Karma Philosophy

Author(s): Virchand R Gandhi
Publisher: Agamoday Samiti
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/002015/1

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MA PHILOSOPHY For Private & Personal use only Www jainelibrary.org

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" Shree Agamoda ya Samiti Series." SPEECHES AND WRITYGS OF Virchand R. Gandhi, B. A., M. R. A.S., BARRISTER-AT-LAW, THE JAIN DELEGATE TO THE PARLIAMENT OF RELIGIONS; CHICAGO, U. S. A. (1893.) Hony, Secretary to The Jaia Association of India. THE KARMA PHILOSOPHY COLLECTED BY BHAGU F. KARBHARI EDITOR THE JAIN' AND THE 'PATRIOT' BOMBAY. PUBLISHED BY Venichand Surchand Shah FOR Shree Agamodaya Samiti. BOMBAY SECOND EDITION PRICE AS. 12/-) 1924 [Copies 1000

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PRINTED AT THE JASWANTSINAJI PRINTING PRESS, LIMBDI, KATHIAWAR.

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FOREWORD. The unsual feature of the Jain philosophy is its precise and scientific treatment of the law of Karma. In fect, the superiority of the Jain seers and the absoluis reasonableness of their way of thinking are apparent to any non-Jain student of this branch of the Jain philosophy. The whole study is scientifically based and is treated both by analysis and synthesis. Fortunately for the Jains, the synopsis in English of this valued science was written by the able hand of late Mr. Virchand Raghavji Gandbi; so far as it goes it is faultless. It oftens happens that the Jain 'works are edited by scholars who have scant knowledge of the subject and much inisunderstand ing of the Jain doctrines results. It is also gratifying to note that the book is published by such a respectable institution as Shree Jain Agamodaya Samiti whose services as the publishers of some of Jain scriptures and other very valuable works of Jain literature.cannot be forgotten by the Jain community. It is also satisfactory to note that the Samitti sells books at half its cost price, so that even the poorest can get the advantage of possessing a copy. The law of Karnia is a univesal law, the law that applies to every creature. not only on the earth but in the universe. This law applies even to the gods. The Karma denotes action, Action denotes progress. This progress may be two-fold. The progress that he!

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the realization of one's self and the progress that drifts one apart. These Karmas which are species of matter adhere to the soul, and as long as they are there, the freedom of the soul i, e. salvation cannot be attained. The evolution of wordly souls rests in being, free from Karmas as far as practicable. Soul is by nature free, full of knowledge and power. The rays of its knowledge and fower are obstructed by these Karmas. The greatest endeavour of man should be towards removing these Karmas. The ways to success and the nature and qualities of Karma are ably described in the book. When a man understands this law, he does not wonder at the apparent inequalities and is always on the safeguard to protect himself rroni further Karmas as ar as he possibly can. In the Jain literature there are nutulerous importart works which solely deal with this subject e, g. karma-granthas 5 old and new, saptati or 6th karma-grantha, karma-prakriti-Pancha sangraha and others. Besides there are numerous references in sacred books as well as other literature where this subject is either scientifically touched or is illustrated. The story almost always is designed to illustrate the karma theory. This is a very vide subject. To do justice to it, a life long study in light of the present world literature is a decessity. So one can not expect to find from this small book anything but rudiments of this subject. Karmas are to be looked at from the stand-points of their quality, quantity, duration, density and a number of others which are too numerous to inention here. I can not end this introduction without requesting some one, Jain or Indian of

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5 to this European non-Jain scholar to devote his life subject and bring out an exhaustive and considered work on the subject in English which will be a real boo not only to the Jain community but to all seekers after truth who are taking lively interest in such subjects specially as the theory of Karma in all its different aspects is as yet considered only in the Jain Philosophy and in none else. The undersigned will be happy to help who will undertake such work both by suggestions as well as books as far as practicable. Unfortunrtely this is a subject to which the attention of scholars is drawn to the extent it deserves. one not AHMEDABAD. 24-12-1924. K. P. Mody. B. A., LL.B. H. C. PLEADER,

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General Outlook OF Shree Agamodaya Samiti, 1. Start:-This institution was started at Bhoyani in Viramgaum Taluka of the Ahmedabad District or Maha Shudi 10th of Samvat year 1971 ( 25th January 1915 A. D.) Monday. This village Bhoyani is wel known in Jain Annals as it contains the celebrated Jain Tirtha ( a holy place ) of Mallinatha, their 19th Tirthankara. It was started at the suggestion of Pannyaga Anandsagarjee ( at present Acharya Shri Sagaranandjee.) by Sheth Venichand Surchand and others with the consent of Pannyasa Anandsagarjee, Pannyasa Manivijayji, pannyasa Meghavijayjee and several other Jain ascetics of different Gachchhas and with the consent of a number of Jains. This day being the anniversary day on which the image of Mallinatha was installed, & number of Jains both layinen and ascetics assembled there that day. 2. Objects:-1. To enable Jain ascetics to acquire the knowledge of the heart of Jainism by studying in the prescribed ways the sacred books froin ascetics well versed in them.

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2. To edit and publish Jain Sacred books styled Agamas in necessary copies thus to make easy the obtaining of them (copies ), in different places. 3. Fulfilment of objects. a. To further the first object, the knowledge of some Agamas was imparted at Patan (Northern Gujarat), Kapadvanj in the Kaira District, Ahmedabad, Surat, Palitana and Rutlam in Malwa. b. To further the second object this institution has published the following sacred books (Agamas) and other Jain books:Sutra-Kritanga, Sutra 2nd, Sthananga, Sutra 3rd Samavayanga, Sutra 4th, Bhagavati, Sutra 5th. Gna ta-Dharm-Katha, Sutra 6th. Upasaka-Dashanga, Sutra 7th. Antakrit-Dashanga and two other Sutras, 8th, 9th and 10th. Prashna-Vyakarana, Sutra 11th. Pragnapta, Sutra 15th. Surya-Pragnapti, Sutra 18th. Niryavali and four other Sutras, 19th to 23rd, Guchchhachara Prakirnakani. Avashyaka Sutra in four volumes, Ogha Niryukti.

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Nandi Sutra Ashatka by Haribhadra Suri. Four collection of 36 verses (about Pudgala matter) and other subjects. Dharma Bindu. Alphabetical index of Visheshavashyaka Khashya. Translation of versess Visheshavashyaka Bhashya with extracts from the commen tary. Vichara-sara-prakarana. Sadhu Samachari. 4. Managing body:-In general and Managing Committes of this institution there are mnany members and the present workers that constitute the Managing Committee are as under: 1. Venichand Surchand Esq. 2. Manilal Surajmal 3. Hiralal Bakordas 4. Bhogilal Halabhai 5. Kunverji Anandjee 6. Chunilal Chhag anlal , 7. Kamalshibhai Gulabchand , 8. Jivanchand Sakerchand Javeri Esq. 5. Offices-Till some time past the office of this institution was kept at the places, where the knowledge of the Agamas was imparted and other suitable places thus changing the same from time to time. Now the

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10 Head Office of this institution is at No. 426, Javeri Bazar Bombay No. 2. and the branch office for selling the printed books of this institution at Sheth Devchand Lalbhal's Dharamshala Gopipura, Surat. 6. Pecuniary position-This institution at present has about Rs. 45000/- (forty five-thousand) partly subscribed, partly got from the interest, partly from the sales of books published by this institution. Besides the sum about Rs. 13000/- (thirteen thousand) partly subscribed, and partly got from the interest is to the credit of Agama-Vanchana-Katha. From these the expenses ' in this connection are met. AHMEDABAD, K. P, Modi, 24-9-1924. B. A., LL. B.

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11 PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. I did not expect at the time when I first thought of bringing out the speeches and writings of the Late Mr. V. R. Gandhi B. A., that they would furnish material for as many as more than three volumes. These were supplied to me by Mr. Umarosing Tank B. A., LL B., of Delhi, the late Mr. Virchand Dipchand c. 1. E, and Mr. Maneklal Ghelabhai of Bombay; for which I am deeply thankful to them. As a result the first volume entitled "The Jain Philosophy," was published by me in the year 1911. After its publication, the trustees of the Seth Devihand Lalbhai Jain Pustakoddhar Fund were pleased to include "Yoga Philosophy," the embodiment of the rest of my collected materials, in their series, which was published by them last year. These two publications were welcomed by Western scholars and readers, who took interest in the Jain theology and literature, which was a matter of great Satisfaction to me. When "Yoga Philosophy', was published, I was in the dark if there were any further speeches and writings of Mr. Gandhi. However the materials embodied in this volume were supplied. by Mr. H. Warren of London, which are on the Karnia Philosophy. The Jains of all shades of opinion believe in the law of Karma, to which every soul that is not yet emancipated, is subject, What that Law is and

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how by it the soul, or spirit is governed is explained in brief in the following pages. In the absence of an. . exhaustive work specially dealing with Karma, as it is understood by the Jains, this volume would be of immense use to the students of Jainism. No vivid and real idea of Jainism can can be formed without a thorough conception of the law of karma. In my preface to the Yoga Philosophy I have alluded to the deficiency of titerature on Jainism in Western languages. This is however 110 less true of Indian Vernaculars in general. Would that those, whose duty it is to secure the permanence of the faith, awaken to this necessity. The times and circumstances are altered and the activities of the followers of the faith should also be adjusted, at least proportionately, in conformity with the needs of the situation. There should come into existence a class of Jain scholars and translators, who may well carry out this object. This however will continue to remain only a pious wish until the method of charities is relatively changed. In conclusion I am thankful to the iTruees of this fund, for including this book in their series. The Jain Office, Bombay, 28th February, BHAGU F. KARBHARI. 1913. Jain Education Intermatonal For Private & Personal use only way

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13 INTRODUCTION. Jain literature, comprising as it does almost all the branches that are characteristic of ancient Indian literature, holds no insignificant niche in the gallery of that literature. It is considerable even as it is at present, and was iuore so in former times. This is not the proper place to equmerate the great writers and their works that constitute the glory of that literature. The fact that the Jain writers had flourished in great abundance in times gone by, is evident from the vast stock of literature that has survived to this day, though it is yet in an unexplored state. Their eminence in subject inatter as well as language is manifest to those who are conversant with it. Along with Indian literature at large, Jain literature too has been a participator in the unhappy fate it wet with at the hands Partly of alien bigotry, and partly of nutual religious jealousy and from the pecliliarities of the cliniate. There was a time when there was no other alternative to secure the very existence of such literature but that of burying it in subterranean archives. The very method employed for the safety of the works became later on instrumental in further diminishing the stock, and that at a time when there was not the least chance of its being further enriched. Those upon whom bad fullen the task of being the hereditary custodians

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14 of such colections, had inherited the traditions of their forefathers, viz., those of not suffering any part of such collection to see the rays of the sun, lest they might be deprived of them, and the works most dear to them be destroyed by the assailants. It is very strange indeed that these traditions are alive even at this day when there is place all round, and when the time is most propitious for the development of literature. Fire even has contributed its quota to the destruction of the records. Add to these the all round degeneration among the followers of the faith, when far from the prospects of further expansion, the faith was in imminent danger of being extinct. It was during this time that more attention was paid to the performance of external rites and ceremonies, and practically nothing was done in the direction of education and literature and the stirring up of the inner spirit of faith. It is only very recently that a practical revival of a salutary character is visible. Owing to circumstances above mentioned, the literary results of the arduous labour and the great learning of the Acharyas and the Sadhus of the faith, could not be made accessible. It may perhaps not be out of place 'here to give in short the history of the fund that has led to the publication of the series. The Late Sheth Devchand Lalbhai, in whose memory this fund has been inaugu(r) rated, eft by his will a sum of Rs. 45,000 along with other sums to be spent in various other matters, to be devoted to some benevolent purpose. This amount was

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15 further enhanced by a sum of Rs. 25,000 set apart by Mr. Gulabchand Devchand to be spent in some good purpose in the memory of the said Sheth Devbhand Lalbhai. It was at the advice of Punias Shree Anand Sagar that these sums which made the original funds in Trust, were amalgamated, and the present Trust was inaugurated. At present the funds of this Trust amount to about Rs. 100000, the original being further enhanced by the property of " Bai Vijkore" the deceased daughter of the said Sheth Devchand Lalbhai, which was directed to be made over to this Trust by her. The object of this Trust is to devote the interest of the funds for the preservation and the development of "the Jain Swetamber religious literature." This is the thirteenth volume of the series that is being published by this Trust. In conclusion we have to say that this volume contains the speeches and writings of the late Mr. Gandhi. We have nothing to add here about this work, as enough has been said about it in the preface written by Mr. B. F. Karbhati. We are thankful to him for having supplied us with the materials for this publication, JAVERI BAZAR, ) BONBAY, March 1973, NAGINBHAI GHELABHAI JAVERI. A Trustee for bimself and Co-Trasteen

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SABE LAAN

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17 Dumas, 30, 5, 17. Jivanchand Sakerchand Zaveri, Esq. Trustee D. L. P. Fund. I was rather engaged and a little unwell too, and hence I could not till this day answer your kind note of the 5th Inst., with which you were good enough to send me as present the two works entitled "The Yoga Philosophy" & "Karma Philosophy" of the late lamented Mr. Virchand Gandhi. The author was a great friend of mine and we worked to-gether in Bombay in works of good for the people, He was a learned man, but he was a good man also. When he returned to Bombay after his successful travels, various institations applied to him for lectures but at my instance le teadily delivered bis first lecture in the Budbi Vardbak Sabha, which I had then reorganized. The Trieeting was largely attended by educated people and by ladies too, and we all gave him a very bearty welcome. In his speech he of course spoke much about the religious knowledge he advocated, but at the end laid special stress upon the proposition, "Religion consists not in knowledge, but in a holy life." As a matter of fact he was in his life a saint possessing the great qualities of goodness, kindness, purity and calma dess. The late Sheth Virchand Dipchand was kind enough to send me so.ne of his papers and I have

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18 therefrom taken some of bis utterances in my first work, I am glad you have put before the world the words of a really great and good man. Among the many Sadhus I have met here and elsewhere, one laid very great stress upon humility, and when I intanced the good name of Mr. Gandhi, he atonce exclaimed, "Oh, he was humility personified. I wish due justice will be done to his sacred works. For my own part I shall value them as my chief possessions and guide. Yours truly, Motilal M. Munshi B. A., LL. B. Pleader High Court. D

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VOCABULARY. Abhavya 87, 89, Abhigraha 60. Abhinivesha 60, Adatta 156, 181 Adattidana 181 Adhikarana 176 Aghati 190, 191 Agurulaghu 50 Abaraka 43, 44, 45, 64, 65, 69, 73, 75, 123, 125, 126 Akauksha 102 Akriti 129, 130 Amohi 87, 88 Anabhigraha 60 Anabhoga 61 Anachara 147, 152 Anarthadanda 173 Anantanubandhi 83, 95, 120, 121, 123, 124, 125, 154 Anadeya 54, 72 Anna-pana-nirodha 146 Antaraya 8, 11, 55, 56, 57, 59, 69, 76, 80, 91, 92, 124 126, 186, 189 Anivrittikarana 78, 83 Anudit-mohi 87, 88 Anubandhi 100 Anupurvi 49, 70, 72, 124 Anukampa 104 Anuvtatas 135, 169 Anuvritti 187

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20 Aparyapta 53, 70, 124, 126 Apayashah 54 Apakitti 54 Apratyakhyana 125, 126, 127 Aprainada 182, 185 Apurwa 78, 185, 186 Apurvakarana 78, 82, 83 Arhiat 91, 92, 94, 95, 103, 105, 117, 129, 131, 159 Asatya 53, 64 Astbira 53 Ashubha 53 Astikya 105 Atapa 50 70 124 Atichara 144 145, 156, 147, 152, 153, 157, 170, 171 Atibhararopana 146 Atireka 175 Atithi 178 Atithi-samvibhaga 178 Atiparichaya 102 Atman 2, 190 Aupashamika 120 Avadhi 17, 25, 26, 27 29, 30, 57 Avali 80 Avagraha 23 Avaya 24 Avaraniya 30 Avirati 13, 60, 61, 65, 66, 67, 87, 89, 121, 122, 167 Avyakta 84 Ayogi 87, 88, 191, Ayuh 7, 10, 39, 57, 59, 66, 70, 75, 77, 123, 1 6, 137, 139

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Badara 44, 69. Bandha 73, 144. Bandhana 44, 69. Bhashana 152. Bhava 99, 105, 129, 131, 180 Bhavya 87, 89. Bheda 153. Bhoga 56, 170. Bhogantraya 56. Bhogopabhoga 170, 175. Bhunyalika 149. Brahmacharya 162. Charitra 32, 33. Chhadmastha 87, 88. Chhavichchheda 146. Chhevaththhu 46, 70. Data 55, 156, 151. Danantaraya 55. Dara 162, 163. Darshana 6, 8. 22, 29, 32, 57, 120. Darshanavaraniya 6, 9, 29 30, 57, 58, 68, 72, 76, 79, 83, 123, 126, 186, 189. Dashaka 40, 51, 53. Daurbhagya 58, 72. Daurbhogya 124. Daya 95, 99, 100, 107, 144. Desha 124, 125, 144, Deva 39, 41, 42, 49, 75, 91, 92, 94, 95, 100, 105, 117, 139, 158, 160, 162, 163. Dharana 24.

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22 Dharma 90, 98, 100, 101, 103, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 118, 119, 128, 147, 155. Dig 169. Dishavakaslika 177. Dravya 99, 105, 129, 130. Drishti 74, 121, 124. Duhsvara 54, 72, 124. Dvesha 189. Fakirs 102. Gandha 48. Gati 41, 70, 71, 73, 127. Gnanavaraniya 5, 9. Gotra 7, 10, 55, 57, 59, 69, 72, 78, 124, 126. Govalika 149. Granthi-abhedi 87, 89, 90 Granthi-bhedi 87, 89, 90 Guna 66, 121 135, 169, 181, 182 Guna-sthana 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 73, 74, 77, 79, 94, 85, 108, 121, 123, 124, 126, 127, 182, 18., 144, 185, 186, 187, 188, 180, 190, 191 Guhya 152 Guru 90, 95, 97, 106, 131 Harsha 113 Heti 14, 123 Hinsa 139 Hunda 47, 70, 73 Tha 24 Jati 41, 70 onai

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Jnana 24, 25, 26, 27, 29 Jnanavaraniya 25, 57, 58, 68, 76, 79, 92, 123, 126, 186, 189 Kandarpa 175 Kanyalika 149 Karma 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53 ... ... ... ... Karniana 43, 44, 45, 64, 75, 125, 126 Karuuic 39, 154 Kashaya 13, 60, 62, 65, 66, 67, 74, 104, 121, 124, 137, 181, 184, 186, 187, 188 kashayika 186 Kashayopashama 74 Kevala 17, 25, 27, 29 Kevali 87, 88, 190 Kilika 46, 72 Kirti 53 Krishna 105 Krodha 112, 154 Kshina 189 Kubja 47, 72 Kuta 149, 152 Labha 56 Labbantaraya 56 Lekha 152 Lobha 112, 154

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Mada 113, 137 Maha 181 Mahavira 103 Maithuna 158, 182 Mana 113, 154 Manas 20, 21, 23, 138 Manah-paryava-jnana 17, 25, Mano 63, 64 Manushya 41, 127 Manushyauh 39, 75 127 Manushyanupurvi 127 Mantra 147, 153, 160 224 Mati-jnana 6, 21, 23, 24, 25 Maukharya 175 Maya 154 Mishra 73, 74, 75, 123, 148, 154, 181 Mishrana 64, 69 Mithya 13 Mithyatva 13, 60, 65, 66, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 78, 84, 85, 94, 95, 99, 101, 102, 123, 125, 134, 154, 155 Mithyatvi 87, 89 Mithyopadesha 152 Moha 188, 189 Mohaniya 7, 10, 32, 33, 34, 37, 88, 57, 58, 63, 67, 68, 69, 70. 72, 75, 76, .79, 83, 75, 120, 121, 123, 124. 126 Moksha 118, 119, 125, 126 Nama 7, 10, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 51, 53, 54, 57, 59, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 76, 123, 126, 127, 129 Naracha 45, 46, 72 Naraka 39, 41, 42, 49, 70, 123, 126, 133, 148 Nicha 55, 72

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Nidra 137, 185 Nigoda 28, 72, 84, 84, 85, 86, 103 Ninhava 149 Nirmana 51 Nirodha 146 Nirveda 104 Nischaya 105, 106, 107 Nyagrodha 46, 52, 72 Nyasa 149 Ojas 159 Palyopama 80, 81 Pana 146 Para 99, 162, 163 Paraghata 50 Parigraha 166, 182 Parimana 166, 169, 170 Parinama 154 Paryapta 51 Paushadhopavas 177 Pinda 40 Prachala 72 185 Pradesha 154 Prakriti 40, 50 186, 187 Pramada 40, 50, 52, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185 Prana 136, 137, 138, 139 Pranatipata 136, 181 Praru pana 154 Pravarthana 154 Pravritti 78 Prashansa 102

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26 Raga 189, Rasa 48 Rishabha 45, 46, 72 Sadi 46, 72 Sadharana 53, 70, 124 Sagaropama 79, 80 Sahasabhyakhyana 152 Sakshyain 149 Samanya 190 Samaya 80, 191 Samchaturasra 46 Samghatana 44, 45, 69. Samhanana 45, 46, 70, 72 Samohi 87, 88 Samparaya 187, 188 Samvega 104 Samyak 121, 124 Samyaktva 69, 75, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 91, 95, 97, 99, 100, 104, 107, 108, 119, 121, 124, 129, 1:1. 134, 144, 154, 176, 186 Samyaktvi 87, 89 Sanjvalana 187 Sansari 87, 88 Sansthana 46, 47, 52, 70, 72, 73, 124 Santosha 162, 163 Sanbhagya 52 Sarva 181 Sarvarthasiddha 189 Sasvadana 71, 74 Satta 73 Satya 63, 64 Sayogi 87, 88, 90

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27 Shanka 101 Sharira 42, 43, 69, 75, 123, 125, 127 Shravakas 144 Shiksha 135, 176 Sureni-rahita 87, 89 Shreni-vanta 87, 89 Shrutjnana 16, 25, 26 Shubha 52 Siddla 87, 88 Sparsha 48 tiana 66, 121, 181, 182 Sthapana 129, 130 Sthavara 40, 53, 70, 124 Sthira 52 Sthula 136, 148, 149, 156, 158, 166 Stvanarddhi 72, 185 Sukshma 53, 70, 124, 156, 187, 19 Sukshma-mobi 87, 89, 158 Susvara 5 Sva 99, 162, 16,3 Svarupa 100 Taijasa 43, 44, 45 54 Tapas 131 Tirtha:kara 50, 69, 75, 91 Tiryancha 41, 49, 71, 72, 73, 123 Tiryanchayuh 39, 71 Trasa 40, 51 Tra 13 I clicha 55 Udaya 73, 186 dirapa 73 Udit mohi 87, 89 I'dyota 51, 73, 124 Ipa 56, 170 Upabhoga 170 Upabhogantaraya 56

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28 Upaghata 51 Upanga 43, 69, 75, 123, 127 Upashama 74, 76, 104, 186 Upashamika 95 Upashanta 188 Utchchbvas 50 Vada 148, 181 Vadha 145 Vaikriya 42, 43, 44, 45, 64, 75, 122 Vajra 45, 46, 127 Vamana 47, 72 Varna 47 Vedaniya 6, 10, 31, 38, 51, 57, 58, 68, 76, 79, 3 Vihyo 49, 73 Vikatha 137 Viramana 136, 148, 156, 162, 163, 173, 181, 182 Virati 124, 126, 144, 181 Viry 56 Virya 134 Viryantaraya 56 Vishaya 137 Vishvasta 153 Vita-raga 189 Vitigichchha 102 Vrata 133, 135, 136, 144, 147, 148, 154, 156, 157, 152, 163, 166, 169, 170, 173, 176, 177, 181, 182. Vratins 145 Vyakta 84 Vyanjana 23 Vyavabara 105, 106, 107 Yatha 78 Yatha pravritti karana 78, 81, 123, 125, 126, 190, 191 Yashah 53 Yoga 13, 60, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 73, 75 -

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CONTENTS. 13 31 Preliminary PAGE I, Definitions of karina ... 3 C 12 Points of view from which karma can be studied 4 8 kinds of karma ... Darshana lias inore than one meaning, 8 kinds of karma repeated, ... (Second Lecture) Causes of karua, introductory mention of 12 Subdivisions of the & Classes of Karmas Five subdivisions of class .I.... Matijnana, Shrutajnana, Avadhijnana Manah-paryava-jnana, Kevalajnana Stages of matijnana (third Lecture)... ... (fourth Lecture) 25 Nine subdivisions of Class 2. 29 Two subdivisions of Class 3 (fifth Lecture).... Twenty-eight do. of Class 4 Sixth Lecture Four subclivisions of Class 5 One hundred and three subdivisions of Class 40 Two subdivisions of Class 7... Five subdivisions of Class. 8... List of total 158 karmas ... Causes of Karmas ... Mithyatva Avirati 61 Kashaya Yoga 14 Stages of Development ist Guna sthana .67 2nd Gunu sthana ... 3rd Gunu silana ... 38 3 55 55 58 60 60 62 63 66

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30 78 79 87 90 O 99 101 105 108 121 124 133 136 148 156 Samyaktva .... Durations of karmas ... Table of living beings ... Signs of samyaktva Deity, teacher, rules of conduct ... Dharma... Daya... ... Aticharas of samyaktva... Dravya-bhava; vyavahara-nishchaya 35 rules of conduct ( common Dharma ) 4th Guna Sthana ... . 5th Guna Sthana ... 12 Vows ( Vrata ) 1st Vow ... 2nd vow ... 3rd vow 4th vow 5th vow 6th vow 7th vow 8th vow ... 9th vow ... 10th vow... 11th vow ... 12th vow... 6th Guna sthana ... 7th &th 9th ... 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th , ... 158 166 169 170 173 176 177 177 178 181 182 185 187 187 18S 189 190 191

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THE KARMA PHILOSOPHY, V. R. GANDHI, B. A., M. R. A. S. BAR-AT-LAW.

