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________________ jaina kalA meM tIrthaGkaroM kA vItarAgI svarUpa -DA. mArutinandana tivArI, -DA. candradeva siMha [kalA itihAsa vibhAga, kAzI hindU vizvavidyAlaya vArANasI-221005 (u0 pra0)] jaina kalA aura sthApatya para DA0 yU0 pI0 zAha prabhRti vidvAnoM ne kaI mahatvapUrNa grantha evaM lekha prakAzita kiye haiM, jinameM jaina kalA ke vividha pakSoM ko sundara vivecanA aura varNana milate haiN| kintu jaina kalA meM jaina tIrthaMkaroM yA jinoM ke viSaya meM adhyayana mukhyataH lakSaNaparaka rahe haiN| prastuta lekha meM hama jaina tIrthaMkaroM ke vItarAgI svarUpa tathA kalA meM usakI abhivyakti kI carcA kreNge| jaina devakUla meM vartamAna avasarpiNI yuga ke 24 tIrthaMkaroM ko sarvAdhika pratiSThA prApta hai, jinheM hemacandra (12vIM zatI I0) ne 'devAdhideva' bhI kahA hai| tIrthaMkaroM ke mukhya ArAdhya deva hone ke kAraNa sarvaprathama kalA meM tIrthaMkaroM kI hI mUrtiyA~ bniiN| kucha vidvAna har3appA se prApta nagna kabandha (lagabhaga 2500 I0 pU0) ko tIrthaka ra mAnate haiM, jinameM TI0 ena0 rAmacandrana evaM rAmaprasAda candrA mukhya haiN| sindhu sabhyatA kI lipi ke antima rUpa se abhI taka na par3he jA sakane kI sthiti meM yadyapi har3appA kI mUrti kA tIrthaMkara mUrti honA saMdehAspada ho sakatA hai kintu mUrti kI nagnatA aura usake khar3e hone kI kAyotsargajaisI mudrA kisI na kisI rUpa meM aise yogI mUrtiyoM ke nirmANa aura pUjana kI paramparA ko avazya pramANita karatI hai jo kAlAntara meM kevala tIrthaMkara mUrtiyoM kI hI abhinna vizeSatAe~ rahI haiN| paTanA ke samIpa lohAnIpura se prApta mauryakAlIna camakadAra Alepa se yukta mUrti niHsandeha tIsarI zatAbdI I0 pU0 meM tIrthaMkara mUrtiyoM ke nirmANa aura pUjana kI spaSTa sAkSI haiM / zuMga kAla meM mathurA aura causA (bhojapura, bihAra) jaise sthaloM para tIrthaMkaroM kI mUrtiyA~ banIM / bauddha paramparA ke samAna jainaparamparA meM mahAvIra yA kisI pUrvavartI tIrthaMkara ne apanI mUrti nirmANa kA niSedha nahIM kiyA thaa| isase buddha ke pUrva hI tIrthaMkara mUrtiyoM ke nirmANa kA mArga jaina dharmAnuyAyiyoM ke lie prazasta thaa| vasudevahiNDI (chaThI zatI I0) tathA anya kaI prArambhika jaina granthoM sahita hemacandra kRta triSaSTi zalAkApuruSa caritra (12vIM zatI I0) meM hameM mahAvIra ke jIvana kAla meM ho jIvantasvAmI svarUpa meM unakI pratimA ke nirmANa aura pUjana ke spaSTa ullekha milate haiM / jIvantasvAmI mUrtiyoM ke prAcInatama udAharaNa bhI gujarAta meM akoTA se prApta hae haiM / ina guptakAlIna mUrtiyoM ke pIThikA lekha meM spaSTataH 'jIvitasvAmI' nAma milatA hai| ( 114 )
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________________ mahAvIra svAmI kI dhyAnastha mudrA : lagabhaga chaThI zatI ii.| saMprati bhArata kalA bhavana vArANasI, B. H. U. (kramAMka 161) citra : bhArata kalA bhavana ke saujanya se prApta
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________________ RSabhanAtha bhagavAna (dhyAnastha mudrA) pazcimI devAlaya pArzvanAtha mandira khajurAho (ma. pra.) lagabhaga 10vIM I. shtii| (citra-lekhaka ke saMgraha se)
