensa, roma aura madhyakAlIna venisa ke gaNatantra ke samAna the| inakI zAsana vyavasthA kI jAnakArI hameM bauddha jAtakoM se prApta hotI hai| buddha ne magadha ke rAjA ke mahAmaMtrI varSakAra ko jo sAta uttama bAteM batalAI thIM unheM zAsana ke nIti nirdhAraka tatva mAne jA sakate haiM ve isa prakAra haiM:-- 1. samaya-samaya para pUrI jana-sabhAoM ko Amantrita karanA 2. milajula kara milanA, baiThanA evaM kArya krnaa| 3. sthApita vyavasthA ke pratikUla niyama nahIM banAnA aura praca lita niyamoM kA nirasana nahIM krnaa| 4. vRddhajanoM kA sammAna, satkAra karanA, unheM mAnyatA denA evaM unakA bharaNa poSaNa karanA / 5. zakti dvArA yA apaharaNa karake mahilAoM evaM bAlikAoM ko banda nahIM karanA / 120 rAjendra-jyoti Jain Education Interational
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________________ 6. caityoM ko mAmyatA dekara unakA sammAna evaM sahAyatA karanA / 7. arahaMtoM kI surakSA evaM bacAva karanA tathA unakI sahAyatA __ krnaa| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki usa samaya nAgarikatA kevala kulIna kSatriyoM taka sImita thI / pratyeka gaNatantra kI apanI alaga sarvocca janasabhA hotI thI jise "saMthAgAra" kahate the| janasabhA meM vibhinna guTa sattA ke liye saMgharSarata rahate the| janasabhA kA kArya gaNapUrti hone para prArambha kiyA jAtA thA / janasabhA ke prastAva niyamAnusAra hI prastuta kiye jA sakate the| matadAna kabhI gupta rUpa se, kabhI kAnAphUsI se, aura kabhI pratyakSa rUpa se huvA karatA thA / janasabhA kAryapAlikA para niyantraNa rakhatI thI aura usakI sadasya saMkhyA, rAjya kI janasaMkhyA evaM unakI paramparA para nirbhara karatI thI / gaNatantroM kI nyAya praNAlI prazaMsanIya thI evaM nAgarika svatantratA kI pUrNa rakSA kI jAtI thii| yahAM kI nyAyapAlikA kA lakSya 'nirdoSatA" kA patA lagAnA hotA thA jabaki tibbata meM 'aparAdhI ke aparAdha' kA patA lagAnA / sAmAjika paristhitiyA~ usa kAla meM kSatriyoM kA samAja meM ucca sthAna thA lekina bauddha sAhitya meM isa tathya ko kahIM-kahIM nakArA hai| brAhmaNoM kA prabhAva ghaTa rahA thA aura anekoM ne zikAra, suthArI aura sArathI jaise hIna samajhe jAne vAle dhaMdhoM ko apanA liyA thaa| lekina brAhmaNa sAhitya meM isake viparIta ullekha milate haiM / vezyoM ke vyApAra meM bhI ekarUpatA nahIM thI / mahAvIra ke pUrva zUdroM kI sthiti dayanIya thI, mahAvIra ne unakI sthiti sudhArane kA athaka prayatna kiyaa| nimna mAnI jAne vAlI jAtiyoM meM cANDAla, veNa, nizAda, rathakAra evaM pusuka pramukha thii| Adhyatmika kSetra meM achUtoM para kisI prakAra kA pratibaMdha nahIM thA aura eka cANDAla harikezabala ne sAdhu dharma svIkAra kiyA thaa| mizrita jAtiyoM kA bhI isa kAla meM udaya huvA / una dinoM me dAsa prathA pracalita thI evaM mahAvIra kI pahalI AryA rAjakumArI candanA ko bhI dAsI bananA par3A thA / sanyAsa Azrama vAnaprasthAzrama se bilkula pRthaka ho gayA thA / saMyukta parivAra prathA aba kAphI lokapriya ho gaI thI aura aise parivAroM ke sadasyoM ke ApasI saMbaMdha madhura evaM snehapUrNa the| kahIMkahIM ApasI kalaha ke udAharaNa bhI milate haiN| vANijya aura vyApAra meM AzAtIta unnati hone se parivAra ke sadasyoM meM svatantra rUpa se dhanopArjana kI vatti