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But Viva said quickly "There is no comparison: Vivekananda is an adept of vituperation but Mr. Gandhi is sincere and true. I admire Mr. Gandhi inore than any man I ever heard of." " Ella Sterling Cummins ".

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The Late Mr. Virchand Raghavji Gandhi. Bar-at-law. Lakshmi Art, Bombay, 8

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KARMA. OR The Law of Moral Causation. There are one or two principles which must be mentioned upon which the doctrine of karma is based, in order that it may be understood : first, taat this universe is not a mere congeries of substances set together and set into motion by some authority, but is a system of itself, subject to laws inherent in its own constitution. And such law is a proposition derived from our observation of the universe, which proposition teaches us that certain phenomena occur regularly in certain circumstances. The law is, therefore, not a command, but a formula. Second, that the phenomenon of life, and also of consciousness, is different, not only in degree, but in kind, from the phenomenon known as activity of matter (motion, or vibration). In the activity of matter there is growth by addition in dead objects, subject only to chemical laws. Whereas the living being takes to itself particles foreign to those that are in the body and changes their nature, and assiinilates them with its own body, suspending when necessary C. 1

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THE LAW OF MORAL CAUSATION chemical action; and in living beings there is the reproduction of the species. These characteristics are not possessed by dead objects. With reference to consciousness, the difference is more marked. Consciousness can never be identical with motion; they may go together, and one may even be dependent upon the other; but they are different. Consciousness is a synthesis, and not a motion. It is a synthesis of perceptions and conceptions, Consciousness and life have some substance other than material substance; but stil: it is real substance. It is a substance which is not cognized by the senses, but objects which can be known by the senses do not exhaust the whole universe. The substratum (so to speak) of life and consciousness is the 'soul or 'atman'. Consciousness is an experience; the consciousness of one person cannot be the consciousness of another. You may know another map's consciousness but you cannot have another man's consciousness. Hence each person's individuality is entirely different from the individuality of another: one 'atman' does not become another 'atmap'. So there are these principles (1) the universe is a system, and (2) there are atmans or souls which can have no beginning or end: you cannot postulate a beginning to a reality. A reality in order to be real need not be changeless. A reality should pass through varying changes and states. To be, to exist, according to the Jain

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY philosophy, would mean to stand in relation to something else, to be the cause of, to be influenced by, and to influence. Hence, because the soul is a reality ( or the individual is a reality ) it must have passed in the past through many conditions and states, and because it is a reality it would not entirely disappear at death but will exist and continue to exist in some state or other at all times. Every stage of existence is the result of the previous state. The doctorine which gives us some explanation Definition as to how certain characteristics or factors of Karma. of our individuality which we have at present-how these factors were produced as a resultant of forces generated in the past, this doctorine is the doctrine of karma. Karma is according to the Jain puilosophy a reality, as a real ar the walls around us are, only the walls we see, but the karma one cannot see. There is not only one reality called karma, because karma with each person is different. Karma is that finest watter which a living being attracts to itself by reason of certain impellent forces which are in the individual; not only attracted to but assimilated by the individual itself (this doctrine of karma applies not only to human, but to all living beiogs ); and it changes the individuality of the living being. It bas bico:je a kind of stored force, and just as a conpressed spring of a watch will expand at some

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THE LAW OF MORAL CAUSATION time, so the stored force of karma will manifest itself at some time or other. Hence it produces some kind of experience at some time or other. The idea of an individual attracting to himself this finer matter and assimilating it with his individuality may be compared to a man who should go into a smoky sootty atmosphere with his body oiled or greased; the grease would form the ground into which the praticles of soot would sink; and if the man did not know the scientific way of removing it from his body, ( by syap and water ) he will have to wait until it wears off naturally; and so with the karma, if he does not know how to scientifically remove it, he will have to wait until it naturally wears off. The way of removing it has been described roughly in the series of lectures on concentration.) We have in our nature impellent forces which are the ground so to speak on which foreign particles can rest and will be assimilated by the individual. As a magnet among an assortment of metal dust will attract to itself the iron filings, so there is a kind of magnetisin ia the individual which attracts and assimi. lates the foreign particles. The phi...mpuy of karma may be studied from Points of view different points of view: such as the from which the subject can nature of karwa, the quality, the action be studied. the kind of experience of pleasure or pain which it will give the individual. We may

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KARMA PBILOSOPRY study it in reference to its intensity, and therefore than intensity with which they will manifest them atves. Or we may study karma in reference to fe duration : it may stay for a thousand years or for five years. Or in reference to its mass, one may be heavy, another may be light. Of fifthly we may study how the karma is generated and how it manifests itself when ripe, how it can be worked out before its natural time, and incidentally though very important, how we can stop from the very beginning the inflow of karma. Prevention is better than cure. From this point of view there are eight heads Karma in re- under which it may be classified. It ference to its nature, its ac- can be classified into eight classes, tion. Karma is always a foreign matter, it is always an obscuring element obscuring some quality of the soul; and the sooner it is worked out the better. When the karma is worked out, then the quality of the soul which was obscured, appears and becomes actual. The most important karma refers to the very essence of the soul or individual (and that very essence is knowledge, consciousness, cognization. ) So that the first kind of karma is that which obscuies the knowledge. Classifications Class 1. Knowledge obscuring of the Karmas into 8 kinds. karma. (malacota.

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THE LAW OF MORAL CAUSATION * Class 2. is that karma which obscures cognition in an undifferentiated way. Cognition in an undifferentiated way, that is a general cognition ( of a horse for instance ); it is the first stage of all consciousness; if this first activity does not take place, the soul does not know. You see a picture for instance, but you do not go into the details of it; you just know in a general way that it is a picture. The Sanskrit for this general is darshana'. [Fara Ti24. Class 3: is that karma the result of which is the feeling of either pain or pleasure. Knowledge by itself is not pain nor pleasure, but on account of certain karma in me, I feel pain or pleasure. Experiencing pain or pleasure is different from the consciousness or awareness of pain or pleasure. In consciousness there is no plain or pleasure, though at the time of pain or pleasure there may be consciousness of it. laco. Class 4. is that kind of karma which obstructs or acts as an obstacle to the formation of right belief and right conduct. Belief (conviction, that it is wrong to kill, for instance. ) is defferent from knowledge. In the worst form of this karma, we believe that which is wrong to be right, and tbat which is right to be wrong. A sub-division of this karma acts also as an obstacle to right conduct. The person does not intend to act in the right way, he does not

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY intend, there is no intention to act. This karma is an obstacle to the very formation of an intention. (Heater.) Class 5. is the karma which determines the duration of any particular life period, such as the life on this planet from birth to death. It is always generated in the incarnation just next before. sig: Class 6. is that karma which gives the living being the various factors of his objective individuality. Voice, colour, features, etc. It makes him Mr. Smith or Mr. Jones; his personality. [ATA] Class 7. determines the surroundings, the family into which he is born, whether high or low. The birth into a certain family is not an accident, according to the Jain philosophy. It is determined by a certain kind of karma. There is really no such thing as 'accident', the word is only rightly used for those phenomena for which no explanation can be given; the Jain (Sanskrit ?) word for 'accident' means "I do dot know from what it has taken place". [1] Class 8. is the kind of karma which, like the 4th, also acts as an obstacle, but to different things; in the 4th there was no desire of acting in the right way; in this 8th there is the desire to do something good, to enjoy certain good things, but still, although you :

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TEE LAW OF MORAL CAUSATION have the desire, certain you cannot do it. [t obstacles come in the way, ru.] We must know how the karma is generated, how it is worked out before its time, how long it would stay with us, &c. Karma is generated by reason of certain impellent forces within us, and these impellent forces need to be explained-impellent forces on account of the presence of which we generate the karma. Darshanamthe state where there is undifferentiated knowledge, formless knowledge; the limitations and boundaries are not fixed and you only know the thing as belonging to a class and not individualized.

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SECOND LECTURE, In giving the doctrine of karma, the first thing to do is to classify the phenomena and then give the theory explaining the phenomeda, The function, nature, or action karma is quite different. of each class of Class 1. is that karma the function of which is to obscure the knowing faculty, or to retard the development of the knowing faculty. There are words and thoughts, the tendency of which is to retard knowing. Karma is a peculiar force which we generate and the result of which ultimately acts on our individuality. In Sanskrit, this class of karma is called Gnanavaraniya karma. (In Sanskrit the letter 'a' is pronounced like the letter 'u' in the word 'but'. And the letter a is pronounced like the letter 'a' in the word 'calm'. ) Class 2. is that karma which obscures the general perceiving faculty. It is called Darshanavaraniya karma. Class 3. is that karma by reason of which we have feelings of pains and pleasures. (Quite different

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10 SECOND LECTURE from consciousness. In consciousness taken by itself there is neither pain nor pleasure; feeling is quite a distinct phenomena from consciousness). This karma is called Vedaniya karma. Class 4. is called Mohaniya karma. (Literally, intoxicating karma, that is, mental, or moral intoxi. cation.) Its nature is to infatuate our mental and moral nature, in such a way that we are not able to distinguish between right and wrong. Class 5. Ayub karma. (Literally, duration of life.) It determines the duration of the life and the general nature of the life. This karma generated in this life, determines what the next incarnation or rebirth will be like and its duration. ( But it does not fix the number of years or months of life; it is rather ' quantity of life than length; and as water can be squeezed out of a sponge quickly or slowly, so if this ayuh is used up quickly, the life in years will be a less number than if it be used up slowly or spun out.) Class 6. Nama karma. Is that karma by reason of which we have our objective individuality. The combination of all the factors of individuality which when taken together inakes us call a person Mr-or Mrs-so-and-so. Class 7. Gotra karma. By reason of which the person is born into his particular social surroundings.

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY accident, (When people do not know the causes of things, they say it is OI Divine providence, or the act of God, or some expression which amounts to saying that they do not know the cause of the phenomenon). Antaraya not an Class 8. karma. Literally, Its nature is to throw obstacles in our way, we want to do certain good things. It is accident, there are certain reasons, and the philosophy explains, why the person is unable to put forth the effort of the will. 11 Karma apart from an individual is nothing; it is a factor of the individual, it is in him; apart from him it is mere matter and has nothing to do with his individuality. Because that person acted in a certain way, and used certain words, or entertained certain thoughts with a certain object in view, he generated certain forces which became assimilated with his individuality and therefore, he is influenced by it. It is not a real separation; it is not a difference between the karma and the individual, it is the mode of behaviour of the individual. It is not entirely separate in fact from the person who generates it. . obstacle. should

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Impellent Forces, or Causes. It is not under all circumstances that a person's action or word, or thought would be the cause of the karma, it is only in certain circumstances. That is to say when the exercise of the different faculties of the person is preceded by certain impellent forces, or in other words, when by reason of certain impellent forces in him, a person says something or does something or thinks something, then he generates the Karma. These impellent forces are not the cause, because the cause is the person himself. The circumstantial causes are the instrumental causes, and these are his impellent forces. There are four kinds, namely, as follows: 1. Delusion. When a person is in that condition and does, thinks, or says something, then he generates karma. For instance, by way of Illustration, when a man does not examine the belief into when he is born, as to its merits or demerits. Also doubts come under this beading. Again, when a man knows or believes that his doctrines are wrong and still preaches them, he generates a bad Karma. Again, the state of delusion here meant is found in

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY 13 those living beings in whom right belief does not exist, they, having formed no right or wrong beliefs; it is a state of the ilack of development. Lack of development is injurious. The Sanskrit name of this first impellent force by reason of which, the karma is generated is Mithyatva. (Mithya means wrong; and tva means 'ness'.) 2. Lack of control over the senses and over the mental activities. The senses ( taste, sight, etc.) are the channels of acuiring knowledge; and the indulging of the senses does not bring consciousness but stops it, you not go further in thought about it. And if you have lack of control over the mental activity, when it is injurious to other people, when you do not or cannot stop injurious thoughts about another person, you generate a karma; the uncontrolled thought activity is the impellent force for the generation of karma. ( The lecturer did not say, but I conclude that a tune persisting in the head against our will is an illustration very easy to recognize.) The name of this impellent force is Avirati. 3, Kashaya. Literally unclean moral nature. An unclear moral nature is the third impellent force by reason of which karma is generated. 4. Yoga. The word yoga has many meanings, but here it has a technical :zlea:ving, and means all other activities of body, mind, and speech whicb are not included in the first three forces mentioned,

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14 IMPELLENT FORces, OR CAUSES and it is therefore a general name. So that, certain karmas are generated by reason of the physiological activities. If a person is suffering from dispepsia, he perhaps loses his temper. Here is karma generated at once and manifested, at once. We do sometimes generate the Karma eren now and have the result the next moment. We are, as a matter of fact, generating karma every moment, (This was said by the lecturer, but night be misleading, because we can stop the inflow and we can work out all the karmas and finally become a liberated soul, which will appear later en). The impellent force is called in Sanskrit Hetu. It signifies 'the means by which', 'the instrumental Cause'.

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The Karmas. We have had eight classes of karmas with a rough description of their nature mentioned, or function; and four kinds of causes or impellent forces which are the means of generating the karmas. We now come again to the eight classes of karmas. Class 1. Knowledge obscuring karma. Certain acts and words and thoughts have the tendency to retard the faculty of knowing. In what different ways do we know ? We must classify the various forms of knowledge, then we can know that those forces which obscure the growth or manifestation of the different form of knowledge, are the very karmas which have been called the first class. The nature of this first class could not be understood unless we understand the different ways in which the function of knowing manifests itself. (There are as many forms of knowledge as there are living beings, as no two persons' knowledge is alike; but still we can classify the kinds.) The first form of knowledge, which is the basis of all phenomena of consciousness and of all activities of mind, is the knowledge based on the senses, including the knowledge based on the activity of.

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16 THE BARMAS the mind. And this form of knowledge, is called in the Jain philosophy (ala) Mutijnana; that is, sensuous knowledge plus something else. The initial stages of sensuous knowledge are knowledge; sensation is a degree of knowledge. It is not the bundle of sensations that make up knowledge, but it is the sensations in the higher form. There is a kind of Mutijnana which does not depend upon reading or hearing. The cause of the presence of the knowledge is not to be found in anything that person has done in this life, but by reason of something he has done in a previous life. (For instance, if upon seeing a gas stove for the first time he at once understands it.) Then again, the moral nature helps to give a knowledge; and also with age the person is able to do better than he did in the early part of life, which improvement is not the result of study or readiug. is the And also there is the Mutijnana which result of study or reading. The 2nd form of knowledge is (TAS) Shrutajnana. Knowledge derived thrcugh reading, study. Knowledge derived from the interpreting of symbols or signs. Words are Synbols of ideas. Knowledge derived from any kind of sign. If a dog sees his master wave his hand, the dog interprets the sign and knows that his master wants him to conie. This is a higher form or channel of knowledge thau the first, but still

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KARYA PHILOSOPHY 1. it is based on sensation: if we do not first see or hear or feel the sign we cannot interpret it. The 3rd form of knowledge is called ( 794.) Avadhi. It depends entirely upon the activity of the ego without the activity of the mind or the senses; and still it is knowledge limited in extent agd content. The 4th form of knowledge is (47919.) Mauahpatyava-jnana; or mind-knowing. The 5th form of knowledge is ) Kevala; or omniscience, knowledge which has no limitations as to space or time or subject. The first two forms of knowledge are the only two recognized in the West and it is in this stage that most people are. Memory, judgement, perception, etc., are the results of the removal of knowledge obscuriog karmas C. 2

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THIRD LECTURE.* . The consciousness of the individual is not identical with the physiological activity of the body: the one may even be dependent upon, but it is different from the other. Consciousness is one thing, activity of brain molecules is another different thing. Knowledge, when it is right, true and corresponds to the facts, is the essential quality of the soul; it is that which would be manifested if there were no mistakes; the cause of mistakes in the knowledge obscuring karma; owing to karna we make mistakes in perceiving, judging, etc. Anything that takes place on account of the joint action of the soul and the karma is, froin the ideal standpoint, the ngatural condition of the soul. There was not any particular time in the past when this entity called the soul was without any karinas; because it we assume that there was then it follows that after taking the trouble to remove the karmas through mental and moral disciplines, after going *(The following lecture, was taken in very difficult cireno ste uces, and is somewhat imperfect in corsequence.)

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY 19 through a lot of ordeals, we might again come into combination with karmas. The fundamental basis of the philosophy is that, so far as the past is concerned, there was not any time when the soui was without any karma. The combination of the soul and the karma is pot a mechanical mixture, separable by simply taking apart as a coat from the body. The combination of the soul with karma is a subtle combination and can be seen ilus: in a mechanical mixture the substances are only in juxtaposition, such as sugar an.1 water, and you can seperate one from the other readily. Then there is chemical conbination, when two or more substauces unite to that the compon! capuot be seen in its elements; water, for instance, is a conspound of hydrogen and oxygen, and these in combination inake water, which is a quite different substance from either, and neither hydrogen nor oxyger can be seen in it. So it is with the con:bination of the soul with karna, the combination is even nuore subtle than the chemical combination, and the result is a different substance from either of the ingredients. The soul is a supersensuous substance ; in thought, it can be divided into parts, but not actually ; it cannot be actually taken apart, To reduce the combination of soul and karma, you have to use certain mental and moral disciplines.

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20 THIRD LECTURE Each state of the soul had a beginning (taat is, any one given particular state, it was always in the part combined with karma, but its combination with any particularly mentioned or given karma at & particularly mentioned time this particular state bad its beginning); but the soul itself, which is the subject of these states, had no beginning. There never was a first state, in the sense of their being 10 previous one. It is unnatural for the soul part of the compound (with anger, for instance, which is a karma) to act in an angry manner. We commonly hear it said of a person, that the acted in anger, he was not himself. There will be a time in the future, when the soul is without karma; and once without it will always thereafter henceforth be without, perfect and liberated. In every activity of a living being in the embodied state, there are two sides, an objective and a subjective side. In the activity of sensation, there are the two sides, the objective side and the subjective side Linternal side ), the objective organs of sensation (eyes, nose, etc.), and the subjective organs of sepsation, each having many subdivisions. When consciousness is only representing something to itself or comparing ideas, then another instrument has to be used, and this is 'manas' (mind),

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KARXA PHILOSOPHY 21 and it is only found in living beings having five organs of sensation. [As before mentioned, this doctrine of karma applies to all living beings, and not merely to man.] The mind has also two sides, objective and subjective. All knowledge itself has two aspects or points of view, namely the right and the wrong. One person forms a judgment, perhaps, about another person, aud it is a wrong judgment. And until we get the habit or the ability of assuming the right attitude, we cannot form right judgments. with reference to the first form of knowledge, or mutijoana, we now come to the different stages of this form of knowledge; the process. There are five stages in the process, namely: 1. In this first stage, what takes place is the establishment of the relation of contact between the organs of sensation and the vibrations from the extermal object in the external world. The stimulus from outside, creates a sort of excitation in the end-organ (ear, eye, etc.)-only in the organs of sensation and not in the mind. In this first stage a relation is established between the subjective and objective world. 2. After the relation is established, a kind of excitation takes place in the consciousness, wbere the person thinks "What is that?". This second stage, in the process, is the first activity of the

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22 THIRD LECTURE nind (manas.) It is the state, of mind in which the person asks himself "What is that ? " or "What was that?" When recalling something seen or beard in the past. 3. Then after the mind has thus been aroused, there follow three more stages in the process of knowing the object. The mind itself does not coine into contact with the physical object and does not pass through the above mentioned stage No. 1; stil it has the 2nd. In the 3rd stage now being menLoued the consciousness begins to run in tois Wizy:-(suppose I see sozicihing in the distance wich I cannot quite 'vake out) "What is this ? well, it cannot be a person, still it has that shape, and yet it does not move" etc. It is a kind of cogitationi. Niere is the consciousness of similarities and diffe181ces. 4. And then you come to the fourth stage. It is the conclusion. "No, it is a tree stump" "and not a human being'. (Western psychologies would Eay that all this is the activity of the mind.) 5. In this stage a kind of process goes on, in the consciousness of ibe individual, and the result of the process is the preservation to a more or less extent of the consciousness acquired in this way. A modification of the consciousness bas taken place and will last a certain length of time; and this lasting quality is called this 5th name 'Dharana'. (The

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KARMA PEILOSOPHY 23 names of the previous stages are given below.) This last stage manifests in the form of the continuance for a certain length of time of the new knowledge. It may also manifest itself in the form which results in only certain impressions made on our consciousness-on account of the impressions the life of the individual is so changed that the activities will in future be different. And a third way in which the last stage of the process of mutijnana manifests itself is that the thing (the thing newly known) can be remembered-it is memory. Memory, as a faculty, is the last result of the activities, which are classed under mutijnana or the first form of knowledge. All, except the first stage of these five stages of the process, are the activities of the mind (manas). The obscuring karina being removed, the quality of the soul called memory is able to manifest itself. Any activity of the irdividual which lessens the capacity of the organs of sensation or of the mind to pass through any cf these stages, is knowledge obscuring karma, and each person must discover these karmas or activities for himself, otherwise he does not kuow what the karnas are, simply to tell him that there are knowledge obscuring karmas is to tell him nothiog. The names of the above mentioned stages are: 1. Vyanjana avagraha 2. Artha avagraha

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: THIRD LXCTURE; 3. The 4. Avayi 5. Dharaba (The following is in my notes taken at 'the time of the lecture):--Throughout the whole process, the working of the mutijnana is dependent upon the interpretive faculty, either of the words of a language, or cf the actions of the hands and body, etc. There are two kinds of mutijnana, one which is based and one which is not based on this interpretive faculty. ( With reference to the statement above, that each state of the soul had a beginning, I asked the question "If each state had a beginning, then it follows that the state of being in combination with karma, must have had a beginning and yet it was said that the state of being with karma had no beginning, How are these statements reconciled ? " I received the answer and saw the solution. The question arises from ambiguity in the meaning of the word ' state'. The particular state in which the soul is at any given date and place did have a beginning. The state of existence, if' existence' can be called a state, it should rather be called a 'fact'; the 'fact' of existance did not have a beginning; there never was a time when the individual soul did not exist in some state and in some place.)

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FOURTH LECTURE. It is the classification of the karmas from the point of view of their nature or function that is now being given. Class I. has been called knowledge obscuring karma or Jnanavaraniya karma. And as there are five forms of knowledge, as already mentioned, so there are five subdivisions of this Class I, namely, karma which obscures either the mutijnana, the shrutajaana, the avadhi, the manah-paryavajnana, or the kevala-juana. (This detailed classification of the karmas, or rather the subdivisions of the eight Classes, continues now up to the end of the lecture No. 9; Class 1. is subdivided into 5 subdivisions; Class 2. into 9 subdivisions; Class 3, into 2 subdivisions; Class 4. into 28 subdivisions; Class 5. into 4 subdivisions; Cass 6. into 103 subdivisions; Class 7. into 2 subdivisions; Class 8 into 5 subdivisions.) To continue with No. 1. the subdivisions of CLASS Subdivision the 2nd: is that karma which obscures the second form of knowledge (sbrutajnana). Shrutajnana is knowledge acquired by interpreting

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26 FOURTH LECTURE sigas; to know through signs is shrutajnana. Reading is interpreting signs; there are the signs by which we know that a man is angry; & man sneezing, is a sign, that there is soinething the matter with his nervous system Subdivision the 3rd: Is that karma which obscures the form of knowledge known as 'avadhijnada'. In tbis form of knowledge the soul or ego comes to krow about material objective things and beings without the use of the sense-organs or the mind. It is the next higher form of knowing after shrutajnana. The karma which obscures this foru of knowirg is active in nearly all of us. By this means of knowing we become aware of physical things at a distance without going to the place or having the sense-organs in cortact with the object. So that, while in London you know what is going on in New York, or in Mars, or on the Sun. But it is only material matters that are known by this means [as distinguished from ideas or thoughts, as referred to in the following of 4th forin of knowing). There is just tue following few rough particulars ) given about the kinds of this avadhi-jnara: (a) the kind which follows you from place to place, so that you have this way of knowing in whatever town or place you may be. [b] The kind which is with you only at a certain towu or place and nowhere else, so that if you leave that town, you lose the ability to know in this way. [c] The kind which is increasing, so that as time goes on,

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY you are able to more and more know by this means. [a] The kind which decreases every moment, so that as time goes on, you are able less and less to know by this means, until it may disappear. (e) When you have just one flash of knowing in this way during the life, and no more, either before or after. (f) When it comes it stays. You get it and keep it. Subdivision the 4th: Is that karina which obscures the form of knovying called 'Mafab-paryavainana. It is mind kuowing; you know the other person's mind, what the ideas and the thoughts are. In the avadhi, you may see the mental pictures which the thoughts of the man produce, but you do not know his real thoughts or mind. Things and objects can be seer, but thoughts cannot be seen, they can be known. You know an idea, you do not literally see it. In this form of knowing you actually know the thoughts of people. [Of course it is obscured in us, and is not recognized as a way of knowing in the West. I Subdivision the 501: Is that karma which obscures the form of knowing called Kevala-jnana, knowledge which is quite unlimited and disembodied. Thus in CLASS No. 1 of the 8 classes of karma there are the above mentioned 5 subdivisions, With reference to the avadhi-jnana, it was said in illustration of the (e) kind that a pupil of a teacher had he perception by this means of some man and

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28 FOURTI LECTORX wife in a distant planet and being amused with what they were doing, the pupil smiled and laughed, and then the sight disappeared. The teacher said that the act of laughing stopped the knowing. Io laughing be left off knowiog. The knowing faculty is one aspect of the pure soul. There are other aspects, but knowing is one. From the low standpoint (see later on under Nigoda) the karma is a higher stage: from the ideal standpoint the karma is an obstruction: the stage of karma is a stage in the line of progess of the soul from the low standpoint.

