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________________ jaina purANakAlIna bhArata meM kRSi DaoN0 devI prasAda mizra kisI bhI samAja yA sampradAya kA utkarSa usakI Arthika sampannatA para nirbhara karatA hai / vyakti ke sAMsArika evaM bhautika sukha kA sambandha artha se niyaMtrita hotA hai / aihika dRSTi se mAnava ke jIvana meM artha kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai / yadyapi jaina dharma nivRtti pradhAna hai, tathApi isameM bhI artha kI upekSA nahIM kI gayI hai / sAMsArika jIvana ko calAne ke liye jaina granthoM meM yatra-tatra sAmagrI upalabdha hotI hai / mahApurANa meM varNita hai ki arthArjana manuSya ke jIvana kA sadoddezya honA cAhie / " isI purANa meM manuSya kI AjIvikA ke liye cha: pramukha sAdhanoM kA ullekha huA hai, jisameM asi ( zastrAstra yA sainika vRtti), masi ( lekhana yA lipika vRtti), kRSi ( khetI aura pazupAlana ), zilpa ( kArIgarI aura kalA - kauzala ), vidyA (vyavasAya) aura vANijya (vyApAra) haiM / prAcIna kAla se hI logoM kA pradhAna pezA kRSi evaM pazupAlana thA / usake bAda hI anya vyavasAya ko apanAyA gyaa| prAcIna kAla se bhArata meM kRSi hotI thI aura Aja bhI bhArata kRSi-pradhAna deza hai / prAcIna kAla meM kRSi deza ke Arthika vikAsa kA mUlAdhAra thI / isI para lagabhaga sabhI kA jIvana Azrita rahatA thA / Aja bhI 80% loga kRSi para apanI AjIvikA nirbhara karate haiM / prAcIna kAla meM parvatIya evaM U~cI-nIcI bhUmi ko samatala kara, jaMgaloM ko sApha kara tathA bhUmi ko khoda kara kRSi kArya kiyA jAtA thA / jainapurANoM meM kSetra zabda vyavahRta huA hai tathA kheta ( bhUmi ) ko hala ke agrabhAga se jotane kA ullekha milatA hai / * prAcIna samaya meM hala pratiSThA kA dyotaka hotA thA / usa samaya jisake pAsa jitanI adhika saMkhyA meM hala hote the, vaha vyakti utanA hI pratiSThita evaM sampanna mAnA jAtA thA / jaina granthoM meM cakravartI rAjA bharata ke pAsa eka karor3a hala hone kA ullekha milatA hai / aisI sambhAvanA vyakta kI jA sakatI hai ki sAmAnya kRSakoM ke pAsa jo bhI hala hote the, ve sabhI rAjA ke hala mAne jAte hoMge / jainetara granthoM meM hala ke atirikta anya kRSi yantroM meM heMgA ( matya evaM koTIza ), khanitra ( avadAraNa), godAraNa ( kundAla ), khurapI, dAtra, lavitra ( asida ), ha~siyA Adi kA ullekha milatA hai / inhIM kRSi yantroM ke mAdhyama se khetI hotI hai / 1. mahApurANa 46,55 2 . vahI 16 / 179 3. vahI 16 / 181 ; viSNupurANa 1 / 13 / 82; bRhatkalpabhASya 4 / 4891 4. padmapurANa 23, 3 / 67; harivaMza purANa 7 117 5. vahI 4 / 63; mahApurANa 37 / 68 6. draSTavya - lallana jI pANDeya - pUrva madhyakAlIna uttara bhArata meM kRSi vyavasthA ( 700-1200 ); rAjabalI pANDeya smRti grantha, devariyA 1976, pR0 265
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________________ 204 DaoN devI prasAda mizra __ jaina granthoM meM khetoM ke do prakAroM kA varNana upalabdha hotA hai : (1) upajAU-upajAU bhUmi meM bIja bone se ati uttama phasala utpanna hotI thii|' (2) anupajAU-Usara yA khila (anupajAU) bhUmi (khet)| jaina purANoM meM varNita hai ki Usara bhUmi meM boyA gayA bIja samUla naSTa ho jAtA hai| jainetara granthoM se jJAta hotA hai ki Usara bhUmi ko kRSi yogya banAne ke liye rAjya kI ora se puraskAra pradAna kiyA jAtA thaa| jainetara grantha abhidhAna ratnamAlA meM miTTI ke guNAnusAra sAdhAraNa khota, urvara kheta, sarva phasalotpAdaka kheta, kamajora kheta, paratI bhUmi, lonI miTTI kA kSetra, registAna, kar3I bhUmi, domaTa miTTI, uttama miTTI, naI ghAsoM se AcchAdita bhUmi, narakuloM Adi se saMkula bhUmi Adi ke lie pRthak-pRthak zabda vyavahRta kRSi ko suvyavasthita karane evaM adhika upaja ke lie rAjya kI ora se sahAyatA bhI pradAna kI jAtI thii| mahApurANa ke anusAra rAjA kRSi kI unnati ke liye khAda, kRSi-upakaraNa, bIja Adi pradAna kara khetI karAtA thaa| isI purANa meM anyatra ullikhita hai ki kheta rAjA ke bhaNDAra ke samAna the| jaina purANoM meM kRSaka ko karSaka aura halavAhaka ko kInAza zabda se sambodhita kiyA gayA hai| mahApurANa ke anusAra kRSaka bholebhAle, dharmAtmA, vItadoSa tathA kSudhA-tRSA Adi