ke kAraNa "saMpatti ke adhikAra" kI dhAraNA banane lgii| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki usa kAla meM brahma, prajApatya, asura, gaMdharva aura rAkSasa vivAha paddhatiyA~ pracalita thiiN| svayaMbara bhI hote the| vivAha saMbaMdha meM gotra kA mahatva bar3hane lagA thaa| bhAI-bahina ke Apasa meM vivAha ke udAharaNa milate haiN| zAkyoM meM bahinoM se vivAha hotA hai| svayaMvara bhI hote the / rAjakumArI nivavuI isakA udAharaNa hai| licchikyioM meM najadIka ke saMbaMdhiyoM meM vivAha hote the / mamere bhAI-bahinoM meM vivAha hote the| mahAvIra ke bar3e bhAI naMdIvardhana kA jeSThA ke sAtha vivAha isakA udAharaNa hai / yadAkadA anuloma aura pratiloma vivAha hote the / vadhU kI vivAha ke samaya umra sAmAnyataH solaha varSa kI hotI thii| puruSa apanI strI kI mRtyu ke bAda punarvivAha kara sakatA thA, parantu vidhavA vivAha ke sambandha meM virodhI jAnakArI milatI hai| kinhIM vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM vivAha viccheda hone para strI aura puruSa punaH vivAha kara sakate the| eka patnI prathA sAdhAraNataH pracalita thii| dhanIvarga bahupatniyAM rakhate the / nagarIya jIvana meM gaNikAoM kA mahatva thA ve saMgIta, gAna, nRtya Adi kI saMrakSikA hotI thii| sAhitya evaM purAtatva donoM sUtroM se vizeSa kara tera aura navAsA kI khudAI se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki gehaM aura dAleM khAdya kI mukhya vastueM thIM / usa kAla ke khAdya padArthoM meM satu, kumAsA, pUbA, khAjA, tilakUTA tathA dUdha evaM dUdha kI banI huI vastueM jaise dahI, makkhana, ghI Adi kA pracura mAtrA meM upayoga hotA thaa| tarakAriyoM meM kakar3I, kad, lokI Adi aura phaloM meM Ama, jAmuna Adi lokapriya the| vividha sthAnoM se khudAI meM prApta haDDiyoM se pratIta hotA hai ki mAMsabhakSaNa kiyA jAtA thaa| mahAvIra mAMsAhAra ke atyanta viruddha the| unhoMne zAkAhAra kA pracAra kara anekoM mAMsahAriyoM ko zAkAhArI banAyA, zarAba kA pracalana thA kintu dhArmika vRtti ke vyakti isase paraheja karate the| jana sAdhAraNa ke yA pahinane ke vastroM meM antaravAsaka utarAsaMga, usAnisA hote the / strI aura puruSa donoM kAMcuka dhAraNa karate the / striyAM sAr3I pahanatI thii| ruI, Una, sana, tAr3apatra, rezama, paTuA Adi ke rezoM ke kapar3e banAye jAte the| kapar3e ko sIne va TAMke lagAne kA rivAja thA / sAdhu-sAdhviyAM tathA viziSTa puruSoM ke pahanane ke vastra vizeSa prakAra ke hote the| striyoM aura puruSa donoM saste yA maMhage AbhUSaNa pahinate the| AbhUSaNoM meM aMguThiyAM, karNaphUla evaM gale ke kaMThe kAphI lokapriya the / tatkAlIna sAhitya meM saundarya prasAdhanoM evaM zRMgAra sAmagriyoM kA pracura vivaraNa milatA hai / jaina evaM bauddha sAhitya meM gRha sajjA ke liye vibhinna prakAra kI kursiyoM, paMlagoM Adi kA vivaraNa milatA hai / una dinoM upayoga meM Ane vAle miTTI evaM dhAtuoM ke bane bartana vibhinna sthAnoM se purAtatvIya khudAI meM prApta huve haiN| uttara ke kAle camakIle pAtra isa yuga kI anokhI dena haiM / / loga utsavoM meM sammilita hote the| inheM "samAjjA" kahate the| zAlabhaMjikA utsava atyanta lokapriya thaa| anya tyauhAroM meM komudI aura hAthI-maMgala prasiddha the / tyohAroM evaM utsavoM ke atirikta manoraMjana ke liye bagIce meM bhramaNa karate the aura saMgIta sunate the / bI. ni. saM. 2503 121 Jain Education Intemational