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Subdivisions of Class 2. (Darshana varaniya karma). Darshana, as already mentioned, means detailless knowledge , you simply know a thing as belonging to & class, without going into its attributes of ways of bebaving: in Jnana (knowledge) you know the ins and outs to some extent. Detailed knowledge is Jnana. There are the following 9 subdivisions of this 2nd Class of Karma, namely: 1. Karma which obscures the Darshana, (there is no one English word which will correctly translate this word) which is received through the eye. Karma which obscures the darshana received through any sense other than the eye (ear, nose, tongue, or skin). 3. Karma which obscures the avadbi (there is no equivalent English word) darshana. . 4. Karma which obscures the Kevala darshana. In the following five states the senses are nor active, and therefore you do not see, or hear, or smell &c. The sleep states in their various degrees are among these states. 5. Sleep from which a person can be awakened without any trouble, simply by calling his name; he will hear his name but will not hear other conversation or sounds. 2.

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! SUBDIVISIONS OF CLASS 2. 6. Sleep in which you have to touch the body of the person in order to awaken him; it is strong sleep; the consciousness has been fatigued so much that it requires a fair stimulus to wake the man up. The consciousness goes to sleep while the body is sitting very strong degree of sleep. Sleep while walking ( known sonetimes of soldiers on the march). The somnambulistic state; this is the worst form of this kind of karma ! of darsbanavaraniya karina ). Avaraniya means obscuring or preventing. This also includes the hyp notic state. The higher you rise in advancement the more you have the consciousness of your thoughts, of your actions, and of every activity through which you pass. The less you are conscious of these things in the downward direction you are going. With regard to the avadhilately mentionea where the soul comes to know directly of distant things without the use of the eye or eat etc, this avadhi must take place in the wakiag state, while the eye and ear etc, are there and awake, this avadhi is not any kind of dreau or trance state, it takes place in the ordinary waking state, when one is up and about.

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FIFTH LECTURE. Subdivisions of Class 3. There are two subdivisions of this karma, namely as follows: 1. Karma which in its working, causes feelings of pain. 2. Karma which in its working, causes feelings of pleasure. It is necessary for a distinction to be made between feelings of pain or pleasure' and such feelings as pride, grief, anger, and others. Feelings of pair and pleasure do not necessarily hinder the progress of the soul; feelings of pride, anger, etc. do; but if you identify yourself with a pain or a pleasure you come to a stop, you do not continue in the right strain. The name of this 3rd class of karma is, Vedaniya karma.

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Subdivisions of Class 4 There are 28 subdivisions of this kind of karma, bat these 28 can be classified under two heads, namely, the first 3 are called darshana mohaniya karmas, whose nature is to obstruct the faculty of relishing the truth when it is hea rd. And the remaining 25 are called charitra mobniya karmas, whose nature is, to obstruct right conduct. You may relish it and still you cannot practise it; you perhaps feel weak and so do not practise the truth which it relished. THE DARSHANA MOHANIYA KARMAS ARE:1. That karma by reason of the activity of which you do not believe in the truth at all when it is presented to you; the person is entirely under the rule of delusion. That karma by reason of which you believe for some time, and then there is a doubt; you are all the time vacillating. 3. That karma by reason of which, while ben lieving in the truth all the time still at certain moments you feel that there is something more to be known. There is just a little vacillating in this state.

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THE KARMA PHILOSOPHY 33 THE CHARITRA MOHANIYA KARMAS ARE: 1. Anger of an intense degree, 2. Anger .of a less intense degres; 3. Anger of a milder degree; 4. Anger of a still milder degree; 5. Pride of an intense degree; 6. Pride of a less intense degree; 7, Pride of a milder degree; 8. Pride of a still milder degree; 9. Dec-itfulness of an intense decree; 10. Deceitfulness of a less intense degree; 11. Deceitfulness of a milder degree; 12. Deceitfulness of a still zuilder degree; 13. Greed of an intense degree; 14. Greed of a less intense degree; 13. Greed of a milder degree; 16. Greed of a still milder degree; 17. Laughing and joking; 18. Confirmed improper liking (liking without look ing to the merits of the thing liked). 19, Confirmed improper disliking. 20. Sorrow, or grief (which would include worry). 21. Fear (nearly all wrong action can ultimately be traced to fear). 22. Disgust. 23. The male sex passion. 24. The female do. 25. The neuter do C. 3

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34 SUBDIVISIONS OF CLASS 4 This completes the list of the 28 kinds of the Class 4 or Mohaniya karma, the nature of which is to intoxicate or infatuate the mind in such a way that it cannot distinguish between right and wrong belief or conduct. Now follows a more detailed description of them. ANGER. The four degrees of anger may be compared respectively to first the split in fhe side of a mountain, it will be there the whole life time; anger causes separation between persons and in this which is the most intense degree the anger is so great towards the person, that you feel you can never be friendly or amiable towards him (or her). This is merely the description of the degree of anger, of course, by an effort of will and understanding it can be overcome. The next degree which is less intense, inay be compared to splits in clay; they will remain until rain falls and, moistening the clay, the splits will be joined together. You may be angry with a person until somebody else comes and makes peace by taking and showing or explaining the folly of anger. The next degree may be compared to ruts in sand, they will remaid until the wind blows the sand together; and the mild degree of anger can be compared to a line made in water, with a stick; the joint is effected as soon as the dividing instrument is withdrawn; in this degree the anger is checked by the mind, the moment it is felt to be rising.

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THE KARMA PHILOSOPHY 35 PRIDE The most intense degree may be compared to a pillar of stone, you can never make it bend, the mand never yields, not when is wrong, and is not tolerant, his obstinacy is very great ( when he is in the wrong is meant ). The less intense degree may be compared to a bone, it is difficult to bend it; it is only with great difficulty that the person who has this degree of pride, will yield to certain things which he ought to yield to. The next degree upwards, may be compared to a dry piece of wood, if you apply oil, or soak it in water for sometime then it bends, but still not very easily. The next degree is like cabe, you can bend it at once, the person yields at once to the right. Pride is like a mountain in front of one, it aides the view, it obscures koowledge, we do not see beyond that which is immediately in front of us. DECEITFULNESS. Its chief characteristic is croockedness; the conflict between the thought and the action. The first or worst degree may be compared to the knot in bamboo, you cannot make it straight. The next to the horns of sheep, it is with great difficulty that they can be straightened. The next to the course of water froin a sprinkling can, it will be there so long as the water is there but it will dry up and tae u the crooked gass will be gone (the wave line of water ). The next to shavings of wood, they are bent but you can straighten them at once. Deceit prevents right bellef about people.

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36 SUBDIVISIONS OF CLASS 4. GREED. The chief characteristic is attachment or clinging to; it is the identifying of the self with the nol-self. (I think it was to illustrate this that the lecturer said when my child broke a cup and saucer the other day I got angry; and yet balf a dozen cups may break in the China shop next door and I do not feel injured or get angry about it ). ( The character is not injured by such losses, the moral nature; but it is injured by the anger ). The worst degree of greed may be compared to fast dye, it canot be removed, it will last the whole life time. Next to grease from a cartwheel hub, it is very difficult to remove, Next to colour which can be washed off with soap and water. Next to colour that can be washed off with water, you put it in water and the colour is off. These qualities of anger, pride, deceitfulness and greed are qualities in a man's nature by virtue of which he cannot act rightly. Now there are nine more, namely: LAUGHING & JOKING. When we are in this mood, we are not in the straight line of the acquisition of truth; it stops the right action and the right attitude. IMPROPER AND CONFIRMED PREJUDICIAL LIKING. Such as party ' spirit, which upholds the political party whether right or wrong; favouritism, etc., it is when the merits and demerits are got regarded.

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THE KARMA PHILOSOPHY IMPROPER AND CONFIRMED PREJUDICIAL DISLIKINGS. Same as the previous, only disliking instead of liking. 37 SORROW is an obstacle to right conduct, because in the state of sorrow the actions are only such as are injurious. There is also the tendency to unjustly accuse other people, when in sorrow. FEAR. Fear stops right action, very many wrong actions can be ultimately traced to fear. Fear is replaced by the desire to do 'good, to others, by sympathy; the more there is of benevolence the less there is of fear. DISGUST is an obstruction to knowledge and to might action. Instead of going further into the matter, you are disgusted and stop knowing about it; there should be the recognition that the thing can only exist in those circumstances. A disgusting smell of decaying fish, for instance. SEX PASSION. The sex passion that is to be found in men; the sex passion that is to be found among women; and the sex passion that is to be found in those who have no sexual sings; but still they have the passion and theirs is the strongest of all. When a person is under the influence of the sexual passion, he is not conscious of what is right and what is wrong. So we have 28 mohaniya karmas; they can be compared to an alcoholic liquor; they intoxicate. '

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SIXTH LECTURE. As the karmas are foreign substances obscuring the qualities of the soul, it follows that upon the removal of them the soul's qualities become actual. That quality of the soul, which appears when the Class 1. karma is removed, is unlimited knowledge (omniscience). When the Vedaniya or class 3 karma is removed, then the quality of the soul which appears is permanent bliss; the vedaniya karma obscures the bliss quality of the soul. When the class 4 or mohaniya karma is worked out, then there is always right belief and right conduct, we always form right beliefs and always act rightly. This point follows in proper order after the details of the remaining classes of karma.

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Subdivisions of Class 5. This karma is called Ayuh karma. It determines how long we live in a particular body; it may be compared with fetters; it prevents the realisation of the spiritual continuous life, and after this karma is removed, the soul lives in its own body and not in any physical or karmic body. There are four subdivisions of the ayuh karina, namely: 1. That karna by reason of which the person lives for a length of time (it may be a billion years) in the pleasurable condition, known as the Devas, having a fine subtle body. 2. That karma by reason of which the person lives for a length of time (it may be a billion years) in the lower subtle body condition, in which there is no pleasure at all; but pain all the time. It is called the Naraka condition. 3. That karina by reason of which, the person lives in the human state with a physical body. It is called Manushayuh-karma. 4. is that karma by reason of which, the entity lives as an animal, with a body as found among animals. (This includes worms, birds, vegetables, bears, etc.) Tiryanchayuh-karma. The ayuh karma determines the state, in which the entity has to stay, and is caused by the words, and thoughts, and actions in the previous life immediately next backwards.

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Subdivisions of Class 6. There are 103 subdivisions of this karma. It is called Nama karma Name karma). It gives the personality; and when destroyed or rather removed, the soul does not pass through these mixed phases of matter and spirit; when worked out, the Dature of the individual is the same all the time, his personality is fixed, and it is a continuous life, a soul in the purest condition. The 103 kinds are grouped as follows: 14 which are called 'Collective karmas', the collective stuff of the various karinas. 8 which are called 'pratyeka prakriti, karmas. 10 which is a collection called 'trasa dashaka'. 10 Which is a collection called "sthavara dashaka'. But this only nakes 42, but the first 14 are by smaller subdivisions made into 75. The first 75 subdivisions, then, of the nama karma are as follows, and to assist in grasping them, it can be remembered that they consist of 14 groups, and the whole 75 are called 'collective' or Pinda prakriti.

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GROUP J. 4 Gati nama karmas, namely: 1. Deva gati nama karma, is that karma that brings the living being into that state of existence, known as the Deva state; it is a pleasureable state in a five subtle body, perhaps comparable to the Christian heaven. It is a state, in which pleasure. preponderates over pain, there is some pain but mostly pleasure. 2. Naraka gati nama karma, is that karma which brings the living being into the paraka state; where there is no pleasure at all, but bain all the time, perhaps comparable to the Christian hell. (But it is not everlasting, it comes to an end.) 3. Manushya gati nama karma, is that karma which brings the living being into the human state, our ordinary human life. 4. Tiryancha gati nama karma, is that karma which brings the living being into the animal state, ( animal, insect, fish, bird, vegetable, or mineral life ). GROUP. 5 Jati nama karmas. 5. That karma by reason of which the living being has the sense of touch.

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42 SUBDIVISIONS OF CLASS 6 6. That karma by reason of which the living being has the senses of touch and taste. (If a living being has only one serse, it is always the sense of touch; if two onlg, it is always touch and taste, and so on with the following. ] 7, That karma by reason of which the living being has the senses of touch, taste, and smell. 8. That karma by reason of which the living being has the senses of touch, taste, smell, and sight. 9. That karma by reason of which the living being has the senses of touch, taste, smell, sight, and hearing. (Vegetables would have only one organ of sense, the sense of touch.) GROUP 3, 5 Sharira nama karmas, namely: 10. Audarika sharira dama karma, is that karma by reason of which the living being has the ordinary physical body, that we actually see. 11. Vaikriya sharira nama karma, by reason of the activity of this karma, the living being has a subtle body, which is changeable, it may be large and then small, have one shape and then another The beings in the state of Deva and in the state of Naraka have this body, and not a physical body.

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THE KARMA PHILOSOPHY 12. Aharaka sharira nama karma, gives a body that can be sent by the person to a Master. It is only very advanced beings that have this body. 13. Taijasa shaira nama karma, gieves a body which consumes food, and when highly developed more subtle it can be protruded from the person and consume or burn other things or persons or bodies. and rendered up 43 14. Karmana sharira nama karma, gives the body which is made up of all the karmas put together. It is charging every moment. Of these five bodies, we all of us, here have the physical, the digesting body, and the karmana body. We may or may not have the subtle or vaikriya body, while only the very spiritually advanced have the aharaka body. GROUP 4. 3. Upanga nama karmas, namely: 15. Audarika Upanga Dama karma, is that karma, on account of which the limbs and organs of the physical body are formed, internal and external organs, arms, legs, ears lungs etc. 16. Vaikriya upanga nama karma, would form the limbs and organs of the subtle or vaikriya body. 17. Aharaka upanga karma, produces the limbs of the aharaka body. nama

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44 SUBDIVISIONS OF CLASS 6 The taijasa and the karmane bodies do not hava limbs or organs. GROUP 5. 15 Bandhana nama karmas, namely: 18. Audarika bandhana Dama karma, this karma, when it is working, binds together the different parts of the physical body, it is the assimila tion karma; the activity of this karma mixes the foreign matter and makes it one lump, changing its nature. 19. Vaikriya bandhana nama karma, sa ne as the previous one, only applying to the subtle body instead of the physical body. 20. Aharaka band hana nama karma, sama thing only for the aharaka body. 21. Taijasa bandhana nama karma, same thing for the taijasa body. 22. Karmana bandhana nama karma, for the karmana body. 23-32. Then by other combinations of two and sometimes of three of the kinds of matters, ten more kinds are produced, but it is unnecessary to give thein. GROUP 6. 5 Sanghatana nama karmas namely; 33. Audarika Sanghatana nama karma, by reason of the activity of which you rake in as it were wa

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY 45 from the outside or rake together the matter for the physical body. Literally it means ' collecting ', or bringing together '. That which collects materials from outside to form the eye etc.; this karma works outside and brings things together into heaps as it were. . 34. Vaikriya Sanghatana nama karma, same as the previous, only for the vaikriya or subtle body. 35. Aharaka sanghatapa nama karma, for the aharaka body. 36. Taijasa, the same as the previous for the taija sa body. 37. Karmana Sanghatana nama karina, for the karmana body. GROUP 7. 6 Samhanana nama karmas, namely: ... 38. The function of this karma is to join the bones together, and this particular karma gives a peculiarly strong joint. It is the highest form of joint. The ends of the bones are hooked into each other, there is a sort of bolt or pin through the book, and the whole joint is covered with an envelope of tissue. It is called Vajra-rishabha-Darach-asambanana nama karma. Vajra means the 'pin'.

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SUBDIVISIONS OF CLASS 6 39. Rishabha-naracha-sambanana nama karma. The same as the previous one, only without the pin. 40. Naracha-samhanana nama karma, same as the previous only with the envelope omitted. Only the hook remains. 41. Ardha-naracha sambanana nama karma. The bones are at one end hooked into each other, and pinned, with no envelope, while at the other end, the bone is simply straight and pinned. 42. Kilika-samhanana nama karma. The bones are straight at each end and nailed. No hook and no envelope. 43. Chhevaththhu samhanana nama karma. This karna gives a joint where the bones simply touch, or are in sockets. Most of ours are like this; it is the weakest and worst form of joint. The teaching is that the greatest degree of concentration can only be attained in a body, having the first mentioned joints. (Vajra &c.) GROUP 8. 6 Samsthana nama karmas, namely: 44. Sama-chatur-asra-Sainsthapa nama karna. By Teason of this karma, the body is symmetrical. 45. Nyagrodha sainsthada nama karnia, by reason of this karina, the upper part of the body is symmetri. cal and the lower part is not. The lower part is defective by reason of this karma. 46. Sadi samsthana nama karma. By reason cf wbich the lower part of the body is symmetrical, but the upper pait is not.

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY 47. 47. Kubja samsthapa nama karma. The trunk is de formed by reason of this karma, while the legs, arms, face, neck are symmetrical. (Humpback, for instance.) 48. Vamana Samsthana nama karma, by reason of this karma the arms and legs are defective, while the trunk is all right, [dwarf.] 49. Hunda Samsthana nama karma, by reason of which everythiog is unsymmetrical. The bodies of animals, fish, birds, insects come under this class, the human form being considered as the symmetrical forni. All beings born in the womb may have any of these sis kinds of bodies; those living beings not born in the womb can have only the bunda body, GROUP 9. 5 Varna nama karmas, namely: 50. By reason of the activity of this karma the living being is black or blue black, 51. By reason of this karma be [it] is green. 52. By reason of which the being is yellow. 53. By reason of which the being is red. 54. By reason of which the being is white-fair. Of the above colours, the 1 and 2 are inferior, (though in respect to things other than colour the person may be superior), and the 3, 4, and 5 are superior colouis. It does not follow that because a person is inferior in this one particular that he is therefore inferior in all, or if superior, superior in

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48 SUBDIVISIONS OF CLASS 6 all. A white man may be a thief and, a murderer, a black man may be virtuous, and spiritually advanced. GROUP 10. 2 Gandha nama karmas, namely: 55. That karma which makes the general odor of the body pleasant. 56. That karma which makes the general odor of the body unpleasant. GROUP 11. 5 Rasa nama karmas, namely: 57. By reason of this karma the body, if tasted, would be like pepper that is hot, but not fire heat. 58. The body if tasted would be bitter. 59. astringent. 60. sour. 61. sweet, GROUP 12. 8 Sparsha nama karmas, namely: 62. That karma which makes the body feel heavy. 63. light. 64. Which makes the body feel smooth. 65. rough. 66, cold. warm. 68. oily. 69. dry.

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY GROUP 13. 4 Anupurvi nama karmas, namely: * 70. That karma by which the direction of the living being, at death, is determined towards the place of the Devas. (There must be some force which causes the person at death to travel in the right direction to reach his next destination, whether to another planet or elsewhere, and it is this karma.) 71. That karina which determines the direction of the living being at death towards the place of the Narakas. 72. That karma which determines the right direction of travel at death, for the entity to go to the place of the human beings. 73. ditto animals, (tirganchas). GROUP 14, 2 Vihyo gats nama karmas, namely: 74. That karma by reason of which the gait is bad. (As for instance, when the feet are turned inwards and are dragged along shuffling.) 75. That karma by reason of which the gait is good. That completes the first batch of 14 groups of 'collective' persyn ality or nama karma Now follow C. 4

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50 SUBDIVISIONS OF CLASS 6 three more batches, namely of 8, 10 and 10 respectively, namely:-- 8 Pratyeka Prakriti nama karmas. 76, Paraghata Dama karina, by the reason of this karma the person does not get conquered or beaten. 77. Utchchhvasa nama karma, by reason of the activity of which, the person is able to breathe fully. To the extent that this karma is weak the person is not able to breathe. 78. Atapa nama karma, its nature is to give a kind of warm lustre and to make others feel a warinth in the presence of the person, (not always pleasaat), though the person himself does not feel this warmth. We may feel overawed in the presence of that person. 79. Udyota nama karma, gives a bright lustre, but it is cool, not warm as the previous one was, so that you feel at home with the person. 80. Agurulaghu Dama karmas, makes the body neither heavy nor light. 81. Tirthankara nowa karma, is that karma by the generation of which and through the activity of which the person in some incarcation becomes a master.

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY 82. Nirmana nama karma, by reason of which the different organs and limbs of the body come to be in the right places. 83Upagbata Dama karma, by reason of which the organs are placed in such a way that instead of getting the normal pleasures from the normal activities, we get pain. This karma brings functional disorders so that in the function of the organ pain is produced. (This karma has some relation with the Vedaniya or pain karma.) 10 Trasa dashaka. (Dashaka means ten.) 84. Trasa nama karma, technically means (the word trasa, that is ) a living being who can move about voluntarily. Bees, fish, birds, auimals, etc. By reason of the activity of this karma the living being passes frou a stationary state (tree, for instance) to a state in which the body has voluntary motions, 85. Badara tama karma, by reason of which karma, the living being passes frow a body which is so minute as to be invisible to a body, which is large enough to be visible. 86. Paryapta nama karma, paryapta means capability. Through the activity of this .karma, tine living being has the capacity to complete the construction of the various bodily parts and capacities; the capability to fully develop them. There are

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52 SUBDIVISIONS OF CLASS 6 various capacities, for instance, to take food fron the outside, to assimilate it with the body, etc. etc. He has the capability to complete these capacities by reason of this karma. 87. Pratyeka nama karma, is tbat karma by reason of which, a living being obtains an individual body, a body for itself. There are living beings having a common body, so that many may be living in one body, such as vegetables growing underground. 88. Sthira nama karma, by reason of which, the teeth and bones are quite strong, solid, substantial and coherent. 89, Shubha nama karma, by reason of which the upper part oi the whole body is symmetrical. There is a difference between this and the nyagrodha Samsthana nama karma; in this shubha karma the point is that the upper part of the body pleases other people, and also the lower part need not necessarily be defective. In the pyagrodha karma the point is that the construction is symmetrical, and the lower part must be defective. 90. Saubhagya nama karma, an activity by reason of which the person becomes quite popular. 91. Susvara nana karna, by reason of which the voice is musical. 92. Adeya nama karma, by reason of which the person's words obtain weight ainorg people, he is believed.

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY 93. Yashah kirti nama karma, by reason of which the person becomes famous. [In the good sense.] The following last ten of the nama karmas the counterparts of the ten karmas, just mentioned 10 Stavara Dashaka. 53 94. Stavara nama karma, this is the contrary of the first karma of the previous ten ( counterpart just above is wrong, it is the contraries.) By reason of this karma, the living being goes to a stationary body. 95. Sukshma nama karma, which makes body so small that it cannot be seen by the eyes. are 96. Apary apta nama karma, by reason of this karma, the living being does not complete the body, and dies. 97. Sadharana nama karma, the living being one body for many living occupies a common body; beings [potato, for instance.] 100. Daurbhagya nama karma, this karma he is unpopular, whether good or ill to the people. the 98. Asthira nama karma, the teeth and bones are not fixed and coherent. of 99. Ashubha nama karma, the upper part the body is not symmetrical or pleasing, is not of a kind which pleases others. by reason of he is doing

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54 SUBDIVISIONS OF CLASS 6. 101. Duhsvara nama karma, the voice is not musical. 102. Anadeya nama karma, by reason of which the person is not believed, even though he is speak. ing the truth; his words do not carry weight, 103. Apayashab-apakirti Dama karma, by reason of which there is disrepute (the opposite of fame.] That completes the list of 103 nama karmas. All these karmas can be changed and improved.

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Subdivisions of Class 7. there The name of this class is Gotra karma, are only two subdivisions, namely : 1. Uchcha gotra karma, which brings living being, into high family surroundings. the 2. Nicha Gotra karma, by reason of which the living being is born into low family and social circumstances. Subdivisions of Class 8. The name is Antaraya karma. Literally 'oba stacle' karma. This karma acts as an obstacle to that which you desire to do. In the mohaniya [class 4] the inability to act rightly is owing to moral depravity (or uncleanness, rather; depravity implies a previous time of non-depravity, whereas the living being may always in the past have been of an unclean moral nature), and consequent non-perception of what is right; whereas in the antaraya karma the right action is seen, but is not done. There are five kinds of this aptaraya karma, namely: 1. Danattaraya karma, 'dana' means to give. By reason of this karma the person is obstructed or

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56 SUBDIVISIONS OF CLASS 8 prevented from giving, although it is the right time and place, and he has the means. still he does not give. 2. Labhantaraya karma, 'labh' means gain. This karma is that which is an obstacle to gain or profit. The person is a fit person and follows the usual methods of gaining and yet does not gain. 3. Bhogantaraya karma. 'bhog, means enjoynept. This karma prevents the enjoying of objects or things which can be enjoyed more than once; pictures, scenery, furniture, etc. etc. The things themselves are not faulty and yet the person is miserable although surrounded by enjoyable things. 4. Upabhogantaraya karma, 'upa' means less or sub. This karma prevents the enjoying of things which can be enjoyed only once; a cake, a glass of wine, elc. eating and drinking. 5. Viryantaraya karma, Viry (pronounced veeri) means force or power, the will to do. This karma acts as an obstacle to the will power, you would like to do the thing but still you cannot; you know that it is right yet you cannot do it; there is weakness. This 8th class or antaraya karma is one which covers up one aspect of the real spiritual nature of the soul, so that the goodness is not actual, it is not done actually. (Well meaning is nothing, the intellect and the life must be improved.) Jain. Education International

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY Sy Out of these 8 kinds of karma, these 8 classes that is, there are four which do and four which do not cover up the real spiritual nature of the soul, those which do cover it are the antaraya, just mentioned, the knowledge obscuring (jnanavaraniya), the larshana obscuring (darshatavaraniya), and the intoxicating or right belief preventing(mohaniya). Those which do not cover up the spiritual nature of the soul, are the 3rd class (vedaniya karma), the 5th class (ayuh karma), the 7th class (gotra karma) and the 6th class (nama karni). These last two are out of order). These karmas are forces, they are living forces, pot forces such as gravity, steam, or electricity. It is important to point out what has already been stated : namely that the combination of the soul with the karma is a very subtle combination which can only be reduced by mental and moral disciplines, hence the body is not in mechanical combination with the soul and cannot be separated and joined again like taking off and putting on a coat. The soul and the body stay in combination until death, and if the body is in bed the soul is there also. Also the avadhi form of knowledge, by which the soul comes to know distant material things without the action of the sense organs or the mind, operates while the senses are awake, and is in addition to and

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58 SUBDIVISIONS OF CLASS 8 not replacing the ordinary five senses. All the higher forms of knowing are in addition to the lower forms, the lower forms do not drop away as the higher ones develop; the five ways of knowing given are simply the order in which the soul developes itself. AU knowledge is based on sensation. And so we have in this rough classification of karmas, no less than 158 energies which are in us either active or dormant ready to break out as soon as the circumstances allow or cause. They are given in continuation of a previous series of 12 lectures on mental concentration, and the idea is that the bad energies should be removed and good ones generated or developed. The quality of the soul which comes out upon the removal of the 7th class of karma, is that the circumstances or surroundings are neither high nor low; and when the 8th class is removed the quality of the soul that comes out is infinite capacities of activity. ( Not omnipotence. Yet capnot create souls, in the sense of their not having previously existed. ) List of the 158 Karmas: Class 1. Jnanavaraniya karma, ... 5 kinds, Class 2. Darshanavaraniya karma,... 9 kinds, Class 3. Vedaniya karma, ... ... 2 kinds, Class 4. Mobaniya karma,... ... 28 kinds,

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY 59 Class 5. Ayuh karma, Class 6. Nama karma, Class 7. Gotra karma, Class 8. Antaraya karma, ... ... 4 kinds. ... 103 kinds. ... 2 kinda. ... 5 kinds. 158 This classification is from the point of view of the Dature or function of the karma. It is not from the point of view of the generation of karma, or working out of karma.

