Jain Dharm me Nari ki Bhumika

Author(s): Sagarmal Jain
Publisher: Z_Shwetambar_Sthanakvasi_Jain_Sabha_Hirak_Jayanti_Granth_012052.pdf
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/210771/1

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24. yadAha--'3 vAle buThe napuMse ya, jaDDhe kIve va vaahie| teNe yAvagArIya ummate ya aMdasaNe // 1 // , dAse duTThe (ya) aNatta juMgie iya / obaddha ya bhayae sehanippheDiyA iya || 2 || sthAnAMgasUtram, abhayadevasUrivRtti, (prakAzaka- seTha mANekalAla, cunnIlAla, ahamadAbAda, vikrama saMvat 1994) sUtra 3 / 202, vRtti pR. 154 25. se asaI uccAgoe asaM NIyAgoe / No hINe No airite No pIhae / / itisaMkhAya ke gotAvAdI, ke mANAvAdI, kaMsi vA ege gijjhe ? bhAratIya sAMskRtika paramparAoM meM zramaNa paramparA viveka pradhAna evaM krAntidharmI rahI hai| usane sadaiva hI viSamatAvAdI aura viSamatAvAdI aura vargavAdI avadhAraNAoM ke sthAna para samatAvAdI jIvana mUlyoM ko sthApita karane kA prayAsa kiyA hai| jaina dharma bhI zramaNa paramparA kA hI eka aMga hai ata: usameM bhI nara evaM nArI kI samatA para bala diyA gayA aura strI ke dAsI yA bhogyA svarUpa ko nakAra kara use puruSa ke samakakSa hI mAnA gayA hai| phira bhI yaha satya hai ki jaina dharma aura saMskRti kA vikAsa bhI bhAratIya saMskRti ke puruSa pradhAna pariveza meM hI huA hai, phalataH krAntidharmI hote hue bhI vaha apanI sahagAmI brAhmaNa paramparA ke vyApaka prabhAva se aprabhAvita nahIM raha sakI aura usameM bhI vibhinna kAloM meM nArI kI sthiti meM parivartana hote rhe| yahA~ hama AgamoM aura vyAkhyA sAhitya ke AdhAra para jainAcAryoM kI dRSTi meM nArI kI kyA sthiti rahI hai isakA mUlyAMkana kareMge, kintu isake pUrva hameM isa sAhitya meM upalabdha sandarbhoM kI prakRti ko samajha lenA Avazyaka hai| jaina Agama sAhitya eka kAla kI racanA nahIM hai| vaha IsA pUrva pA~cavIM zatI se lekara IsA kI pA~cavI zatI taka arthAt eka hajAra varSa kI sudIrgha kAlAvadhi meM nirmita, pariSkArita aura parivartita hotA rahA hai ataH usake samagra sandarbha eka hI kAla ke nahIM haiN| punaH unameM bhI jo kathA bhAga hai, vaha mUlataH anuzrutiparaka aura prAgaitihAsika kAla se sambandha rakhatA hai| ataH unameM apane kAla se bhI pUrva ke aneka tathya upasthita haiM jo anuzruti se prApta hue haiN| unameM kucha aise bhI tathya haiM jinakI aitihAsikatA vivAdAspada ho sakatI hai aura unheM mAtra paurANika kahA jA sakatA hai| jahA~ taka Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya kA sambandha hai, vaha mukhyataH Agama granthoM para prAkRta evaM saMskRta meM likhI gayI TIkAoM para AdhArita hai ataH isakI tamhApaMDite No harise No kujjhe -AcArAMga (saM. madhukaramuni), 1/2/3/75 26. jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga 2, saMgrahakarttA vijayamUrti, - lekha kramAMka 8,31,41,54,62,67,69. jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA 27a AvazyakacUrNi jinadAsagaNi, RSabhadeva kesarImala saMsthA, ratalAma, bhAga 1, pR. 554 ba. bhaktaparikSA, 128 sa. titthogAlia 777 > 28. AcArAMga, saM. madhukaramuni, 1/2/6/102 kAlAvadhi IsA kI 5vIM zatI se bArahavIM zatI taka hai| usameM bhI apane yuga ke sandarbhoM ke sAtha Agama yuga ke sandarbha bhI mila gaye haiN| isake atirikta ina Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM kucha aise ullekha bhI milate haiM, jinakA mUla srota, na to AgamoM meM aura na vyAkhyAkAroM ke samakAlIna samAja meM khojA jA sakatA hai, yadyapi ve Agamika vyAkhyAkAroM kI manaH prasUta kalpanA bhI nahIM kahe jA sakate haiN| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM marudevI, brAhmI, sundarI tathA pArzvanAtha kI paramparA kI aneka sAdhviyoM se sambandhita vistRta vivaraNa, jo Agamika vyAkhyA granthoM meM upalabdha haiM, ve yA to AgamoM meM anupalabdha haiM yA mAtra saMketa rUpa meM upalabdha haiM, kintu hama yaha nahIM mAna sakate haiM ki ye Agamika vyAkhyAkAroM kI manaHprasUta kalpanA hai| vastutaH ve vilupta pUrva sAhitya ke granthoM se yA anuzruti se ina vyAkhyAkAroM ko prApta hue haiN| ataH AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM ke AdhAra para nArI kA citraNa karate hue hama yaha nahIM kaha sakate ki ve kevala Agamika vyAkhyAoM ke yuga ke sandarbha haiM, apitu unameM eka hI sAtha vibhinna kAloM ke sandarbha upalabdha haiN| adhyayana kI suvidhA kI dRSTi se unheM nimna kAla khaNDoM meM vibhAjita kiyA jA sakatA hai 1. pUrva yuga IsA pUrva chaThI zatAbdI taka / 2. Agama yuga IsA pUrva chaThI zatAbdI se lekara I0 san kI pA~cavIM zatAbdI taka / 3. prAkRta Agamika vyAkhyA yuga IsA kI pA~cavI zatAbdI se AThavIM zatAbdI taka / - . 4. saMskRta Agamika vyAkhyA evaM paurANika kathA sAhitya yuga AThavIM se bArahavIM zatAbdI taka / isI sandarbha meM eka kaThinAI yaha bhI hai ki ina paravartI AgamoM .

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550 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 ke rUpa meM mAnya granthoM tathA prAkRta evaM saMskRta Agamika vyAkhyAoM kA Adi se yukta zArIrika saMracanA strIliMga hai, yahI dravya-strI hai, jabaki kAla lagabhaga eka sahasrAbdI arthAt IsA kI dUsarI-tIsarI zatAbdI se puruSa ke sAtha sahavAsa kI kAmanA ko arthAt strIyocita kAma-vAsanA lekara IsA kI bArahavIM zatAbdI taka vyApta hai| punaH kAlavizeSa meM bhI ko veda kahA gayA hai / vahI vAsanA kI vRtti bhAva-strI hai / jaina jaina vicArakoM kA nArI ke sandarbha meM samAna dRSTikoNa nahIM hai / prathama to Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM strI kI kAma-vAsanA ke svarUpa ko uttara aura dakSiNa bhArata kI sAmAjika paristhiti kI bhinnatA ke kAraNa citrita karate hue use upalaagnivat batAyA gayA hai| jisa prakAra aura dUsare zvetAmbara aura digambara paramparAoM ke bheda ke kAraNa isa yuga upala-agni ke prajvalita hone meM samaya lagatA hai kintu prajvalita hone ke jaina AcAryoM kA dRSTikoNa nArI ke sambandha meM bhinna-bhinna rahA hai| para cAlanA karane para bar3hatI jAtI hai, adhika kAla taka sthAyI rahatI jahA~ uttara bhArata ke yApanIya evaM zvetAmbara jaina AcArya nArI ke sambandha hai usI prakAra strI kI kAma-vAsanA jAgRta hone meM samaya lagatA hai, meM apekSAkRta udAra dRSTikoNa rakhate haiM, vahIM dakSiNa bhArata ke digambara kintu jAgRta hone para cAlanA karane se bar3hatI jAtI hai aura adhika sthAyI jaina AcAryoM kA dRSTikoNa apekSAkRta anudAra pratIta hotA hai / isake hotI hai| jainAcAryoM kA yaha kathana eka manovaijJAnika satya lie hue lie acelatA kA Agraha aura dezakAlagata paristhitiyA~ donoM hI hai| yadyapi liMga aura veda arthAt zArIrika saMracanA aura tatsambandhI uttaradAyI rahI haiM, ata: Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya ke AdhAra para nArI kAmavAsanA sahagAmI mAne gaye haiM, phira bhI sAmAnyatayA jahA~ liMga zarIra kI sthiti kA citraNa karate samaya hameM bahuta hI sAvadhAnIpUrvaka tathyoM paryanta rahatA hai, vahA~ veda (kAmavAsanA) AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI eka kA vizleSaNa karanA hogA / puna: Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya aura jaina vizeSa avasthA meM samApta ho jAtA hai| jaina karmasiddhAnta meM liMga kA paurANika kathA sAhitya donoM meM hI nArI sambandha meM jo sandarbha upalabdha kAraNa nAmakarma (zArIrika saMracanA ke kAraka tattva) aura veda kA kAraNa haiM, ve saba jaina AcAryoM dvArA anuzaMsita the, yaha mAna lenA bhI bhrAnta mohanIyakarma (manovRttiyA~) mAnA gayA hai| isa prakAra liMga, zArIrika dhAraNA hogI / jaina AcAryoM ne aneka aise tathyoM ko bhI prastuta kiyA saMracanA kA aura veda manovaijJAnika svabhAva aura vAsanA kA sUcaka hai hai jo yadyapi usa yuga meM pracalita rahe haiM, kintu ve jaina dharma kI dhArmika tathA zArIrika parivartana se liMga meM aura manobhAvoM ke parivartana se veda mAnyatAoM ke virodhI haiM / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM bahu-vivAha prathA, meM parivartana sambhava hai / nizIthacUrNi (gAthA 359) ke anusAra liMga vezyAvRtti, satIprathA, strI ke dvArA mAMsa bhakSaNa evaM madyapAna Adi ke parivartana se veda (vAsanA) meM bhI parivartana ho jAtA hai isa sambandha meM ullekha hameM AgamoM evaM Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM upalabdha hote haiM, sampUrNa kathA draSTavya hai / jisameM zArIrika saMracanA aura svabhAva kI dRSTi kintu ve jainadharmasammata the, yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / vastuta: isa se strItva ho, use hI strI kahA jAtA hai / sUtrakRtAMga niyukti meM strItva sAhitya meM laukika evaM dhArmika donoM hI prakAra ke sandarbha haiM jinheM ke nAma, sthApanA, dravya, kSetra, kAla, prajanana, karma, bhoga, guNa aura bhAva alaga-alaga rUpoM meM samajhanA Avazyaka hai| ye dasa nikSepa yA AdhAra mAne gaye haiM, arthAt kisI vastu ke strI kahe ata: nArI ke sambandha meM jo vivaraNa hameM AgamoM aura jAne ke lie use nimna yA ekAdhika lakSaNoM se yukta honA Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM upalabdha hote haiM, unheM vibhinna kAla khaNDoM Avazyaka hai, meM vibhAjita karake aura unake paramparAsammata aura laukika svarUpa kA vizleSaNa karake hI vicAra karanA hogA / tathApi unake gambhIra vizleSaNa yathA - se hameM jainadharma meM aura bhAratIya samAja meM vibhinna kAloM meM nArI kI kyA (1) strIvAcaka nAma se yukta honA jaise - ramA, zyAmA aadi| sthiti thI, isakA eka aitihAsika paricaya prApta ho jAtA hai| (2) strI rUpa meM sthApita honA jaise - zItalA Adi kI strI AkRti se yukta yA rahita pratimA / nArI lakSaNa (3) dravya - arthAt zArIrika saMracanA kA strI rUpa honA / nArI kI sAmAjika, Arthika aura dhArmika sthiti kI carcA ke (4) kSetra - deza-videza kI paramparAnusAra strI kI vezabhUSA se yukta hone pUrva hameM yaha bhI vicAra kara lenA hai ki Agamika vyAkhyAkAroM kI dRSTi para usa deza meM use strIrUpa meM samajhA jAtA hai| meM nArI zabda kA tAtparya kyA rahA hai / sarvaprathama sUtrakRtAMga niyukti aura (5) kAla- jisane bhUta, bhaviSya yA vartamAna meM se kisI bhI kAla cUrNi meM nArI zabda ke tAtparya ko spaSTa kiyA gayA hai / strI ko dravya meM strI-paryAya dhAraNa kI ho, use usa kAla kI apekSA se strI strI aura bhAvastrI aise do vibhAgoM meM vargIkRta kiyA gayA hai / / kahA jA sakatA hai| dravya-strI se jainAcAryoM kA tAtparya strI kI zArIrika saMracanA (zArIrika (6) prajanana kSamatA se yukta honA / cihna) se hai, jabaki bhAva-strI kA tAtparya nArI svabhAva (bheda) se hai| (7) striyocita kArya karanA / Agama aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM donoM meM hI strI-puruSa ke vargIkaraNa kA (8) strI rUpa meM bhogI jAne meM samartha honA / AdhAra liMga aura veda mAne jAte rahe haiN| jaina paramparA meM strI kI zArIrika (9) striyocita guNa honA aura saMracanA ko liMga kahA gayA hai / romarahita mukha, stana, yoni, garbhAzaya (10) strI sambandhI vAsanA kA honA / 6