kleSoM ke sahiSNu tathA tapasviyoM se bar3hakara hote the| kRSaka hala, baila aura kRSi ke anya aujAroM ke mAdhyama se khetI karate the| kheta kI uttama jutAI kara, usameM uttama bIja evaM khAda kA prayoga karate the| ra0 gaMgopAdhyAya ne egrIkalcara eNDa egrIkalcarisTa ina aiMzeNTa iNDiyA meM gobara kI khAda ko khetI ke liye atyanta upayogI mAnA hai| isake atirikta khetI ko siMcAI kI bhI AvazyakatA hotI thii| mahApurANa meM siMcAI ke do prakAra ke sAdhanoM kA ullekha milatA hai-(1) adevamAtRkA-nahara, nadI, Adi kRtrima sAdhana se, siMcAI vyavasthA aura (2) devamAtRkA-varSA ke jala se siMcAI vyavasthA / 1 varSA samayAnukUla 1. padmapurANa 27 2. vahI 370; harivaMza purANa 370 3. nArada smRti 14 / 4 4. draSTavya-lallana jI gopAla-vahI, pR0 259 5. mahApurANa 42 / 177 6. vahI 54 / 14 7. padmapurANa 6 / 208; mahApurANa 54 / 12 8. vahI 34 // 60 9. mahApurANa 54 / 12 10. lallanajI gopAla-vahI, pR0 260 11. mahApurANa 16 / 157
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________________ jaina purANakAlIna bhArata meM kRSi 205 evaM samaya se hone para phasala acchI hotI thI / ' kuA~ 2, sarovara, taDAga tathA vApI" ke jala ko siMcAI ke liye prayoga karate the / usa samaya ghaNTItaMtra (arahaTa yA rahaTa ) dvArA kuoM, tAlAboM Adi se jala nikAlakara siMcAI karate the / khetoM kI siMcAI ke liye nahareM atyadhika lAbhaprada thIM / naharoM se nAliyoM kA nirmANa kara kRSaka apane khetoM meM pAnI le jAte the / usa samaya jhIla, nadI, kuA~, mazIna kuA~, arahaTa, tAlAba tathA nadI bA~dha se siMcAI kI jAtI thI / " kRSaka kheta meM bIja vapana karane ke uparAnta siMcAI kara usakI nirAI, gor3AI Adi karate the / isake anantara punaH siMcAI kI jAtI thI / phasaloM ke paka jAne para usakI kaTAI kara use khalihAna meM ekatrita karate the / phira bailoM se Dha~varI calAkara mar3AI kI jAtI thI / mar3AI ke uparAnta anAja aura bhUse ko pRthak karane ke liye osAI kI jAtI thI / tadanantara anAja ko ghara le jAte the / khAne ke liye anAja kA prayoga karate the / bhUse ko baila, gAya, bhaiMsa ko khilAne ke liye rakhate the / khetI kI rakSA karanA paramAvazyaka thA / binA khetI kI rakSA ke phasala kA lAbha nahIM mila sakatA / isameM kRSaka kI bAlAe~ pazupakSiyoM se kheta kI rakSA karatI thIM / 1deg caJcApuruSa kA bhI ullekha mahApurANa meM huA hai, jinako dekhakara jAnavara bhAga jAte the / 11 2 upalabdha sAhityika evaM purAtAttvika sAkSyoM se usa samaya agralikhita anAja hote the - brIhi, sAThI, kalama, cAvala, yava (jau), godhUma (gehU~), kAMganI (kaMgava), zyAmAka ( sAvA~), kodra ( kodo), nIvAra, varaphA (baTAne), tila, tasyA (alasI), masUra, sarSapa (sarasoM), dhAnya 1. mahApurANa 4 / 79; epigrAphikA iNDikA, jilda 20, pR0 7 para siMcAI ke sAdhanoM ke viSaya meM vizeSa rUpa se prakAza par3atA hai / 2. mahApurANa 4 / 72 3. vahI 5 / 259; padmapurANa 2 / 23 4. vahI 4 / 72 5. vahI 5 / 104 6. padmapurANa 2 / 6, 9 / 82; mahApurANa 17 / 24; harivaMza purANa 43 / 127 7. mahApurANa 35/40 8. aparAjitapRcchA pR0 188 9. mahApurANa 3 / 179-182, 12/244, 35 / 30 padmapurANa 2 / 15 10. vahI 35 / 35-36, manusmRti 7 / 110 para TIkA 11. vahI 28 / 130; dezInAmamAlA 26 12 . vahI 3 / 186-188; padmapurANa 213-8; harivaMzapurANa 14 / 161-163, 19 / 18, 58 32, 58 / 235; jagadIzacandra jaina - jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, pR0 123 - 130; bI0 ena0 esa0 yAdava sosAiTI eNDa kalcara ina da nArdarna iNDiyA, pR0 259; sarvAnanda pAThaka - viSNu purANa kA bhArata, pR0 198
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________________ 206 DaoN. devI prasAda mizra (dhaniyA) jIraka (jIrA). mudgamASA (mUMga), DhakI (arahara), rAja (rosA), mASa (ur3ada), niSpAvaka (canA), kulittha ( kulathI ), tripura ( tevarA ), kusumbha, kapAsa, puNDra ( paur3o ), ikSu (Ikha), zAka aadi| isa samaya ke prApta abhilekhoM meM bhI isa prakAra ke anAja kA ullekha yatra-tatra upalabdha hotA hai|' 20 DI0, belI roDa, nayA kaTarA, ilAhAbAda-211002 1. zivanandana mizra--guptakAlIna abhilekhoM se jJAta tatkAlIna sAmAjika evaM Arthika dazA, lakhanaU, 1973, pR0 84-85 /