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Causes of Karmas. Four general causes of karma have already been given, namely delusion (mithyatva), avirati, kashaya, and yoga (it is easier to use these names than to use a whole sentence in English for each cause ). But these causes are each subdivided in greater detail. Mithyatva. There are five kinds of this cause, namely: 1. Abhigraha mithyatva. It is a state of mind in which you stick to a false belief. You may not now it. If you think, speak, or act when in this state, you generate fresh karma [the kinds of karma which are generated by these causes are given in the next series of stages of Development following.] 2. Anabhigraha mithyatva. It is a state of mind in which a person thinks "well, this may be true, and also that may be true", or "All religious are true." He does not go into the matter. 3. Abhinivesha of mithyatva. sticking intentionally It is the state to a false

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY 61 opinion when it is known or believed to be a false one. 4. Samshaya mithyatva. It is the state of doubt as to whether a given course of action is right or wrong. You stand still. 5. Anabhoga mithyatva, It is a state of lack of development, and the entity, therefore sticks to a false belief or has no belief; not baving developed the faculties of judgement, conviction, discretion, &c., he does not come to a conclusion, These causes are only the instrumental or determinant causes of the generation of the karma, the substantial cause is the individual himself [ or herself, of course always understood. ] The above mentioned particular states of the individual are determinant causes of the generation of karma; they are from the ideal standpoint unnatural states. In every effect there are two causes, the substantial and the instrumental, both equally necessary for the effect. Avirati. It is the laxity or looseness either of thought or sense activities. There are the following 12 kinds: 1. Lack of control of the thoughts. In spite of knowing that we should not wave, or in spite of our wish not to have evil thoughts

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CAUSES OF KARMAS about people, still we have them, such as thoughts of revenge, thoughts of cheating other people, of deceiving them, of hurting them, etc., and so we generate karmas. imtinos 2. Lack of control of the sense of touch. taste, smell, sight, hearing. Lack of control of the mind or senses in regard to living beings not having the power of locomotion, and whose bodies are particles of earth-earth beings. water--.water beings. air air beings. 10. fire -fire beings. mind or senses in 11. Lack of control of the relation to vegetables. 12. Lack of control of the mind or senses in re lation to living beings, that have the power of locomotion. Kashaya, is moral uncleanness, and there are 25 states taken into consideration as being states which, when the persan is in, become the cause of the generation of harma.

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY 63 i to 4 Four degrees of anger. 5 to 8 Four degrees of pride. 9 to 12 Four degrees of deceitfulness. 13 to 16 Four degrees of greed. 17 to 25 The same as the remaining mohaniya karmas, laughing & jokiog, etc, down to the Deuter sex passion. These are the same states as the 25 last mobaniya karmas, only here the point of view is that when in any one of these states, the person generates or adds to his present karma. If, however, the attitude of the mind is one of aloofness, then fresh karma is not generated, he does not then identify himself with the anger for instance, and so does not generate more. Yoga. There are 15 kinds of this cause, In this relation in the Jain philosophy, the word yoga has the technical meaning of bodily, speech, or thought activity. (This is a technical meaning.) 1. Satya-mano-yoga. Activity of the mind: it may be truihful: it generates a kind of karna. 2. Asatya-mano-yoga. Activity of the mini which implies falsehood.

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64 CAUSES OF KARMAS 3. Satya-a satya-mishrana-man0-yoga. A state of mind when you may be thinking of something and that of which you are thinking relates partly to truth and partly to something that is false. It is a mixture of the two previous kinds. 4. Asatya-mishrana-mano-yoga. Activity of the mind which has no reference to truth, does not relate to truth at all. 5. to 8. Four kinds of speech activity, Pamely the same as those of the thought activity only with regard to speech. (In illustration of speech which does not relate to the subject of truth or falsity, the sentence: "Bring me my watch" is an example.) 9 to 15. Seven kinds of bodily activity. namely: Activity of the physical body, activity of the vaikriya body, activity of the aharaka body, activity of the karmana body. This last includes the taijassa, because these two bodies ( the karmada and the taijasa ) stay with the soul until worked out; they go with the soul at death to the next state of life. Then there are three more, namely bodily activities which are mixtures of the karn an and taijassa with any few particles of either the audarika, vaikriya, or

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY aharaka body, before the body is fully formed. Mishra means compound. Audarika is the ordinary physical body. That makes the causes 57 in number, classed under four heads of respectively 5 mithyatva, 12 avirati, 25 kashaya, and 15 yoga. 65 In removing these causes of the generation of karma, the mithyatva must be removed first; it is not possible to remove the avirati first, or the kashaya or the yoga. Then the next in order, is the avirati, which must be removed fefore the kashaya, and the last to be removed is the yoga. So that, in any person, where there is mithyatva there is also lack of control of the thought and senses, there is also the list of 25 kashayas, either dormant or operating; and there are the 15 yogas. C. 5

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STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT* This, now, is from the point of view of generating karmas, as distinguished from the point of view we have previously had of the nature of the karmas. The matter now is about the generation of karma. In describing which causes generate any particular karma stages are made use of as follows: There are 14 guna-sthana or stages of development. Guna means virtue, development, the comming out of the real nature and essence of the soul. Sthana means stage. These 14 may be roughly divided into 4 classifications ( or five, see following ), namely: (i. e. one for each cause). One in waich all the four causes of karma work, i. e. the mithyatva, the avirati, the kashaya, and the yoga. Another in which only the last three determinant causes work, that is the avirati, the ka shaya and tbe yoga. * This chapter is not completed owing to the illcess of late Mr. Gandhi.-(Editor.)

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KARYA PHILOSOPHY .: 67 Another in which only the last two determinant causs work, that is the kashaya and the yoga. * Another in which only the yoga works. Then there is the 14th gunasthana by itself. It lasts only for a few moments. There is neither the mithyatva, the avirati, the kashaya, nor the yoga working. So that to work out the karmas, you begin with the inithyatva and remove it first. It is important to remember always that, these 14 stages, now about to be described, are in their logical order and not in chronological order. In the morning, you may be in a low stage and in the afternoon in a higher one, or vice versa, you may be in a high stage in the morning and in a lower one in the afternoon, The point is that, while in sucs stages you develop such and such karmas, and while in a high one you develope only certain karmas--but all this comes in course, 1st Stage. (MITHYATVA GUNASTHANA) Called the Mithyatva Gudasthana. It is a state the same as the first subdivision of the Class 4, or Mohaniya karna. It is a state in which the person has a very intense dislike of the truth, the dislike is so stiong that he will not have anything to do wits it at all. The karma is so intense as to prevent

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68 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT the possibility of believing the truth at all. It is the same as the above named, (class 4, subdivision No. 1) only the point of view now is different. The point os view here, is the generation of fresh karma. There it was simply describing the characteristic or nature of the karma (of the activity). In this Gunasthana the living being is liable to generate any of the following karmas, namely: 1. Any of the Joanavaraniya karmas, that is of 5 kinds. 2. Any of the Darshanavaraniya karmas, that is of 9 kinds. 3. Either of the two Vedaniya karmas, that is of 2 kinds. 4. Any of the Mobaniya karmas, except the subdivisions Nos. 2 and 3, because these are never generated, they are simply milder forms of the activity of the subdivision No. 1 (called mithyatva mobaniya karma.) We generate the mithyatva mohaniya and in its working out it may manifest as subdivision 2 or subdivision 3. called respectively mishra mobaniya karma and samyaktva mobaniya karma.) That makes 26 kinds liable to be generated. 5. Either of the 4 ayuli karmas, namely 4 kinds. 6. Any, out of 64 of the Dama karmas: (For this purpose of cousidering the generation of the

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THE KARMA PHILOSOPHY 69 karmas, the 103 nama karinas are considered as 67, by including the 15 kinds of Bandhana nama karma and the 5 kinds of samghatana in the 5 sharira; and then the colour, the smell, the taste, and the touch nama karmas are each considered as being only one kind, disregarding their various subdivisions, thus making only 4 kinds instead of 20 kinds, or 16 fewer, which together with the above 20 makes in all 36 fewer than 103, or 67.) 7. Either of the gotra karmas, that is of 2 kinds. 8. Either of the antaraya karmas, that is of 5 kinds. In the first classification of the karmas, the total is 158. Reducing this by the above named 36, the remainder is 122. In the present mithyatva gunasthana, the living being, therefore is liable to generate any one of 117 out of these 122 karmas. (It will, of course, be seen what this means. I say this myself only, but it follows that a man may generate an animal or insect or what not body.) So there are 5 karmas which are not generated in this mithyatva gunasthana, and they are: 1. The Mishra mohaniya karma. 2. The samyaktva mohaniya karma. 3. The aharaka sharira nama karma. 4. The aharaka Upanga nama karmi. 5. The Tirthankara mama karma.

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70 Theu, there are certain karmas which are and in no other, they generated only in this stage are: (16 in all) 1. Mithyatva mohaniya karma. 2. The neuter sex passion karma. STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT 3. The naraka ayuh karma. (This is important to notice.) 4. The naraka gati nama karma. 5. The jati nama karma, giving only one sense organ. 6. 7. 8. 9. ditto ditto ditto The chhevaththhu [The living being would sockets.] samhanana nama karma. not even have two. three. four. 10. The hunda sansthana nama karma. 11. The naraka anupurvi nama karma. 12. The atapa nama karma. 1 13. The stavara nama karma (to stationary body). a 14. Sukshma nama karma (minute body) 15. The aparyapta nama completing the body.) 16. Sadharana nama karma. karma { dies before So that, in order to avoid these 16 karmas, yatva state. [Common body] generating any of we must get away from the mith

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY 2nd Stage. (SASVADANA GUNASTHANA) The above 16 karmas are not generated in this stage; of the 117 karmas generated [liable to be generated] in the first stage, the remaining 101 may also be generated in this stage. In this stage, the 5 mithyatva causes do not work. They are controlled. It is to be remembered that 'causes' here means only the instrumental or diterminant cause; the living being himself is always the real cause [ or rather the substantial cause, both causes are equally necessary and real.] This stage is called 'sasvadana' gunasthana. It is only a momentary state. It is after anger, for instance, bas risen and then subsided, and then is rising again; there is a momentary sensation of the taste of the quiet state; taste of the control of the mithyatva karma. It is not the state when the anger was subsided, that is a higher one, it is the momentary taste of that quiet state. It does not last long enough for the generation of some of the karmas. The following 25 karmas liable to be generated in this stage, would not be generated in any higher stage: 1. Tiryancha gati nama karma. In any higher stage than this 2nd stage, you do not gene

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72 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT rate a karma which takes you to the animal state. 2. Tiryanchayub karma. 3. Tiryanch anupurvi Daina karina. 4. Styanarddhi darshanavaraniya karma. (Som nambulistic.) 5. Nidra-nidra [ sleep requiring touching of the body to arouse the person.] 6. Prachala-prachala ( asleep while the body is walking.) 7. Daurbhagya nama karma (unpopular). 8. Duhsvara nania karma. (Unmusical voice.) 9. Anadeya nama karma (words do not carry weight.) The worst degree of anger (Mohaniya sub division 4.) 11. The worst degree of pride. 12. The worst degree of deceit. 13. The worst degree of greed. 14. The yagrodha sainsthana Bama karma. 15. The sadi sansthana nama karma. 16. The Kubja ditto 17. The Vamana ditto 18. The Rishabha-Daracha-samhan na nama karina. (bone joint). 19. The Naracha-sambanana, 20. The Ardha-naracha Sambanana. 21. The Kilika samhanana. 22. The Nicha gotra karma.

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KARMA PHILOSOPEY 73 23. The Udyota nama karma. 24. The Vibayo-gati nama karma (bad gait.] 25. The feminine sex passion. In this 2nd guna sthana there are 59 determinant causes operative; the 5 mithyatvas as already mentioned do not work, and then there is the abaraka yoga and the aharaka mishra yoga which do not operate. (There seems to be a mistake about the hunda Hansthana Dama karma, it seems to me it ought to be generatable in this 2nd stage, seeing that the animal karmas can be generated, the tiryancha-gati, etc.) It may be useful here to mention four points of view with regard to karma, namely: Baudha. Means the process of actually becoming identified with or tied to the karma. Udaya. Means literally 'rising up or coming up' that is to say, the actual showing of the activity of the karma and experiencing the actual result of the karma. Udirana. Is the process of bringing the karma into operation erlier than it would naturally come into operation. Satta. Is the state of the karma between the time when it is bound to the soul or absorbed by

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74 STAGES OF DEVELOPMFNT It is the dormant the soul and when it manifests. karma that is in us. And it may also be useful here to mention three states with regard to the karma so far as the working of it out is concerned, namely: Upashama. This word is a noun, and means control. The state of upashama karma, therefore, would be the state of the karma, when it is pressed down or controlled: controlled by the will just when it is felt to be rising. Kashaya. This word literally means destruction. So that kashaya karma would be the total working out of the karma; karma when it is entirely removed. Kshayopashama. Part of the karma is controlled and part worked out. 3rd Stage. (MISHRA-DRISHTI-GUNA-STHANA.) It is of only a few moments duration. In the first stage or mithyatva gujasthana, the state of mind is such that there is a positive dislike and repulsion of the truth; in the 2nd stage or sasvadana gunasthana, their is just the taste of the control of the mithyatva (delusion); in this mishra-drishti gunasthana, there is neither like nor dislike for the

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75 truth when it is presented to you: you just let the truth pass by without either liking it or disliking it. It is a sort of indifference, and there is no great wish or desire or energy put forth in this state of mind. This third stage is the result of the rise of the mishra mohaniya karma (2nd sub-division of class 4). The mishra mohaniya karma is the most noticeable sign or characteristic of this stage. KARMA PHILOSOPHY In this stage, there are 43 out of the 57 determinant causes operative. Those not Causes opera- operative are: the 5 mithyatvas; the worst degree of respectively anger, pride, deceitfulness, and greed; the aharaka mishra yoga, the aharaka yoga, the karmana yoga, the audarika mishra yoga, and the vaikriya mishra yoga. ive In this third stage, the 25 karmas mentioned as being generated in no higher stage Karmas not than the 2nd, would not be generated generated. in this third stage. The 16 karmas generated in only the mithyatva gunasthana are not generated in this third. Nor are the aharaka sharita, the aharaka panga, or the tirthankara. The Deva ayuh and the manushyayuh karmas are not generated in this third stage. And the mishra mohaniya and samyaktva mohaniya are not generated. This counts up to 48 karmas not generated, leaving 74 which may be generated, below. as follows

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76 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT Ayuh karma cannot be generated in this stage, because that strong wish which is the fector of the intelligence which generates ayuh karma is cot strong enough in this third stage to generate the karma. The faculty of decision, the faculty through which we determine, is not strong or active here, in this weak indifferent state. Karmas liable In this stage, the living being is liable to be genera- to generate any one of 74 karmas, ted. Damely: 5 or all of the jnanavara niya 6 of the darshanavaraniya 2 or all of the vedaniya 19 of the mohaniya 36 of the nama 1 gotra 5 or all of the antaraya ( It is not necessary to name the particular 36 Dama karmas, as they can be arrived at by anyone who wants to know them by a little trouble.) The other point, namely karmas not generated after this stage, does not apply, is not needed. With reference to the state of karma just mentioned called upashana, anger should be suppressed, controlled or pressed down; controlled by the will just when it is felt to be rising. (I appreciate this as indicating the way to relly not be

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY 77 angry or to really remove anger as distinguished from the merely pretending not to be angry-or any other vice than anger; it is much easier to pretend not to have the defect, whatever it is, and to persuade oneself that one does not want it and will try to remove it, than it is to really determine to suppress or control the wrong state.) [Incidentally the Jain idea of the parts of a tree may be put in here, as I have them in my notes, and it was talked about at the time. The parts of & tree are: fruit, flowers, bark, wood, roots, leaves, seed. I think if I mistake not, no I am sure, the idea is that these are seperate living beings which in their joint activity or life make what is known as & tree; the tree is not only one living being, that is the idea. And those like the leaves, flowers, and fruit which cannot live in circumstances of winter cold and show die. And of course it also follows from this that ordinary flowers should not be picked. It is only a matter of degree of civilisation and development whether a person feels gentle and careful and thoughtful to this, to us, rather great extent. Protection to life in all forms is the behaviour natural to a highly developed soul, as I understand it.] Before proceeding with the next gunasthana, the 4th, there must be something said of what is called 'samyaktva'; it cannot be translated by one' English word. Jain. Education International

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78 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT As soon as the mithyatva (delusion ) is the rolled, or inoperative, then there out the contrary quality called yaktva. The 'tva' means ness. contcomes Sam The essential for the appearance of this state is that the worst degree of anger, of pride, of deceitfulness, and of greed are removed, or at least con. trolled and inoperative. Then a right attitude of throught, & right attitude towards truth, comes out, You are, for instance, convinced that to kill a living being is wrong. There is a relish of such couvictions. A man's whole progress depends upon kis acuiring this samyaktva; and it is present in each of the remaining II gunasthana or stages of development. It is, therefore, present in the next gunasthana to be described, namely the 4th. All philosophy so-called and concentration, are of no use or are all false unless this state is reached. How, then, is this samyaktva to be reached ? The man who wishes to obtain saniyaktva must pass through three stages or processes. They are called respectively: yatha-pravritti-karana, a purva karana, and ani-vritti-karana. But before describing them something must be said about the duration of karmas and the Jain idea of time.

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KARMA PILOSOPHY The first of these three processes duration of the karmas, and that is the to do in order to obtain the samyaktva. lessens the first thing Time is the duration of the modification of substances. Duration is the fact that a given state of anything or being stays for a certain length of time. The modification (or state, that is) lasts for a certain length of time. (Time is not, therefore, any mysterious mystery, it is quite plain and gruspable.) The maximum time that the karmas could last is as follows; that is to say that any given karma which is in combination with the soul, would paturally be worked out during the time as given below: but then it is to be understood tbat while this particular karma is working out, the individual muy generate an addition of karma of a similar nature, and so although at the end of the following maximum times, the particular karma, would all be rid from the soul, yet the soul would be in combination with fresh karna if the inflow bas not been stopped. The maximum duration of a jnanavaraniya karma Maximum could not be more than 3,000,000,000, durations of the karmas. 000,000 sagaropamas; of a darshanavaraniya karina the same; of a vedaniya karma the same; of a mohaniya karma 7,000,000,000,000,000 Sagara pamas; of a nama karwa 2,000,000,000,000,000

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80 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT segaropa mas; of a gotra karma the same; of an antaraya karma 3,000,000,000,000,000 'Sagaropamas. This subject is being considered with a view to showing how the saniyaktva can be reached; and so far as the samyaktva is conceaned the ayub karma is necessary and is not taken into account. A sagaropama is one thousand billion (that is to say in figures 1,000,000,000,000,000,) palyopamas. A palyopama is an innumerable (not infinite, but having << limit) quantity of years, so great that it cannot be numbered. An innumerable quantity is a limited quantity and will in time be exhausted. An infinite quantity will never be exhausted. Although the above numbers are immense, stili, in view of the theory that so far as the past is concerned, we have not been without karma, the duration of our various karmas has already been considerably more than the above mentioned numbers of years. In the Jain idea of time the smallest division is called a 'samaya'. In a wink of the eye, for instance, and such similar durations, there are innu. merable Samayas. Innumerable samayas would make one avali. 16,777, 216 avalis make one muhurta (equal to 48 minutes, English time.)

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY 30 Muhurtas would make one day. 15 Days would make I fortnight, etc. Innumerable years, as already mentioned, make one palyopama. 81 To illustrate to the mind, the idea of a palyopama, if yon dig a hole in the ground 8 miles long, 8 miles wide, and 8 miles deep, fill it with hair cut up into the shortest possible lengths, and press it into the whole, by marching heavy processions, steem rollers, or anything similar, over it, and then once a year, take out a piece of the hair, it will in time become emptied, but it will be in an innumerable quantity of years. Come back, now, to the processes through which one must pass, in order to reach the state of samyaktva. The first thing to do is to lesson the duration of the karmas, and the amount by which the duration is to be lessened, is the next question. Each of the seven above named karmas must be reduced to 100,000,000,000,000 years maximum duration; and when the living being experiences the feeling, that this whole embodied life is a misery, it shows that this work of reduction has been done. This is the first process, cal'el yatha-pravritti-karana. This is only possible for a five sense-organ mindendowed living being. Other lower living beings C. 6

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STAGES OP DEVELOPMENT do not pass through this experience for first process at all. But this experience may be felt 90 infinity of times and still the living being may not pass into the next or second process. A muhurta, as already inentioned, is 48 minutes English time, and 30 muhurtas are 2nd Process. therefore, one day. If the living being can succeed in reducing by only 48 minutes, this one hundred billion years maximuin duration of the karmas, he is then in the 2nd process, called apurvakara na which has to be passed through in order to obtain the samyaktva condition. This second process consists in the manifestation of a desire to remove the worst degree of anger, of pride, of deceitfulness, and of greed. The first time this desire is experienced shows that this further reduction in the maximum duration has been effected. The literal meaning is 'not previously'; that is, this desire has not been previously experienced. The third process is the actual control of the worst degree of anger, of pride, or deceitful. 3rd Process ness, and of greed. Deceit is the confict between the thought and the action, as already mentioned. The worst degree of anger is that which lasts the whole life time, and the way to test ourselves as to whether we have reached the 2nit process ( apurva-karana ) is by considering and seeing whether there is any person, we know towards

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LARMA PHILOSOPHY 83 whom we are chronically angry; and then the thought that we ought not after all to be so, would show that we were in the second process. The 3rd process is the actual control of the worst anger, pride, deceitfulness, and greed. The end of the apurvakarana is the beginning of the ani-vritti-karana. When these three processes have been passed through, then the 'knot' is cut, so to speak, and the lowest kiud of sainyaktva is reached. The 'knot is the attack upon us of our inborn likes and dislikes, more especially as to convictions regarding conduct, (that it is wrong to kill, etc.) When these three processes have been passed through, then, the three darshana nuouaniya karas and the four worst degrees, juist inentioned, are controlled or inoperarive. The worst degree of the four degrees wbich wera neationed of auger, pride, deceitfulness, and greed, is called the 'anantanubandhi' degree, 'An' means no, 'ant' means end, 'anubandhi' means bound as cause and effect. The whole word means 'life long effect. Apantanubandhi anger is that anger which lasts the whole life time. When the samyaktva is reached or appears, mithyatva or delusion is controlled. Mith yatva (or delusion, or false belief, or falsa conviction regarding conduct, e. g, that it would be

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84 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT right to kill) is of several kinds, but can be divided into two, namely: 1. Avyakta or idefinite mithyalva. 2. Vyakta, or definite mithyatva. There is a class of living beings, with which the universe is packed, so that there is not an inch of space, anywhere, where these are not. These living beings are conscious, they are very minute, and connot be seen with eye or microscope, fire will not kill them, nor will water, they pass through these things without being hurt, no human instrument can kill these living beings, they can pass through mountains anything. There are an infinity of these living beings and this is the source whence come the developing and liberated souls. They have an indefinite existence. They are called 'nigoda'. The mithyatva of these nigoda is avyakta mithyatva or indefinite; it has not Development taken any shape, whereas, the mithyatva begins, of human beings is shaped and definite. A person bas certain views on certain subjects. The mithyatva in the muithyatva gulasthana or first stage of development, is the definite kind; the indefinite kint is not a stage of development and

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KARMA PRILOSOPHY 85 the vigoda are in that indefinite which is the state of existence has begun. state of existence, before development * When once, out of the indefinite mithyatva state, the living being never goes back to it; if it goes back to the bigoda state it goes back as a nigoda of a different kind, namely, having vyakta or definite mithyatva. There are therefore two kinds of nigoda, one with indefinite mithyatva whose developinent has not begun, and the other kind with definite mithyatva whose development has begun and who are therefore in the first stage of development, or mithyatva gunasthana. The answer to the very natural question which arises here, "What starts the development ?" would be something like this: in a whirlpool some bit of stick or paper or other natter may in the surging of the water get to one side and become separated from the rest, be caught by the wind, and dried by the sun; and so some such thing may happen to a nigoda which would awaken just a spark of the latent potential power of development. It is also the theory of the Jains that as a soul passes from the embodied to the liberated state, a

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$6 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT nigoda comes out this does not mean on such occa sions. and beings development. But that a nigoda comes out only There are, according to the Jain philosophy, three kinds of living beings, namely (1) those whose nature it is to remain in the embodied state. They may be men, animals, or other living beings; they are content to remain embodied and never wish for nor reach the liberated state. (2) There are living beings whose nature it is to reach liberation, (3) and there are living beings whose nature it is to reaci liberation, but they do not do so, because they do not get the right or necessary circumstances. It is understood that these and the first kind are very few in number, and it is no misery to them to revja in in the embodied state. Very few in nnmber, and it is no misery to them to reinain in the embodied state. beings. The following is another division of living It is a division by dichotomy.