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________________ khaNDa 4 : dharma, darzana evaM adhyAtma-cintana kuSANa kAla meM mathurA meM bhAgavata sampradAya ke bhakti Andolana ke prabhAva ke kAraNa pahalI bAra pracura saMkhyA meM tIrthaMkara mUrtiyoM kA nirmANa prArambha huA aura tIrthaMkara mUrtiyoM ke kaI lakSaNa bhI sarvaprathama sthira hue / kuSANa kAla meM RSabhanAtha, sambhavanAtha, munisuvrata, neminAtha, pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra (vardhamAna) kI kaI mUrtiyA~ bniiN| ina mUrtiyoM meM sarvaprathama vakSasthala meM zrIvatsa cinha ke aMkana kI paramparA prArambha huI jinake AdhAra para saralatA se tIrthaMkara aura buddha mUrtiyoM ke bIca antara kiyA jA sakatA hai / tIrthaMkara mUrtiyA~ kevala do hI mudrAoM-dhyAnastha yA padmAsana meM baiThI aura kAyotsarga yA khaDgAsana meM khar3I rUpa meM banIM (citra 2-3) / ye donoM hI mudrAyeM yogI kI cintana-dhyAna kI viziSTa mudrAyeM haiM / Age kI zatAbdiyoM meM bhI tIrthaMkara mUrtiyoM kA nirmANa inhIM do mudrAoM meM huaa| kUSANa kAla meM tIrthakara mUrtiyoM meM aSTaprAtihAryoM meM se lagabhaga sAta prAtihAryoM (siMhAsana, cAmaradhArI sevaka, prabhAmaNDala, azoka vRkSa, mAlAdhArI gandharva Adi) kA aMkana huaa| tIrthaMkara mUrtiyoM meM sabhI aSTa-prAtihAryoM kA aMkana guptakAla meM prArambha huA / guptakAla meM hI tIrthaMkara mUrtiyoM ke sAtha zAsana devatA yA upAsaka devoM ke rUpa meM yakSa-yakSI ko saMzliSTa kiyA gayA aura tIrthaMkaroM ke svatantra lAMchana bhI dikhAye gye| mathurA, akoTA (RSabhanAtha ko kubera yakSa aura ambikA yakSI ke sAtha) rAjagira, vArANasI (citra 1) vidizA (durjanapura, ma0 pra0), bAdAmI evaM ayahola (karnATaka)4 se chaThI-sAtavIM zatI I0 kI aneka tIrthakara mUrtiyA~ milI haiM / ___ AThavIM se terahavIM zatI I0 ke madhya kI aneka tIrthaMkara mUrtiyA~ zvetAmbara evaM digambara sthaloMdevagar3ha, khujarAho (citra 2), zahaDola, mathurA, rAjagira, khaNDa giri, kuMbhAriyA, osiyAM, AbU, tAraMgA, ghaNerAva, jAlora, humcA, asikerI, haleviDa, tismattikuNarama evaM elorA Adi se prApta huI haiN| jinameM pratimAlakSaNa kI dRSTi se tIrthaMkara mUrtiyoM kA pUrNa vikasita svarUpa milatA hai / yakSa-yakSI, aSTaprAtihAryoM evaM svatantra lAMchanoM se yukta madhyakAlIna tIrthaMkara mUrtiyoM meM navagraha, sarasvatI, lakSmI tathA kucha anya devI-devatAoM kA aMkana bhI milatA hai| __jaina dharma prArambha se hI atyanta udAra aura samanvayavAdI rahA hai jo na kevala rAma aura kRSNa jaise loka caritroM ke jaina devakula meM samAviSTa kiye jAne se spaSTa hai varan isase sambandhita svatantra granthoM kI racanA se bhI spaSTa hai jinameM rAmacaritra se sambandhita paumacariya (vimalasUri kRta, 473 I0) evaM kRSNa caritra se sambandhita harivaMza purANa (jinasenakRta-783 I0) mukhya haiM / samanvayavAdI pravRtti ke kAraNa hI jaina dharmAcAryoM ne 63 zalAkA puruSoM kI sUcI meM 24 tIrthaMkaroM ke atirikta balarAma, kRSNa, rAma, bharata cakravartI, lakSmaNa, bali, nizambhu, madhukaiTabha, prahalAda, rAvaNa aura jarAsandha ko bhI cakravartI, baladeva, vAsudeva aura prativAsudeva ke rUpa meM sammilita kiyA / tIrthaMkaroM ke yakSa-yakSI adhikAMzataH brAhmaNa devI-devatAoM se sambandhita haiM jinake mAdhyama se jainoM ne brAhmaNa devoM para tIrthaMkaroM kI zreSThatA kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| kintu yaha zreSThatA bauddha dharma ke brAhmaNa devoM ke prati apamAnajanaka svarUpa se sarvathA bhinna rahI hai / jJAtavya hai