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jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA jainAcAryoM kI dRSTi meM nArI caritra kA vikRta pakSa -7 jainAcAryoM ne nArI - caritra kA gambhIra vizleSaNa kiyA hai / nArI svabhAva kA citraNa karate hue sarvaprathama jainAgamaprantha tandulavaicArika prakaNaka meM nArI kI svabhAvagata nimna 94 vizeSatAaiM varNita haiM nArI svabhAva se viSama, madhura vacana kI vallarI, kapaTa - prema rUpI parvata, sahasroM aparAdhoM kA ghara, zoka udgamasthalI, puruSa ke bala ke vinAza kA kAraNa, puruSoM kI vadhasthalI arthAt unakI hatyA kA kAraNa, lajjA-nAzikA, aziSTatA kA punja, kapaTa kA ghara, zatrutA kI khAna, zoka kI Dhera maryAdA kI nAzikA, kAmarAga kI Azraya sthalI, durAcaraNoM kA AvAsa, sammoha kI jananI, jJAna kA skhalana karane vAlI, zIla ko vicalita karane vAlI, dharmayAga meM bAdhA rUpa, mokSapatha sAdhakoM kI zatru, brahmacaryAdi AcAra mArga kA anusaraNa karane vAloM ke lie dUSaNa rUpa kAmI kI vATikA, mokSapatha kI argalA, daridratA kA ghara, viSadhara sarpa kI bhA~ti kupita hone vAlI, madamatta hAthI kI bhA~ti kAmavihvalA, vyAghrI kI bhA~ti duSTa hRdaya vAlI, DhaMke hue kUpa kI bhA~ti aprakAzita hRdaya vAlI, mAyAvI kI bhAMti madhura vacana bolakara svapAza meM Abaddha karane vAlI, AcArya kI vANI ke samAna aneka puruSoM dvArA eka sAtha grAhya, zuSka kaNDe kI agni kI bhA~ti puruSoM ke antaH karaNa meM jvAlA prajvalita karane vAlI viSama parvatamArga kI bhA~ti asamatala antaHkaraNa vAlI antadUSita ghAva kI bhA~ti durgandhita hRdaya vAlI, kRSNa sarpa kI taraha avizvasanIya, saMsAra (bhairava) ke samAna mAyAvI, sandhyA kI lAlimA kI bhA~ti kSaNika prema vAlI, samudra kI laharoM kI bhA~ti caMcala svabhAva vAlI machaliyoM kI bhA~ti duSparivartanIya svabhAva vAlI, bandaroM ke samAna capala svabhAva vAlI, mRtyu kI bhA~ti nirviroSa, kAla ke samAna dayAhIna, varuNa ke samAna pAzuyakta arthAt puruSoM ko kAmapAza meM bAMdhane vAlI, jala ke samAna adhogAminI, kRpaNa ke samAna rikta hasta vAlI, naraka ke samAna dAruNatrAsadAyakA gardabha ke sadRza duSTAcAra vAlI, kulakSaNayukta ghor3e ke samAna lajjArahita vyavahAra vAlI, bAla svabhAva ke samAna caMcala anurAga vAlI, andhakAravat duSyavizya, viSabela kI bhA~ti saMsarga varjita, bhayaMkara makara Adi se yukta vApI ke samAna duSpraveza, sAdhujanoM kI prazaMsA ke ayogya, viSa vRkSa ke phala kI taraha prArambha meM madhura kintu dAruNa antavAlI, khAlI muTThI se jisa prakAra bAlakoM ko lubhAyA jAtA hai usI prakAra puruSoM ko lubhAne vAlI, jisa prakAra eka pakSI ke dvArA mAMsa khaNDa grahaNa karane para anya pakSI use vividha kaSTa dete haiM usI prakAra ke dAruNa kaSTa strI ko grahaNa karane para puruSoM ko hote haiM, pradIpta tRNarAzi kI bhA~ti jvalana svabhAva ko na chor3ane vAlI, ghora pApa ke samAna durlaghya, kUTa kArSApaNa " " 551 " yukta mahAjaMgala kI bhA~ti durgamya, kula, svajana aura mitroM se vigraha karAne vAlI, paradoSa prakAzikA, kRtaghnA, vIryanAzikA, zUkaravat jisa prakAra zukara khAdya padArtha ko ekAnta meM le jAkara khAtA hai usI prakAra bhoga hetu puruSa ko ekAnta meM le jAne vAlI asthira svabhAva vAlI, jisa prakAra agnipAtra kA mukha Arambha meM rakta ho jAtA hai kintu antatogatvA kAlA ho jAtA hai usI prakAra nArI Arambha meM rAga utpanna karatI hai parantu antataH usase virakti hI utpanna hotI hai, puruSoM ke maitrI vinAzAdi kI jar3a, binA rassI kI pAga, kASTharahita vana kI bhA~ti pApa karake pAzcAttapa meM jalatI nahIM hai, kutsita kArya meM sadaiva tatpara, adhArmika kRtyoM kI vaitaraNI, asAdhya vyAdhi, viyoga para tIvra du:khI na hone vAlI, rogarahita upasarga yA pIr3A, ratimAna ke lie manobhrama kAraNa, zarIra vyApI dAha kA kAraNa, binA bAdala bijalI ke samAna, binA jala ke pravAhamAna aura samudravega kI bhAMti niyantraNa se pare kahI gaI hai / tandulavaicArika kI vRtti meM inameM se adhikAMza guNoM ke sambandha meM eka-eka kathA bhI dI gaI hai| uttarAdhyayanacUrNi meM bhI strI ko samudra kI taraMga ke samAna capala svabhAva vAlI, sandhyAkAlIna AbhA ke samAna kSaNika prema vAlI aura apanA svArtha siddha ho jAne para puruSa kA parityAga kara dene vAlI kahA gayA hai| Avazyaka bhASya aura nizIcacUrNa meM bhI nArI ke capala svabhAva aura zithila caritra kA ullekha huA hai|" nizIthacUrNi meM yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki striyA~ thor3e se upahAroM se hI vazIbhUta kI jA sakatI haiM aura puruSoM ko vicalita karane meM sakSama hotI haiM / " AcArAMgacUrNi evaM vRtti meM use zItapariSaha kahA gayA hai arthAt anukUla lagate hue bhI trAsadAyI hotI hai / 12 sUtrakRtAMga meM kahA gayA hai ki striyA~ pApakarma nahIM karane kA vacana dekara bhI punaH apakArya meM laga jAtI haiM / 13 isakI TIkA meM TIkAkAra ne kAmazAstra kA udAharaNa dekara kahA hai ki jaise darpaNa para par3I huI chAyA durgAhya hotI hai vaise hI striyoM ke hRdaya durbrAhya hote haiN| parvata ke durgama mArga ke samAna hI unake hRdaya kA bhAva sahasA jJAta nahIM hotA sUtrakRtAMga vRtti meM nArI caritra ke viSaya meM kahA gayA hai ki acchI taraha jItI huI, prasanna kI huI aura acchI taraha paricita aTavI aura strI kA vizvAsa nahIM karanA caahie| kyA isa samasta jIvaloka meM koI aMguli uThAkara kaha sakatA hai, jisane strI kI kAmanA karake duHkha na pAyA ho ? usake svabhAva ke sambandha meM yahI kahA gayA hai ki striyA~ mana se se socatI haiM, vacana aura kahatI haiM tathA karma se kucha kucha aura karatI haiM / 15 kucha kI bhA~ti akAlacAriNI, tIvra krodha kI bhA~ti durlakSya, dAruNa dukhadAyikA, striyoM kA puruSoM ke prati vyavahAra ghRNA kI pAtra, duSTopacArA, capalA, avizvasanIyA, eka puruSa se baMdhakara na rahane vAlI, yauvanAvasthA meM kaha se rakSaNIya, bAlyAvasthA meM duHkha se pAlya, udvegazIlA, karkazA, dAruNa vaira kA kAraNa, rUpa svabhAva garvitA, bhujaMga ke samAna kuTila gati vAlI, duSTa ghor3e ke pada cihna se striyA~ puruSoM ko apane jAla meM pha~sAkara phira kisa prakAra usakI durgati karatI haiM usakA sundara evaM sajIva citraNa sUtrakRtAMga aura usakI vRtti meM upalabdha hotA hai| usa citraNa kA saMkSipta rUpa nimna hai 96 .

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552 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 jaba ve puruSa para apanA adhikAra jamA letI haiM to phira usake se yaha kahA gayA hai -striyoM meM jo doSa hote haiM ve doSa nIca puruSoM meM sAtha Adeza kI bhASA meM bAta karatI haiN| ve puruSa se bAjAra jAkara acche- bhI hote haiM athavA manuSyoM meM jo bala aura zakti se yukta hote haiM unameM acche phala, churI, bhojana banAne hetu IMdhana tathA prakAza karane hetu tela striyoM se adhika doSa hote haiM / jaise apane zIla kI rakSA karane vAle lAne ko kahatI haiM / phira pAsa bulAkara mahAvara Adi se paira raMgane aura puruSoM ke lie striyA~ nindanIya haiM, vaise hI apane zIla kI rakSA karane zarIra meM darda hone para use malane ko kahatI haiM / phira Adeza detI haiM ki vAlI striyoM ke lie puruSa nindanIya haiM / saba jIva moha ke udaya se mere kapar3e jIrNa ho gaye haiM, naye kapar3e lAo tathA bhojana-peya padArthAdi kuzIla se malina hote haiM aura vaha moha kA udaya strI-puruSoM meM samAna lAo / vaha anurakta puruSa kI durbalatA jAnakara apane lie AbhUSaNa, rUpa se hotA hai / ata: Upara jo striyoM ke doSoM kA varNana kiyA gayA vizeSa prakAra ke puSpa, bA~surI tathA cirayuvA bane rahane ke lie pauSTika hai vaha sAmAnya strI kI dRSTi se hai / zIlavatI striyoM meM Upara kahe hae auSadhi kI golI mA~gatI haiM / to kabhI agaru, tagara Adi sugandhita doSa kaise ho sakate haiM ? 18 dravya, apanI prasAdhana sAmagrI rakhane hetu peTI, oSTha raMgane hetu cUrNa, chAtA, jUtA Adi mA~gatI haiM / vaha apane vastroM ko raMgavAne kA Adeza jainAcAryoM kI dRSTi meM nArI-caritra kA ujjvala pakSa detI haiM tathA nAka ke kezoM ko ukhAr3ane ke lie cimaTI, kezoM ke lie striyoM kI prazaMsA karate hue kahA gayA hai - jo guNasahita kaMghI, mukha zuddhi hetu dAtauna Adi lAne ko kahatI haiM / punaH vaha apane striyA~ haiM, jinakA yaza loka meM phailA huA hai tathA jo manuSya loka meM priyatama se pAna, supArI, suI, dhAgA, mUtravisarjana pAtra, sUpa, Ukhala devatA samAna haiM aura devoM se pUjanIya haiM, unakI jitanI prazaMsA kI jAye Adi tathA deva-pUjA hetu tAmrapAtra aura madyapAna hetu madya-pAtra mA~gatI kama hai / tIrthaMkara, cakravartI, vAsudeva, baladeva, aura zreSTha gaNadharoM ko haiN| kabhI vaha apane baccoM ke khelane hetu miTTI kI gur3iyA, bAjA, janma dene vAlI mahilAe~ zreSTha devoM aura uttama puruSoM ke dvArA pUjanIya jhunajhunA, geMda Adi maMgavAtI haiM aura garbhavatI hone para dohada-pUrti ke hotI haiM / kitanI hI mahilAe~ eka-pativrata aura kaumArya brahmacarya vrata lie vibhinna vastue~ lAne kA Adeza detI haiN| kabhI vaha use vastra dhone dhAraNa karatI haiM kitanI hI jIvanaparyaMta vaidhavya kA tIvra duHkha bhogatI kA Adeza detI haiM, kabhI rote hue bAlaka ko cupa karAne ke lie kahatI haiN| aisI bhI kitanI zIlavatI striyA~ sunI jAtI haiM jinheM devoM ke dvArA sammAna Adi prApta huA tathA jo zIla ke prabhAva se zApa dene aura isa prakAra kAminiyA~ dAsa kI taraha vazavartI puruSoM para apanI anugraha karane meM samartha thiiN| kitanI hI zIlavatI striyA~ mahAnadI ke jala AjJA calAtI haiM / vaha unase gadhe ke samAna kAma karavAtI haiM aura kAma pravAha meM bhI nahIM DUba sakI aura prajvalita ghora Aga meM bhI nahIM jala na karane para jhir3akatI haiM, A~kheM dikhAtI haiM to kabhI jhUThI prazaMsA kara sakI tathA sarpa, vyAghra Adi bhI unakA kucha nahIM kara ske| kitanI hI usase apanA kAma nikAlatI haiN| striyA~ sarvaguNoM se sampanna sAdhuoM aura puruSoM se zreSTha caramazarIrI puruSoM yadyapi nArI-svabhAva kA yaha citraNa vastuta: usake ghRNita pakSa ko janma dene vAlI mAtAe~ huI haiM / 19 antakRddazA aura usakI vRtti kA hI citraNa karatA hai kintu isakI Anubhavika satyatA se inkAra bhI meM kRSNa dvArA pratidina apanI mAtAoM ke pAda-vandana hetu jAne kA nahIM kiyA jA sakatA / parantu isa AdhAra para yaha mAna lenA ki nArI ullekha hai / 20 AvazyakacUrNi aura kalpasUtra TIkA meM ullekha hai ki ke prati jainAcAryoM kA dRSTikoNa anudAra hI thA, ucita nahIM hogaa| jaina mahAvIra ne apanI mAtA ko duHkha na ho, isa hetu unake jIvita rahate dharma mUlata: eka nivRttiparaka dharma rahA hai, nivRttiparaka hone ke kAraNa saMsAra tyAga nahIM karane kA nirNaya apane garbhakAla meM le liyA thA / 21 usameM saMnyAsa aura vairAgya para vizeSa bala diyA gayA hai| saMnyAsa aura isa prakAra nArI vAsudeva aura tIrthaMkara dvArA bhI pUjya mAnI gayI hai| vairAgya ke lie yaha Avazyaka thA ki puruSa ke sAmane nArI kA aisA citra mahAnizItha meM kahA gayA hai ki jo strI bhaya, lokalajjA, kulAMkuza evaM prastuta kiyA jAya jisake phalasvarUpa usameM virakti kA bhAva prasphuTita dharmazraddhA ke kAraNa kAmAgni ke vazIbhUta nahIM hotI hai, vaha dhanya hai, ho / yahI kAraNa thA ki jainAcAryoM ne AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM puNyavatI hai, vaMdanIya hai, darzanIya hai, vaha lakSaNoM se yukta hai, vaha aura itara sAhitya meM kaThora zabdoM meM nArI-caritra kI nindA kI, kintu sarvakalyANakAraka hai, vaha sarvottama maMgala hai, (adhika kyA) vaha (to isakA yaha artha nahIM rahA ki jainAcAryoM ke sAmane nArI-caritra kA sAkSAt ) zruta devatA hai, sarasvatI hai, acyutA hai........ parama pavitra ujjvalatama pakSa nahIM rahA hai / sUtrakRtAMga niyukti meM spaSTa rUpa se yaha siddhi, zAzvata zivagati hai / (mahAnizItha,2/sUtra 23, pR0 36) kahA gayA hai jo zIla-pradhvaMsaka caritragata doSa nArI meM pAye jAte haiM ve jainadharma meM tIrthaMkara kA pada sarvocca mAnA jAtA haiM aura puruSoM meM bhI pAye jAte haiM isalie vairAgya mArga meM pravartita striyoM ko bhI zvetAmbara paramparA ne mallI kumArI ko tIrthaMkara mAnA hai / 22 isimaNDalatyU puruSoM se usI prakAra bacanA cAhie jisa prakAra striyoM se puruSoM ko bacane (RSimaNDala stavana) meM brAhmI, sundarI, candanA Adi ko vandanIya mAnA kA upadeza diyA gayA hai| isase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jainAcAryoM gayA hai / 23 tIrthaMkaroM kI adhiSThAyaka deviyoM ke rUpa meM cakrezvarI, ne nArI-caritra kA jo vivaraNa prastuta kiyA hai, vaha mAtra puruSoM meM vairAgya ambikA, padmAvatI, siddhAyikA Adi deviyoM ko pUjanIya mAnA gayA bhAvanA jAgRta karane ke lie hI hai / bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM bhI spaSTa rUpa hai aura unakI stuti meM paravartI kAla meM aneka stotra race gaye haiM /