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KARMA PHILOSOPEY 87 Souls Sansari Sidha Sayogi Ayogi Chhadmastha Kevali Samohi Amohi Uait-mohi Anudit-mohi Badar-mohi Sukshma-mohi Shreni-rahita Shreni-vanta Avirati Virati Mithyatvi Samyaktvi Granthi-abhedi Granthi-bhedi abheuta Bharya Abliavya Bhavya. The approximate English trapslation of the words in the above list is as follows:

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88 STAGRS OF DEVELOPMFNT Sansari (adjective), means those who are in an embodied state. living beings Siddha [all these words are adjectives modifying living being.) This word means those who bave reached the liberated state. Sayogi, those embodied ones who have not stopped the activities of body, mind, and speech. Ayogi, those who have done so. [This is only a momentary state just before passing to liberation.] Chhadinastha, living beings with imperfect knowledge, Kevali, living beings with perfect knowledge, omniscience. Samohi, those who still have the intoxicating elements (that is the mohaviya karmas or the kashayas.) Amohi, those whose mnoha has disappeared. Udita-mobi, those in whom the mola (intoxicating elements) is actually seen, working, manifesting. Anudita-mohi, toose in whom it is under control, checked, or at the bottom, like mud in a clear brook. Badara-mohi, those who recognize only rough kinds or gross subdivisions of their moba, such as anger, pride, deceitfulness, greed, etc.

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Sukshma-mohi, KARMA PHILOSOPHY those who recognize delicate or subtle subdivisions, such as more and less intense degrees of anger etc. Shreni-rahita, rahita means without. are without any system of working out (delusion). Shreni-vanta, those who have a method by which they systematically work oht their infatuating or intoxicating or delusion, producing elements. yatva. Avirati, those who have not yet obtained control over their minds and senses. Virati, those who have obtained a partial control over their mind and senses. Mithyatvi, those who Samyaktvi, those who yaktva. 89 Those who their moha are in the are in the state of mith Granthi-abhedi, those who have not yet cut that knot spoken of previously, [this knot is cut while in the state of mithyatva.] Granthi-bhedi, those who have cut it. Abhavya, those who will not reach liberation. Bhavya, those who will reach it. state of sam This table is read upwards, thus: there are abhavya living beings and bhavya living beings, but they are

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90 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT both granthi-abhedi; there are granthi-abhedi livin beings and granthi-bhedi living beings, but they are both mithyatvi; there are mithyatvi living beings and samyaktvi living beings, but they are both avirati, and so on up to the top...... There are sa asari living beings and sid uha living beings, but they are both living beings. As already mentioned all progress depends upon samyaktva, smyaktva having been described as the control of the three darshana mohaniya karmas and the four anantapubandhis. Concentration and philosophy proper cannot be exercised until this state called saniyaktva is obtained. If you are in the state of samyaktva then you Signs of will have certain very definite convicsamyaktva. tions, concerning three principies, uainely concerning the principle of the Deity, the principle of the Teacher (Guru), and the principle of Dharma moon (right life, duty). The Deity, as under tood in this system of philosophy, is the highest ideal that we keep before the mind, and with the object that we may ultimately becoine like him. It does not inean a Deity who issues laws that must be obeyed, or a creator of the universe. One must have an ideal, an ideal manhood, that he wishes to attain to; and if not to be attained in the body as the Master was, still to reach the liberated state where all persons are in a state of equality. The attaining to this ideal will be the alin and end

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KARMA PHILOSOPBY 91 of all the actions during life, and so if we get a wrong ideal men, then ic trying to become so we lead wrong lives. The ideal man should be called the Deity (Deva]. The Deity [Deva] is a person living as a human being in the midst of his brothers and sisters, not his children. There are millions of Devas ( The tirthankara is the Master) who were such men, being now in the liberated state ( and once liberated the Deity is never again embodied, the soul after reaching perfection never again becomes imperfect, and an embodied state is an imperfect one.) Now, what is the difference between the Deva or Arbat as understood in this system of philosophy and the Deity as understood in other systems, Krishna, Budiha, Christ, etc, etc. ? If you find the following 18 characteristics in him, then he is a Deva. Try to test all the so-called Deities as to whether they have these 18 characteristics, aud then if any is found wanting reject the Deities so-called: that is the Jain teaching. If any one of the following 18 characteristics is missing then he is not a Deva: 1. The antaraya karmas must all have disappeared in him, because so long as there is any aptaraya karma in a person, that shows that, that person may be willing to do a right thing and still is not able to do it, it shows that in bis nature

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STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT there is still some kind of weakness ; therefore he cannot be an ideal of perfection. There are 5 antaraya karmas, and so that makes the first 5 characteristics. 6. Laughing and joking must have disappeared ; because wben some unfamiliar object will produce laughing, it shows a lack of knowledge, and that shows that the jnanavaraniya karmas are not fully worked out; but in the Deva or Arhat it is fully worked out and therefore there is nothing unfamiliar to him. 1f laughing is produced by some new peculiar relationship of ideas, it would show a lack of knowledge. 7. He has no liking for this, that, and the other thing; that is, for material objects; he might say "You can keep them". It makes the person an unhappy person when he likes a thing and has to go without it. 8. He has no positive dislike for anything, because dislike is also the cause of misery. 9. He is not afraid of anything. Fear has disappeared from him. Weakness and lack of knowledge cause fear. There is fear for the loss of one's body, there is fear for the loss of one's reputation, property, face, popularity etc. only when these are identified with the self; and such fear shows that the person considers these things, property, reputation, embodied life, etc., to be the factors of his

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY being; he has not realised that his real self is different from these things, his goods, his emotions, his physical body, his reputation, etc. and that his real self cannot be injured by any of these losses. Fear for the loss of these things implies that he thinks that those things are the factors of his being (whereas they are not, he can live independently of them) that they are his self, and that if they are destroyed, he is destroyed with them. An Arbat would not have fear with regard to anything. Fear shows lack of knowledge and weakness. Here was given a train of reasoning by which we may know tiat the soul must and does exist: Matter is indestructable. If the state called knowledge can be proved to be different (which of course it can) from motion of matter, not only in degree but in kind; as the attributes of black etc., are attributes of objects, so the attribute of 'knowing' and the attribute of morality or mode of behaviour must be the attributes of some real thing-call it soul, self, ego, individual, or what not. And as matter cannot be destroyed, so this soul cannot be destroyed. And it is not a compound; it is a unit always itself. It must exist for ever. That it will exist always in some state or other is the essential of a reality. It is one of the natures of a reality to exist. 10. Ho has no feeling of disgust or sense of repulsiun. Tle season would be that the sense of

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94 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT disgust produces a kind of misery: and in the ideal man there must be no nisery: also there is no sepse of disgust when it is known that the object of disgust could only exist in those conditions: if there is disgust it is because only one or two of the aspects of the object are considered; if all the aspects are known then there is not any disgust: and so if there is any sense of disgust it shows lack of knowledge, and in the Arhat or Deva, or Deity there must be no lack of knowledge. 11. You do not find sorrow. Sorrow is a misery. He may have compassion. 12. Sexual passion or lust has disappeared entirely ; because in that state a person will do all kiads of wrong things to gratify the passion. 13. His attitude of belief and convictions is correct; he is not in any state of intoxication or delusion. All sigos of greed, anger, killing etc. juust have gone. He has dismissed mithyatva. 14. Ignoranee has gone, and therefore he is Omuiscient. 15. He never goes into the state of sleep. If there is any hitch in the continuity of his onniscience then he is not an Arbat. 16. He has a perfect control over his desires; over any desire to please the eye, or the taste, or the ear, or the sense of touch.

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY 17. He has 110 attachments to things or persons. He would never say "You cannot take it, it is mine". (This characteristic refers more to persons, while the 7th refers more to things.) 95 18. He has no hatreds of persons or things. He does not think "I do not want anything that person." to do with The person who has obtained the samyaktva has the conviction that such a person and such a person alone is my God, in the sense of an ideal man (not as creator), and this is a strong conviction of which he is quite sure wihout any wavering. The samyaktva spoken of so far is called Upasha mika samyaktva. The upashamika means that the karmas mithyatva mohaniya and the four anantanubandhis are controlled (not removed.) The person who has obtained the samyaktva The Teacher. would have certain convictions regarding what sort of a man could be his teacher. He would have the conviction that the only kind of person who can teach the truth in the absence of the Deva or Arhat is one who has the below mentioned characteristics. Unless a person has the following qualifications he cannot be the right kind of teacher, able to teach us the truth: 1. He does not destroy any form of life, animal, vegetable, or mineral (water, for instance)

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STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT through careleshness of body, mind, and speech. It is, therefore impossible for him to be a layman. 2. His speech is actually truth in fact, and is spoken in a pleasant way, and is spoken only when the teacher (guru] thinks that it is beneficial to the person to whom it is spoken. 3. He does not take anything which is not given to him by its owner. And he only takes those things which are necessary for the maintenance of the body. That is a general statement. Now we have a more detailed one. Things which are given to him by the owner and which he accepts may be either: (1) Inanimate. He does not accept any inanimate thing that is not given to him by its owner, such as books, clothes, needles, cotton, drugs, etc. etc. (2) Animate. He would not accept an animate object even if the owner offers it, such as a bird, or a dog. In the case of animate objects, it is true that the owner may be willing to give or part with it, but then "Is the animal willing to give his body over to me?" would be the question that would arise, and if the animal were willing, still it would not he right, the animal would be insa ne in not claiming its freedoms. Teerefore the teacher dos not accept animate objects eren is offered by the owner.

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TARMA PHILOSOPHY 97 (1) If anything is inade specially for the teacher, such as an article of food, he will not accept it. (4) While a thing may not have been specially prepared for the teacher (guru), still if that guru's guru thinks that he ought not to have some special thing, then if the layman offers that thing to the young guru, it ought not to be accepted. This much of obedience is prescribed by the Jain philosophy. He does not, however, obey everything implicitly, for instance, he would not obey if told to kill. The reason he will not accept food that has been specially prepared for him is that, by doing so he shares in the karma of producing the article. He always goes unexpectedly to the house. 4. He has entirely given up the sex passion. This is the fourth characteristic which the teacher must have in order to be able to tell us the truth. 5 He does not own any property, that is in the sense of ownership as understood in law. His clothing is given to him but he does not have them as 'owning' them. He only holds them as custodian; books, etc. The guru may be a man or a woma 12. If a person does not have all the above characteristics, the person who has obtained the Samyaktva. C. 7

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STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT is convinced that he cannot be the right kind of teacher able to teach us the truth;--if he uses all sorts of false politeness he is not a man able to teach the truth. Dharma means the body of rules of conduct. It does two things, it prevents a living Dharma. being from falling down spiritually, and it helps him to go up spiritually. These rules apply to all living beings, not only to man. All living beings are social, and these rules have some thing to do with a living being's relationships with other living beings. Our own development only takes place by reason of our actions and life in relation to other living beings. The ultimate object of all these rules so far as they are social, must come to this: that we must do some good to our fellow beings. The object is that we may be able to do some good to the people around us. The basis of these rules is pity, compassion, love, doing good, benevolence, kindness, etc. [called daya.] 'Daya' can be manifested in many ways, and we want to know them, daya being the foundation of the rules. One of the ways in which daya would be shown. would be that he would follow the good ways of his fa'nily, for instance, in not killing Aies, etc. This

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY is called dravya daya-the right action without knowing why, that is to say, when the internal attitude of mind is not active. A second way in which daya wonld manifest itself, would be that we should feel a desire that other living beings should develop their spritual gature; the previous way mentioned simply protected the bodily welfare. Here the desire is to do good to the soul of the other living being. This form is called bhava daya. Sva daya. A third way in which daya shows itself. Sva means 'one's own'. It is a feeling of pity for the soul that it should have been so long, that is for all past tiine, in the deluded state of mithyatva-this pity cones after the Sz'nyaktva has been experienced; and in consequence of this feeling of pity, he takes care to remain aloof, irom the pains and pleasures of life letting them come and go without indentifying his own self with them. He gets to kaow that these bodily prins and pleasures are enemies to and obscure the bliss quality of the real self. Para daya.. Para means others. This is a love for others; but the difference between this and the dravya daya is that, the para daya is the result of thought, whereas you were simply born into the dravya daya and followed it blindly. Here the thought is: "I do not like pain or misery, therefore

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100 other people or other living beings, animals, birds, etc, would not; and therefore I shall endeavour to avoid inflicting any pain or misery upon them." STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT Svarupa daya. Is a refraining from injuring other living beings because you wish to obtain pleasureable condition, such as that of the devas (not Deity, but the beings in the plesurable deva state). You believe that by not killing or hurting, you will reach a pleasureable condition, and for that reason, you do not kill or hurt. This is good, but not the highest daya. Anubandhi daya. Literally means daya in the result and not in the beginning. It is, for instance, telling anyone something unpleasant, in order that, they may come to their senses, but there is no vindictiveness or anger in this anubandhi daya; if the correction arises from anger, it is not daya. The real desire here, is to benefit the other person. If there is any feeling of revenge or hate then it is not daya. That makes six itself. ways in The person in the state of vinced that only a body of rules conduct daya is true dharma or true gion, or the right law of body of rules, such as one life, that is a which daya shows samyaktva is conwhich is based on rules, true reliand that no other based on killing

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY 101 animals for Sacrifices, can be a right one. And it is a strong conviction, about which there is no wavering. After reaching this state of conviction with regard to the deity, the Master, and Dharma, a person may feel doubtful or unsteady on the subject; not sa as to destroy the virtue of samyaktva, but to soil it, so to speak. It may be compared to injuring the body and not killing it. The things which soil the samyaktva are called aticharas, and the following five are given: 1. Shanka, means doubt. This would be the first transgression of samyaktva. You may doubt the truth of some of the statements of the pbilosom phy; but this doubt is that which comes after having once been convinced of the truth of the statement. The doubf called samshaya mithyatva (under causes) is a doubt experienced before ever having experienced the conviction of the truth of e statement. When a statement is heard or read this refers of course more particularly to philosophical and religious matters) instead of saying "It may or may not be true" the fact should be recognised that the inability to understand the statement, is due to weakness, which will in time disappear.

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102 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT 2. Akanksha. It is the state of mind which argues that because a person can do wonderful things or so-called miraculous things, that therefore such person can make true statements, with regard to truth and life and the universe. The fact is that, rogues and rascals are able to do wonderful things just as can good men. But the fact that the man can do miraculous things is no proof that he can make truestatements with regard to truth. come upon 3, Vitigichchha. This is the third mode of wavering from samyaktva. It is when after having followed the religion for a length of time, and then illness, or suffering, or losses, or disasters you, you blame the philosophy and efficiency. The truth of the philosophy be blamed, but the cause of the suffering should be looked for, in past actions. doubt its must not 4. Mithyatva-prashansa. Literally means praise of any one, who is in mithyatva. The feeling that he fakirs, who do all manner of absurd things must be very wonderful people with a truer religion; also the admiration of abominable persons, who can be proved to be following wrong lives. Napoleon, Armour, Butchers. etc.

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY 103 5. Atiparichaya. Literally means too much familiarity. It means the feeling towards a bosom friend that you can not do without him (or her) &c., must always be with him, etc. It causes you to get into his way of life and so you soil your Samyaktva. When a person is convinced as above described regarding the Deity, the Teacher, and the Dharma he naturally makes a vow, that he will not fall into these transgressions or waverings from such convictions. Also it follows that, anyone having these convictions will test and criticise any person claiming to be a Deity, or a Teacher, and if any of the 18 or the 5 characteristics, above mentioned, are found wanting, he will reject such person as not being fully to be relied upon. This applies also to the clergy and other persons claiming to be spiritual teachers. . It is stated that the last Arhat, whose name was Mahavira, ani whom history describes, possessed the 18 characteristics mentioned. It is in the bistory of the Jain people that this is to be found. All the liberated or perfected living beings have become so, by reason of their own efforts, in an evolution from the nigoda state. The following are five signs or characteristics of samyaktva, and from them, we may know by our own inner thoughts what our attitude is, towards

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104 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT the universe in which we find ourselves, and whether or not we are in the state of Samyaktva. They are internal signs, so that each can test bin self. 1. Upashama, is a meutal state * when the strong intoxicating karmas or the kashayas like anger, greed, etc, ;are suppressed or controlled. And the suppression has taken place either naturally, because the karma is exhausted, or else by thinking on the matter and realizing that after all, by being ebgrossed in the worst anger, greed, etc. we fall to snch a depth that it takes a long time to come up again. If the suppression comes naturally, it is because the person has done the work before. 2. Samvega (noun), state of liberation. is a desire to reach the 3. Niiveda, is a recognition that this continual going on from incarnation to incarnation is not the right state of life; you look upon this or any embodied state as a misery and one to get away from. There is always the pain of birth and death. 4. Apukampa, is compassion for those who suffering from any kind misery. If the misery is due to their own ignorance and foolishness, then there is still pity for them that they should be thus ignorant. (It is the duty of society to lessen the extent of suffering which exists among them).

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY 105 5. Astikya, is the conviction that, that only is the true dharma that has been taught by the Arbats, or persons in whom the 18 above named failings are absent. The conviction that only such a person can give a code of rules of life. Dravya-Bhav. Vyavahara-Nishchaya. These two pairs of terms, which are terms of reiationship, the first implying the thought about the other, will be required later on, and their meanning is therefore given now, as follows: Dravya, means litterally the material out of which a thing is made. For instance, clay which was going to be made into a teacup, would be correctly called a dravya teacup. Mr. Smith, of London, if in his next incarnation, were going to be a butcher, would be correctly called a dravya butcher. Krishna, who is to be one of the future Arhats, might have been correctly called a dravya Arhat, while he was alive on earth. The previous state of the actual state is the dravya state. It always precedes the actual state in time. The actual teacup would be the bhava teacup, the actual butcher would be the bhava Bhava. butcher, the actual Arhat would be the bhava arhat. The actual state is the bhava state: the state going on, visible. It always comes after the dravya state.

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106 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT . UL Vyavahara, is related to the word nishchaya. Vyavahara prefixed to any state means the visible signs that you see. And it is necessary as illustra-? tion. Vyavahara dharma, for instance, is the visible conduct of the man. It impresses upon the minds of people who see it the truth of the conduct. The description, which a man makes either for himself or to other people, of his Deva, of his Teacher, or of his rules of conduct, would be the vyavahara deva, vyavahara guru, vyavahara dharma. Such description of devaship is like the peg on which, on account of weakness, the thoughts must be hung. Vyavahara leads 'to nishchaya. But still it does not necessarily preceds in time the nishchaya, Nishchaya, is the term related to vyavahara. It is the real internal state, that ought to accompany the vyavahara acts. For instance, the nishchye deva would be the internal condition or the realisation of the conviction that, there is in me the potentiality of becoming the Deva, I have described. Applying these two terms, vyavahara and nish chaya, dbarma is to be defined from Dharma. ra these two points of view. Vyavahara dharma is the action in accordance with the rules prescribed or taught by Arhats and accompanied always by days or based always upon

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY 107 daya, which is a fellow feeling for other living beings; and vyavahara dharma in order to be vyavahara dharma must become the cause of nishchaya dharna. The love, compassion, sympathy, pity, etc. must accompany the practice of the rules, otherwise the practice is mere hypocrisy. Nishchaya dharma would be the purity of the soul which results from the above menNishchaya dharma. * tioned pure action, and the sign of this purity of the soul is that the dirt of karma disappears (karma is a foreigo element in combination with the soul). And the fruit of this purity of soul is samyaktva and other higher stages op to liberation. This purity of soul comes out from the action, from the vyavabara dharma. Dharma is not a something separate from the man. The rule is the man's idea, and the idea is part of or au aspect of the man. Dharma is nothing apart from the man; it is the state or action (State of knowledge, mode of behaviour) of the man. Classification of Dharma. Dharma con first be divided into (1) the lay man's, and (2) the monk's. Leaving the dharma of the monk, the dharma of the layman can be divided into (a) Ordinary Of common dharwa, and (b) special dharma.

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A 108 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT This as a sort of We are in the course of dealing with the guna sthanas or stages of development, in reference to which causes produce which karmas, and the third guna sthana has been described. ordinary or common dharma comes in here now digression, but it serves the purpose of showing how the man who wishes gets or helps himself to get the samyaktva, the samyaktva being in all the gunasthana or stages of development after the third gunasthana. So that these rules are as it were a link between the 3rd and 4th gunasthana. Common Dharma. The ordinary or common dharma is the first step which a person desiring to make some spiritual progress should adopt. It is the way to commence working out the karmas, particularly the anger, pride, deceitfulness, and greed. The following 35 rules are the ordinary or common dharma. 1. The person who wishes to make some spiritual progress should follow some kind of business, trade or peofession, which is not of an ignoble or degrading nature; he should follow it in a just and fair way, and in proportion to his capital. This would include service in the employment of other people, and then in proportion to the capital would mean not undertaking to do more work than you have energy and strength to perform.

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY 109 All these rules are, as before said, based on daya, i. e., doing good to and not causing injury to other living beings. Therefore the business must not be that of a butcher, brewer, [in fermentation there is infinite destruction of life), wine merchant, gun maker, or any business which involves or necessitates the wholesale destruction of life, whether animal or man, fish, bird, or insect. The reason why it is necessary for such a layman to undertake some business (a layman who wishes to make spiritual progress) is because by so doing he can provide himself with means (a) to maintain himself and anyone dependent upon him, and with means to (b) help those who are in dis. tress. A layman cagnot help much by teaching, that is to say spiritual help. By helping people in distress he removes bad karmas and generates good ones. Also (c) with means to perform his dharma without too much difficulty and obstacle. The reasons why he should do his business or profession in a fair and just way are (a) because it is only money earned in a fair way that can be beneficial. If earned unfairly or dishonestly, then, while enjoying it or using it, there is all the time a kind of fear controlling the mind, lest the dishonesty be discovered. There is a consciousness of risk, or daoger, not only from the police and government, but also from the ger eral public. And when the

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110 TAGES OF DEVFLOPMENT " money is earned in fair and honest ways, the mind remains in a peaceful state, and the wealth is therefore enjoyed and the religious functions are performed in a fearless way. That is all so far as the present life is concerned. Then So far as the future life ia concerned you improve it by the association of virtuous people, which you can not get if you earn money dishonestly; they will not come into contact with you. When acquiring money in a foul way the mind is in a foul state and you are generating bad karmas for the future. These rules are for the beginner; if you wish to paint a photograph and the canvas is soiled you must first clean it; these rules are as it were the cleaning process. 2. The layman should marry, with a person not of the same family or from the same ancestors; and whose character, taste, culture, actions, language, etc., are of the same kind. The idea here is that as tie layman has not Teached a stage of development where he can control his sex passion, marriage is better than promiscuous indulgence. He should not marry if he can control the sex passion. The reason for having a marriage partner of the same culture etc., is to render wis. understandings and discord or inharmony less liable than otherwise.

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY 111 3. The lay person should always be cautious of danger spots (a) visible and (b) invisible. (a). Pursuits or pastimes the bad results of which are seen all around us, such as crime, which, we know, takes one to prison &c., lustfully eyeing other men's wives; gambling, etc. (b). Meat eating, drink, and any pursuit leading to bad results which can be known from thinking and reasoning. Of these dangerous pursuits a person should be wary, and even afraid. wishes to advance in the conduct, appreciate 4. The person who spiritual progress should life and doings of truly experienced persons. may not be able to act as they do, but he can appreciate the actions. He By experienced persons is meant persons who are experienced by reason of having come in contact with the wise. They would always try to do good to people who need to be done good to: they would always be grateful for kindness. They would even give up their own less important business, to do some more important thing for others. They would never malign, slander, or libel. They do not grieve at losses, or get elated at prosperity. They do not use too many words. They do not make enemies

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112 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT fulfil through recklessness. They would always their promises. Such experienced people are called Shishta. 5. Is with regard to the degree that the sense pleasures should be enjoyed and controlled. The man having been for all time in the past enjoying the pleasures of the senses cannot at once give them up, and therefore some only need to be given up at first; and so he may enjoy sense pleasures to a degree commensurate with his business and household duties, that is to say he should give up those sense pleasures which conflict with his duties. And he should control all those sense enjoyments which would encourage or feed any of the following six things, namely: the lustful the man's (a) Kama or sexual passion, lust, eye, in regard to a woman or girl not Wife. This passion in this form should be conquered. own (b) Krodha must be conquered. It is that emotion which is the cause of hurting or injuring done in a rash way. This may be called 'anger': there are the two elements of (1) injury to another, and (2) rashness of the action or speech. (c) Lobha (greed) must be conquered; it is either or both of the following two modes of being greedy: (1) not relieving a genuine case of distress

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY when you are appealed to or that comes to your notice, you, of course, being able to give the relief. (2) taking property from people in an illegitimate way without any cause or reason: not by force but by persuasively getting the person to part with his property. Shop people do this when they induce to purchasers to buy goods. In theft this consent of the owner is not obtained, in theft the money is taken against the owner's will. 113 (d) Mana [pride] here has a special meaning; it means the non-acceptance of the teachings of persons who are actively engaged in attaining the state of liberation, and this non-acceptance comes on account of obstinacy. You think "I know just as well as he does" and you reject the teaching, without testing or examining it. (e) Mada. This is pride or boasting about one's family, ancestors, etc., about one's strength or physical power; about one's greatness (a Lord might think himself a great person); about one's beauty or handsomeness, or about one's learning. This pride is liable to become the cause of hurting others if it makes him look down upon others and think that, being a superior being, he has the right to tyrannize. (f) Harsha, literally means pleasure, but here it means in a technical sense giving pleasure to the C. 8

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114 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT mind by causing unnecessary pain to others, or by engaging in gambling, hunting, shooting, etc-sport. (Incidental) Insentient things are only tempor tarily units; but sentient beings remain the same individual for all time. Any insentient thing, as a teacup, consists of matter, and that matter did and always will exist in some relationship; it cannot be destroyed. A sentient being is a soul and capnot be destroyed as an individual. 6. The layman who wishes to take the first steps towards spiritual progress should avoid (or abandon) places of difficulties and dangers. For instance, a place of battle, or where plague, or famine is. Or where there is ill feeling towards him from the people around him (this is for the beginner). The reason is that if he stays in such places he will not be able to accomplish what he wisues to accomplish. 7. He should live in a State or Country where he will have adequate protection of his life and property by the rulers. If he lives where crimes go on unpunished he is liable to be disturbed. Rule 8. The layman should get the con:pany of genteel people who appreciate good, whose actions are right, whose conduct is of the right kind, and who are always partial for virtue; and whom he considers examples to be followed.