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________________ yogya vyaktiyoM ko zikSA dI jAtI thI / dayA, caritra nirmANa, vyaktitva kA vikAsa, nAgarika evaM sAmAjika kartavyoM evaM dAyitvoM kA pAlana, zikSA ke lakSya hote the| zikSA ke kSetra meM gurukula praNAlI kA viziSTa sthAna thaa| guru-ziSya ke saMbaMdha madhura the| vividha viSayoM meM zikSA dI jAtI thI / pAThyakrama aura unakI avadhi kA nirdhAraNa, vidyArthiyoM kI icchA, sAmarthya aura unakI suvidhAnusAra hotA thaa| strI zikSA ko protsAhana diyA jAtA thaa| abhivyakti kA mAdhyama prAkRta bhASA thI / sAhityika gatividhiyAM isa yuga meM khUba phalI-phUlI / zilpakalA ke vikAsa ke phalasvarUpa hI bhavanoM, durgoM, jalAzayoM, naharoM Adi kA nirmANa saMbhava ho skaa| Arthika paristhitiyA~ grAmINa artha vyavasthA kA kendrabindu grAma thA / grAmINa janatA kI AjIvikA kA mukhya sAdhana khetI thA / kRSi meM naI-naI paddhatiyoM kA vikAsa huA / usa yuga ke sAhityika srotoM se jJAta hotA hai ki khetoM meM hala calAye jAte the. khetoM kI sImA para bAr3a lagAI jAtI thI, bIja boye jAte the| khetoM meM nindAI hotI thii| phasala kATane aura kaTI haI phasaloM ke gadrara bAMdhane kA bhI varNana milatA hai| kuoM aura jalAzayoM se siMcAI hotI thii| ujjaina aura vaizAlI meM pUrAtatva vibhAga dvArA jo khudAI kArya huvA hai vahAM inake bhagnAvazeSa prApta huve haiN| khetI ke liye pazaoM meM gAya, bhaiMsa, bakarI, bher3a, gadhe, U~Ta, sUara aura kuttoM kA upayoga hotA thaa| ruI, Una, cAMvala, gehUM, canA, sema, nAsapAtI, araNDI, sarasoM, zIzama, adaraka, loMga, haldI, jIrA, mircI ba ganne kI phasaleM hotI thii| aneka prakAra kI vanaspatiyA~ phUla-phala aura pAna kI khetI hotI thii| jAnavaroM evaM pakSiyoM se khar3I phasala kI rakSA ke liye aneka upAya kiye jAte the| khetoM ke atirikta katAI-banAI (miTTI ke takue prApta huve haiM), suthArI, luhArI Adi dhaMdhoM kA vivaraNa upalabdha sAhitya meM milatA hai / lohe galAne kI bhaTTiyoM kA ullekha milatA hai tathA purAtatva khadAI meM lohe kI vastue~ prApta haI haiN| hAthI dA~ta para kAma, mAlA banAnA, itra banAnA Adi kArya bhI hote the| gauMda, auSadhiyA~, rasAyana evaM raMgAI tathA camar3e Adi ke gRha udyoga bhI calate the| bhavana nirmANa kA kArya khUba hotA thaa| videzoM se evaM deza meM vyApAra-vyavasAya unnati para thaa| sAmudrika vyApAra ke bhI pramANa milate haiN| birasa-nirmada ke nebacanda nejara ke rAjamahala meM bhAratIya devadAru kI eka ballI milI hai / bAvarU aura supAraka jAtakoM, didha-nikAya aura laMkA ke itihAsa meM bhI bhArata ke videzI vyApAra kA varNana milatA hai, isa yaga ke Arthika jIvana kI eka mahatvapUrNa ghaTanA vyApAra aura udyogoM ko zreNiyoM meM saMgaThita karane kI hai| vyApAra meM sikkoM kA pracalana dusarI mahatvapUrNa bAta thI / isa yaga ke sikke bhIra, pailA, patarAhA, macchATolI Adi sthAnoM meM pAye gaye haiN| karja dene kI prathA bhI thI / pANinI ne vibhinna mApa-taula kA ullekha kiyA hai| cirada, vaizAlI aura erana kI khudAiyoM se bhI usa yuga ke mApa-tauloM kI jAnakArI milI / bar3I-bar3I maNDiyoM meM vastuoM