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jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA 27 yadyapi yaha spaSTa hai ki jainadharma meM devI pUjA kI paddhati lagabhaga gupta kAla meM hindU paramparA ke prabhAva se AI hai| uttarAdhyayana evaM dazavaikAlika kI cUrNi meM rAjImati dvArA muni rathanemi ko tathA Avazyaka cUrNi meM 25 brAhmI aura sundarI dvArA muni bAhubalI ko pratibodhita karane ke ullekha haiN| na kevala bhikSuNiyA~ apitu gRhastha upAsikAe~ bhI puruSa ko sanmArga para lAne hetu pratibodhita karatI thiiN| uttarAdhyayana meM rAnI kamalAvatI rAjA iSukAra ko sanmArga dikhAtI haiM, isI prakAra upAsikA jayantI bharI sabhA meM mahAvIra se prazna karatI hai to kozAvezyA apane AvAsa meM sthita muni ko sanmArga dikhAtI hai 29 ye tathya isa bAta ke pramANa haiM ki jainadharma meM nArI kI avamAnanA nahIM kI gii| caturvidha dharmasaMgha meM bhikSuNI saMgha aura zrAvikAsaMgha ko sthAna dekara nirgrantha paramparA ne strI aura puruSa kI samakakSatA ko hI pramANita kiyA hai| pArzva aura mahAvIra ke dvArA binA kisI hicakicAhaTa ke bhikSuNI saMgha kI sthApanA kI gaI, jabaki buddha ko isa sambandha meM saMkoca rahA- yaha bhI isI tathya kA dyotaka hai ki jainasaMgha kA dRSTikoNa nArI ke prati apekSAkRta udAra rahA hai / / jainasaMgha meM nArI kA kitanA mahattvapUrNa sthAna yA isakA sabase bar3A pramANa to yahI hai ki usameM prAgaitihAsika kAla se vartamAna kAla taka sadaiva hI bhikSuoM kI apekSA bhikSuNiyoM kI aura gRhastha upAsakoM kI apekSA upAsikAoM kI saMkhyA adhika rahI hai| samavAyAMga, jambUdvIpa-prajJapti, kalpasUtra evaM Avazyakaniryukti Adi meM pratyeka tIrthaMkara kI bhikSuNiyoM evaM gRhastha upAsikAoM kI saMkhyA upalabdha hotI hai| ina saMkhyAsUcaka AMkar3oM meM aitihAsika satyatA kitanI hai, yaha eka alaga prazna hai, kintu isase to phalita hotA hai ki jainAcAryoM kI dRSTi meM nArI jainadharma saMgha kA mahattvapUrNa ghaTaka thii| bhikSuNiyoM kI saMkhyA sambandhI aitihAsika satyatA ko bhI pUrI taraha nakArA nahIM jA sktaa| Aja bhI jainasaMgha meM lagabhaga nau hajAra do sau bhikSu bhikSuNiyoM meM do hajAra tIna sau bhikSu aura chaha hajAra nau sau bhikSuNiyA~ haiN| bhikSuNiyoM kA yaha / 21 anupAta usa anupAta se adhika hI hai jo pArzva aura mahAvIra ke yuga meM mAnA gayA hai| 4 dharmasAdhanA ke kSetra meM strI aura puruSa ko samakakSatA ke prazna para aitihAsika dRSTi se vicAra kareM to aneka mahattvapUrNa tathya hamAre samakSa upasthita hote haiN| sarvaprathama uttarAdhyayana, jJAtAdharmakathA, antakRddazA Adi AgamoM meM spaSTa rUpa se strI aura puruSa donoM ko hI sAdhanA ke sarvocca lakSya mukti prApti ke lie sakSama mAnA gayA hai| ut 32 meM strIliMga siddha kA ullekha hai / jJAtA, " antavRddazA evaM Avazyaka cUrNi meM bhI aneka striyoM ke mukta hone kA ullekha hai| isa prakAra zvetAmbara paramparA meM Agamika kAla se lekara vartamAna taka strI mukti kI avadhAraNA ko svIkAra kara sAdhanA ke kSetra meM donoM ko samAna sthAna diyA gayA hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM yApanIya paramparA ke grantha SaTkhaNDAgama aura meM bhI jo ki digambaroM meM bhI Agama rUpa mUlAcAra meM mAnyatA prApta haiM, strI-puruSa donoM meM kramazaH AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI 553 pUrNatA aura mukti kI sambhAvanA ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / " hameM 35 AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM tathA niryukti, bhASya aura cUrNi sAhitya meM kahIM bhI aisA saMketa nahIM milatA hai jisameM strI mukti kA niSedha kiyA gayA ho athavA kisI aise jaina sampradAya kI sUcanA dI gayI ho jo strImukti ko asvIkAra karatA hai| sarvaprathama dakSiNa bhArata meM kundakunda Adi kucha digambara AcArya lagabhaga pA~cavI chaThI zatAbdI meM strI-mukti Adi kA niSedha karate haiN| kundakunda suttapAhuDa meM kahate haiM ki strI acela (nagna) hokara dharmasAdhanA nahIM kara sakatI aura sacela cAhe tIrthaMkara bhI ho mukta nahIM ho sakatA / " isakA tAtparya yaha bhI hai ki kundakunda strI tIrthaMkara kI yApanIya (mUlataH uttara bhAratIya digambara saMgha) evaM zvetAmbara paramparA meM pracalita avadhAraNA se paricita the| yaha spaSTa hai ki pahale strI tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA banI, phira usake virodha meM strImukti kA niSedha kiyA gyaa| sambhavataH sabase pahale jainaparamparA / strImukti-niSedha kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa dakSiNa bhArata meM digambara sampradAya dvArA huaa| kyoMki sAtavIM-AThavIM zatAbdI taka uttara bhArata ke zvetAmbara AcArya jahA~ sacelatA ko lekara vistAra se carcA karate haiM vahA~ strImukti ke pakSa-vipakSa meM koI bhI carcA nahIM karate haiN| isakA tAtparya hai ki uttara bhArata ke jaina sampradAyoM meM lagabhaga sAtavIM-AThavIM zatAbdI taka strImukti sambandhI vivAda utpanna hI nahIM huA thaa| isa sandarbha meM vistRta carcA paM0 becaradAsa smRti grantha meM paM0 dalasukhabhAI, pro0 bAkI aura maiMne apane lekha meM kI hai / " yahA~ kevala hamArA pratipAdya itanA hI hai ki strImukti kA niSedha dakSiNa bhArata meM pahale aura uttara bhArata meM bAda meM prArambha huA hai kyoMki zvetAmbara aura yApanIya sampradAya ke granthoM meM lagabhaga AThavI-nauvIM zatAbdI se strI-mukti ke prazna ko vivAda ke viSaya ke rUpa meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai| isase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki jainaparamparA meM bhI dharmasAdhanA ke kSetra meM strI kI samakakSatA kisa prakAra kama hotI gyii| sarvaprathama to strI kI mukti kI sambhAvanA" ko asvIkAra kiyA gayA hai, phira nagnatA ko hI sAdhanA kA sarvasva mAnakara use pA~ca mahAvratoM ke pAlana karane ke ayogya mAna liyA gayA aura usameM yathAkhyAtacAritra ( saccaritratA kI uccatama avasthA) ko asambhava batA diyA gyaa| suttapAhuDa meM to spaSTa rUpa se strI ke lie pravrajyA kA niSedha kara diyA gyaa| digambara paramparA meM strI ko jina kAraNoM se pravrajyA aura mokSa ke ayogya batAyA gayA hai, ve nimna haiM1. strI kI zarIra racanA hI aisI hai ki usase raktasrAva hotA hai, usa para balAtkAra sambhava hai ataH vaha acela yA nagna nahIM raha sktii| cUMki strI acela yA nagna nahIM ho sakatI, dUsare zabdoM meM vaha pUrNa parigraha kA tyAga kiye binA usake dvArA mahAvratoM kA grahaNa evaM mukti prApti sambhava nahIM ho sakatI / - / 2. strI karuNA pradhAna hai, usameM tIvratama krUra adhyavasAyoM kA abhAva hotA hai ataH nimnatama gati sAtaveM naraka meM jAne ke ayogya hotI hai| jainAcAryoM kI isa udAra aura manovaijJAnika mAnyatA ke AdhAra para digambara paramparA ne yaha mAna liyA ki tIvra puruSArtha ke abhAva meM jo .

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554 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 nimnatama gati meM nahIM jA sakatI, ata: vaha uccatama gati meM bhI nahIM Agamika vyAkhyAoM ke kAla meM jaina paramparA meM bhI puruSa kI mahattA bar3hI jA sakatI / ata: strI kI mukti sambhava nahIM / aura jyeSThakalpa ke rUpa meM vyAkhyAyita kiyA gayA / aMga AgamoM meM 3. yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki caMcala svabhAva ke kAraNa striyoM mujhe eka bhI aisA udAharaNa nahIM milA jisameM sAdhvI apanI pravartinI, meM dhyAna kI sthiratA nahIM hotI hai, ata: ve AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI AcArya aura tIrthaMkara ke atirikta dIkSA meM kaniSTha bhikSu ko vandana yA pUrNatA ko prApta nahIM kara sktii| namaskAra karatI ho, kintu paravartI Agama evaM Agamika vyAkhyA4. eka anya tarka yaha bhI diyA gayA hai ki strI meM vAda sAhitya meM spaSTa rUpa se kahA gayA hai ki sau varSa kI dIkSita sAdhvI ke sAmarthya evaM tIvra buddhi ke abhAva ke kAraNa ye dRSTivAda ke adhyayana meM lie bhI sadya: dIkSita muni vandanIya hai / (bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga 6, gAthA ayogya hotI haiM ata: ve mukti prApta nahIM kara sktiiN| 6399; kalpasUtra kalpalatA TIkA) / sambhavata: jaina paramparA meM puruSa yadyapi zvetAmbara paramparA ne bhI unheM bauddhika kSamatA ke kAraNa kI jyeSThatA kA pratipAdana bauddhoM ke aSTaguru dharmoM ke kAraNa hI huA ho| dRSTivAda, aruNopapAta, nizItha Adi ke adhyayana ke ayogya avazya jainadharma saMgha meM nArI kI mahattA ko yathAsambhava surakSita rakhane mAnA phira bhI unameM 'mokSaprApti' kI kSamatA ko svIkara kiyA gyaa| kA prayatna kiyA gayA hai| mathurA meM upalabdha abhilekhoM se yaha spaSTa hotA cAhe zArIrika saMracanA ke kAraNa isake lie saMyama-sAdhanA ke upakaraNa hai ki dharmakAryoM meM puruSoM ke samAna nAriyA~ bhI samAna rUpa se bhAga letI ke rUpa meM vastra Avazyaka hoM kintu Asakti ke abhAva ke kAraNa vaha thiiN| ve na kevala puruSoM ke samAna pUjA, upAsanA kara sakatI thIM, apitu parigraha nahIM hai, ata: isameM pravrajita hone evaM mukta hone kI sAmarthya hai / 39 ve svechAnusAra dAna bhI karatI thIM aura mandira Adi banavAne meM samAna rUpa yahA~ hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki muni ke acelakatva se bhAgIdAra hotI thiiN| jaina paramparA meM martiyoM para jo prAcIna abhilekha (digambara tattva) kI poSaka yApanIya paramparA ne strI-mukti aura paMca upalabdha hote haiM unameM sAmAnya rUpa se puruSoM ke sAtha-sAtha striyoM ke nAma mahAvrata AropaNa rUpa chedopasthApanIya cAritra (strI-dIkSA) ko svIkAra bhI upalabdha hote haiM jo isa tathya ke spaSTa pramANa haiM / yadyapi digambara kiyA hai| usase vikasita drAvir3a, kASThA aura mAthura saMghoM meM bhI strI- aura zvetAmbara donoM paramparAoM meM kucha loga yaha mAnate haiM ki strI ko dIkSA (mahAvratAropaNa) ko svIkAra kiyA gayA hai / yadyapi isa kAraNa ve jina-pratimA ke sparza, pUjana evaM abhiSeka kA adhikAra nahIM hai, kintu mUla saMghIya digambara paramparA kI AlocanA ke pAtra bhI bane aura unheM yaha eka paravartI avadhAraNA hai, mathurA ke jaina zilpa meM sAdhu ke samAna jainAbhAsa taka kahA gayA / isase spaSTa hai ki na kevala zvetAmbaroM ne hI sAdhvI kA aMkana aura strI-puruSa donoM ke pUjA sambandhI sAmagrI sahita apitu digambara paramparA ke aneka saMghoM ne bhI strI-mukti aura strI-dIkSA aMkana yahI sUcita karate haiM ki prAcIna kAla meM jaina paramparA meM donoM kA ko svIkAra karake nArI ke prati udAra dRSTikoNa apanAyA thA / 40 samAna sthAna rahA hai| yaha nizcita hI satya hai ki Agamika kAla ke jainAcAryoM ne Agamika vyAkhyAkAla meM hama dekhate haiM ki yadyapi saMgha ke na kevala strI-mukti aura strI-dIkSA ko svIkAra kiyA, apitu malli ko pramukha ke rUpa meM AcArya kA pada puruSoM ke adhikAra meM thA, kisI strI strI tIrthaMkara ke rUpa meM svIkAra karake yaha bhI udghoSita kiyA ki ke AcArya hone kA koI ullekha nahIM hai, kintu gaNinI, pravartinI, AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke sarvocca pada kI adhikArI nArI bhI ho sakatI gaNAvacchedinI, abhiSekA Adi pada striyoM ko pradAna kiye jAte the aura hai / strI tIrthaMkara kI avadhAraNA jainadharma kI apanI eka viziSTa ve apane bhikSuNI saMgha kI svatantra rUpa se Antarika vyavasthA dekhatI thiiN| avadhAraNA hai jo nArI garimA ko mahimAmaNDita karatI hai| yadyapi taruNI bhikSuNiyoM kI surakSA kA dAyitva bhikSu saMgha ko sauMpA gayA jJAtavya hai ki bauddhaparamparA jo ki jainoM ke samAna hI zramaNa thA, kintu sAmAnyatayA bhikSuNiyA~ apanI surakSA kI vyavasthA svayaM dhArA kA eka aMga thI, strI ke prati itanI udAra nahIM bana sakI, jitanI rakhatI thI, kyoMki rAtri evaM padayAtrA meM bhikSu aura bhikSuNiyoM kA eka jaina paramparA / kyoMki buddha strI ko nirvANa pada kI adhikAriNI mAnakara hI sAtha rahanA sAmAnyatayA varjita thaa| isa surakSA ke lie bhikSuNI saMgha bhI yaha mAnate the ki strI buddhatva ko prApta nahIM kara sakatI hai / nArI meM pratihArI Adi ke pada bhI nirmita kiye gaye the / isa prakAra hama dekhate ko saMgha meM praveza dene meM unakI hicaka aura usake praveza ke lie aSTaguru haiM ki sAdhanA ke kSetra meM strI kI garimA ko yathAsambhava surakSita rakhA gayA dharmoM kA pratipAdana jainoM kI apekSA nArI ke prati unake anudAra dRSTikoNa phira bhI tathyoM ke avalokana se yaha nizcita hotA hai ki Agamika kA hI paricAyaka hai| yadyapi hindU dharma meM zakti upAsanA ke rUpa meM strI vyAkhyAoM ke yuga meM aura usake pazcAt jaina paramparA meM bhI strI kI ko mahattva diyA gayA hai, kintu jainadharma meM tIrthaMkara kI jo avadhAraNA apekSA puruSa ko mahattA dI jAne lagI thii| hai, usakI apanI eka vizeSatA hai / vaha yaha sUcita karatI hai ki vizva kA sarvocca garimAmaya pada puruSa aura strI donoM hI samAna rUpa se prApta nArI kI svatantratA kara sakate haiM / yadyapi paravartI AgamoM evaM Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya nArI kI svatantratA ko lekara prArambha meM jainadharma kA dRSTikoNa meM ise eka Azcaryajanaka ghaTanA kahakara puruSa ke prAdhAnya ko sthApita udAra thA / yaugalika kAla meM strI-puruSa sahabhAgI hokara jIvana jIte the| karane kA prayatna avazya kiyA gayA / (sthAnAMga, 10/160) kintu Agama-grantha jJAtAdharmakathA meM rAja drupada draupadI se kahate haiM ki mere dvArA