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY 115 9. With regard to the home or house he wishes to establish, if any. There should not be bones underneath: the spot were it is built should not be too open nor too much concealed. (This applied more especially to India in the past). The louse should not be among quarrelsome, undesirable neighbours. 10. He should dress according to his means; should not spend beyond his means on dress; and if he has the means to dress extravagantly still he should not do so; the dress should not be too showy. should be in 11. His expenses his income. proportion to 12. When he lives in any country, if there is any particular, wellk 30w, established custom which does not involve the breaking of any high principle, such custoin should be followed. 13. He should not get into any undesirable onde noi ch ges un to apatingindesirable habits or practices, such as ineat eating or wine drinking. 14. He should not libelor slander anybody because this is done always with a view to barming the reputation of the person without any proper purpose. Showing up fraudulent people is not libel or slander, it is doing good. Do nut libel or Isander the King.

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116 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT 15 & 16. Keep the company of only pure hearted persons and persons of good conduct; and do not keep the company of bad persons. The difference here from rule 8 is that this refers to equals; rule 8 refers to persons spiritually more advanced. 17. Respect the parents. The idea is that they have done so much for us that we should return something, we shyuld return gratitude. If we cannot do this by giving the money we can do so by showing them the right path. Had they chosen not to care for us we should have suffered. 18. None of the person's actions should be such as to cause unnecessary ill feeling to anybody; he should not speak words which would unnecessarily cause ill feeling in the mind of another. 19. He should maintain those who are dependent on bim: that obligation should be fulfilled. H: should assign to them their proper work and sbot:ld see that they do it right, or else they become harmful to him. If they get into vices etc., then he should assume such an attitude towards them that they may feel that he knows of their wrong doing. He should not ignore wrong doing or let the dependent persons get so vicious that their condition would lower his wisdom. Avoid & person if very bad: do not bring nip ses petits in your ho:ise.

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SURPRIZAT LAS KARMA PHILOSOPHY 20. Despect and render service to the Deva (i. e. the ideal, or Arhat), to the guest, and to poor deserving people. (The Deva has no commandsyou take no commands from him.) 21. With regard to eating and drinking. Eat and drink at the proper time in conformity with the nature of your constitution. But under all circums tances give up excessive eating because that particular food is liked by you. 22. When you feel that you are physically adopt the proper remedy for it. 117 53. Do not travel in countries criminals, or where there are other famine, plague, earthquake etc. protection. getting weak which are full of dangers, such as The idea is self such a way as to he 24. He should not act in become unnecessarily hostile to the people; should live in peace with them. (These rules are for the beginner and not for the strong in spiritual quality.) 25. With reference to the attitude that he ought to have towards people that are ignorant, in a low state of development. The action should be such that they would feel that there is a higher life than their own. Let them feel the influence of the purer life of honesty, for instance.

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118 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT 26. He should avoid too much intimacy. not be too intimate with anybody. Do 27. Render service to those who have taken spiritual vows and who are experienced in the matter of wisdom and knowledge. Do some kind of service to them, and in that way you appreciate the wisdoin and the vows, and in time the idea is to become like them. (This idea is not appreciated in the Western world: the philosophies of the West do not teach this idea ). The idea here is that a man is a social being and must live in company of some sort, therefore be should establish certain relationships with the right kin1 of people in order by that means to become virtuous. 28. Is with regard to the several objects of life. There are four classes of life-objects, namely (a) dharma, that is to say the practice of these rules-doing good; (b) artha, which means the acquisition of the means of enjoyment, i. e, of wealth, property, etc.; (e) kama, which here has the broad meaning of 'desire'; desire for dress, for fame, for a nice house, for writing books-all desires; (d) .moksba, or liberation. Seeing that the nature of karina is to obscure some quality of the soul, some idea of the nature of the soul in the state of liberation may be gained by remembering what particular quality of the soul comes out upon the removal of the eight classes of karma. This rule No. 28 is that

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY lower one; the layman should accept [ should have all these four objects of life, but in such a way that a higher object is not sacrificed for the sake of a in such a way that there may not be between them. If there are difficulties in so far as kama is concerned, then let it go but preand artha. The order of these four dharma, moksha, the last any conflict the way artha, serve dharma objects is kama, being the highest. take more out. 29. In doing anything always consider your strength and your weakness; than his strength will he should not underallow him to carry 119 higher and higher 30. Always attempt to rise SO sar as the objects of life just mentioned are concerned. 31. Do or abstain from doing things that should be done or should not be done (respectively) at the right time. Stop doing a thing if it should not be done at that time. 32. The layman should hear the dharma every day. Or in the absence of a monk he should read or study it himself. The idea is that of all these rules leads the man to samyaktva. (So that having examined see if the signs of samyaktva previously are in him and finding that he has not state of samyaktva, he will know the practice the state of himself to mentioned attained the now how to

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120 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT attain it; namely by putting these 35 rules of conduct into practice). 33. Avoid, or give up, obstinacy in all things. Obstinacy is here defined as the doing of an immoral, wrong or evil act with the object of burting. injuring, or defeating another person. He should be yielding and not stubborn. 34. He should be partial for virtues; he should have all his energy directed for it. 35. With regard to opinions, beliefs, philosopbies, religion, etc., he should be critical, and reconcile all the questions and solve all the doubts that arise out of this critical attitude. That is the end of the rules which when practised lead towards the teaching of the state of Samyaktva, but the state is not actually reached until the three processes which were mentioned have been passed through. The result attained after passing through these processes is the Aupasha mika samyaktva, or that state of samyaktva which is the result of the control of the three darshana mohaniya karmas and the four abantanubandhis. The nature of the control here spoken of is such that these particular mohaniya karmas do not rise or become active. The man whose anantanubandbi anger is controlled does not get angry in that intense degree.

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY 121 4th GUNA STHANA... OR Avirati-samyak-drishti-guna-sthana, Drishti means attitude. It is a noun. Samyak is an adjective and means right or proper. Avirati means 20 control (here it means lack of control except of the anantapubandhis. No control of the sense pleasures and other karmas than the anantanubandhis of the mobaniya division). Guga means quality, and sthana means stage, All persons in this fourth guna-sthana have control of the darshana and anantapubandhi mohaniya karmas (or kashayas). Besides this factor, there is the other factor of samyaktva. So the characteristics of this fourth stage are; (a) Lack of control. (of sense pleasures &c.) (b) right attitude. Kashaya means that which soils. The lack of control here is also lack of control of the sense pleasures. Persons in this stage, while they do not have this self-control, still they do appreciate the value of self-control but through weakness they are not able to practice it. These living beings can be classed under three heads.: 1. These (a) know the value of self-control; but (b) they do not make the effort to acquire it;

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122 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT and (c) they do not actually practice the things which constitute self-control. In illustration of this class of person the Indian Prince Shrenika was given. 2. These (a) know the value of self-control: (b) do not make the effort to acquire it: but (c) are actually doing the things which are done when selfcontrol is possessed and practised. There are certain devas and they are classed under 'avirati' because their practice of the things which constitute control is due merely to their circumstances and not to their own individual control of the desires. That is to say their non-indulgence is not due to self control. No human beings are in this second class. The faculty of control is not present(is not able to operate) when the living being is in a vaikriya or subtle body. If a desire becomes . active it is at once satisfied, the person does not have the power of self-control (it is of course potential or inoperative). 3. These (a) know the value of self-control, [b] make the effort to acquire it, but [c] are too weak and so they do not practise self-control. They make the effort but fail. In this fourth stage of development there are 46 out of the 57 causes of karma already described, operative. Those which are inoperative are:

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY 123 123 5 Kinds of nithyatva. 4 Anantapubandhis. Abaraka yoga. Abaraka mishra yoga making eleven inoperative causes (called 'hetu'. 'Hetu' is the means whereby, the instrumental cause). without The aharaka body cannot be produced perfect control of the sense pleasures &c. In this 4th stage of development or guna-sthana, the person is liable to generate any one of 77 out of the total 122 karmas. These 77 are as follows: 5 Jnanavaraniya karmas. 6 Darshanavaraniya karmas. 2 Vedaniya karmas. 19 Mohaniya karmas. 2 Ayuh karmas (naraka and tiryancha omitted). 37 Nama karmas. Out of 67, 30 being omitted, namely:-. Naraka gati. Tiryancha gati 1, 2, 3, & 4, sense organs, Abaraka sharira Aharaka upanga 5 last bone joints [only the best bone joint is generated in this stage).

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124 STAGES OF DEVELOPZENI 5 last kinds of samstbaga. Naraka anupurvi Tiryancha anu purvi The bad gait karma [vihayo-gati] Atapa (warm light) Udyota (cool light or lustre) Stavara [stationary body] Sukshma (minute body) Aparyapta [dies] Sadharana [common body] Daurbhogya [unpopular] Duhsvara (unmusical) i Gotra karma 5 Antaraya karmas ma king 77 liable to be genterated. 5th GUNA STHANA, OR Desha-virati-samyak-drishti-guna-sthana Desha means 'part' or partial; control. virati means In all the guna sthanas above the third there is samyaktva and where there is samyaktva there is control of the darshana mohaniya and of the four anantanubandhis; therefore the partial control here spoken of is of other kashayas, sense pleasures, and karmas than these seven.

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY 125 The factors of the person's state who is in this fifth stage are, therefore: (a) partial self-control and [b] samyaktva. The person in this stage is not able to practise complete self control. For instance, he ca.1 practise the principle of non-killing in only a partial way. There is only one class of persons in this stage; they all know the value of self control, they all make the effort to practise it, and they practise it in part. In this stage there are 39 out of the 57 causes operative. The following are the 18 inoperative causes: 5 Mithyatvas 4 Anantapubandhis The apratyakhyani (four of them, see below.) Avirati regarding moving living beings . The aharaka yoga The audarika mishra yoga The abaraka mishra The karma na yoga that makes 18 inoperative causes. The apratyakhyani are the anger, pride, deceitfulness and greed in the degree next above the anantapubandhis, and by reason of the presence or activity of them you are not able to take certain particular vows not to do certain things. And

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126 : STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT as in this desha-virati guna sthana these appatyakhyani are partially controlled, you can take the vows of refraining from certain activities. The audarika mishra yoga means the activity, of the physical body in the state of incompletion (aparyapta) when completion is not going to take place. It is only applied to living beings who die before birth. The abaraka mishra yoga would be any activity of the abaraka body when you were proceeding to make it, but are going to fail in completing When in the karmana sharira there cannot be any control. (There is no control in the deva or naraka states.) in this stage The karmas liabie to be generate are: 5 Jnanavaraniya karmas 6 Darshanavaraniya karmas 2 Vedaniya karmas 15 Mohaniya karmas 1 Ayuh karma (Deva] 32 Nama karmas 1 Gotra karma 5 Antaraya karnas pakirg 67 liable to be gererated out of 122.

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KARMA PHILOSOPBY 197 These are the same as the 4th guna sthana, only the following are not generated :-- The apratyakhyani, which makes 'four less of the mobaniya karmas; the manushyayuh karma is not generated in this stage. Of the nama karmas the following 5, as well as the 30 of the previous or 4th stage or guna sthana, are not generated : Manushya gati. Audarika sharira. Audarika upanga. Samhanana (vajra &c) Manushyanupurvi. Activity of the physical body does not necessarily generate the physical body. When there is perfect self control there is no question of degrees of self control; but here in this 5th stage the person practises only a partial control over his sense pleasures passions, emotions, desires, etc, and therefore the question arises as to what extent they practise such control. In this partial control three degrees may be considered : (1) Lowest, (2) Middle, (3) Higbest.

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128 STAGES OP DEVELOPMENT We will take each detail: of these in their order in Lowest Degree of partial Self-control. In the lowest degree of self-control in the samyaktva state the person would resolve and carry out the resolution, not to destroy any living being having the power of locomotion, intentionally when it is not guilty, and without any special necessary cause. He would give up meat eating and liquor drinking. He would every now and then try to concentrate upon the five great personalities postulated by the Jain philosophy. Middle degree of partial Self-control. 1. In this middle degree of self-control the person may observe all the 35 rules of ordinary dharma previously given. 2. He performs six daily activities. 3. He observes the 12 rules of conduct, which may be called vows. the path of rectitude; his 4. He would follow conduct would be good.

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY 6.1? Highest Degree of Partial Self-control. 1. He would give up all kinds of food which are animated at the time of eating (fruit, raw vegetables]. 2. He would eat only once a day (a Jain eats only twice a day or rather no Jain eats more than twice a day, some eat only once, and some not that). 3. He would practise absolute chastity. 4. He would have the desire to adopt the vows of the monk: he may not be able to adopt them, but still he has the desire to adopt them. 5. He retires from business. This gives the vounger men a chance to come in). Six daily Activities. Spoken of under the heading of the middle degree of self-control these are the daily activities. 1. He would worship the Arbat; ar in the absence of the Arhat he would worship the image of the Arhat. This reeds a little explanation in order that it may be understood. One might ask "What is the use of worshipping an image ?" The methods used in cognizing any insentient thing or living being are of four kinds, namely, Dana, sthapang (or akriti), dravya, and bhava. Nama C. 9

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130 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT the first method, is by giving the game. The mention of the name is sufficient to bring to knowledge the idea of the object. The mention of names has a great deal to do with the rise and improvement of the consciousness; the mention of names is a great factor in those concrete activities which have to do with the progress of man. Sthapana, the second method by which we cognize things, pay respect to things, look down upon things, etc., is the picture, photograph, diagram, symbol, image, model, statue &c. It is also called akriti, which means literally a drawing, image, or photograph. Absent persons .can be worshipped by this means. The fact of the false use , of images by the common people must not be taken as a reason for ignoring the philosophical truth that the image is an important factor when its use is rightly understood. Photographs &c., of absent friends can be used as a means of respecting them. Photographs &c., can be used as a means of insulting an absent person [Guy Fawkes, for example); and so also they can be used for respecting and worshipping absent persons. Dravya, the third method, is when you wish to respect or cognize or worship a thing or person who has not yet come into existence; you worship the previous state of that thing or person. By faying respect to the present person or thiog you can pay

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KARMA PEILOSOPHY 131 respect to the future being or thing. For instance the Indian prince Shrenika is believed to be the soul wao is to be the first Arhat of the next cycle, could have been respected and worshipped by using Shrenika in that way. Bhava, the fourth method of knowing a thing or being or paying respect to them, is by using the actual thing or being or respecting the actual person. So these are four ways of worshipping the Arbat. When anyone has an ideal, then be isepects it; and the idea of the ideal is much strengthened by worshipping; worshipping the ideal by any of the above four methods strengthens the belief and convictions regarding that ideal. Of course, anything which a man looks dowu upon or ridicules is not his ideal: if he has an ideal he respects it. 2. The second daily thing that a person having the middle degree of self-control in the samyaktva state would do would be to render homage to the teacher (guru). 3. Third, he would study philosophy every day. 4. He would practise some form of self control every day : 5. He would practise some form of austerity (tapas) every day, both physical and internal. Con

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132 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT trolling hunger would be a physical one, assuming a posture in concentration would also be a physical one. Concentration would be an internal one. Austerities are not the line of least resistance. 6. He would do some kind of charity; but not in the sense where the giver is superior to the receiver; both are equal. There must be no idea of superiority [I take it that the reason is because where there is any idea of superiority there is the presence of pride and pride is an intoxicating karma obscuring knowledge and right belief and right action].

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VRATAS vrata. Approximately translated by the English word vows. But an analysis of the vrata is given below so that there will be no ignorance of what the vrata is. its content. In this stage of development (the 5th) which is now being described, there is only PARTIAL selfcontrol, and the details already mentioned in the low, moderate, and high degrees of partial self control are for the porpose of showing morc defint tely what the partial control is. And it is further shown by knowing the 12 vows which a person in this 5th stage of development may take. [It should be remenbered that these stages of development. are not chronological but logical.) The 12 Vratas or Vows. The word 'vrata' is derived from 'vri' which means to select, or to choose; therefore literally a vrata means a kind of choice. But in the technical or idiomatic sense in which the word is used in the connection now under consideration there is also the meaning of choosing a right course, and then there is the inplied effort of will in willing to so choose.

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134 VRATAS Choice implies that the person has before him serveral ways of conduct, and that he picks out one from among them. As it is persons in the fifth stage of development that are now being spoken of, these persons are in the state of samyaktva (and not mithyatva), and this means that their selection will be a right and proper one (persons in the state of nithyatva will not choose the path of rectitude). The choosing of a right course of conduct among many ways necessitates the exercise of the judgment and discrimination. And doing this is not following the path of least resistance, so that the exercising of the judgment in selecting a right course of conduct as distinguished from living a life where 00 such choice is made implies an effort of the will force. . So this word vrata in its technical meaning here implies all these ideas, namely: 1. There is the actual selection of the conduct; 2. There is the exercise of the judgiog faculty in distinguishing right from bad courses; 3. There is the effort of the will (virya], or in psychological language there is conation. There is no such thing as taking a vrata and not carrying it out. It is a very strict matter, requiring the exeicise of much care in the undertaking to do.

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KARMA PBILOSOPHY 135 This idea of the vrata as above described is peculiarly Jain; there is no promising on oath to a superior deity or person; it is not a command or a decree issued by a deity to his subjects or creatures. The breaking of the vows means degradation; in the Jain philosophy, if a person breaks his vows he is degraded (that is all; he is not damned for ever). But the Vedic idea of a vrata is very different. (how or in what way different was not given.) The 12 vratas which a lay person (not a monk) can take may be divided into three classes: 1. The first five are called lesser vratas (anuvratas), which means lesser as compared with the vratas of the monk. 2. The next three vratas are called guna vratas. Guna literally means virtues, but here it means that they give a kind of nourishment to the first five; they support and are helpful to the first five. 3. The last four are called Shiksha vratas, literally disciplinary. They are such that when you are practising them you are making a preparation for the monk life.

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FIRST VRATA. . First vrata is called in Sanskrit sthula-pranatipata-viramana vrata. Sthula means rough or gross as distinguished from strict or subtle. Pranatipata meaos separating the pracas (life forces). Viramana means giving up. So the name of this vow means choosing to reftain from some killing; to refrain from destroying life, but not in a literal or strict sense. Now the next thing is to know what killing is; and then what particular kinds or forms of killing shall be refrained from, What killing is :Killing is the tearing as under or separatirg of the pranas through negligent activities (the word negligent here has a particular technical meaning). Negligent activities are activities which take place when a person is in a state in which care and caution cannot be used. When a person is in any of the five following states be acts without care or caution; he does not exercise care and caution:

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY 137 1. Mada; pride, through which a person kills. It implies arrogance and is a state which ignores the rights of other living beings. 2. Vishaya; sense pleasure which leads to killing. 3. Kashaya: the kashayas anger, greed, deceit; etc, lead to killing in their intense degrees where the Teason is lost as in wrath and anger. 4. Nidra; sleep. We cannot exercise care and caution when asleep and may kill a living thing if it gets in the bed. Mothers even kill their babies in this state, 5. Vikatha; undesirable conversation which leads to passion, lust, and excitement of mind, and then to killing. Duels, for instance; fights, and TOWS. These five kinds of activities are what is meant above by negligent activities. PRANAS. Different living beings have different numbers of pranas (life forces) as follows: Beings with cnly one organ of sense possess. four pranas, namely: 1. Touch. 2. Respiration. 3. Force of body. 4. Duration of life (ayuh).

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138 FIRST VRATA ... Beings wbich have only these four forces of life are vegetables, trees, water beings, air beings, and fire beings. Beings with two sense organs have six pranas, namely the above four and also: 5. Sense of taste. 6. Force of speech. They have the means or power of communicating among themselves, which can be called speech. Shell beings, and protozoa. Beings with three sense organs have seven pranas, namely the above six and also: 7. Sense of smell. Ants, lice, bed bugs, are instances of such beings. Beings with four senses have 8 pranas, namely the above seven and also: 8. Sense of sight. Wasps, bees, scorpions are instances of such living beings. Beings with five senses are of two kinds, the first kind have no mind ( manas, mind as meant in the Jain philosophy ), and these beings have nine pranas, namely the above eight and also: 9. Sense of hearing. and the second kind have mind as meant in the Jain philosophy and they possess ten pranas, namely: the above nine and also: 10. Porce of mind.

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KARMA PHILOSOPRY 139 Beings with all the five senses of touch, taste, smell seeing, and hearing, and force of body, force of speech, respiration and life duration (ayuh) are generated by the perspiration of some persons during sleep. These beings with five senses but having no mind are very minute. We see by the above the order in which the senses are developed. A two sense living being, for instance, never has touch and smell, it is always touch and taste; and so on. The living beings which come under the second kind of five sense beings with wind are men, animals birds, fish (of course these are only illustrations not exhaustive lists, So that when we are in any state in which we do not use care and caution and in that state we tear as under any of these pranas, then it is killing. The Sanskrit word for killing thus defined is "hinsa". Hinsa can be done in the naraka (hell) state; but after the separation the pranas come together again, however, the pain of dread, anxiety etc., is felt. In the naraka state there is pain all the time, and it may last 10 years or a million years of a billion years. Still it comes to an end. There is also hinsa in the dava state. In the deva state there is more pleasure thao pain. Now with regard to what extent this first vow causes us to refrain from killing, or how much and what kinds of killing the layman may take a vow to refrain from. illing om hon kemuch cond

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140 FIRST VRATA In order to steer clear of killing it is well to know the various ways in which killing is done this can be learned by observation of the conduct the people, but a few of the ways may here be mentioned. 1. Hunting, fishing etc. 2. Vivisection. 3. The taking of feathers, skins, etc. for dress. 4. Killing for food, meat, game, fish etc. 5. In war. 6. For private revenge. 7. For religious purposes (so-called), as in sacri fices. 8. Killing insects such as flies, gnats, &c. because you think they trouble you. 9. Capital punishment. etc. For the sake of illustration the following analysis is made of the state of mind of a person who is hunting, for sport. There are three factors, [a] in this state of mind there is no thought about the pain and harm the person hunting is inflicting on the innocent creature hunted: (b) the person is entirely taken up with his own pleasure; (c) he has po feeling for the pain and suffering of the animal. So we have three factors, namely, thoughtinessess regarding the pain inflicted, selfishness, and lessness. etc. heart

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY 141 With regard to vivisection, it is done for the purpose of gaining certain physiological knowledge. But, first, we have no right to obtain knowledge at the expense of other living beings and, second, our lack of knowledge is due to a knowledge obscuring karma and if we will remove it we shall have the knowledge without injuring the living beings. In the Jain idea of morality relationships with all living beings are considered, and not merely relationships with man. Now from the point of view of how much killiog a layman can avoid, living beings can be divided isto: 1. Those heving the power of locomotion, 2. Stationary; trees, etc. and the layman cannot take & vow to refrain killing the stationary ones from Now for the sake of comparing the protection to life afforded by a layman with that afforded by a monk, we may represent full protection by the number 16. Therefore in this first division (to apeak roughly] the layman's protection to life would be only balt that afforded by the monk. Now takirg the killing of moving living beings, how much cau the layman avoid ? There is killing them:

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142 FIRST VRATA 1. With determined intention, where he thinks 'yes, I want to kill them. and I am killing them.' 2. Killing them in household and personal matters, cooking, digging foundations, etc. The layman cannot undertake to refrain from the latter kind of killing, and so again the protection to life as compared with the monk is reduced to 4. are Another point is that the beings which killed with determined intention may either be: 1. Innocent, or 2. Guilty so far as your interests are concerned, and the layman cannot say he will not kill the guilty ones. A lion is guilty if he attacks you, also so is a burglar. So again the protection to life is reduced to 2. Disregarding the guilty living beings we must now consider which of the innocent ones he can refrain from killing. Men when they kill innocent living beings intentionally do so either: 1. Without a proper necessary cause, or 2. For a proper necessary purpose. The layman cannot undertake to refrain from the intentional killing of innocent beings when there is a proper necessary cause for doing it. And so

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KARMA PHILOSOPRY 143 again the protection to life is reduced to 1. There fore the protection which a layman can undertake to afford to life is, in comparison with that afforded by the monk, as 1 is to 16. : The layman, then, can undertake to refrain from killing innocent moving living beings intentionally when he has no proper necessary cause. So the FIRST VOW OF THE LAYMAN is: "I shall not kill a moving living being with determined intention when it is innocent, without . proper necessary cause or purpose." Virtues and vices are states of the individual and can never be transmitted or transferred Incidental. from one person, to another. Each person develops his own state of virtue, just as he does his own knowledge. You cannot impart virtue to another person, you cannot inherit virtue (in the sense of receiving it). You cannot inherit knowledge or impart knowledge. You can supply a person with the means (such as books or lectures) whereby he can develop his own knowledge.