kA kraya-vikraya hotA thaa| maNDiyoM meM vastuoM ke mUlyoM evaM mUlya nirdhAraNa meM hone vAlI saudebAjI ke bhI saMketa milate haiN| dhArmika paristhitiyA~ dhArmika kSetra meM na kevala bhArata meM apitu samasta vizva meM krAMtikArI parivartana hue| mahAvIra kA yuga janajAgaraNa kA yuga kahalAtA hai / sabhyatA ke vibhinna kendroM para acAnaka aura eka sAtha dhArmika Andolana cAlU hue| IrAna meM jarustrama ne advaita kA upadeza dekara dhArmika kriyAkANDa ke viruddha vidroha kiyaa| yUnAna meM herAkliTasa aura pAithogorasa ne punarjanma kI carcA kI aura janatA ko zubha kArya karane ke liye protsAhita kiyA / cIna meM kanphusiyasa aura lAotse ne pracalita dhAraNAoM ke viparIta naI vicAra dhArA prastuta kI / bebIlona kI adhInatA meM rahe yahUdiyoM ne yahovA" meM dRr3ha vizvAsa prakaTa kiyaa| bhArata meM brAhmaNavAda ke viruddha kaI saMsAra se viraktivairAgya saMbaMdhI tathA anya bauddhika Andolana ubhare, jinameM bauddha evaM jaina agraNI the| IsA se cha: zatAbdI pUrva inhoMne vahI kiyA jo lUthara aura kolvina ne I0 19 vIM zatAbdI meM kiyaa| ahiMsA, acaurya, aparigraha, satya Adi ke upadeza diye jAne lage / dhArmika sahiSNutA kA Agraha kiyA gayA aura mokSa prApti para jora diyA gayA / pratidvandvI vicAradhArAoM evaM sampradAyoM ke ApasI matabhedoM ke phalasvarUpa janatA meM AdhyAtmika cetanA jAgrata huI / svarga aura naraka meM logoM kA vizvAsa thA aura aisI mAnyatA thI ki acche kAryoM kA phala svarga aura bure kAryoM kA phala naraka thaa| kalA sAhityika racanAoM se jJAta hotA hai ki rAjamahala rAjadhAnI ke madhya meM banAyA jAtA thA aura usake AsapAsa parakoTA hotA thaa| usameM mahala do maMjilA hotA thA aura usameM tIna AMgana hote the| dIvAloM aura khaMbhoM para sundara AkRtiyA~ banAI jAtI thiiN| bhavana IMTa, patthara aura lakar3I ke bane hote the| bhavanoM meM khir3akiyoM, daravAjoM evaM barAmadoM kI vyavasthA hotI thii| zAsakIya evaM anya bhavanoM ke nirmANa meM svAsthya sambandhI AvazyakatAoM kA dhyAna rakhA jAtA thaa| kahIM-kahIM devaklikoM evaM caityoM kA varNana milatA hai / purAtatva vibhAgoM dvArA vibhinna sthAnoM para kI gaI khudAI se 'stUpoM" ke nirmANa para prakAza par3atA hai| jaina sarvatIrtha saMgraha pustaka se jJAta hotA hai ki pradyota ne ujjaina, dazapura evaM vidizA meM jIvanta svAmI (mahAvIra) kI mUrtiyAM sthApita kI thii| purAtatva vibhAga kI khojoM evaM sAhityika kRtiyoM se mahAvIra kAla meM banI, miTTI va pakI huI miTTI se bane bartanoM kA jJAna hotA hai| jaina evaM bauddha sAhitya se patA calatA hai ki kalA kI dRSTi se dhArmika evaM anya citrakArI kA bar3A mahatva thaa| isa kAla ke citra paMcamar3I kI mahAdeva pahAr3iyoM kI guphAoM meM, bhopAla ke pAsa bhIma baiTakA, mandasaura ke pAsa morI, siMghanapurA, kabarA pahAr3a, likuniyA, kohavAra, meharidA, bhAladAriyA aura mirajApura meM bIjAgar3ha tathA bAMdA meM mAnikapura meM pAye jAte haiN| kucha dhAtu, haDDI aura patthara kI vastueM bhI khudAI se prApta huI haiN| mudrAeM, moharoM, raMga lagAne kI kumhAra kI kUciyoM, pattharoM ke mUsala, cakkI evaM taztariyoM Adi prApta vastuoM se usa yuga kI kalA kI jhAMkiyAM dekhane ko milatI haiM / 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