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jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA 555 vivAha kiye jAne para tujhe sukha-du:kha ho sakatA hai ata: acchA ho ki sthAna mahattvapUrNa ho gayA aura yaha udghoSa kiyA gayA ki putra ke binA tU apanA vara svayaM hI cuna / yahA~ granthakAra ke ye vicAra vaivAhika jIvana pUrvajoM kI sugati/mukti sambhava nahIM / 5 phalataH Age calakara hindU ke liye nArI-svAtantrya ke samarthaka haiM / isI prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki paramparA meM kanyA kI utpatti ko atyanta hInadRSTi se dekhA jAne upAsakadazAMga meM mahAzataka apanI patnI revatI ke dhArmika vizvAsa, lgaa| isa prakAra vaidika hindU paramparA meM putra-putrI kI samakakSatA ko khAna-pAna aura AcAra-vyavahAra para koI jabaradastI nahIM karatA hai / jahA~ asvIkAra kara putra ko adhika mahanIyatA pradAna kI gaI kintu isake Ananda Adi zrAvakoM kI patniyA~ apane pati kA anugamana karatI huI viparIta jaina AgamoM meM hama dekhate haiM ki upAsaka aura upAsikAe~ putramahAvIra se upAsaka vratoM ko grahaNa karatI haiM aura dharmasAdhanA ke kSetra meM putrI hetu samAna rUpa se kAmanA karate haiM / 46 cAhe arthopArjana aura bhI pati kI sahabhAgI banatI haiM, vahIM revatI apane pati kA anugamana nahIM pArivArika vyavasthA kI dRSTi se jainadharmAnuyAyiyoM meM bhI putra kI pradhAnatA karatI hai, mAtra yahI nahIM, vaha to apane mAyake se ma~gAkara madya-mAMsa kA rahI ho kintu jahA~ taka dhArmika jIvana aura sAdhanA kA prazna thA, jaina sevana karatI hai aura mahAzataka ke pUrNa sAdhanAtmaka jIvana meM vidhna- dharma meM putra kI mahattA kA koI sthAna nahIM thA / jaina karma siddhAnta ne bAdhAe~ bhI upasthita karatI hai / " isase aisA lagatA hai ki Agama yuga spaSTa rUpa se yaha udghoSita kiyA ki vyakti apane karmoM ke anusAra hI taka nArI ko adhika svAtantrya thA kintu Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM sugati yA durgati meM jAkara sukha-duHkha kA bhoga karatA hai / santAna ke hama pAte haiM ki pati yA patnI apane dhArmika vizvAsoM ko eka dUsare para dvArA sampanna kiye gaye karmakANDa pUrvajoM ko kisI bhI prakAra prabhAvita lAdane kA prayAsa karate haiN| cUrNi sAhitya meM aisI aneka kathAe~ haiM nahIM karate 7 isa prakAra usameM dhArmika AdhAra para putra kI mahattA ko jinameM puruSa strI ko apane dhArmika vizvAsoM kI svatantratA nahIM detA asvIkAra kara diyA gayA / phalata: Agamika yuga meM putra-putrI ke prati samAnatA kI bhAvanA pradarzita kI gaI kintu arthopArjana aura pArivArika isI prakAra dharmasaMgha meM bhI Agama yuga meM bhikSuNI saMgha kI vyavasthA meM puruSa kI pradhAnatA ke kAraNa putrotpatti ko hI adhika sukhada vyavasthA ko bhikSusaMgha se adhika niyantrita nahIM pAte haiM / bhikSuNI saMgha mAnA jAne lgaa| yadyapi jJAtAdharmakathA meM malli Adi ke janmotsava ke apane Antarika mAmaloM meM pUrNatayA Atmanirbhara thA, gaNadhara athavA ullekha upalabdha haiM, kintu ina ullekhoM ke AdhAra para yaha mAna lenA AcArya kA usa para bahuta adhika aMkuza nahIM thA, kintu chedasUtra evaM ki jaina saMgha meM putra aura putrI kI sthati sadaiva hI samakakSatA kI rahI, Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya ke kAla meM yaha niyantraNa kramaza: bar3hatA ucita nahIM hegaa| Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya evaM paurANika sAhitya meM jAtA hai / ina graMthoM meM cAturmAsa, prAyazcitta, zikSA, surakSA Adi sabhI uparyukta Agamika apavAdoM ko chor3a kara jainasaMgha meM bhI putrI kI apekSA kSetroM meM bhikSuka varga kA prabhutva bar3hatA huA pratIta hotA hai| phira bhI bauddha putra ko jo adhika sammAna milA usakA AdhAra dhArmika mAnyatAyeM na bhikSuNI saMgha kI apekSA jaina bhikSuNI saMgha meM svAyattatA adhika thii| hokara sAmAjika paristhitiyA~ thIM / yadyapi bhikSuNI saMgha kI vyavasthA ke kinhIM vizeSa paristhitiyoM ko chor3akara ve dIkSA, prayazcitta, zikSA aura kAraNa putrI pitA ke liye utanI adhika bhArasvarUpa kabhI nahIM mAnI gayI surakSA kI apanI vyavasthA karatI thIM aura bhikSu saMgha se svatantra vicaraNa jitanI use hindU paramparA meM mAnA gayA thA / karate hue dharmopadeza detI thIM jabaki bauddhadharmasaMgha meM bhikSuNI ko uposatha, isa prakAra jaina AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya se jo varSAvAsa Adi bhikSusaMgha ke adhIna karane hote the| sUcanAe~ upalabdha haiM unake AdhAra para kahA jA sakatA hai ki yaugalika yadyapi jahA~ taka vyAvahArika jIvana kA prazna thA jainAcArya kAla arthAt pUrva yuga meM aura Agama yuga meM putra aura putrI donoM kI hI hindu paramparA ke cintana se prabhAvita ho rahe the / manusmRti ke samAna utpatti sukhada thI kintu Agamika vyAkhyAoM ke yuga meM bAhya sAmAjika vyavahAra bhASya meM bhI kahA gayA hai evaM Arthika prabhAvoM ke kAraNa sthiti meM parivartana AyA aura putrI kI jAyA pitavvasA nArI dattA nArI pativvasA / apekSA putra ko adhika mahattva diyA jAne lgaa| vihavA puttavasA nArI natyi nArI sayaMvasA / / 3/233 arthAt janma ke pazcAt strI pitA ke adhIna, vivAhita hone para vivAha saMsthA aura nara-nArI kI samakakSatA kA prazna pati ke adhIna aura vidhavA hone para putra ke adhIna hotI hai ata: vaha vivAha-vyavasthA prAcIna kAla se lekara Aja taka mAnavIya kabhI svAdhIna nahIM hai / isa prakAra Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM strI kI samAja vyavasthA kA eka mahattvapUrNa aMga rahI hai / yaha satya hai ki svAdhInatA sImita kI gayI hai / jainadharma ke anuyAyiyoM meM bhI prAcInakAla se vivAha vyavasthA pracalita rahI hai kintu hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki nivRttipradhAna hone ke putra-putrI kI samAnatA kA prazna kAraNa jainadharma meM vivAha-vyavasthA ko koI vizeSa mahattva nahIM diyA cAhe prArambhika vaidika dharma meM putra aura putrI kI samakakSatA gayA / dhArmika dRSTi se vaha svapatnI yA svapati santoSavrata kI vyavasthA svIkAra kI gaI ho kintu paravartI hindU dharma meM arthopArjana aura dhArmika karatA hai jisakA tAtparya hai vyakti ko apanI kAma-vAsanA ko svapati karmakANDa donoM hI kSetroM meM puruSa kI pradhAnatA ke pariNAmasvarUpa putra kA yA svapatnI taka hI sImita rakhanA cAhie / tAtparya yaha hai ki yadi

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jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 brahmacarya kA pAlana sambhava na ho to vivAha kara lenA cAhie / vivAha brahmacarya pAlana karane meM asaphala ho to use vivAha bandhana mAna lenA vidhi ke sambandha meM jainAcAryoM kI spaSTa dhAraNA kyA thI, isakI sUcanA cAhie / jahA~ taka svayaMvara vidhi kA prazna hai nizcita hI nArI-svAtantrya hameM AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM nahIM prApta hotI hai / jaina kI dRSTi se yaha vidhi mahattvapUrNa thii| kintu janasAmAnya meM jisa vidhi vivAha-vidhi kA pracalana paryApta rUpa se paravartI hai aura dakSiNa ke kA pracalana thA vaha mAtA-pitA ke dvArA Ayojita vidhi hI thii| yadyapi digambara AcAryoM kI hI dena hai jo hindU-vivAha-vidhi kA jainIkaraNa mAtra isa vidhi meM strI aura puruSa donoM kI svataMtratA khaNDita hotI thii| hai| uttara bhArata ke zvetAmbara jainoM meM to vivAha-vidhi ko hindU dharma ke jainakathA sAhitya meM aise aneka ullekha upalabdha haiM jahA~ balapUrvaka anusAra hI sampAdita kiyA jAtA hai| Aja bhI zvetAmbara jainoM meM apanI apaharaNa karake vivAha sampanna huaa| isa vidhi meM nArI kI svataMtratA koI vivAha-paddhati nahIM hai / jaina AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM se pUrNatayA khaNDita ho jAtI thI, kyoMki apaharaNa karake vivAha karane kA jo sUcanA hameM milatI hai usake anusAra yaugalika kAla meM yugala rUpa artha mAtra yaha mAnanA nahIM hai ki strI ko cayana kI svataMtratA hI nahIM hai, se utpanna hone vAle bhAI bahana yuvAvasthA meM pati-patnI kA rUpa le lete apitu yaha to use lUTa kI sampatti mAnane jaisA hai| the / jaina purANoM ke anusAra sarvaprathama RSabhadeva se hI vivAha prathA kA jahA~ taka Agamika vyAkhyAoM kA prazna hai unameM adhikAMza Arambha huaa| unhoMne bhAI-bahanoM ke bIca sthApita hone vAle yauna vivAha mAtA-pitA ke dvArA Ayojita vivAha hI haiM, kevala kucha prasaMgoM sambandha (vivAha-praNAlI) ko asvIkAra kara diyaa| unakI donoM putriyoM meM hI svayaMvara evaM gandharva vivAha ke ullekha milate haiM jo Agama yuga brAhmI aura sundarI ne AjIvana brahmacAriNI rahane kA nirNaya kiyA / evaM pUrva kAla ke haiM / mAtA-pitA ke dvArA Ayojita isa vivAha-vidhi phalataH bharata aura bAhubali kA vivAha anya vaMzoM kI kanyAoM se kiyA meM strI-puruSoM kI samakakSatA para koI prabhAva nahIM par3atA hai / yadyapi yaha gayA / jaina sAhitya ke adhyayana se yaha bhI spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki satya hai ki jainAcAryoM ne vivAha-vidhi ke sambandha meM gambhIratA se cintana Agamika kAla taka strI vivAha sambandhI nirNayoM ko lene meM svatantra thI nahIM kiyA kintu yaha satya hai ki unhoMne strI ko garimAhIna banAne kA aura adhikAMza vivAha usakI sammati se hI kiye jAte the jaisA ki prayAsa bhI nahIM kiyA / jahA~ hindU-paramparA meM vivAha strI ke lie bAdhyatA jJAtAdharmakathA meM malli50 aura draupadI ke kathAnakoM se jJAta hotA hai| thI, vahIM jaina-paramparA meM aisA nahIM kiyA gyaa| prAcInakAla se lekara jJAtAdharmakathA meM pitA spaSTa rUpa se putrI se kahatA hai ki yadi maiM tere lie adyAvadhi vivAha karane na karane ke prazna ko strI-viveka para chor3a diyA pati cunatA hU~ to vaha tere lie sukha-duHkha kA kAraNa ho sakatA hai, gyaa| jo striyA~ yaha samajhatI thIM ki ve avivAhita rahakara apanI sAdhanA isalie acchA yahI hogA tU apane pati kA cayana svayaM hI kara / malli kara sakeMgI unheM binA vivAha kiye hI dIkSita hone kA adhikAra thaa| aura draupadI ke liye svayamvaroM kA Ayojana kiyA gayA thaa| vivAha-saMsthA jainoM ke lie brahmacarya kI sAdhanA meM sahAyaka hone ke rUpa . Agama granthoM se jo sUcanA milatI hai usake AdhAra para hama meM hI svIkAra kI gaI / jainoM ke lie vivAha kA artha thA apanI vAsanA itanA hI kaha sakate haiM ki prAgaitihAsika yuga aura Agama yuga meM ko saMyamita karanA / kevala unhIM logoM ke lie vivAha-saMsthA meM praveza sAmAnyatayA strI ko apane pati kA cayana karane meM svatantratA thI / yaha Avazyaka mAnA gayA thA jo pUrNarUpa se brahmacarya kA pAlana karane meM bhI usakI icchA para nirbhara thA ki vaha vivAha kare yA na kare / pUrvayuga asamartha pAte hoM athavA vivAha ke pUrva pUrNa brahmacarya pAlana kA vrata nahIM meM brAhmI, sundarI, malli, Agamika yuga meM candanabAlA, jayantI Adi le cuke haiM / ata: hama kaha sakate haiM ki jainoM ne brahmacarya kI AMzika aisI aneka striyoM ke ullekha prApta hote haiM jinhoMne AjIvana brahmacaryapAlana sAdhanA ke aMga ke rUpa meM vivAha-saMsthA ko svIkAra karake bhI nArI kI svIkAra kiyA aura vivAha asvIkAra kara diyaa| Agamika vyAkhyAoM svatantra nirNaya zakti ko mAnya karake usakI garimA ko khaNDita nahIM meM hameM vivAha ke aneka rUpa upalabdha hote haiN| DaoN0 jagadIza candra jaina hone diyA / ne jaina AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM upalabdha vivAha ke vividha rUpoM kA vivaraNa prastuta kiyA hai yathA - svayaMvara, mAtA-pitA dvArA bahupati aura bahupatnI prathA Ayojita vivAha, gandharva vivAha (premavivAha), kanyA ko balapUrvaka vivAha saMsthA ke sandarbha meM eka mahattvapUrNa prazna bahuvivAha kA grahaNa karake vivAha karanA, pArasparika AkarSaNa yA prema ke AdhAra para bhI hai / isake do rUpa haiM bahupatnI prathA aura bahupati prathA / yaha spaSTa vivAha, vara yA kanyA kI yogyatA dekhakara vivAha, kanyApakSa ko zulka hai ki draupadI ke eka apavAda ko chor3akara hindU aura jaina donoM hI dekara vivAha aura bhaviSyavANI ke AdhAra para vivAha / 51 kintu hameM paramparAoM meM nArI ke sambandha meM eka-pati prathA kI avadhAraNA ko hI Agama evaM Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM kahIM bhI aisA ullekha nahIM mila svIkAra kiyA gayA aura bahupati prathA ko dhArmika dRSTi se anucita mAnA sakA jahA~ jainAcAryoM ke guNa-doSoM ke AdhAra para inameM se kisI kA gyaa| jainAcAryoM ne draupadI ke bahupati hone kI avadhAraNA ko isa AdhAra samarthana yA niSedha kiyA ho yA yaha kahA ho ki yaha vivAha-paddhati ucita para aucityapUrNa batAne kA prayAsa kiyA hai ki sukamAlikA AryA ke bhava hai yA, anucita hai / yadyapi vivAha ke sambandha meM jainoM kA apanA koI meM usane apane tapa ke pratApa se pA~ca pati prApta karane kA nidAna (nizcaya svatantra dRSTikoNa nahIM thA para itanA avazya mAnA jAtA thA ki yadi koI kara) liyA thA / 52 ata: ise pUrvakarma kA phala mAnakara santoSa kiyA

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gayA / kintu dUsarI ora puruSa ke sambandha meM bahupatnI prathA kI spaSTa avadhAraNA AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM milatI hai| inameM aise aneka sandarbha haiM jahA~ puruSoM ko bahuvivAha karate dikhAyA gayA hai| duHkha to yaha hai ki unakI isa pravRtti kI samAlocanA bhI nahIM kI gaI hai| ataH usa yuga meM jainAcArya isa sambandha meM taTastha bhAva rakhate the, yahI kahA jA sakatA hai| kyoMki kisI jainAcArya ne bahuvivAha ko acchA kahA ho, aisA bhI koI sandarbha nahIM milatA hai| upAsakadazA meM zrAvaka ke svapatnIsantoSavrata ke aticAroM kA ullekha milatA hai, usameM 'paravivAhakaraNa' ko aticAra yA doSa mAnA gayA hai / 53 'paravivAhakaraNa' kI vyAkhyA meM usakA eka artha dUsarA vivAha karanA batAyA gayA hai ataH hama itanA avazya kaha sakate haiM ki jainoM kA Adarza ekapatnIvrata ho rahA hai / jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA I bahupatnI prathA ke AvirbhAva para vicAra kareM to hama pAte haiM ki yaugalika kAla taka bahupatnI prathA pracalita nahIM thii| AvazyakacUrNi ke anusAra sarvaprathama RSabhadeva ne do vivAha kiye the| kintu unake lie dUsarA vivAha isalie Avazyaka ho gayA thA ki eka yugala meM puruSa kI akAla mRtyu ho jAne ke kAraNa usa strI ko surakSA pradAna karane kI dRSTi se yaha Avazyaka thA / kintu jaba Age calakara strI ko eka sampatti ke rUpa meM dekhA jAne lagA to svAbhAvika rUpa se strI ke prati anugraha ko bhAvanA ke AdhAra para nahIM, apitu apanI kAmavAsanApUrti aura sAmAjika pratiSThA ke lie bahuvivAha kI prathA Arambha ho gayI / yahA~ hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki yadyapi samAja meM bahuvivAha kI prathA pracalita thI kintu ise jainadharma sammata eka AcAra mAnanA anucita hogaa| kyoMki jaba jainoM meM vivAha ko hI eka anivArya dhArmika kartavya ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM kiyA gayA to bahuvivAha ko dhArmika kartavya ke rUpa meM svIkAra karane kA prazna hI nahIM uThatA jaina Agama aura Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM yadyapi puruSa ke dvArA bahuvivAha ke aneka sandarbha upalabdha hote haiM kintu hameM eka bhI aisA sandarbha nahIM milatA jahA~ koI vyakti gRhasthopAsaka ke vratoM ko svIkAra karane ke pazcAt bahuvivAha karatA hai| yadyapi aise sandarbha to haiM ki munivrata yA zrAvakatrata svIkAra karane ke pUrva aneka gRhasthopAsakoM kI eka se adhika patniyA~ thii| kintu vrata svIkAra karane ke pazcAt kisI ne apanI patniyoM kI saMkhyA meM vRddhi kI ho, aisA eka bhI sandarbha mujhe nahIM milA / Adarza sthiti to ekapatnI prathA ko hI mAnA jAtA thA / upAsakadazA meM 10 pramukha upAsakoM meM kevala eka kI hI eka se adhika patniyA~ thiiN| zeSa sabhI ko eka-eka patnI thI sAtha hI usameM zrAvakoM ke vratoM ke jo aticAra batAye gaye haiM unameM svapatnIsantoSa vrata kA eka aticAra ' para vivAhakaraNa hai|" yadyapi kucha jainAcAryoM ne 'paravivAhakaraNa' kA artha sva-santAna ke atirikta anyoM kI santAnoM kA vivAha sambandha karavAnA mAnA hai kintu upAsaka dazAMga kI TIkA meM AcArya abhayadeva ne isakA artha eka se adhika vivAha karanA mAnA hai / ataH hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki dhArmika AdhAra para jainadharma bahupatnI prathA kA samarthaka nahIM hai| bahupatnI - 557 prathA kA uddezya to vAsanA meM AkaNTha DUbanA hai jo nivRttipradhAna jainadharma kI mUla bhAvanA ke anukUla nahIM hai| jaina granthoM meM jo bahupatnI prathA kI upasthiti ke saMketa milate haiM ve usa yuga kI sAmAjika sthiti ke sUcaka haiM Agama sAhitya meM pArzva, mahAvIra evaM mahAvIra ke nau pramukha upAsakoM kI eka-eka patnI mAnI gaI hai| vidhavA vivAha evaM niyoga I yadyapi Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM niyoga aura vidhavAvivAha ke kucha sandarbha upalabdha ho jAte haiM kintu hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA cAhie ki yaha bhI jainAcAryoM dvArA samarthita nahIM hai| nizIthacUrNi meM eka rAjA ko apanI patnI se niyoga ke dvArA santAna utpanna karavAne ke sandarbha meM yaha kahA gayA hai ki jisa prakAra kheta meM bIja kisI ne bhI DAlA ho phasala kA adhikArI bhUsvAmI hI hotA hai usI prakAra svastrI se utpanna santAna kA adhikArI usakA pati hI hotA hai| yaha satya hai ki eka yuga meM bhArata meM niyoga kI paramparA pracalita rahI kintu nivRttipradhAna jainadharma ne na to niyoga kA samarthana kiyA, na hI vidhavA vivAha kA / kyoMki usakI mUlabhUta preraNA vahI rahI ki jaba bhI kisI strI yA puruSa ko kAmavAsanA se mukta hone kA avasara prApta ho vaha usase mukta ho jaay| jaina Agama evaM Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM hajAroM sandarbha prApta hote haiM jahA~ pati kI mRtyu ke pazcAt vidhavAyeM bhikSuNI banakara saMgha kI zaraNa meM calI jAtI thI / jaina saMgha meM bhikSuNiyoM kI saMkhyA ke adhika hone kA eka kAraNa yaha bhI thA ki bhikSuNI saMgha vidhavAoM ke sammAnapUrNa evaM surakSita jIvana jIne kA Azrayasthala thaa| yadyapi kucha logoM ke dvArA yaha kahA jAtA hai ki RSabhadeva ne mRta yugala patnI se vivAha karake vidhavA vivAha kI paramparA ko sthApita kiyA thA kintu Avazyaka cUrNi se spaSTa hotA hai ki vaha strI mRta yugala kI bahana thI, patnI nhiiN| kyoMki usa yugala meM puruSa kI mRtyu bAladazA meM ho cukI thii| ataH isa AdhAra para vidhavA vivAha kA samarthana nahIM hotA hai| jainadharma jaise nivRttipradhAna dharma meM vidhavA-vivAha ko mAnyatA prApta nahIM thI / yadyapi bhAratIya samAja meM ye prathAe~ pracalita thIM, isase inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai / vidhura - vivAha jaba samAja meM bahu-vivAha ko samarthana ho to vidhura-vivAha ko mAnya karane meM koI Apatti nahIM hogii| kintu ise jainadharma meM dhArmika dRSTi se samarthana prApta thA, yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA / patnI kI mRtyu ke pazcAt Adarza sthiti to yahI mAnI gaI thI ki vyakti vairAgya le le mAtra yahI nahIM aneka sthitiyoM meM pati patnI ke bhikSuNI banane para svayaM bhI bhikSu bana jAtA hai| yadyapi sAmAjika jIvana meM vidhura - vivAha ke aneka prasaMga upalabdha hote haiM jinake saMketa Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM milate haiN| .