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ATICHARAS. Now we come to the things which are partial transgressions of this first vows A vow (vrata) is observed in two ways, which in the absence of appropriate English Dames, may be called the subjective way and the objective way, or the external and the internal way. In the aticharas it is the subjective or internal way that is broken, while in the external way the vow is not broken, and therefore it is called a partial transgression of the vow. We are now considering persons in the 5th or desha-virati stage of development, and in all these vows the chief idea is partial self-control (desha virati). And because there is the other factor of samyaktva, there is also love (daya) as a factor in all these vows. In the following things which are aticharas both these factors (self-control and love) are absent. 1. Bandha; means fastening with a rope or chain, and it can be either a buman being or an animal. It can be done merely for cruelty, or it can he done for some other purpose. The person who has taken the first vow never fastens a being up for

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY 145 cruelty--if he did it would be breaking the vow. When it is done with some other object in view than mere cruelty or torture, then it can either be for a necessary purpose, or without a necessary reason, If it is done without a necessary reason, then it is an atichara; if it is done through anger, or greed, or in any state of mind that is thoughtless of the life of the being, then it is an atichara or partial transgression of the vow. As a matter of fact the philosophy teaches that persons who take these vows (vratins) and shravakas ought not to keep such animals as have to be tied up, but if obliged to tie animals up, it should be done in such a way that in case of fire they can easily be let loose, and at once; or if it is a child or human being, it should be tied so that he himself could undo it in case of fire. If the tying when done for a necessary cause is done with care and thought for the life of the beings, then it is not an atichara. A shravaka is a man (or woman, of course) who hears the teaching of the monk; & shravaka is a hearer, not & teacher. 2, Vadha; is the name of the second atichara, It means to strike with a whip, to hit, or to beat with a stick of cane. This can be done for necessary cause, or without a necessary cause, If done with out a necessary cause then it is an atichara of the C. 10

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146 VRATAS vow. If it is done for any necessary reason and is done with due care and caution not to injure, then it is not an a tichara. But it is always better to intimidate than to strike or beat; and beating should never be done on a tender or delicate part of the body. 3. Chhavichchheda; means to cut, pierce, etc. (the ears, for instance). reason it is (a) When done without a necessary atichara of the vow. (b) If done for a necessary reason (to cure a disease, for instance] it is not an atichara, Docking horses tails would come under this. 4. Atibhararopan; means to overload an animal or person. If greed is the reason of the overloading, or any cause but extreme case of necessity, then putting such loads on the animal or person is an aticbara. If loads are put on, the strength of the animal (or person] should be known and less should be put on that it can carry. 5. Anna pana-nirodha; means withholding food and drink. [a] If done for a cruel object it is an atichara. [bl If done without a necessary cause, but still not for mere cruelty, then it is an aticha:a.

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY 147 agachaia meads breaking the vow, atichara means partial transgression. [c] If it is done for any necessary of proper cause, then the animal or person (or child) should not be starved or underfed. Then it is not an atichara, The above particular cases are given as illustrations of ways in which the first vow can be partially transgressed. There may be other ways; for instance, anyone who believes in mantras, or thoughtforms, would be breaking the vow or partially transgressing it if he used these to injure or so that injury came to the person or animal. Any line of conduct which results in killing. These twelve vows of which this first is one, are all based on daya [love, kindness, thoughtfulness for others], the same as were the thirty-five rules of ordinary dharma. These twelve vows are the special dharna as distinguished from the ordinary dharnia. Fruits. It is the opinion of the Jain philosophy that the results of the observance of this vrata [vow] are good health, sirong body, strong constitution, etc. in the future or next following life. No separation fron friends, relations, or parents. There would be happiness, the legitimate pleasures of life, comforts,

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148 VRATAS long life; he will have a good name, handsome features, and a youth-time that would be enjoyable. The results of killing would be the opposite of these things, such as lameness, some incurable disease, seperation from friends, and relations, sorrow, short life, misery, and after that an incarnation in the low state [ngraka]. It is the Jain idea that kings, emperors, rulers, queens, etc., go to the Daraka state after this life, as a general rule, of course there may be exceptions. The reason is that during their life they igoore the rights of others to such an extent. Just incidentally mentioned bere-it is the mohaniya karmas which cover up the heart. The heart is covered up by the mohaniya karmas. SECOND VRATA. It is called in Sanskrit Sthula-mrishavadaviramana vrata. Vada means telling; mrisha means falsehood. The Vow therefore means the resolution to refrain from telling gross falsehoods. Sthula or gross falsehoods are those in wbich there is an evil iotention ani a knowledge that the statement is false.

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY 149 The following are illustiations of kinds of falsehoods: 1. Kanyallka; literally falsehoods relating to young girls, but it is chosen to represent human beings. So one kind of falsehood is falsehood told about another person or persons. 2. Govalika; literally means falsehood relating to cows. It is used to represent any animals. Therefore another kind of falsehood is falsehood told about animals, (such as when trying to sell thein). 3. Bbumyalika; falsehoods relating to footless property, such as ground, or goods. 4. Nyasa-ninbava; means denying that you have received it when money or other deposit has been left with you. 5. Kuta-sakshyain; means giving either in or out of court, false evidence, These five kinds are sthula or gross forms of falsehood, as distinguished from subtle falsehoods. Four Classes of Falsehoods. 1. The denial of a fact. To deny that a thing exists. 2. The affirmation of that which does not exist.

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150 VRATAS call 3. The thing may be one thing and you it another. You may call a cow a horse. 4. A statement that is injurious to others; either to the person to whom it is made, or to other persons. Such as "Go and steal"; "Well, Mr. biind man, how do you do". To makt & statement (even a true one) which is injurious is false or wrong when made without proper right cause. Also under this kind of falsehood can be classed false names "You silly goose". Causes. Lies and falsehoods are spoken by reason of certain states of inind; certain states of mind are forces which impel to the speaking of falsehoods. These states are: - 1. Anger; when in anger you make false statements [they may be true, but injurious], and even may tell intentional lies when angry. 2. Pride. 2. Deceitfulness. 4. Greed. 5. False attachment. 6. False a version -hatred. 7. Laughing and joking.

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY 151 8. Fear. All nations that are under the control of other nations tell lies through fear. Any form of slavery induces lies. 9. False politeness. 10. Sorrow. We ignorantly blame others when we are in sorrow. These causes may impel to the telling of such lies as are not possible to be avoided by the layman; it is only gross falsehoods that he undertakes to avoid. So the second vow would be something like this: "I shall refrain from telling falsehoods about any person, an imal, or thing, knowingly and with the intention of injuring some one;' or, stronger: "I shall not with predetermination tell a falsehood when I am conscious of the injury it will do''; or: "'I shall not knowingly and intentionally make a false statement that will be injurious to others", or: "I shall refrain from telling gross lies." Further, the vow may be taken in several ways; for instance, "I shall observe this vow only in speech, and not mentally and bodily''; or " I shall observe it only bodily"; or it can be taken to avoid only mental falsehoods. (Writing lies would be an instance of bodily lies, there is no speech but there is bodily activity).

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152 VRATAS Incidentally-in psychological combinations result is different from either constituent or factor. the The Aticharas. The following are illustrations of the ways of partially transgressing this vow: 1. Sabasabhyakhyana; liter ally means a rash and false accusation. If you rashly call a maa a thief when he is not. 2, Mithyopadesha; here means giving an improper order that is injurious or harmful to others. Literally it means false instruction. If it is made intentionally then it is an anachara, it must be rashly or carelessly made in order to be only an atichara. If you ask a person to tell a lie doing so carelessly, then it is a partial transgression. 3. Guhya bhashana; has two meanings (1) divulging a thing that is secret, (2) blackbiting or slandering. And these things must be done unintentionally through carelessness or rashness. If it is done for the Government intentionally, then it is anachara. 4. Kuta lekha; literally means making a false document, imitation of other people's writing. Any false document, If the vow is taken as regards the body and not merely "I shall not speak a lie",

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KARMA PRILOSOPHY 153 then making a false 'document is a breach of the vow, because you have made a false document, but it is only a breach when done intentionally and knowingly. If it is done rasbly and you do not enquire into the matter then it is only atichara. 5. Vishvasta-mantra-bheda; divulging the secrets of friends, wife, etc. This disclosure leads to the shame, perhaps, of the friend, and it is harmful to him; hence there is breach. As already mentioned under VOW No. 1 these Vows are taken internally and externally, and if the action falls short of the external breach but does not fall short of the internal breach, then it is called a partial transgression or atichara, because the internal part is transgressed. And in the foregoing illustra. tions the fact that the internal part is transgressed is to be seen in the fact of the ta shness and injury that accompany the action; these vows are undertakings to exercise self-control and to refrain from injuring others and when there is rashness or carelessness and injury in an action then the vow is not fully carried out. And because there is both rashness(or carelessness) and injury to others the above mentioned illustrations are aticharas, even if the actual words spoken are true. Fruits. The fruit that you reap by observing this now is:

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154 VRATAS 1. People trust you; it creates trustworthiDess. 2. You accomplish your best objects; other.. wise you try to do something and fail. . 3. Your words become fruitful and do not go in vain. You are liked by the people. And then there are results which come in the future life much the same as in the first vrata. Mithyatva. Some further details about mithyatva. There are four primary stages of mithyatva, namely: 1. Pradesha-mityatva: those karmic atoms which remain in the state of satta (dormancy) assimilated with the soul. There are seven divisions of this, namely the: Mithyatva mohaniya karma Mishra Samyaktva , Anantapubandhi krodha mana maya lobha 2. Parinama-mithyatva: is the nithyatva some actual state of mind; the mind is actually in in

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY 155 some state which you call mithyatva, so that the mind is modified by reason of this mithyaetva. There are five kinds, namely those five which were given among the 55 causes of the generation of karma. 3. Prarupana-mithyatva: is the speaking of the mithyatva or the teaching of it; you actually say something; your belief is expressed in words, either for yourself or for others. For instance, if you call true dharma false dharma; false dharma true dharma; or that the sacrifice of animals leads to the highest state, 4. Pravarthana-mithyatva: is when you act out your wrong belief; it is the action resulting from the * three previous stages of mithyatva. Q. "Who is going to decide which is the false and which is the true line of conduct ?" A. then you are sceptical, you doubt the ability of the soul to know ! Consciousness is the final ground. And, of conrse, it is by removing the mohaniya karmas that our consciousness comes to be right consciousness and in harmony with the external universe.

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156 VRATAS THIRD VRATA. Sthula-adattadana-viramana vrata: dana means taking; datta mea as given; 'a' means not. Therefore the Dame of the vow means a resolution to refrain from gross forms of taking what is not given. Theft. The idea in theft is taking other people's property without the consent of the owner. There is the gross form' which is anything taken that is considered valuable, when it is not given by the owner. And there is the mind subtle kind (sukshme], when the thing taken is not considered by its owner, or generally, to have a value. If you take a thing of value it is a breach of the vow. The other is not the breach of the vow, but try to avoid it. Fruits. The result of the observance of this vow is that you are trusted by all people, you are considered a good man; and in that way you prosper; and it developes strength of character. As far as the future life is concerned there is the higher state and the devastate. If the vow is not taken or you soil it, then the result is untrustworthiness, you cannot carry out your ideas; and then also there is legal punishment, and then in the future state there is a miserable state in which you are all the time in dependence for your maintenance,

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY 157 These 12 vratas are the special dharma of the layman, which was mentioned under the heading of dharma. Aticharas. The following five things will illustrate what partial transgression of the vow consists of: 1. Accepting or buying stolen property; you did not actually steal it, but you have possession of it without the real owner's consent.. 2. Giving orders to thieves. If a man is known by you to be a thief and you say to him " Why are you idle ?" "Go on with your business' it is the Same thing as telling him to steal. And the manufacture or supplying of burglars' tools is an atichara, 3. Using false weights and measures: you do not actually steal, but you get inore money from the person than you ought to get. 4. Smuggling, you steal from the government. This would include supplying an enemy with goods in time of war. (If you do not want war, get away from the nation and become a citizen of a peace loring people who do not go to war.) 5. Counterfeiting or imitating. That is, selling things as one thing when they are really another. This would include the adulteration of foods etc.

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158 VRATAS FOURTH VRATA. Sex passion. Maithuna is the Sanskrit word and means the whole sex passion, from the slightest desire to the full act of sexual intercourse. By the full act is meant what is called in physiology 'penetration'. Maithuna can be divided into two kinds (1) sukshma or subtle any little perturbation or excitation of the sex organs through the rise of the passion. (2) sthula, or gross,, that is, intercourse with a woman either mentally, in words, or actually. People express language which means intercourse; and mentally they have intercourse, especially in dreama, The exercise of the passion is so net mes spoken of (in Dr. Nicholson's Zoology, for instance) as the act of procreation. This is not accurate naining really, because when exercised it is not exercised as an act of procreation; there is no such motive. This is shown by the fact that means are taken to prevent procreation; and again by the fact that the act is always performed in secret and is acknowledged with shame; and also because if the satisfying of the passion were done only for the production of offspring then the function would not be perforized more than once a year by man

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY 159 Ten points. 1. In Dr. Nicholson's Zoology, it is stated that the act of exercising the sex passion is very weakening to the peIson, bodily, and mentally; that it is a very great strain upon the whole system, and is very exhausting, and is therefore injurious. In performing this act the person injures himself so much. 2. According to the Jain philosophy and other philosophies the creative Auid can be changed into & higher substance which can be used for spiritual purposes if you know how to change it. It gives, in fect, a strong will. Preserving and changing the substance is called 'ojas'. 3. There is a special Jain teaching, which is not the teaching of any other philosophical system, that in every act of sexual intercourse 900,000 fivesense organed beings but without mentality (which have already been mentioned) of the shape of the human being but very minute, are generated and killed. This must be taken on faith in the Arhat's teaching but then the Arhat has those eighteen characteristics which have been given. 4. All the virtues are set aside just at the time of intercourse. It is an intoxicating karma (mohaniya karma) wbich obscures right belief and right

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160 VRATAS 5. The person does away with reason at the time. 6. It is the opinion of the Jain philosophy that the plans, ideas, intentions, and schemes of a person who is full of excessive passion do not bear fruit [or if they do it is owing to the working of a karma]. His mind is all the time on beautiful women; he cannot have sel control and concentration of mind. 7. The success of the control of nature's finer forces that are not generally known depends upon chastity. 8. The success of mantras also depends entirely upon chastity. It is not the vibrations of sound only which give effectiveness to a mantra; your mental activity, your views; and your whole life all go to produce e compound vibration which can be sent to and felt by a being in the higher realms. The mental state is more important than the vibration of sound. 9. There are a number of world y disadvantages from the excessive exercise of the sex passion you lose and squander your money if you go with many women, you lose sight of your better desires; you cannot perform good actions; you lose respect for your superiors; you lose faith in Scriptures; you cannot go to the Deva state after death etc, etc.

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY 161 10. The science of breath teaches that in every activity you have to use the forces of the subtle (not the ordinary) breath. And in this science all forces are measured by the number of subtle breaths you spend. The force which one uses in the following activities is shown by the number of breaths expended, and is greatest in the sexual act, and least in spiritual concentration : If in spiritual concentration four breaths are spent, then in exercising good thoughts you spend 6 breaths; in sitting in silence 10; in speaking, 12 ; in sleeping, 16; in walking 22; in sexual intercourse 36. This is the Jain view and it is the subtle and not the ordinary breaths. The action of sexual reproduction, or more correctly called the action of Satisfying the sex passion, is very injurious to the individual; injurious to his own soul, binding it with karma and rendering it impure, causing ignorance and consequent misery. The sex passion having been defined as subtle and gross, and some information given concerning it, the next thing is to know man's relation to the sex passion; and in view of the kind of thing which it is namely an injurious thing, it should be controlled and avoided; so we now consider: C, 11 Nain Education International

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162 VRATAS Brahmacharya. Which means the control of the sex passion; and as the control may be either entire or partial, we have two divisions:-- 1. Entire giving up; 2. Partial giving up. (1) Entire giving up of the sex passion would be to refrain all the time from either of the following eighteen ways of indulging-with a being having a deva body; with a being having a physical [audarika] body, either mentally, in speech, or actually by satisfying the passion yourself, causing or helping others to do so, consenting to others doing so. That makes 18 ways (3 X 3 X 2=18). This is the chastity of the monk. (2) We are now dealing with the fourth of the 12 special rules of the layman who wishes to advance spiritually ; the point reached is that because the sex passion is injurious to spirituai progress, therefore it should be avoided. The layman, however, is not able to avoid it entirely, and so the thing is to know what means he can take to avoid and control the sex passion as much as possible. The 4th Vrata is called sva-dara santosha-para dara-viramana vrata, and is the means which the layman may adopt for this purpose. That which he

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KARMA PRILOSOPHY 163 undertakes to physiology as either : refrain from is the act known in 'penetration'; and he may vow 1. To give up such act with other people's wives whether they are married to the man or only kept. 2. To be satisfied with his own wife. He may also undertake to try to think no sex passion and to speak no words which mean sex intercourse and to use care in the matter of dreams. Also if he choose he may undertake to have no wife other than his present one (so that in case of her death he would not be disturbed with passion towards another woman]. And he may undertake to observe absolute chastity in the day time. Also to try to observe the following nine rules given below. The ineaning of the vow as far as the words go is sva means own; dara means wife; Santosba means being satisfied with. This is the first part of the row. Para means others; dara means wives; viramana meads refraing from, vrata means a choice or undertaking. This is the second part of the vow. If the person takes the first part, namely that he will be satisfied with his own wife, then he must not go with any other woman, whether human, deva, or female animal. It he only takes tae second part he

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164 VRATAS only undertakes to keep away from the wives of others; he does not then undertake to keep away from prostitutes, etc. NINE RULES. Knowing, or being convinced of the usefulness of the restriction placed upon himself, he can help himself to keep the vow by paying attention to the following nine points. They may be called hedges, to keep oneself away from self injury in the direction of sex passion. 1. Try to live in a building where there are no female animals or neuter living beings; and live in such a way that you do not have physical contact all the time with a womai, because it excites the passion. 2. Try not to indulge in lustful stories or conversations or talks about woman. 3. The person who has taken the fourth VOW should try to avoid sitting on a seat for at least an hour after it has been occupied by a woman, because the vibrations are left there and they excite the passion. Sitting on a seat or any place is meant. 4. He should not look with a lustful eye or in the spirit of lust on those parts of a woman's body which are factors in arousing the passion.

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY 165 5. He should not remain in a room next to one in which a man and wife are in bed together if the wall is thin enough for him to hear or know or guess what is going on, because it will arouse thoughts of passion. 6. He should not bring to mind the sexual enjoyment he had with his wife in former days. 7. He should avoid taking foods which are exciting or intoxicating, or stimulating, especially things that are very oily, containing too much fat, because they produce passion. 8. Even non-exciting food should not be taken in gorge himself, because a too will produce passion. and pon-stimulating excess, he should not great quantity of food 9. He should not embellish his body. All the foregoing remarks apply equally woman, although they are worded for men. to Aticharas. 1. For a person who has taken the second part of the vow to have intercourse with any girl or woman who is not the wife of somebody, would be to soil the vow.

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166 VRATAS person bires a 2. And so it would if such a woman for a time. 3, Dwelling upon the desire or intercourse or; gratifying the desire in any unnatural or any artificial way; these are partial transgressions; they are crimes against his own soul. 4. Giving away another person's daughter in marriage; or helping or causing another person to get married. This is transgressing because you are doing things which further the act or exercise of sex passion, which passion is the basis of marriage. 5. Intense desire for sexual intercourse. Put this is from a different point of view from the third illustration. Here it means constantly looking at woman with that lustful eye. It would also include continuing in the act after it is over. And it would include a person who tries all sorts of medicines to make him strong if his sex passion is feeble. FIFTH VRATA. Sthula-parigraha-parimana vrata. Sthula means grose, parigraba means acquiring as one's own; that is possession, Parimana means limitation. Therefore the vow means a choise to put a limit to the things you possess or will possess and in an ordinary way.

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY 167 It is the limitation of the desire of prossessing, and hence of actual possessing. A person may possess without desiring to possess. To limit the desire is to partially control the desise; if the desire is uncontrolled it is limitless To satisfy this desire for possession you have to be engaged in some kind of activity, and this activity is such that karmas are geneted. Desire for things which are not yourself is here meant. A desire for knowledge is not neant. The real self is different from things, and is different from the body, and when this is realised it will be seen that the desire to possess, which is the false indentification of the real self with material things, must be removed, and # this realisation is very strong the person will adopt full control; but if he cannot do the full control he can limit his desires. Avirati (non-control) is the same thing as limitless desire. It means lack of control, and the desire is called ichchha. Fruits. The result of limiting the desire is contentment; discontent ani happiness cannot go together. Nonliinitation of desire is the same thing as unsteadiness; it is like the butterfly life. So long as there are these desires you have to wander fron incarnation to incarnation. A desire for right knowledge is a desire for getting away from material things (from the

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168 VRATAS yourself, is the possession of them). Knowledge is very nature of the soul. Old method of classifying property into things: 1. Which can be sold by number, such as apples, melons. 2. Which can be sold by weight, such as sugar, drugs, 3. Which can be sold by measure, such as oil, milk. 4. Which can be sold silver. by testing, such as gold, 5. Different kinds of grades of property, such as land, buildings, metals, animals. Aticharas. The aticharas of this vow are all based upon the above classification. You limit the quantity you will possess, as your own, and if you keep more than the specified quantity you break the vow; and subterfuges, etc., would be considered as partial transgressions. For instance, when you become to possess grain beyond the limit fixed by you, if you keep the excess part somewhere else, with somebody else, for a time, that is subterfuge. Or marking a gold

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY 169 ring into a tie pin because your number of gold rings is reached, that is subterfuge. These first five vratas are the minor vratas, previously mentioned. They are so in comparison with the more strict vows of the monk. the guna viatas, they help The next three are and support the first five. GUNA VRATAS. Sixth vow. Dig-parimana vrata. Dig means direction. The vow means the choosing to determine the distance up to which and not beyond which you will go or send your men. The limitation of the area in which you will live, including all directions or motion, up, down, etc. In all activities of a layman there is destruction of life and therfore when he fixes bis area he proclajms to all things beyond that area that he shall not injure them. This vow helps the first and also the other anuvratas. If we will work out the knowledge obscuring karmas we can know of the things going on abroad without actually going there (compare the avadhi means of knowing in the early part of the karmas.)

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170 VRATAS Aticharas. If we transgress the limits through forgetfulness, or by accident, or by subterfuge, it is atichara ;otherwise transgressing the linits is breaking the vow. SEVENTH VRATA. Bhogopabhoga-parimata vrata. Bhoga mesos that which can be enjoyed or used many times, and upabhoga that which can be enjoyed or used only once. such as cakes (food). Thiags which can be used are of these two kinds, therefore the von is to linit tie fu'nbar of things coming under these two heads. This helps the first five vows, This vow includes the lipitation of the activities you will engage in to get the things you use. So there are two divisions in this vow: 1. In regard to the things that you enjoy. If a layman can he should use only things which are inanimate. If he cannot then he will have to use things that are animate; but he must nu inber them and limit them; he should give up flesh foods, also things (vegetables) in which there are infinite lives in

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KARYA PHILOSOPTY 171 the one body, such as carrots, turnips, potatoes (things that grow underground). But there is more to be said on this point. 2. In regard to the activities in which the layman should engage in order to obtain the things he uses; they shobld be faultless, sinless (but not sin in the Christian sense, sin here means sin agaiost your own soul, obstructing its virtues). If he is unable to avoid sinless business then he should give up such trades as involve cruelty to animals. Aticharas*. Such bussiness as the following fifteen should not be practised by those who have taken the seventh vow. 1. Making and selling charcoal. 2. Agriculture, horticulture or gardening. 3. Making and selling carts, etc., or driving vehicles belonging to Oneself. *The portion till the seventh Vrata is given by Mr. Gandhi and we could not get the rest of the Vratas treated by him. I have therefore arranged to supply this gap, from the atichara of the seventh Vrata, til the end of the book Ed.

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172 VRATAS people's vehicles, 4. Driving or plying other either as a servant, or hired. Blasting rocks, digging mines, ploughing, 5. etc, 6. Ivory elephants. business, necessitating the killing of similar substance. Insects get 7. Lac, or any caught in it. 8. Liquids, for the same reason. 9. Poison. 10. Fur, hair. 11. Milling or in large quantities, water-pumping; fish get killed 12. Castrating. 13, Burning or cutting green forests, fields, etc. 14. Drying lakes, ponds, or reservoirs; the fish are killed. 15. Bringing up women for immortal purposes, or animals for any cruel purpose in order to make money.

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY 173 Partial Transgressions. Eating food that contains animate beings, etc. (see Tattvarthadhigama Sutra, chapter 7, verse 30. Cf. Yogasastra, III, 97). Eighth Vow. (Anarthadanda-viramana vrita.) The Sanskrit name of this Vow consists of five words the first of which is a negative; the second means profit, benefit, motive, aim, object, necessary reason, purpose, etc., the third word in the name means evils or bad effects, and the last two words mean undertaking to refrain from. is an undertaking not to So this eighth vow incur unnecessary evils. We bring unneccessary evils upon ourselves to no purpose, by indulging in thoughts, words, and deeds in which there is no benefit to society, to our friends, or to ourselves. A layman cangot avoid the evils entailed by his necessary pursuits; but he can undertake to avoid the evils entailed by unnecessary pursuits and activities such as thinking about, speaking about, or otherwise busying himself with matters that do not concern him or in which there is no benefit.