ki bauddhoM dvArA brAhmaNa devI-devatAoM meM se anekazaH brahmA, ziva, viSNu, gaNeza aura zakti ko apane pairoM ke nIce apamAnajanaka sthiti meM dikhAyA gayA hai| samaya ke sAtha calane aura apane dharma ko lokapriya banAye rakhane kI pravRtti ke kAraNa samanvayavAdI dhAraNA kI parAka.SThA jinasena kRta harivaMza purANa ke sandarbha se pUrI taraha spaSTa hai jisameM jinamandira meM kAmadeva aura rati kI mUrtiyoM ke nirmANa kI saMstuti kI gaI hai| harivaMzapurANa meM jinamandiroM meM sampUrNa prajA ke kautuka ke lie kAmadeva aura rati kI mUrtiyA~ banabAne aura mandira kAmadeva ke nAma se prasiddha hone ke ullekha haiN|
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________________ 116 jaina kalA meM tIrthaMkaroM kA vItarAgI svarUpa : DA0 mAruti nandana tivArI, DA0 candradevasiMha RSabhanAtha ke yakSa-pakSI gomukha aura cakrezvarI rapaSTataH ziva aura viSNu kI zakti vaiSNavI ke prabhAva se yukta haiM / zreyAMsanAtha ke yakSa-yakSI Izvara aura gaurI haiN| inake atirikta garur3a, varuNa, kumAra, gaurI, kAlI, mahAkAlI, nAmoM vAle yakSa-yakSI ke sAtha hI viSNu, ziva, brahmA, indra, kArtikeya jaise brAhmaNa devoM kA bhI spaSTa prabhAva yakSa-yakSI ke nirUpaNa meM unake nAmoM evaM lakSaNoM ke sandarbha meM dekhA jA sakatA hai| samanvayavAdI aura samaya ke anurUpa parivartana ko svIkAra karane kI uparyukta pravRtti ke sAtha hI jainadharma meM kucha nijI vizeSatAe~ bhI rahI haiM / eka ora jainadharma meM sabhI prakAra ke parivartanoM ko svIkAra kiyA gayA, kintu dUsarI ora mukhya ArAdhya deva tIrthaMkaroM ke mUla svarUpa ke sAtha kisI bhI prakAra ke zithilana ko kabhI bhI svIkAra nahIM kiyA gyaa| tIrthakara vItarAgI hote haiM jinakI upAsanA se bhautika samRddhi kI prApti sambhava nahIM thii| sAmAnya janoM ko jaina dharma meM banAye rakhane ke lie tathA bhautika sukha-samRddhi kI prApti ke lie tIrthaMkaroM ke sAtha zAsana devI-devatAoM ke rUpa meM yakSa-yakSI ko saMzliSTa kiyA gayA jinase sabhI prakAra kI bhautika jagata kI icchita vastueM prApta kI jA sakatI thiiN| kintu tIrthaMkaroM ke vItarAgI aura sAMsArika karmoM ke muktidAyI svarUpa meM kisI bhI prakAra kA parivartana nahIM kiyA gayA / dUsarI ora jaba hama bauddha dharma kI ora dRSTi DAlate haiM to buddha kA bhI prArambha meM maulika svarUpa tIrthaMkaroM ke samAna hI vItarAgI rahA hai, jinheM kAlAntara meM vibhinna bhautika upalabdhiyoM ko dene vAle devatA ke rUpa meM parivartita kiyA gyaa| yaha bAta abhaya aura varada mudrAoM meM buddha ko dikhAye jAne se pUrI taraha spaSTa hai, jisakA abhipreta buddha se abhayadAna aura varadAna prApta karanA thaa| yahI nahIM, buddha ne samaya-samaya para anya AcAryoM evaM devatAoM kI bhA~ti vibhinna prakAra ke camatkAroM dvArA bhI apanI alaukika zakti kA pradarzana kiyA thaa| kevala jaina dharma meM hI sAre parivartanoM kI svIkRti ke bAda bhI tIrthaMkaroM ke mUla vItarAgI svarUpa ko kabhI bhI nahIM cher3A gayA / yahI kAraNa hai ki tIrthaMkaroM ko na to kabhI abhayadAna aura na hI varadAna kI mudrA meM dikhAyA gyaa| sAtha hI kamaTha (zambara) dvArA pArzvanAtha kI tapasyA ke samaya upasthita kiye gaye vibhinna upasargoM (vinoM) aura mahAvIra kI tapasyA meM zUlapANi yakSa aura saMgamadeva dvArA upasthita upasargoM ke samaya bhI ina tIrthaMkaroM dvArA kisI