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558 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 vivAhetara yauna sambandha meM garbha raha jAne para saMgha usa bhikSuNI ke prati sadbhAvanApUrvaka vyavahAra jainadharma meM pati-patnI ke atirikta anyatra yauna sambandha sthApita karatA thA tathA usake garbha kI surakSA ke prayatna bhI kiye jAte the| prasUta karanA dhArmika dRSTi se sadaiva hI anucita mAnA gayA / vezyAgamana aura bAlaka ko jaba vaha usa sthiti meM ho jAtA thA ki vaha mAtA ke binA parastrIgamana donoM ko anaitika karma batAyA gyaa| phira bhI na kevala raha sake to use upAsaka ko sauMpakara athavA bhikSu saMgha ko sauMpakara aisI gRhastha strI-puruSoM meM apitu bhikSu-bhikSuNiyoM meM bhI anaitika yauna sambandha bhikSuNI punaH bhikSuNI saMgha meM praveza pA letI thI / 60 ye tathya isa bAta sthApita ho jAte the, Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM aise saikar3oM prasaMga ke sUcaka haiM ki sadAcArI nAriyoM ke saMrakSaNa meM jainasaMgha sadaiva sajaga ullikhita haiM / jaina AgamoM aura unakI TIkAoM Adi meM aisI aneka thA / striyoM kA ullekha milatA hai jo apane sAdhanA-mArga se patita hokara Adi meM pArthApatya paramparA kI aneka zithilAcArI sAdhviyoM ke ullekha balAtkAra kiye jAne para kisI ko bhikSuNI kI AlocanA kA milate haiM / 56 jJAtAdharmakathA meM daupadI kA pUrva jIvana bhI isI rUpa meM adhikAra nahIM thA / isake viparIta jo vyakti aisI bhikSuNI kI AlocanA varNita hai| sAdhanA kAla meM vaha vezyA ko pA~ca puruSoM se sevita dekhakara karatA use hI daNDa kA pAtra mAnA jAtA thaa| nArI kI maryAdA kI rakSA svayaM pA~ca patiyoM kI patnI banane kA nidAna kara letI hai|57 nizIthacUrNi ke lie jainasaMgha sadaiva hI tatpara rahatA thA / nizIthacUrNI meM ullikhita meM putriyoM aura putravadhu ke jAra athavA dhUrta vyaktiyoM ke sAtha bhAgane ke kAlakAcArya kI kathA meM isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki ahiMsA kA prANapaNa ullekha haiM / Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM mukhyata: nizIthacUrNi, bRhatkalpabhASya se pAlana karane vAlA bhikSusaMgha bhI nArI kI garimA ko khaNDita hone kI vyavahArabhASya Adi meM aise bhI ullekha milate haiM jahA~ striyA~ avaidha sthiti meM durAcAriyoM ko daNDa dene ke lie zastra pakar3akara sAmane A santAnoM ko bhikSuoM ke nivAsa sthAnoM para chor3a jAtI thIM 5 / Agama aura jAtA thA / nizIthacUrNi meM kAlakAcArya kI kathA isa bAta kA spaSTa Agamika vyAkhyAyeM isa bAta kI sAkSI haiM ki striyA~ sambhoga ke lie pramANa hai ki AcArya ne bhikSuNI61 (bahana sarasvatI) kI zIla-surakSA ke bhikSuoM ko uttejita karatI thIM59 unheM isa hetu vivaza karatI thIM aura liye gardabhilla ke viruddha zakoM kI sahAyatA lekara pUrA saMgharSa kiyA thaa| , unake dvArA inkAra kiye jAne para unheM badanAma kiye jAne kA bhaya dikhAtI nizItha, bRhatkalpabhASya Adi meM spaSTa rUpa se aise ullekha haiM ki yadi thIM / Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM ina paristhitiyoM meM bhikSu ko kyA karanA saMghastha bhikSuNiyoM kI zIla-surakSA ke liye durAcArI vyakti kI hatyA cAhie, isa sambandha meM aneka ApavAdika niyamoM kA ullekha milatA karane kA kArya bhI aparihArya ho jAye to aisI hatyA ko bhI ucita mAnA hai / yadyapi zIlabhaMga sambandhI aparAdhoM ke vividha rUpoM evaM sambhAvanAoM gyaa| nArI ke zIla kI surakSA karane vAle aise bhikSu ko saMgha meM ke ullekha jaina paramparA meM vistAra se milate haiM kintu isa carcA kA sammAnita bhI kiyA jAtA thaa| bRhatkalpabhASya meM kahA gayA hai ki jala, uddezya sAdhaka ko vAsanA sambandhI aparAdhoM se vimukha banAnA hI rahA agni, cora aura duSkAla kI sthiti meM sarvaprathama strI kI rakSA karanI hai| yaha jIvana kA yathArtha to thA kintu jainAcArya use jIvana kA caahie| isI prakAra DUbate hue zramaNa aura bhikSuNI meM pahale bhikSuNI ko vikatapakSa mAnate the aura usa Adarza samAja kI kalpanA karate haiM jahA~ aura kSullaka aura kSullikA meM se kSullikA kI rakSA karanI cAhie / isakA pUrNa abhAva ho| isa prakAra nArI kI rakSA ko prAthamikatA dI gaI / . Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM una ghaTanAoM kA bhI ullekha hai jinake kAraNa striyoM ko puruSoM kI vAsanA kA zikAra honA par3A thaa| satI prathA aura jainadharma puruSoM kI vAsanA kA zikAra hone se bacane ke lie bhikSuNiyoM ko apanI uttaramadhya yuga meM nArI utpIr3ana kA sabase bIbhatsa rUpa satI zIla-surakSA meM kauna-kauna-sI satarkatA baratanI hotI thI yaha bhI ullekha prathA bana gayA thA, yadi hama satI prathA ke sandarbha meM jaina Agama aura nizItha aura bRhatkalpa donoM meM hI vistAra se milatA hai| rUpavatI vyAkhyA sAhitya ko dekheM to spaSTa rUpa se hameM eka bhI aisI ghaTanA kA bhikSuNiyoM ko manacale yuvakoM aura rAjapuruSoM kI kudRSTi se bacane ke ullekha nahIM milatA jahA~ patnI pati ke zava ke sAtha jalI ho yA jalA lie isa prakAra kA veza dhAraNa karanA par3atA thA tAki ve kurupa pratIta dI gayI ho / yadyapi nizIthacUrNi meM eka aisA ullekha milatA hai jisake ho / bhikSuNiyoM ko sote samaya kyA vyavasthA karanI cAhie isakA bhI anusAra saupAraka ke pA~ca sau vyApAriyoM ko kara na dene ke kAraNa rAjA bRhatkalpabhASya meM vistAra se varNana hai / bhikSuNI saMgha meM praveza karane ne unheM jalA dene kA Adeza de diyA thA aura ukta ullekha ke anusAra vAloM kI pUrI jA~ca kI jAtI thii| pratihArI bhikSuNI upAzraya ke bAhara una vyApAriyoM kI patniyA~ bhI unakI citAoM meM jala gayI thIM / 62 daNDa lekara baiThatI thI / zIla surakSA ke jo vistRta vivaraNa hameM lekina jainAcArya isakA samarthana nahIM karate haiM / puna: isa ApavAdika Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM milate haiM usase spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki puruSa varga ullekha ke atirikta hameM jaina sAhitya meM isa prakAra ke ullekha striyoM evaM bhikSuNiyoM ko apanI vAsanA kA zikAra banAne meM koI kamI upalabdha nahIM hote haiM, mahAnizItha meM isase bhinna yaha ullekha bhI milatA nahIM rakhatA thA / puruSa dvArA balAtkAra kiye jAne para aura aisI sthiti hai ki kisI rAjA kI vidhavA kanyA satI honA cAhatI thI kintu usake

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jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA 559 pitRkula meM yaha rivAja nahIM thA ata: usane apanA vicAra tyAga diyA / 63 atyAcAra kiye gaye, jaina bhikSuNI saMgha usake lie rakSAkavaca banA isase lagatA hai ki jainAcAryoM ne pati kI mRtyoparAnta svecchA se bhI kyoMki bhikSuNI saMgha meM praveza karane ke bAda na kevala vaha pArivArika apane- deha-tyAga ko anucita hI mAnA hai aura isa prakAra ke maraNa ko utpIr3ana se baca sakatI thI apitu eka sammAnapUrNa jIvana bhI jI sakatI bAla-maraNa yA mUrkhatA hI kahA hai / satI prathA kA dhArmika samarthana jaina thii| Aja bhI vidhavAoM, parityaktAoM, pitA ke pAsa daheja ke abhAva, Agama sAhitya aura usakI vyAkhyAoM meM hameM kahIM nahIM milatA hai| kurUpatA athavA anya kinhIM kAraNoM se avivAhita rahane ke liye vivaza yadyapi Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM dadhivAhana kI patnI evaM kumAriyoM Adi ke liye jaina bhikSuNI saMgha Azrayasthala hai / jaina bhikSuNI candanA kI mAtA dhAriNI Adi ke kucha aise ullekha avazya haiM jinameM saMgha ne nArI garimA aura usake satItva donoM kI rakSA kii| yahI kAraNa brahmacarya kI rakSA ke nimitta deha-tyAga kiyA gayA hai kintu yaha thA satI-prathA jaisI kutsita prathA jaina dharma meM kabhI bhI nahIM rhii| avadhAraNA satI prathA kI avadhAraNA se bhinna hai / jaina dharma aura darzana mahAnizItha meM eka strI ko satI hone kA mAnasa banAne para bhI yaha nahIM mAnatA hai ki mRtyu ke bAda pati kA anugamana karane se arthAt apanI kula-paramparA meM satI prathA kA pracalana nahIM hone ke kAraNa apane jIvita citA meM jala marane se puna: svargaloka meM usI pati kI prApti nirNaya ko badalatA huA dekhate haiM / yaha isa bAta kA pramANa hai ki hotI hai / isake viparIta jainadharma apane karma siddhAnta ke prati AsthA jainAcAryoM kI dRSTi satIprathA virodhI thI / jaina AcArya aura sAdhviyA~ ke kAraNa yaha mAnatA hai ki pati-patnI apane-apane karmoM aura manobhAvoM vidhavAoM ko satI banane se rokakara unheM saMgha meM dIkSita hone kI preraNA ke anusAra hI vibhinna yoniyoM meM janma lete haiM / yadyapi paravartI jaina kathA dete the| jaina paramparA meM brAhmI, sundarI aura candanA Adi ko satI kahA sAhitya meM hameM aise ullekha milate haiM jahA~ eka bhava ke pati-patnI gayA hai aura tIrthaMkaroM ke nAma-smaraNa ke sAtha-sAtha Aja bhI 16 AgAmI aneka bhavoM ke jIvanasAthI bane, kintu isake viruddha bhI satiyoM kA nAma smaraNa kiyA jAtA hai, kintu inheM satI isaliye kahA udAharaNoM kI jaina kathA sAhitya meM kamI nahIM hai| gayA ki ye apane zIla kI rakSA hetu yA to avivAhita rahIM yA pati ata: yaha spaSTa rUpa se kahA jA sakatA hai ki dhArmika AdhAra kI mRtyu ke pazcAt inhoMne apane caritra evaM zIla ko surakSita rkhaa| para jaina dharma satIprathA kA samarthana nahIM karatA / jaina dharma ke satI prathA Aja jaina sAdhviyoM ke liye eka bahupracalita nAma mahAsatI hai usakA ke samarthaka na hone ke kucha sAmAjika kAraNa bhI rahe haiM / vyAkhyA AdhAra zIla kA pAlana hI hai / jaina paramparA meM Agamika vyAkhyAoM aura sAhitya meM aisI aneka kathAe~ varNita haiM jinake anusAra pati kI mRtyu paurANika racanAoM ke pazcAt jo prabandha sAhitya likhA gayA, usameM ke pazcAt patnI na kevala pArivArika dAyitva kA nirvAha karatI thI, sarvaprathama satI prathA kA hI jainIkaraNa kiyA huA eka rUpa hameM dekhane apitu pati ke vyavasAya kA saMcAlana bhI karatI thii| zAlibhadra kI mAtA ko milatA hai / tejapAla-vastupAla prabandha meM batAyA gayA hai ki tejapAla bhadrA ko rAjagRha kI eka mahattvapUrNa zreSThI aura vyApArI nirUpita kiyA aura vastupAla kI mRtyu ke pazcAt unakI patniyoM ne anazana karake apane gayA hai jisake vaibhava ko dekhane ke liye zreNika bhI usake ghara AyA prANa tyAga diye / 65 yahA~ pati kI mRtyu ke pazcAt zarIra tyAgane kA thaa| AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM aise aneka ullekha haiM jahA~ upakrama to hai kintu usakA svarUpa saumya aura vairAgya pradhAna banA diyA ki strI pati kI mRtyu ke pazcAt virakta hokara bhikSuNI bana jAtI thii| gayA hai / vastu: yaha usa yuga meM pracalita satI prathA kI jainadharma meM kyA yaha satya hai ki jaina bhikSuNI saMgha vidhavAoM, kumAriyoM aura parityaktAoM pratikriyA huI thI, usakA sUcaka hai / kA Azraya-sthala thA / yadyapi jaina Agama sAhitya evaM vyAkhyA sAhitya donoM meM hameM aise ullekha milate haiM jahA~ pati aura putroM ke jIvita rahate gaNikAoM kI sthiti hue bhI patnI yA mAtA bhikSuNI bana jAtI thii| jJAtAdharmakathA meM draupadI gaNikAyeM aura vezyAyeM bhAratIya samAja kA Avazyaka ghaTaka pati aura putroM kI sammati se dIkSita huI thI kintu inake alAvA aise rahI haiN| unheM aparigRhItA-strI mAnA jAye yA parigRhItA ise lekara jaina udAharaNoM kI bhI vipulatA dekhI jAtI hai jahA~ patniyA~ pati ke sAtha AcAryoM meM vivAda rahA hai / kyoMki Agamika kAla meM upAsaka ke liye athavA pati evaM putroM kI mRtyu ke uparAnta virakta hokara saMnyAsa grahaNa hama aparigRhItA-strI se sambhoga karane kA niSedha dekhate haiN| bhagavAn kara letI thIM / kucha aise ullekha bhI mile haiM jahA~ strI AjIvana brahmacarya mahAvIra ke pUrva pArthApatya paramparA ke zithilAcArI zramaNa yahA~ taka ko dhAraNa karake yA to pitRgRha meM hI raha jAtI thI athavA dIkSita ho kahane lage the ki binA vivAha kiye arthAt parigRhIta kiye binA yadi jAtI thii| jaina paramparA meM bhikSuNI saMsthA eka aisA AdhAra rahI hai jisane koI strI kAmavAsanA kI AkAMkSA karatI hai to usake sAtha sambhoga karane hamezA nArI ko saMkaTa se ubArakara na kevala Azraya diyA hai, apitu use meM koI pApa nahIM hai / 66 jJAtavya hai ki pArzva kI paramparA meM brahmacarya vrata sammAna aura pratiSThA kA jIvana jInA sikhAyA hai| aparigraha ke adhIna mAnA gayA thA kyoMki usa yuga meM nArI ko bhI sampatti jaina bhikSuNI saMgha una sabhI striyoM ke liye jo vidhavA, mAnA jAtA thA, cU~ki aisI sthiti meM aparigraha ke vrata kA bhaMga nahIM thA parityaktA athavA AzrayahIna hotI thIM, zaraNadAtA hotA thA / ata: jaina isaliye zithilAcArI zramaNa usakA virodha kara rahe the| yahI kAraNa thA. dharma meM satI prathA ko koI prazraya nahIM milA / jaba bhI nArI para koI ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ne brahmacarya ko jor3A thaa|