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174 The following are some of the we do things in which there is no benefit: VRATAS Constantly fearing the loss of any of the good things we have, wealth, friends, health. Constantly fearing that bad things which we are at present without, may come upon us, 'pain, poverty disease. ways in which Undue anxiety to get rid of desease, poverty, etc., when once they are upon us. Undue anxiety for the future craving for the enjoyment of happiness expected to come in the future. speaking ill of or Being glad at having killed something or body, or approving of others who have done so. misrepersenting boasting about it. Desiring the death of someone in order to inherit his or her property, or cheating people and boasting about it. some others, and Distrusting or wishing the death of others for the sake of the safety of our own property. Giving gratuitous advice about matters no concern of ours. that are

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY 175 Lending dangerous weapons gups; or impliments which in life; -fishing tackle, garden tools. gratuitously, like their use destroy Sheer Carelessness of thought, word and action such as drinking; excessive sensuous indulgence; things done, said or thought through extreme anger, pride, deceitfulness. or greed; excessive sleep; and also talk about matters which do not concern us, such as wars between other countries; talk about woman's bodily charms; about good dinners; and about kings. By taking this eighth vow we use a means of guarding ourselves against many evils which we might otherwise incur to no purpose. Transgression. 1. Gestures that arouge the sex-passion (Kandarpa). 2. Antics, tomfoolery (Kautkuchya). 3. Obtaining and keeping things that are not necessary for our wordly welfare (Bhogopabhoga Atireka). 4. Opertalkativeness [Maukharya), *Tattvarth, S. VII. 27. Yogasastra, III, 114.

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176 VRATAS 5. Leaving dangerous instruments ready for selfuse more than are necessary, for lending the use of such instruments to others etc., etc., Samyukta adhi. karana). Ninth vow (Samayika.) This is the first of the disciplinary vows (Sikshavrita). It is a vow by observing which one gets equanimity. It consists in thinking about the permanent self; or in reading true philosophy or scrip tures; or in lamenting the wrongs one has done and strengthening the resolution not to repeat the wrong in future. Also revering the Master by recounting his merits. The time taken should be forty-eight consecutive minutes, predetermined and the vow should be taken to practise it a definite number of times a year, 12 times, 52 times, once a day, or some definite time, The general idea of this vow is to sit in a certain place and read or meditate on holy subjects. Partial Transgressions. * Misdirection of mind, speech, or body during the time of meditation. That is, the mind, the speech, or the body must not occupy itself with other subjects than the one in hand, * Tattvarth . VII, 28. Yogasastra III, 115.

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY 177 Practising the vow in a wrong place, that is where there are insects that you might kill while sitting or standing. Forgetting the rites: i. e., leaving off ip say 40 minutes when you have determined upon 48 minutes. Tenth Vow. (Dishavakashika vrita). Is reducing to a minimuru the space in which we will move. It is undertaking to limit oneself to th: space of one house, or one room for a day once a yea: at least it is the sixth vow in a more restricted form, in one form it is daily to restrict our move. ments according to our needs. One should not do anything which is beyond the limit specified. Partial Transgressions. + Ordering things beyond the limit. Sending someone on some business beyond the limit. Making some sound to attract tre attention of some one beyond the limit. Making some sign to some one beyond the limit to come to you. Throwing something to a person beyond the limit in order to attract his attention. Eleventh vow. (Paushadhopavasa vrita.) The eleventh vow is the same as the ninth but continued for twelve or twenty-four hours and + Tattvarth, S. VII, 26. Yogasastra III, 116. K. 12

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178 VRATAS. accompanied by some fasting. By fasting we remove impurities. If the vow is taken it must be practised at least once a year. If food is taken at all on the day of fasting, it should not be between sunset and the following sunrise. It is usual to keep to one place, do no business, and drinking nothing or eat nothing for twelve, twenty-four, thirty-six, forty-eight or seventy-two consecutive hours once a week, once & month, or at least once a year. Partial Transgressions.* 1. The first of these refers more to India or any hot country; it is not being particular to avoid killing insects by one's clothes or one's bedding, and 2. not taking something to clear away whatever insects there may be. 3. Not being particular to avoid killing anything in performing the offices of nature. 4. Despising the ceremony itself. 5. Forgetting any of the necessary things to be done in this vow. Twelfth Vow. (Atithisamvibhaga vrita). "Atithisamvibhaga" vow. Atithi means a guest, and samvibhaga means to distribute, share with. The vow is an undertaking to invite some Jain monk (or in the absence of a monk some respectable Jain * Tattvarth, S. VII, 29. Vegasastra III, 117.

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KARMA PRILOSOPHY. 179 layman, or in the absence of both, to do so in thought), on the day following the fast undertaken in the previous vow, or whenever opportunity offers to partake of some of the food about to be eaten, without informing the guest of the vow to do this; and only the things which are partaken of by the monk should be eaten at the time. It is things which are necessary for life that are partaken of; and books, clothing, medicines, etc., as well as food, may be offered to the person invited. This vow, if taken, must be practised at least. once a year. Partial Transgressions.* Offering food with life in it to a monk; fruit, for instance, not cut. After fifty minutes of being cut, fruit is considered to contain 10 life constituting the body of the fruit. Putting living things among food which is free from life; for instance putting fresh cold water, which has life, with water that has been boiled. In the Jain belief fresh cold water is a mass of living substance, and not merely the home of minute life or animaculate. Giving the food etc., in a grudging spirit. Saying that soinething which the monk may have asked us for and which we do not wish to give belongs to a friend or some one else. *Tattvarh, S. VII, 31. Yogassastra, III, 118.

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180 VRATAS, Inviting the monk at a time which we know to be after be bas taken his meal. That is the end of twelve special rules for helping to change ourselves from what we actually are, ignorant, mistaken, weak, injurious beings to what we potentially are accordiug to the teachings of those Masters who have developed their spiritual qualities to perfection and have attained Oinniscience in the flesh. The rules are based upon a certain foundation or character already developed, kindness of heart, self-control, desire for right knowledge, and relish of truth, the internal attitude accompanying the exterual, visible practice of the rules. These rules bring out further knowledge, increased strength of character, greater peace of inind, sympathy, and kindness, and lead to higher levels on the way towards an everlasting, blissful Omniscience in a state of life which is natural to the real pure self, and which is open to all who wish to attain it,

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY. 181 6th GUNA-STHANA.T OR Sarva-virati-guna-sthana, otherwise called Pramada-guna-sthana. Sarva' ineans complete. Virati' means control. Therefore 'Sarva-virati-guna-sthana' is that 'Gunasthana' or stage of development where one has attained the quality, virtue of complete control over the four 'Kashaya' viz., (1) Anger, (2) Pride, (3) Fraudulence and (4) Greediness. Not laymeu but inonks only who have renounced the world have complete control over these 'Kashayas' or passions therefore they (the monks) have reached this stage. They, thereby, can and do observe the five so-called 'Maha-vrita' or strict vows, which are as follow: (1) 'Pranatipata-viramana-vrita' or the vow of cessation from killing or destroying life ;-life of 'moving' beings, as well as of 'stationary' vegetables, (2) 'Mrishayada-viramana-vrita' or the vow of refraining from telling even a simple untruth. (3) 'Adattadana-viramana-vrita' or the vow of refraining from taking anything without being given by its + This portion of the subject, from the 6th to the 14th 'Guna-sthana', which was left unfinished by the author Mr. Gandhi owing to his ill health, is completed by Mt. Motichand Odhavji of Bhavnagar,

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182 VRATAS. owner, even if it be a trifling straw lying in the street, and which therefore he can pick up at will. 14) 'Maithuna-viramana-vrita' or the vow of refraining from sexual intercourse, and observing strict celebacy. Not only the union but even a touch of the fair sex is enough to soil the vow, and prove one's failure. (5) 'Parigriha-viramana-vrita' or the vow of refraining from keeping any property which can be called his own. Thus he [the monk] has no possessions or belongings of his own. There are some nine kinds of property: viz., (1) wealth, (2) grain, (3) estate, (4) household things, (5) gold, (6) silver, (7) haser metals, (8) menials and (9) earth. Even while strictly observing these great vows, the monk is yet under the influence of five kinds of 'pramada? or negligence, and hence this 'Sarva-virati-guna-sthana? is also termed 'Pramada-guna-sthana. The above- mentioped negligence or rather negligent activities are treated to full extent in the next (711) Guna-sthana 7th Guna-Sthana. OR A-pramada-guna-sthana. The word 'pramada' means 'negligence'; and 'a-pramada' (where 'a' means 'not') means non-negligence, (i. e., care and caution).

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY. 183 Thus this 7th guna-sthana is that stage of development where these negligent activities are no more to be seen. Men (not laymen, but monks) are said to have Teached this guns-sthana, when they have wholly abandoned these 'pramadas.' They are five in number as follow: I. Pride or arrogance, which is in its turn divided into eight kinds, or different forms, viz., a. stout, vigorous body. b. Handsome form. C. Abundant riches. Pride Id. Exalted station in life. with respect to e Severe penances. one's f. Vast knowledge. g. High caste. h. Noble birth. : II. Object ot sense, (sense pleasures). There are five organs of sense, and each organ has its own object. Each of the five objects of the five organs have again different forms. The sum total of these forms is 23. The five organs are (a) The Eye, the object of which is colour, and these colours are five viz., red, white, yellow, green & black, among which some are to one's liking (agreeable) while some are disagreeable. (b) The Nose, the object of which is sinell, which if fragrant is nleasant to all; if bad or stinking, disagreeable. -

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184 VRATAS. (c) The Ear, which has for its object sound, this sound being of three kinds viz., (1) that of human beings (which is where). (2) that of drums &c., (which is era, and (3) that of musical instruments &c., (which is f2T). Among these forms, so to say, of the sound, some are agreeable to the hearer, while soine cot. (d) The Tongue. Its object is taste. The' several tastes are (1) sweet, (21 sour, (3) stringent, (4) bitter and (5) pungent. Of these five, some are agreeable, some not. (e) The Skin, the object of which is touch. Several kinds of touch: (1) light (2) heavy (3) cry (4) greased (5) smooth (6) rough (7) cold and (8) warm. Among these, some are agreeable (or pleasant) to some; to some dis-agreeable. A nionk who is neither pleased with agreeable ones nor displeased with dis-agreeable ones of the above-nentioned twenty-three kinds (viz, five of colour, two of smell, three of sound, five of taste and eight of touch) has, it must be understood, reached the seventh stage. III. The third 'pramada' or negligence is 'Kashaya' or moral uncleanliness (i, e. passion). A monk has during earlier 'guna-sthanas' or stages of development, freed himself from the grasp or influence of twelve out of the sixteen (sub-divisions of) *Kashaya'. The remaining four i. e, four 'Sanjvalana Kashayas' have been by him rendered weaker just before reaching this seventh guna-sthana. That is, their intensity has decreased to a great extent.

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY, 185 IV. The fourth 'pramada' or negligence is undeesia rable conversation (leading to lust, passion and excite ment of the mind and senses), about (1) the fair sex, (2) native or foreign couptries, (3) rulers of these countries and (4) provisions (food, victuals). v. The fifth and the last 'pramada' is 'Nidra' or sleep. Individuals (here, monks) in this stage are never fast asleep, are never languid or dull with drowsiness. They pass much of their time in religious study and meditation, There are three kinds of sleep:(1) 'Nidra-nidra' i. e. sleep acquiring touching of the body to arouse the person. (2) 'Prachala-prachala', i, e. sleeping while the Individual is walking. (3) 'Styanarddhi' i. e. somnambulism. A monk in this guna-sthana, has not even one of these three kinds of 'Nidra'. The appellation 'a-pramada' is assigned to this 'Gunasthana' because of the absence of the 'pramadas' in persons in that 'Gupa-sthana'. 8th GUNA-STHANA. OR Apurva-guna-sthana. The word 'apurva' means the like of which did not exist before, quite new.

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186 VRATAS. Thus Apurva-guna-sthana' means the 'sthana' or abods of qualities, virtues, not before existing in a monk, nol before possessed by a monk. When a monk has attained some (special) virtues quite new, as yet not possessed by him, he is said to be in this eightth stage of development. Here he has attained the power (1) to control or press down at will 'Karmas' just when he feels them rising. (This is said 'upshama-bhava' or controlling power). or (2) To totally work out the 'Karmas', entirely remove, destroy them. (This is 'Kshayika bhava' or destroying power). In this stage, 'saniyaktva-inohaniya karma' has no 'udaya' or rising. It has already set, (while one is in the seventh stage) never to rise again, It is only when this "Samyaktva-nuohaniya-karma' has been removed or totally destroyed that one is said to have reached this eighth stage of development. Again, in this stage, 'Dnanavaraniya', 'darshanavaraniya', 'mohaniya' and 'antaraya'--these four kinds of 'karma' are in a slumbering state. Though apparently not active, they have not been really destroyed, eradicated (from the very root). Their effect is gradually being nullified. Also, 'Mohaniya karma' has its thirteen 'prakritis' or forms left unremoved; though their activity has decreased to a very great extent.

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY, 187 187 9th Guna-sthana. (Anuyritti-badar-guna-sthana). 'Apuvritta' ineans supplementary to the preceding 'guna-sthana'. 'Badara' means 'comprehensive'. When one (here a monk) has his thoughts or reflections guileless and purified to a very great extent, he is said to have achieved this 9th 'guna-sthana'. Six 'prakritis' or forms of the 'mohaniya karma' viz., (1) mirth (2) pain (3) pleasure (4) fear (5) sorrow and (6) hatred having been destroyed, during the latter part of the 8th stage, have no chance,' in this 9th stage, to rise again. 10th GUNA-STHANA. (Sukshma-samparaya-guna-sthana). During the latter part of the 9th stage, unger, pride and frandulence-three of the 'sanjvalana' kind of 'kashaya', havipg been totally extinct, and also at the same time, all the three (male, female and neuter) sex passions having been out of existence, this tenth guna-sthana is secured, attained. In this 'guna-sthana' in the beginning, greediness is latent in a very minute degree. But it is totally extirpated eventually during its latter period, i. e. about the end, because of the most purified reflections or thoughts of the individual.

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188 VRATAS. If the individual has controlled this 'Kashaya' of greediness by the will, then, after this, he is ordained to reach or secure the 11th 'guna-sthana', because this 11th is the gussa-sthara of those who have complete control over their 'kashuya'. But provided he has totally worked out and destroyed it i. e. greediness, he is thence to attain the 12th gupasthana, the latter being the 'sthana' of those, whose 'inohaniya karma' is destroyed in all its forms. Sukshma' means very little 'samparaya' means coofliction of the mind and senses. Thus "sukshna-sampataya guna-sthana' means that stage, where this confliction (99th in the form of 'greediness' here) exists in the lowest degree. 11th GUNA-STHANA. (Upashanta-moha-Guna-sthana). In this stage of development, the 'mohaniya karma' is in a controlled state. And hence the appellation, Though not active, it still does exist (in some form), and to its existence is due the inability of the individual to rise to the higher stage. (i, e. 12th stage). Perchance after having had access to this Ilth stage, the days of the individual are numbered and he falls a prey to fate, be obtains a 'sthana' or place among the

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY. 189 sarvarthasiddha' demigods. Thence he is again born in the mortal human world, and then only he has the chance of attaining salvation, 12th GUNA-STHANA. (Ashina-moha-guna-sthana). As the very name shows, one is said to be in this stage of development, when his mohapiya karma' is 'Kshina' or totally destroyed in all its forms. Here it is that a person, having quite freed himself from the grasp or the influerce of 'raga', 'dvesha', and all the fornis of the 'mohaniya karma', gets the appellation of Vita-raga'. His thoughts and reflections having become guileless and purified to the highest degree, he knows no difference or distinction, but sameness or identity. In him there is absence of conjectures and speculations. At the end of this 'guna-sthana', 'Dnanavaraniya karma' in all its five forms, 'Darsha navaraniya karma' with its six remaining forms, together with 'antaraya karma' also in its five forms, have their very existence terminated, They are uprooted (from their very root) never to rise. They leave behind no seed or trace or mark for a fresh birth or growth.

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190 VRATAS. 13th GUNA-STHANA. (Sayogi-guna-sthana). At this stage of development, knowledge and vision of such highest degree are secured that thereby the individual knows and sees before his own eyes the events of the unbounded past, as well as can foresee what is to happen in the unlimited future. This individual, be he a 'samanya Kevali' or a Tirthankara' has nothing unrevealed to him, Each and every thing, object is unveiled before him. Thus, he being omniscient, even knows the doubts or questions that arise in the minds of the people which he always, even without being questioned solves out to the utter amazement of the audience, each of his solutions again being in every way, satisfactory. As long as he lives, he moves about wandering over towns and villages, and gives before the public his lectures on religion and morality. Vet, at this stage, his four 'aghati' karmas have remained unsubdued, undestroyed. As these do not in the least affect the attributes of 'atman' For soul, they are called 'aghati'. This 'guna-sthana' is termed 'sayogi' because as yet there exists the 'yoga' or activity of mind, speech and body.

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KARMA PHILOSOPHY. * 191 14th GUNA-STHANA. (Ayogi-guna-sthana). The 14th and the last or the highest guna-sthana is secured when an individuals of the 13th stage of development, is just breathing his last, say, just a moment before his death, As the very tame of this 'guna-sthana' shows, here there exists no 'yoga' or activity of mind, speech and body. These activities are all totally stopped. Here, again, all the four remaining "aghati' karmas are at an end. All other 'karmas' too cease to exist. Thus he is free from the hold of all 'karnias'; abandons this frail human body; and goes straight upwards to stay and live in the region of liberated or perfected living beings, in one 'samaya' or the shortest period of time imaginable, There he rests firm and fixed in eternal felicity, making the place his perpetual abode, never to return to this filthy immoral world of mortals. tonal

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Rs. a. p. Shree Bhadrabahu Svami and Shree Shanti Suri ... ... 1 12 0 37 *Anuyogadvar Sutra (Ilnd Half)--By Shree Hemchandra. charya ... ... ... ... 1 0 0 38 *Gunasthana Kramaroha-By Shree Ratnashekhar Suri and the commentary by himself... 0 2 0 39 *Dharma Sangrahani (Part I) By Shree Haribhadra Suri with the commentaries of Soree Malayagiri ... ... ... 1 8 0 40 *Dharma Kalpadruma-By Shree Udayadharma Gani ... ... 1 0 0 41 *Uttaradhyayana (Part III)-- With the commentaries of Shree Bhadrabahu Svami aud Shree Shanti Suri ... ... ... 1 14 0 42 *Dharma Sangrahani (Part II) --By Shree Haribhadra Suri with the commentaries of Shree Malayagiri Acharya ... ... 1 4 0

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Rs. a. p 43 Anand Kavya Mahodadhi (Part VI) A collection of classical Gujarati Poems is. O 12 0 44 *Pinda Niryukti-By Shree Bha drabahu Svami with the commentaries of Shree Malayagiri Acharya ... ... ... 1 8 0 45. *Dharma Sangraha (2nd Half) -By Shree Manvijaya Upa dhyaya ... ... ... .. 1 4 0 46. *Upamiti Bhava Prapancha By Shree Siddharshi Rishi ... 2 0 0 47. *Dasha Vaikalika Suira - By Shree Sayambhava Suri with the commentaries of Shree Haribhadra Suri ... 2 8 0 48. Shraddha Pratikramana Su tra-with the commentaries of Shree Ratnashekhar Suri... 2 0 0 49. *Upamiti Bhava Prapancha (2nd Half)-By Shree Siddha rshi Rishi. ... ... ... 2 0 0 50. Jivajivabhigam-With the com mentaries of Shree Malayagiri 3 40

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Rs. a. D. 51. Sena Prashna, Prashno tara Ratnakar-By Shree Shubhavijaya Gani ... ... 1 0 0 52. Jambu-dvipa Pragnapti (Ist Half)-With the commentcries of Shree Shantichandra ... 4 0.0 53. Avashyakvritti Tippana-By Shree Hemchandra Suri ... 1 12 0 54. Jambu-dvipa Pragnapii (2nd Half). With the commentaries of Shree Shantichandra ... 2 0 0 55. *Devasi Rai Pratikramana By an ancient Priest ... ... 0 3 0 56. Shripal Charitra, Sanskrit By Shree Gnanavimal Suri ... 0 14 0 57. Sukta Muktavali ... ... 200 58. Pravachana Saroddhara (1st Half)-By Shree Nemichandra Suri with the commentaries of Shree Siddhasena Suri ... 3 0 0 59. Tandul Valcharika (Chatuh. sarana)-- With the commentaries of Shree Vijayavimal ... 1 8 0

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Rs. 2. p. 60% Vinshati Sthanaka Charitams. De By Shree Jivaharshagani ... 1 0 0 61. Kalpa Sutra-By Shree Bhadra bahu Svami with the com mentaries of shree Vinayavijiya 2 0 0 62. Subodha Samachari-By Shree Chandracharya... ... ... 0 8 10 Sirisirivalkaha (Shreepala Charitra Prakrit )-By Shree Ratnashekhara Suri ... ... 1 4 (In Press. ) Pancha Vastuk Chau Sarana Payanna Pravachana Saroddhar ( 2nd Hall)

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10 Loka Prakasha Navapada Prakarna Vichar Ratnakara. Tattwarthadhigam Sutra Anand Kavya Mahodadhi (Part VII) (in Gujarati.) Can be had at THE LIBRARIAN, SETH DEVCHAND LALBHAI JAIN PUSTAKODDHAR FUND. DEVCHAND LALBHAI DHARMSHALA, Badekha Chaklo, Gopipura SURAT. (INDIA) * Not available.

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THE BOOKS FOR SALE BY Shree Agamodaya Samiti. (IN SANSKRIT.) Rs. a. p 1. *Avashyaka (Part 1)-By Shree Sudharma Svami with the commentaries of Shree Bhadrabahu Svami and Shree Haribhadra Suri ... ... ... ... 2 4 0 0 2. *Avashyaka (Part II-By the same author with the commentaries of the same two sacred monks ... ... ... ... 3 3. *Avashyaka (Part III )-As above the former parts ... 3 4. *Avashyaka (Part IV)-As above the former parts ... 1 8 0 0 0

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12 Rs. a. po 5. *Acharanga (Part 1)-By Shree Sudharmi Syami with the commentaries of Shree Bhadrabahu Svami & Shree Shilankacharya 1 8 0 6. *Acharanga (Part II)-As above 2 4 0 7. *Oupapatika Sutra-With the commentaries of Shree Abhaya. deya Suri ... ... ... 0 12 0 8. 9. 10. 11. *Paramanu, Nigoda, Pudgala, Bandha Chhatrist 0 6.0 12. *Bhagavati Sutra (Part 1) By Shree Sudharma Svami with the commentaries of Shree Abhayadeva Suri ... ... 3 4 0 13. *Bhagavati Sutra (Part II) By the same as above 1 ... 3 8 0 14. Bhagavati Sutra (Part III) Same as above... ... ... 3 4 0 15. *Samvayanga-Same as above 1 0 0 16. *Nandi Sutra-By Shree Deva vachaka Gani, with the commentaries of Shree Malayagiri 2 8 0

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Rs. a. p. 17. *Ogha Niryukti-By Shree Su dharma Svami with the commentaries of Shree Bhadrabahu Svami and Shree Dronacharya 300 18. *Sutra Kritanga--By Shree Sudharmacharya with the commentaries of Shree Shilanka. charya ... ... ... ... 2 12 O 19, *Pragnapana Sutra (1st Half) By Shree Shyamacharya with the commentaries of Shree Malayagiri ... ... ... 3 14 O 20. *Pragnapana Sutra (2nd Half) --As above ... 1 12 0 21, *Sthananga Sutra (1st half By Shree Sudharma Svami with the commentaries of Shree Abhayadeva Suri .. ... 2 120 22. *Sthananga Sutra (2nd half) As above ... ... ... 4 0. O

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. Rs. a. p. 23. *Antakridrashadi three Su tras_With the commentaries of Shree Abhayadeva Suri ... 1 0 0 24. *Surya Pragnapti-With the commentaries of Shree Malayagiri ... ... ... ... 380 25. *Gnata Dharma Katha-By an ancient Priest with the commentaries of Shree Abhayadeva Suri ... ... ... ... 1 12 0 26. *Prashna Vyakarana-As above 1 12 0 27. *Sadhu Samachari Prakarana ---By an ancient Priest ... Free 28. *Upasaka Dasha-With the commentaries of Shree Abhyadeva Suri ... ... ... 0 10 0 29. 30. 31. 32. (2) Ashtaka Praka. rana (2) Shat a Darshana Samuchchaya-By Shree Haribhadra Suri and others ... 0 4 0

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33. Niryavall Sutra-With the commentaries of Shree Shreechan dra Suri 15 35. Vicharsara 36. ... 34. Visheshavashyaka Gathanamakaradi Kramaha ... Prakarana-By Shree Pradyumna Suri with commentaries of Shree the Manikyasagar Gachchhachara With the commentaries Shree Vanar Rushi ... ... 008 ... ... 939 Payanna ... ... 37. Dharma Bindu Prakarana-- By Haribhadra Suri with the commentaries of Shree Muni chandra Suri ... 38. Visheshavashyaka (Translation Gujarati) (Part I)-By Jinabhadra Gani, Translater Mr. Chunilal Hakamchand Rs. 2. P. of .0 6 0 ... 0 12 0 0 5 0 0 8 0 . 0 12 0 200

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39. Jain Philosophy . V. R. Gandhi 40. Yoga Philosophy 41. Karma Philosophy Rs. 2. p. English ) 1 0 0 2 . 0 14 Q is 0 12 0 (In Press, ) 1 RAyapashreni: 2 Panch Sangrah. 3 Visheshavashyaka. (2nd Part) 4 Acharpradip. 5 Nandi Sutra. 6 Avashyaka Malayagiri. 7 Anuyogadhar. 8 Nandi Adi. 9 Shobhan Stuti. 10 Jinanand Stuti, Can be had at:--- THE LIBRARIAN, SHREE AGAMODAYA SAMITI, Devchand Lalbhai Dharmashala Badekha Chaklo, Gopipura, SURAT. (INDIA). * Not available.

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