prakAra kA koI camatkAra nahIM kiyA gyaa| pArzvanAtha aura mahAvIra donoM hI zAnta bhAva se yAtanAoM ko sahate huye dhyAnarata rahe / pArzvanAtha ke upasargoM ke samaya svayaM nAgarAja dharaNendra ko upasthita hokara unakI rakSA karanI par3I thii| isakA kadApi yaha artha nahIM hai ki ye tIrthakara alaukika zaktiyoM yA camatkAroM se rahita the, balki apane vItarAgI svabhAva ke kAraNa hI ye unase virata rahakara zAnta bane rahe / 22veM tIrthaMkara neminAtha ke saMsAra tyAga kara dIkSA lene kA prasaMga bhI jaina dharma kI isI mUlabhUta pravRtti ko ujAgara karatA hai| apane vivAha ke avasara para diye jAne vAle bhoja ke lie rakhe gaye pazuoM ko dekhakara unake mana meM virakti kA bhAva utpanna huA aura unhoMne binA vivAha kiye hI vApasa lauTakara dIkSA grahaNa kii| yaha bAta ahiMsA ke prati jaina dharma kI aTUTa niSThA ko vyakta karatI hai / RSabhanAtha ke putroM-bharata cakravartI aura bAhubalI ke yuddha ke samaya sainya yuddha ke sthAna para anAvazyaka narasaMhAra ko rokane ke lie unake dvandva yuddha kA nirNaya bhI ahiMsA kI mAnasikatA kA carama bindu darazAtA hai / bAhubalI tIrthaMkara na hote hue bhI vijaya ke kSaNoM meM saMsAra tyAga kara dIkSA grahaNa karate haiM, aura atyadhika kaThina sAdhanA aura tapazcaryA dvArA kaivalya prApta karate haiM / tapasyA ke samaya unake zarIra se latA-vallari ke lipaTane ke sAtha hI vRzcika evaM sarpa
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________________ 998 . khaNDa 4 : dharma, darzana evaM adhyAtma-cintana jaise jantu bhI unake zarIra para nirvighna bane rahe / isa kaThina sAdhanA ke kAraNa hI jaina dharma meM unheM Age calakara tIrthaMkara jaisA mahatva diyA gayA jo devagar3ha evaM khajurAho kI mUrtiyoM se pUrI taraha spaSTa hai| bhArata kI vizAlatama dhArmika pratimA (10vIM zatI I0) ke rUpa meM zravaNabelagola (karnATaka) meM gommaTezvara bAhabalI kI 57 phuTa U~cI pratimA kA nirmANa huA jo bAhubalI ke prabala vItarAgI svarUpa kA pratiphala thaa| isa prakAra spaSTa hai ki jaina dharma meM sAre parivartanoM ke bAvajUda tIrthaMkaroM ke vItarAgI svarUpa ko pUrI taraha barakarAra rakhA gayA / yahI kAraNa hai ki tIrthaMkara mUrtiyA~ kevala yoga aura dhyAna kI mudrAoM -dhyAna evaM kAyotsarga meM hI banIM / yaha vizeSatA jaina dharma kI maulika vizeSatA rahI hai| sandarbha : 1. jAyasavAla ke0 pI0 "jaina imeja Apha maurya pIriyaDa" jarnala Apha bihAra, ur3IsA risarcasosAyaTI, khaNDa 23, bhAga 1, 1637 pR 130-32. zAha yU0 pI0, akoTA bonjeja bambaI, 1656, pR0 28-26. vidizA se cauthI zatI I0 kI candraprabhu aura puSpadanta ke nAmoM vAlI mahArAjAdhirAja rAmagupta ke kAla kI mUrtiyA~ milI haiN| badAmI evaM ayahola se pArzvanAtha, mahAvIra tathA bAhubalI gommaTezvara kI chaTIsAtavIM zatI I0 kI mUrtiyAM milI haiN| harivaMza purANa-26-1-5. motI pAne ke lie to samudra kI gaharAI meM utaranA hI par3atA hai| laharoM ke sAtha satahI taura para kalAbAjiyA~ khAne yA gote lagAne se motI nahIM mila jAte / andara DubakI lagAnI par3atI hai taba kahIM jAkara motI hAtha lagate haiM / hameM AtmA ke akSaya khajAne ko, AtmA kI svaccha chavi ko pAne ke lie to gaharAI meM utaranA hogA / jisa kSaNa hama vAsanA aura cAha se Upara uTha jAyeMge usI dina se satya kA sAkSAtkAra prArambha ho jaayegaa| - AcAryazrI jinakAntisAgara jI