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560 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 cU~ki vezyA yA gaNikA parastrI nahIM thI, ata: parastrI-niSedha AcArya de dete the / mathurA ke abhilekha isa bAta ke sAkSI haiM ki ke sAtha svapatnI santoSavrata ko bhI jor3A gayA aura usake aticAroM meM gaNikAe~ jinamandira aura AyAgapaTTa (pUjApaTTa) banavAtI thIM / yaha aparigRhItAgamana ko bhI sammilita kiyA gayA aura kahA gayA ki jainAcAryoM kA udAra dRSTikoNa thA jo isa patita varga kA uddhAra kara use gRhastha upAsaka ko aparigRhIta (avivAhita) strI se sambhoga nahIM karanA pratiSThA pradAna karatA thA / cAhie / puna: jaba yaha mAnA gayA hai ki parigrahaNa ke binA sambhoga sambhava nahIM, sAtha hI dravya dekara kucha samaya ke liye gRhIta vezyA bhI nArI-zikSA parigRhIta kI koTi meM A jAtI hai, to pariNAmasvarUpa dhanAdi dekara nArI-zikSA ke sambandha meM jaina AgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM alpakAla ke lie gRhIta strI (itvarikA) ke sAtha bhI sambhoga kA se hameM jo sUcanA milatI hai, usake AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai niSedha kiyA gayA aura gRhastha upAsaka ke lie AjIvana hetu gRhIta ki prAcIna kAla meM nArI ko samucita zikSA pradAna kI jAtI thii| arthAt vivAhita strI ke atirikta sabhI prakAra ke yauna sambandha niSiddha apekSAkRta paravartI Agama jambUdvIpaprajJapti, AvazyakacUrNi evaM digambara mAne gaye / jainAcAryoM meM somadeva (10vIM zatI) eka aise AcArya the paramparA ke AdipurANa Adi meM ullekha hai ki RSabhadeva ne apanI putriyoM jinhoMne zrAvaka ke svapatnIsaMtoSa vrata meM, vezyA ko upapatnI mAnakara brAhmI aura sundarI ko gaNita aura lipi vijJAna kI zikSA dI thii| mAtra usakA bhoga rAjA aura zreSThI varga ke lie vihita mAna liyA thA - kintu yahI nahIM, jJAtAdharmakathA aura jambUdvIpaprajJapti meM strI kI cauMsaTha kalAoM yaha eka apavAda hI thaa| kA ullekha milatA hai / yadyapi yahA~ inake nAma nahIM diye gaye haiM tathApi yadyapi AgamoM evaM Agamika vyAkhyAoM se prApta sUcanAoM ke yaha avazya sUcita kiyA gayA hai ki kanyAoM ko inakI zikSA dI jAtI AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki anya sabhI logoM ke sAtha jainadharma hai| sarvaprathama jambUdvIpaprajJapti kI TIkA meM inakA vivaraNa upalabdha hotA ke prati zraddhAvAn sAmAnyajana bhI kisI na kisI rUpa meM gaNikAoM se hai / 75 Azcaryajanaka yaha hai ki jahA~ jJAtAdharmakathA meM puruSa kI 72 sambaddha rahA hai / AgamoM meM ullekha hai ki kRSNa vAsudeva kI dvArikA kalAoM kA varNana hai, vahIM nArI kI causaTha kalA kA nirdezamAtra hai| nagarI meM anaMgasenA pramukha aneka gaNikAe~ bhI thIM / 8 svayaM RSabhadeva phira bhI itanA nizcita hai ki bhAratIya samAja meM yaha avadhAraNA bana cukI ke nIlAMjanA kA nRtya dekhate samaya usakI mRtyu se pratibodhita hone kI thii| jJAtAdharmakathA meM devadattA gaNikA ko cauMsaTha kalAoM meM paNDita, kathA digambara paramparA meM suvizruta hai / 69 kucha vidvAn mathurA meM isake cauMsaTha gaNikA guNa (kAla-kalA) se upapeta, untIsa prakAra se ramaNa aMkana ko bhI svIkAra karate haiM / jJAtAdharmakathA Adi meM devadattA Adi karane meM pravINa, ikkIsa ratiguNoM meM pradhAna, battIsa puruSopacAra meM gaNikAoM kI samAja meM sammAnapUrNa sthiti kI sUcanA milatI hai / 70 kuzala, navAMgasUtra pratibodhita aura aThAraha dezI bhASAoM meM vizArada samAja ke sampanna parivAroM ke logoM ke vezyAoM se sambandha the, isakI kahA hai / ina sUciyoM ko dekhakara spaSTa rUpa se aisA lagatA hai ki sUcanA Agama, Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya aura jaina paurANika sAhitya striyoM ko unakI prakRti aura dAyitva ke anusAra bhASA, gaNita, meM vipula mAtrA meM upalabdha hai / kAnhaDa kaThiArA aura sthUlabhadra ke lekhanakalA Adi ke sAtha-sAtha striyocita nRtya, saMgIta aura lalitakalAoM AkhyAna suvizruta haiM kintu ina saba ullekhoM se yaha mAna lenA ki tathA pAka-zAstra Adi meM zikSita kiyA jAtA thaa| vezyAvRtti jainadharmasammata thI yA jainAcArya isake prati udAsIna bhAva rakhate yadyapi Agama aura Agamika vyAkhyAe~ isa sambandha meM spaSTa the sabase bar3I bhrAnti hogI / hama yaha pUrva meM saMketa kara hI cuke haiM ki nahIM haiM ki ye zikSA unheM ghara para hI dI jAtI thI athavA ve gurukula meM - jainAcArya isa sambandha meM sajaga the aura kisI bhI sthiti meM ise jAkara inakA adhyayana karatI thIM / strI-gurukula ke sandarbha ke abhAva se aucityapUrNa nahIM mAnate the / sAtavIM-AThavIM zatI meM to jainadharma kA aisA pratIta hotA hai ki unakI zikSA kI vyavasthA ghara para hI kI jAtI anuyAyI banane kI prathama zarta yahI thI ki vyakti sapta durvyasana kA tyAga thI / sambhavataH parivAra kI praur3ha mahilAe~ hI unakI zikSA kI vyavasthA kare / isameM parastrIgamana aura vezyAgamana donoM niSiddha mAne gaye the|75 karatI thIM kintu sampanna parivAroM meM isa hetu vibhinna dezoM kI dAsiyoM evaM upAsakadazA meM "asatIjana poSaNa" zrAvaka ke lie niSiddha gaNikAoM kI bhI niyukti kI jAtI thI jo inheM ina kalAoM meM pAraMgata karma thaa|72 banAtI thiiN| Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM hameM koI bhI aisA sandarbha upalabdha Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM prApta ullekhoM se jJAta hotA hai ki nahIM huA jo sahazikSA kA nirdeza karatA ho / nArI ke gRhastha-jIvana aneka vezyAoM aura gaNikAoM kI apanI naitika maryAdAe~ thIM, ve sambandhI ina zikSAoM ke prApta karane ke adhikAra meM prAgaitihAsika kAla unakA kabhI ullaMghana nahIM karatI thIM / kAnhaDakaThiArA aura sthUlabhadra se lekara Agamika vyAkhyAoM ke kAla taka koI vizeSa parivartana huA ke AkhyAna isake pramANa haiM / 73 aisI vezyAoM aura gaNikAoM ke prati ho, aisA bhI hameM jJAta nahIM hotA; mAtra viSayavastu meM kramika vikAsa jainAcArya anudAra nahIM the, unake lie dharmasaMgha meM praveza ke dvAra khule the, huA hogaa| yadyapi laukika zikSA meM strI aura puruSa kI prakRti evaM kArya ve zrAvikAe~ bana jAtI thIM / kozA aisI vezyA thI jisakI zAlA meM ke AdhAra para antara kiyA gayA thA, kintu isakA yaha artha nahIM hai ki jaina muniyoM ko ni:saMkoca bhAva se cAturmAsa vyatIta karane kI anujJA strI aura puruSa meM koI bheda-bhAva kiyA jAtA thaa| nArI ko usake lie

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jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA Avazyaka sabhI pakSoM kI sampUrNa zikSA dI jAtI thii| yadyapi yaha satya thaa| kintu niSedha kA yaha krama Age bar3hatA hI gayA / bArahavIM-terahavIM hai ki usa yuga meM strI aura puruSa donoM ke lie karma pradhAna zikSA kA zatI ke pazcAt eka yuga aisA bhI AyA jaba usameM AgamoM ke adhyayana hI vizeSa pracalana thaa| kA mAtra adhikAra hI nahIM chInA gayA, apitu upadeza dene kA adhikAra jahA~ taka dhArmika-AdhyAtmika zikSA kA prazna hai vaha unheM bhI samApta kara diyA gayA / Aja bhI zvetAmbara mUrti-pUjaka paramparA ke bhikSuNiyoM ke dvArA pradAna kI jAtI thii| sUtrakRtAMga se jJAta hotA hai ki tapAgaccha meM bhikSuNiyoM ko isa adhikAra se vaMcita hI rakhA gayA hai / jaina-paramparA meM bhikSu ko striyoM ko zikSA dene kA adhikAra nahIM thA / 77 yadyapi punarjAgRti ke prabhAva se Aja adhikAMza jaina sampradAyoM meM vaha kevala striyoM aura puruSoM kI saMyukta sabhA meM upadeza de sakatA thaa| sAdhviyA~ AgamoM ke adhyayana aura pravacana kA kArya kara rahI haiM / sAmAnyatayA bhikSuNiyoM aura gRhastha upAsikAoM donoM ko hI sthavirA niSkarSa ke rUpa meM hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki prAcIna kAla bhikSuNiyoM ke dvArA hI zikSA dI jAtI thI / yadyapi AgamoM evaM Agamika aura Agama yuga kI apekSA Agamika vyAkhyA yuga meM kisI sImA taka vyAkhyAoM meM hameM kacha sacanAyeM upalabdha hotI haiM jinake AdhAra para yaha nArI ke zikSA ke adhikAra ko sImita kiyA gayA thaa| tulanAtmaka dRSTi kahA jA sakatA hai ki AcArya aura upAdhyAya bhI kabhI-kabhI unheM zikSA se yahA~ yaha bhI draSTavya hai ki nArI-zikSA ke prazna para vaidika aura jaina pAnAtIla paramparA meM kisa prakAra samAnAntara parivartana hotA gayA / Agamika nirgrantha, tIsa varSa kI paryAya vAlI bhikSaNI kA upAdhyAya tathA pA~ca varSa vyAkhyA sAhitya ke yuga meM na kevala zikSA ke kSetra meM apitu dharmasaMgha kI paryAya vAlA nimrantha sATha varSa kI paryAya vAlI zramaNI kA AcArya __ meM aura sAmAjika jIvana meM bhI strI kI garimA aura adhikAra sImita hote gye| isakA mukhya kAraNa to apanI sahagAmI hindU paramparA kA prabhAva ho sakatA thA / jahA~ taka striyoM ke dvArA dharmagranthoM ke adhyayana kA hI thA kintu isake sAtha hI acelatA ke ati Agraha ne bhI eka prazna hai ati prAcInakAla meM isa prakAra kA koI bandhana rahA ho, hameM jJAta mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA adA kI / yadyapi zvetAmbara paramparA apekSAkRta udAra nahIM hotaa| antakRddazA Adi Agama granthoM meM aise aneka ullekha rahI naka ullakha rahI kintu samaya ke prabhAva se vaha bhI nahIM baca sakI aura usameM bhI milate haiM jahA~ bhikSuNiyoM ke dvArA sAmAyika Adi 11 aMgoM kA zikSA, samAja aura dharmasAdhanA ke kSetra meM Agama yaga kI apekSA adhyayana kiyA jAtA thA / yadyapi AgamoM meM na kahIM aisA koI spaSTa Agamika vyAkhyA yaga meM nArI ke adhikAra sImita kiye gaye / ullekha hai ki strI dRSTivAda kA adhyayana nahIM kara sakatI thI aura na isa prakAra kAla-krama meM jaina dharma meM bhI bhAratIya hindU samAja hI aisA koI vidhAyaka sandarbha upalabdha hotA hai, jisake AdhAra para yaha ke prabhAva ke kAraNa nArI ko usake adhikAroM se vaMcita kiyA gayA thA, kahA jA sake ki strI dRSTivAda kA adhyayana karatI thii| kintu Agamika phira bhI bhikSuNI ke rUpa meM usakI garimA ko kisI sImA taka surakSita vyAkhyAoM meM spaSTa rUpa se dRSTivAda kA adhyayana striyoM ke lie niSiddha rakhA gayA thA / mAna liyA gayA / bhikSuNiyoM ke lie dRSTivAda kA niSedha karate hue kahA gayA ki svabhAva kI caMcalatA evaM buddhi-prakarSa meM kamI ke kAraNa usake bhikSuNI-saMgha aura nArI kI garimA 1 lie dRSTivAda kA adhyayana niSiddha batAyA gayA hai| jaba eka ora yaha jaina bhikSuNI-saMgha meM nArI kI garimA ko kisa prakAra surakSita mAna liyA gayA ki strI ko sarvocca kevalajJAna kI prApti ho sakatI rakhA gayA isa sambandha meM yahA~ kiMcit carcA kara lenA upayogI hogA / hai, to yaha kahanA galata hogA ki unameM buddhi-prakarSa kI kamI hai| mujhe jaisA ki hama pUrva meM sUcita kara cuke haiM jainadharma ke bhikSuNI-saMgha ke dvAra aisA lagatA hai ki jaba hindU paramparA meM usI nArI ko jo vaidika RcAoM binA kisI bhedabhAva ke sabhI jAti, varNa evaM varga kI striyoM ke lie kI nirmAtrI thI, vedoM ke adhyayana se vaMcita kara diyA gayA to usI ke khule hue the / jaina bhikSuNI-saMgha meM praveza ke lie sAmAnya rUpa se ve prabhAva meM Akara usa nArI ko jo tIrthaMkara ke rUpa meM aMga aura mUla hI striyA~ ayogya mAnI jAtI thIM, jo bAlikA athavA ativRddha hoM sAhitya kA mUlasrota thI, dRSTivAda ke adhyayana se vaMcita kara diyA athavA mUrkha yA pAgala hoM yA kisI saMkrAmaka aura asAdhya roga se gayA / isakA eka kAraNa yaha bhI ho sakatA hai ki dRSTivAda kA mukhya pIr3ita hoM athavA jo indriyoM yA aMga se hIna hoM, jaise aMdhI, paMgu, lUlI viSaya mUlata: dArzanika aura tArkika thA aura aise jaTila viSaya ke Adi / kintu striyoM ke lie bhikSuNI-saMgha meM praveza usa avasthA meM bhI adhyayana ko unake lie upayukta na samajhakara unakA adhyayana niSiddha varjita thA - jaba ve garbhiNI hoM athavA unakI goda meM ati alpavaya kara diyA gayA ho / bRhatkalpabhASya aura vyavahArabhASya kI pIThikA meM kA dUdha pItA huA zizu ho / isake atirikta saMrakSaka arthAt mAtAunake lie mahAparijJA, aruNopapAta aura dRSTivAda ke adhyayana kA niSedha pitA, pati, putra kI anujJA na milane para bhI unheM saMgha meM praveza nahIM diyA kiyA gayA hai / kintu Age calakara nizItha Adi aparAdha aura prAyazcitta jAtA thA / kintu surakSA pradAna karane ke lie vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM aisI sambandhI granthoM ke adhyayana se bhI use vaMcita kara diyA gayA / yadyapi striyoM ko bhI saMgha meM praveza kI anumati de dI jAtI thii| niravAyalikAsUtra nizItha Adi ke adhyayana ke niSedha karane kA mUla kAraNa yaha thA ki ke anusAra subhadrA ne apane pati kI AjJA ke viruddha hI bhikSuNI saMgha aparAdhoM kI jAnakArI se yA to vaha aparAdhoM kI ora pravRtta ho sakatI meM praveza kara liyA thA / yadyapi sthAnAMga ke anusAra garbhiNI strI kA thI yA daNDa dene kA adhikAra puruSa apane pAsa surakSita rakhanA cAhatA bhikSuNI saMgha meM praveza varjita thA, kintu uttarAdhyayananiyukti,

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562 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 Avazyakaniyukti, AvazyakacUrNi meM aise saMketa bhI milate haiM jinake nivAsa varjita mAnA gayA, jahA~ samIpa meM hI bhikSu athavA gRhastha nivAsa anusAra kucha striyoM ne garbhavatI hone para bhI bhikSuNI-saMgha meM dIkSA grahaNa kara rahe hoM / bhikSuoM se bAtacIta karanA aura unake dvArA lAkara diye kara lI thii| madanarekhA apane pati kI hatyA kara diye jAne para jaMgala jAne vAle vastra, pAtra evaM bhikSAdi ko grahaNa karanA bhI unake lie meM bhAga gayI aura vahIM usane bhikSuNI saMgha meM praveza le liyaa| isI prakAra niSiddha ThaharAyA gayA / Apasa meM eka dUsare kA sparza to varjita thA hI, padmAvatI aura yazabhadrA ne garbhavatI hote hue bhI bhikSuNI saMgha meM praveza unheM Apasa meM akele meM bAtacIta karane kA bhI niSedha kiyA gayA thA / le liyA thA aura bAda meM unheM putra prasava hue / vastuta: ina apavAda yadi bhikSuoM se vArtAlApa Avazyaka bhI ho, to bhI agra-bhikSuNI ko niyamoM ke pIche jaina AcAryoM kI mUladRSTi yaha thI ki nArI aura garbhastha Age karake saMkSipta vArtAlApa kI anumati pradAna kI gayI thii| vastuta: zizu kA jIvana surakSita rahe, kyoMki aisI sthitiyoM meM yadi unheM saMgha ye sabhI niyama isalie banAye gaye the ki kAmavAsanA jAgRta hone evaM meM praveza nahIM diyA jAtA hai, to ho sakatA thA ki unakA zIla aura cAritrika skhalana ke avasara upalabdha na hoM athavA bhikSuoM evaM gRhasthoM jIvana khatare meM par3a jAya aura kisI strI ke zIla aura jIvana ko ke AkarSaNa evaM vAsanA kI zikAra banakara bhikSuNI ke zIla kI surakSA surakSita rakhanA saMgha kA sarvopari karttavya thaa| ata: hama kaha sakate haiM khatare meM na pdd'e| ki nArI ke zIla evaM jIvana kI surakSA aura usake AtmanirNaya ke kintu dUsarI ora unakI surakSA ke lie ApavAdika sthitiyoM adhikAra ko mAnya rakhane hetu pati kI anumati ke binA aura garbhavatI meM unakA bhikSuoM ke sAnnidhya meM rahanA evaM yAtrA karanA vihita bhI mAna hone kI sthiti meM bhI unheM jo bhikSuNI saMgha meM praveza de diyA jAtA thA- liyA gayA thaa| yahA~ taka kahA gayA ki AcArya, yuvA bhikSu aura vRddhA yaha nArI ke prati jaina saMgha kI udAra evaM garimApUrNa dRSTi hI thii| bhikSuNiyA~ taruNa bhikSuNiyoM ko apane saMrakSaNa meM lekara yAtrA kreN| aisI sAmAnyatayA sAdhanA kI dRSTi se bhikSu-bhikSuNiyoM ke AhAra, yAtrAoM meM pUrI vyUha racanA karake yAtrA kI jAtI thI -sabase Age bhikSAcaryA, upAsanA Adi se sambandhita niyama samAna hI the, kintu striyoM AcArya evaM vRddha bhikSugaNa, unake pazcAt yuvA bhikSu, phira vRddha bhikSuNiyAM, kI prakRti aura sAmAjika sthiti ko dekhakara bhikSuNiyoM ke lie vastra unake pazcAt yuvA bhikSuNiyA~ unake pazcAt vRddha bhikSuNiyAM aura anta meM ke sambandha meM kucha vizeSa niyama banAye gaye / udAharaNa ke lie jahA~ yuvA bhikSu hote the / nizIthacUrNi Adi meM aise bhI ullekha haiM ki bhikSu sampUrNa vastroM kA tyAga kara raha sakatA thA vahA~ bhikSuNI ke lie bhikSuNiyoM kI zIla surakSA ke lie Avazyaka hone para bhikSu una manuSyoM nagna honA varjita mAna liyA gayA thaa| mAtra yahI nahIM usakI AvazyakatA kI bhI hiMsA kara sakatA thA jo usake zIla ko bhaMga karane kA prayAsa ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue usakI vastra saMkhyA meM bhI vRddhi kI gayI thii| karate the| yahA~ taka ki aise aparAdha prAyazcitta yogya bhI nahIM mAne gaye jahA~ bhikSu ke lie adhikatama tIna vastroM kA vidhAna thA vahA~ bhikSuNI the| bhikSuNiyoM ko kucha anya paristhitiyoM meM bhI isI dRSTi se bhikSuoM ke lie cAra vastroM ko rakhane kA vidhAna thaa| Age calakara Agamika ke sAnidhya meM nivAsa karane kI bhI anumati de dI gayI thI, jaise -bhikSuvyAkhyA sAhitya meM na kevala usake tana DhaMkane kI vyavasthA kI gayI, bhikSuNI yAtrA karate hue kisI nirjana gahana vana meM pahu~ca gaye hoM athavA balki zIla surakSA ke lie use aise vastroM ko pahanane kA nirdeza diyA bhikSuNiyoM ko nagara meM athavA devAlaya meM Thaharane ke lie anyatra koI gayA, jisase unakA zIla bhaMga karane vAle vyakti ko sahaja hI avasara sthAna upalabdha na ho rahA ho athavA una para balAtkAra evaM unake vastraupalabdha na ho / isI prakAra zIla surakSA kI dRSTi se bhikSuNI ko akele pAtrAdi ke apaharaNa kI sambhAvanA pratIta hotI ho / isI prakAra vikSipta bhikSArtha jAnA varjita kara diyA gayA thaa| bhikSuNI tIna yA usase adhika citta athavA atirogI bhikSu kI paricaryA ke lie yadi koI bhikSu saMkhyA meM bhikSA ke lie jA sakatI thii| sAtha meM yaha bhI nirdeza thA ki upalabdha na ho to bhikSuNI usakI paricaryA kara sakatI thii| bhikSuoM ke yuvA bhikSuNI vRddha bhikSuNI ko sAtha lekara jAe / jahA~ bhikSu 6 lie bhI sAmAnyatayA bhikSuNI kA sparza varjita thA kintu bhikSuNI ke kilomITara taka bhikSA ke lie jA sakatA thA, vahIM bhikSuNI ke lie kIcar3a meM pha~sa jAne para, nAva meM car3hane yA utarane meM kaThinAI anubhava sAmAnya paristhitiyoM meM bhikSA ke lie ati dUra jAnA niSiddha thaa| isI karane para athavA jaba usakI hiMsA athavA zIlabhaMga ke prayatna kiye jA prakAra bhikSuNiyoM ke lie sAmAnyatayA dvAra rahita upAzrayoM meM ThaharanA bhI rahe hoM to aisI sthiti meM bhikSu bhikSuNI kA sparza kara use surakSA pradAna varjita thA / ina sabake pIche mukhya uddezya nArI ke zIla kI surakSA thii| kara sakatA thaa| jaina paramparA meM AcArya kAlaka kI kathA isa bAta kA kyoMki zIla hI nArI ke sammAna kA AdhAra thaa| ata: usakI zIla- spaSTa pramANa hai / bhikSuNI ke zIla kI surakSA ko jaina bhikSu-saMgha kA surakSA hetu vividha niyamoM aura apavAdoM kA sRjana kiyA gayA hai| anivArya evaM prAthamika karttavya mAnA gayA thA / nArI kI zIla-surakSA ke lie jaina AcAryoM ne eka ora aise isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina paramparA meM nArI ke zIlaniyamoM kA sRjana kiyA jinake dvArA bhikSuNiyoM kA puruSoM aura bhikSuoM surakSA ke lie paryApta satarkatA rakhI gaI thii| se samparka sImita kiyA jA sake, tAki cAritrika skhalana kI sambhAvanAeM mAtra yahI nahIM, jainAcAryoM ne apanI daNDa-vyavasthA aura saMghaalpatama hoM / phalasvarUpa na kevala bhikSuNiyoM kA bhikSuoM ke sAtha vyavasthA meM bhI nArI kI prakRti ko samyak rUpa se samajhane kA prayatna ThaharanA aura vihAra karanA niSiddha mAnA gayA, apitu aise sthaloM para bhI kiyA hai| puruSoM ke balAtkAra aura atyAcAroM se pIr3ita nArI ko unhoMne 2 thaa|

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jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA 563 dutkArA nahIM, apitu usake samuddhAra kA prayatna kiyaa| jaina daNDavyavasthA maNiprabhA zrI jI aura sAdhvI zrI mRgAvatIjI bhI aise nAma haiM ki jinake meM una bhikSuNiyoM ke liye kisI prakAra ke daNDa kI vyavasthA nahIM kI vyaktitva aura kRtitva donoM hI unakI yazogAthA ko ujAgara karate gaI thI jo balAtkAra kI zikAra hokara garbhavatI ho jAtI thIM apitu haiN| isI prakAra digambara paramparA meM AryikA jJAnamatI jI kA bhI paryApta unake aura unake garbhastha bAlaka ke saMrakSaNa kA dAyitva saMgha kA mAnA prabhAva hai| unake dvArA prakAzita granthoM kI sUcI se unakI vidvattA kA gayA thA / prasavoparAnta bAlaka bAlikA ke bar3A ho jAne para ve punaH AbhAsa ho jAtA hai| bhikSuNI ho sakatI thii| isI prakAra ve bhikSuNiyA~ bhI jo kabhI vAsanA ata: hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki jainadharma meM usake atIta se ke Avega meM bahakara cAritrika skhalana kI zikAra ho jAtI thIM, lekara vartamAna taka nArI kI aura vizeSa rUpa se bhikSuNiyoM kI eka tiraskRta nahIM kara dI jAtIM, apitu unheM apane ko sudhArane kA avasara mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA rahI hai / jahA~ eka ora jainadharma ne nArI ko sammAnita pradAna kiyA jAtA thaa| isa tathya ke samarthana meM yaha kahA gayA thA ki aura gauravAnvita karate hue, usake zIla saMrakSaNa kA prayAsa kiyA aura kyA bAr3ha se grasta nadI puna: apane mUla mArga para nahIM A jAtI hai ? usake AdhyAtmika vikAsa kA mArga prazasta kiyA; vahIM dUsarI ora jaina prAyazcitta vyavasthA meM bhI striyoM yA bhikSuNiyoM ke lie parihAra aura brAhmI, sundarI aura candanA se lekara Aja taka kI anekAneka satIpArAJcika (niSkAsana) jaise kaThora daNDa varjita mAna liye gaye the, sAdhviyoM ne apane caritrabala tathA saMyama sAdhanA se jainadharma kI dhvajA ko kyoMki ina daNDoM ke pariNAma svarUpa ve nirAzrita hokara vezyAvRtti jaise phaharAyA hai| anaitika karmoM ke liye bAdhya ho sakatI thIM / isa prakAra jainAcArya nArI ke prati sadaiva sajaga aura udAra rahe haiN| vibhinna dharmoM meM nArI kI sthiti kI tulanA hama yaha pUrva meM hI sUcita kara cuke haiM ki jainadharma kA bhikSuNI-saMgha una anAtha, parityaktA evaM vidhavA nAriyoM ke lie sammAnapUrvaka (1) hindU dharma aura jainadharma - hindU dharma meM vaidika yuga meM jIne ke lie eka mArga prazasta karatA thA aura yahI kAraNa hai ki prAcIna nArI kI bhUmikA dhArmika aura sAmAjika donoM hI kSetroM meM mahattvapUrNa mAnI kAla se lekara Ajataka jainadharma abhAgI nAriyoM ke lie Azraya-sthala jAtI thI aura use puruSa ke samakakSa hI samajhA jAtA thaa| striyoM ke dvArA yA zaraNasthala banA rahA hai / suzrI hIrAbahana boradiyA ne apane zodha kArya racita aneka veda-RcAeM aura yajJa Adi dhArmika karmakANDoM meM patnI ke daurAna aneka sAdhviyoM kA sAkSAtkAra liyA aura usameM ve isI kI anivAryatA, nizcaya hI isa tathya kI poSaka haiM / manu kA yaha udghoSa niSkarSa para pahuMcI thIM ki vartamAna meM bhI aneka anAtha, vidhavA, ki nAryastu yatra pUjyante ramante tatra devatA- arthAt jahA~ nArIyoM kI pUjA parityaktA striyA~ athavA ve kanyAyeM jo daheja athavA kurUpatA ke kAraNa hotI hai vahA~ devatA ramaNa karate haiM, isI tathya ko sUcita karatA hai ki vivAha na kara sakIM, ve sabhI jaina bhikSuNI-saMgha meM sammilita hokara eka hindUdharma meM prAcInakAla se nArI kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna rahA hai, ina sabake sammAnapUrNa svAvalambana kA jIvana jI rahI haiM / jaina bhikSuNiyoM meM se atirikta bhI devI-upAsanA ke rUpa meM sarasvatI, lakSmI, mahAkAlI Adi aneka to Aja bhI samAja meM itanI susthApita haiM ki unakI tulanA meM deviyoM kI upAsanA bhI isa tathya kI sUcaka hai ki nArI na kevala muni varga kA prabhAva bhI kucha nahIM lagatA hai| upAsaka hai apitu upAsya bhI hai| yadyapi vaidika yuga se lekara taMtra yuga isa AdhAra para hama isa niSkarSa para pahu~ca sakate haiM ki jainadharma ke prArambha taka nArI kI mahattA ke aneka pramANa hameM hindUdharma meM milate ke vikAsa aura prasAra meM nArI kI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA rahI hai / Aja bhI haiM kintu isake sAtha hI sAtha yaha bhI hai ki smRti yuga se hI usameM jaina samAja meM bhikSuoM kI apekSA bhikSuNiyoM kI saMkhyA tIna gunI se bhI kramaza: nArI ke mahattva kA avamUlyana hotA gyaa| smRtiyoM meM nArI ko adhika hai jo samAja para unake vyApaka prabhAva ko dhotita karatI hai| puruSa ke adhIna banAne kA upakrama prArambha ho gayA thA aura unameM yahA~ taka vartamAna yuga meM bhI aneka aisI jaina sAdhviyAM huI haiM aura haiM jinakA kahA gayA ki nArI ko bAlyakAla meM pitA ke adhIna, yuvAvasthA meM pati samAja para atyadhika prabhAva rahA hai / jaise sthAnakavAsI paramparA meM ke adhIna aura vRddhAvasthA meM putra ke adhIna raha kara hI apanA jIvana paMjAbasiMhanI sAdhvI pArvatIjI jo apanI vidvattA aura prabhAvazIlatA ke jInA hotA hai / isa prakAra vaha sadaiva hI puruSa ke adhIna hI hai, kabhI liye suvizruta thiiN| jainadharma ke kaTTara virodhI bhI unake tarkoM aura bulaMdagI bhI svatantra nahIM hai / smRti kAla meM use sampatti ke adhikAra se bhI ke sAmane sahama jAte the| isI prakAra sAdhvI yazaku~varajI jinhoMne mUka vaMcita kiyA gayA aura sAmAjika jIvana meM mAtra usake dAsI yA bhogyA pazuoM kI bali ko banda karAne meM aneka saMgharSa kiye aura apane zaurya svarUpa para hI bala diyA gyaa| pati kI sevA ko hI usakA ekamAtra evaM pravacanapaTutA se aneka sthaloM para pazubali ko samApta karavA karttavya mAnA gayA / diyA / usI krama meM sthAnakavAsI paramparA meM mAlava siMhanI sAdhvI zrI yaha viDambanA hI thI ki adhyayana ke kSetra meM bhI veda-RcAoM ratnaku~varajI aura mahArASTra gaurava sAdhvI zrI ujjvalaku~varajI ke bhI nAma kI nirmAtrI nArI ko, unhIM RcAoM ke adhyayana se vaMcita kara diyA liye jA sakate haiM jinakA samAja para prabhAva kisI AcArya se kama nahIM gyaa| usake kAryakSetra ko santAna-utpAdana, santAna-pAlana, gRhakArya thaa| mUrtipUjaka paramparA meM vartamAna yuga meM sAdhvI zrI vicakSaNa zrI jI, sampAdana tathA pati kI sevA taka sImita karake use ghara kI cAradivArI

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564 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 meM kaida kara diyA gayA / hindU dharma meM nArI kI yaha durdazA muslima utpIr3ana kA zikAra nahIM banIM / jainadharma kA bhikSuNI- saMgha aisI nAriyoM AkrAntAoM ke Agamana ke sAtha kramaza: bar3hatI hI gayI / rAmacaritamAnasa ke lie eka zaraNa-sthala rahA aura usane unheM sammAnapUrNa aura svAvalambI ke racayitA yuga-kavi tulasIdAsa ko bhI kahanA par3A ki 'Dhola ga~vAra jIvana jInA sIkhAyA / yahI kAraNa thA ki usameM satIprathA jaisI vIbhatsa zUdra pazu nArI, ye saba tAr3ana ke adhikArI' / hindU dharma kA madhyayuga kA prathAe~ bhI apanI jar3eM nahIM jamA skiiN| jainadharma meM ve striyA~ jo sAmAjika itihAsa isa bAta kA sAkSI hai ki bahupatnIprathA aura satIprathA jaisI krUra kSetra meM puruSa ke adhIna hokara jIvana jItI thIM bhikSuNI banakara puruSoM ke aura nRzaMsa prathAoM ne janma lekara usameM nArI ke mahattva aura mUlya ko lie vandanIya aura mArgadarzaka bana jAtI thIM / isa prakAra tulanAtmaka prAya: samApta hI kara diyA thaa| vartamAna samAja vyavasthA meM bhI hindU dRSTi se nizcaya hI hama yaha kaha sakate haiM ki hindUdharma kI tulanA meM dharma meM nArI ko puruSa ke samakakSa gauravapUrNa sthAna prApta hai yaha kahanA jainadharma meM nArI kI sthiti bahuta kucha sammAnapUrNa rahI hai| kaThina hai, yadyapi nArI cetanA kA puna: jAgaraNa huA hai kintu yaha bhI bhaya hai ki pazcima ke andhAnukaraNa meM vaha kahIM galata dizA meM mor3a na (2) bauddhadharma aura jainadharma le le| bauddhadharma aura jainadharma donoM hI zramaNa paramparA ke dharma rahe haiM hindUdharma meM yadyapi saMnyAsa kI avadhAraNA ko sthAna milA aura donoM meM bhikSuNI saMsthA kI upasthiti rahI hai, phira bhI nArI ke prati huA hai aura prAcInakAla se hI hindU saMnyAsiniyoM ke bhI ullekha milane jainadharma kI apekSA bauddhadharma kA dRSTikoNa adhika anudAra rahA hai| prathama lagate haiM, phira bhI saMnyAsiniyoM ke AcAra-vyavahAra ke sambandha meM to bhagavAn buddha bhikSuNI-saMgha kI sthApanA ke lie sahamata hI nahIM hue hindUdharmagrantha prAya: mauna hI haiN| hindUdharma meM prAcInakAla se lekara Aja the kintu jaba apanI kSIradAyikA mausI gautamI aura antevAsI Ananda taka yatra-tatra kinhIM saMnyAsiniyoM kI upasthiti ke ullekha ko chor3akara ne kisI prakAra apane prabhAva kA upayoga karake buddha ko sahamata karane saMnyAsiniyoM kA eka suvyavasthita varga banA ho aisA nahIM dekhA jAtA kA prayatna kiyA to buddha ne bhikSuNI-saMgha kI sthApanA kI svIkRti kucha hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki hindU dharma meM vidhavAoM, parityaktAoM aura zartoM ke sAtha pradAna kii| jabaki jainadharma meM mahAvIra ke pUrva meM bhI pArzva avivAhita striyoM ke lie sammAna pUrNa jIvana jIne ke liye koI kA bhikSuNI-saMgha suvyavasthita DhaMga se kAryarata thA aura mahAvIra ko bhI Azrayasthala nahIM bana sakA aura ve sadaiva hI puruSa ke atyAcAroM aura isa sambandha meM kisI prakAra kA saMkoca nahIM huA thaa| isa prakAra jainadharma pratAr3anAoM kA zikAra banIM / cAhe siddhAntarUpa meM striyoM ke saMdarbha meM kA bhikSuNI-saMgha bauddhadharma ke bhikSuNI-saMgha se pUrvavartI thA / punaH buddha ne hindU dharma meM kucha AdarzavAdI udghoSa hameM mila jAe~ kintu vyAvahArika bhikSuNI-saMgha kI sthApanA ke samaya hI jina aSTa-gurudharmoM (aSTa puruSa kI jIvana meM hindU dharma meM striyA~ upekSA kA hI viSaya banI rhiiN| zreSThatA sambandhI niyamoM) ke pAlana ke lie striyoM ko bAdhya kiyA, ve tulanAtmaka dRSTi se vicAra karane para hama pAte haiM ki hindU dharma spaSTa rUpa se darzAte haiM ki buddha kI dRSTi nAriyoM ke prati apekSAkRta kI apekSA jaina dharma meM nArI kI sthiti aura bhUmikA donoM hI adhika anudAra thii| ina aSTa gurudharmoM ke anusAra bhikSuNI saMgha pratyeka kSetra meM mahattvapUrNa rhiiN| yoM to jainadharma hindUdharma ke sahavartI dharma ke rUpa meM hI bhikSu-saMgha ke adhIna thA / cira pravrajitA aura vayovRddha bhikSuNI ke lie vikasita huA hai aura isIlie pratyeka kAla meM vaha hindUdharma se sadyaH pravrajita bhikSu na kevala vandanIya thA apitu vaha unakA anuzAstA prabhAvita rahA hai / hindUdharma ke nArI sambandhI dRSTikoNa aura usake bhI ho sakatA thA / bhikSuNI ko upadeza dene kA adhikAra bhI nahIM thA / duSpariNAmoM kA zikAra vaha bhI banA hai / jisa prakAra hindUdharma meM veda- yadyapi yahA~ yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki bauddhadharma ke samAna hI jainadharma RcAoM kI racayitA strI ko unake adhyayana se vaMcita kara diyA gayA, meM bhI to cirakAla kI dIkSita evaM vayovRddha bhikSuNI ke lie sadyaH usI prakAra jaina dharma meM bhI strI ke lie na kevala dRSTivAda ke adhyayana dIkSita bhikSu vandanIya hotA hai, kintu merI dRSTi meM jainadharma meM yaha niyama ko apitu AgamoM ke adhyayana ko bhI varjita mAna liyA gayA, yadyapi bauddhadharma ke prabhAva athavA isa deza kI puruSa pradhAna saMskRti ke kAraNa prAcIna Agama sAhitya meM striyoM ke aMga-Agama ke adhyayana ke ullekha kAlAMtara meM hI AyA hogaa| prAcInatama Agama AcArAMga bhikSu-bhikSuNI evaM nirdeza upalabdha haiM / yaha satya hai ki isa sambandha meM jainadharma ne ke niyamoM evaM unake pArasparika sambandhoM ke nirdeza to karatA hai, kintu hindUdharma kA anusaraNa hI kiyA / bRhattara hindU samAja kA eka aMga bane kahIM yaha ullekha nahIM karatA hai ki cirapravrajita bhikSuNI sadyaH dIkSita rahane ke kAraNa jainoM ke sAmAjika jIvana meM striyoM kI sthiti hindUdharma bhikSu ko vaMdana kare / paravartI Agama meM bhI mAtra jyeSTha-kalpa kA ullekha ke samAna hI rahI hai, phira bhI jainadharma kI sAmAjika vyavasthA meM hindUdharma hai| kI bhA~ti bahupatnIprathA itanI adhika hAvI nahIM huI ki puruSa kI dRSTi meM jyeSTha-kalpa kA tAtparya hai ki kaniSTha apane se pravrajyA meM strI mAtra bhogyA banakara raha gayI ho| isake pIche jainadharma kA sanyAsamArgIya jyeSTha ko vaMdana kare / yaha TIkAkAroM kI apanI kalpanA hai ki unhoMne dRSTikoNa hI pramukha rahA hai| dUsare jainadharma meM prArambha se lekara Aja taka jyeSTha kalpa ko puruSajyeSTha ke rUpa meM vyAkhyAyita kiyA / mUla-AgamoM bhikSuNIsaMgha kI jo eka sudRr3ha vyavasthA rahI hai, usake kAraNa usameM nArI meM aisI koI bhI vyavasthA upalabdha nahIM hai, jisake AdhAra para jainadharma vizeSarUpa se vidhavA, parityaktA aura kamAriyA~ puruSa ke atyAcAra aura meM strI ko puruSa kI apekSA nimna mAnA gayA ho / AgamoM meM strI ko na

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jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA 565 kevala mokSa kA adhikArI batAyA gayA, apitu use tIrthaMkara jaise yaha bhI satya hai ki pAzcAtya dezoM meM nArI bhAratIya nArI kI apekSA sarvocca pada kI bhI adhikArI ghoSita kiyA gayA hai / jJAtAdharmakathA meM adhika svatantra hai aura aneka kSetroM meM vaha puruSoM ke samakakSa khar3I huI malli kA strI tIrthaMkara ke rUpa meM ullekha hai / ataH hama spaSTa rUpa se hai| kintu ina sabakA eka duSpariNAma yaha huA hai ki vahA~ kA yaha kaha sakate haiM ki bauddhadharma kI apekSA jainadharma kA dRSTikoNa nArI pArivArika va sAmAjika jIvana TUTatA huA dikhAI detA hai / bar3hate hue ke prati adhika udAra thaa| bauddhadharma meM nArI kabhI bhI buddha nahIM bana sakatI talAka aura svacchanda yaunAcAra aise tattva haiM jo IsAI nArI kI garimA hai. kinta jainadharma meM cAhe apavAda rUpa meM hI kyoM na ho, strI tIrthaMkara ko khaNDita karate haiN| jahA~ hindadharma aura jainadharma meM vivAha sambandha ho sakatI hai / yadyapi paravartI kAla meM jainadharma kI digambara zAkhA meM, ko Aja bhI na kevala eka pavitra sambandha mAnA gayA hai, apitu eka jo nArI ko tIrthakaratva evaM nirvANa ke adhikAra se vaMcita kiyA gayA AjIvana sambandha ke rUpa meM dekhA jAtA hai. vahA~ IsAI samAja meM Aja thA, vaha usake acelatA para adhika bala dene ke kAraNa huA thaa| cUMki vivAha yauna-vAsanAoM kI parti kA mAdhyama mAtra hI raha gayA hai / usake sAmAjika sthiti ke kAraNa nArI nagna nahIM raha sakatI thI ata: digambara pIche rahI huI pavitratA evaM AjIvana bandhana kI dRSTi samApta ho rahI hai| paramparA ne use nirvANa aura tIrthaMkaratva ke ayogya hI ThaharA diyA / yadi IsAI dharma apane samAja ko isa doSa se mukta kara sake to sambhavataH kintu yaha eka paravartI hI ghaTanA hai / IsA kI sAtavIM zatI ke pUrva jaina vaha nArI kI garimA pradAna karane kI dRSTi se vizva dharmoM meM adhika sArthaka sAhitya meM aise ullekha nahIM milate haiN| siddha ho sakatA hai| yadyapi bauddhadharma meM bhikSuNIsaMgha astitva meM AyA aura saMghamitrA jaisI bhikSuNioM ne bauddhadharma ke prasAra meM mahattvapUrNa avadAna bhI diyA kintu bauddhadharma kA yaha bhikSuNI-saMgha cirakAla taka astitva meM nahIM raha 4. islAmadharma aura jainadharma sakA cAhe usake kAraNa kucha bhI raheM hoM / Aja bauddhadharma vizva ke eka jahA~ taka islAmadharma aura jainadharma kA sambandha hai sarvaprathama pramukha dharma ke rUpa meM apanA astitva rakhatA hai, kintu kucha zrAmaNeriyoM hameM yaha dhyAna meM rakhanA cAhie ki donoM kI prakRti bhinna hai / islAmadharma ko chor3akara bauddhadharma meM kahIM bhI bhikSuNI-saMgha kI upasthiti nahIM dekhI meM saMnyAsa kI avadhAraNA prAya: anupasthita hai aura isalie usameM nArI jAtI hai / yaha eka durbhAgyapUrNa ghaTanA rahI hai / cAhe isake mUla meM bhI __ ko puruSa ke samakakSa sthAna mila pAnA sambhava hI nahIM hai / usameM aksara bauddhAcAryoM ke mana meM buddha kA yaha bhaya hI kAma kara rahA ho ki bhikSuNiyoM nArI ko eka bhogyA ke rUpa meM hI dekhA gayA hai / bahupatnI prathA kA khulA kI upasthiti se saMgha cirakAla taka jIvita nahIM rhegaa| jabaki jainadharma samarthana bhI islAma meM nArI kI sthiti ko hIna banAtA hai| vahA~ na kevala meM Aja bhI sasaMgaThita bhikSaNI-saMgha upasthita hai aura bhikSaoM kI apekSA puruSa ko bahuvivAha kA adhikAra hai apitu use yaha bhI adhikAra hai ki bhikSaNiyoM kI saMkhyA tIna ganI se adhika hai| yaha bauddhadharma kI apekSA vaha cAhe jaba mAtra tIna bAra talAka kahakara vivAha-bandhana ko tor3a jainadharma ke nArI ke prati udAra dRSTikoNa kA paricAyaka hai| sakatA hai / phalata: usameM nArI ko atyAcAra va utpIr3ana kI zikAra banAne kI sambhAvanAe~ adhika rahI haiN| yaha kevala hindUdharma va jainadharma IsAIdharma aura jainadharma kI hI vizeSatA hai ki usameM vivAha ke bandhana ko AjIvana eka pavitra nArI ke sambandha meM IsAIdharma aura jainadharma kA dRSTikoNa bahata bandhana ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jAtA hai aura yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki yaha kucha samAna hai| tIrthaMkaroM kI mAtAoM ke samAna IsAIdharma meM yIza kI bandhana tor3A nahIM jA sakatA hai / yadyapi islAma meM nArI ke sampatti ke mAtA mariyama ko bhI pUjanIya mAnA gayA hai| sAtha hI IsAIdharma meM jainadharma adhikAra ko mAnya kiyA gayA hai, kintu vyavahAra meM kabhI bhI nArI paruSa kI bhAMti hI bhikSuNI-saMsthA kI upasthiti rahI hai| Aja bhI IsAIdharma kI kaida evaM utpIr3ana se mukta nahIM raha sakI / usameM strI puruSa kI meM na kevala bhikSaNI saMsthA savyavasthita rUpa meM astitva rakhatI hai vAsanApUrti kA sAdhana mAtra hI banI rahI / bhArata meM pardAprathA, satIprathA apita IsAI bhikSaNiyAM (Nuns) apane jJAnadAna aura sevAkArya se jaise kuprathAoM ke panapane ke lie islAmadharma hI adhika jimmedAra rahA samAja meM adhika AdaraNIya aura mahattvapUrNa banI huI haiM / IsAI dharma saMgha hai| dvArA sthApita zikSA saMsthAoM, cikitsAlayoM aura sevAzramoM meM ina isa tulAnAtmaka vivaraNa ke AdhAra para anta meM hama yaha kaha bhikSaNiyoM kI tyAga aura sevA-bhAvanA aneka vyaktiyoM ke mana ko moha sakate haiM ki vibhinna dharmoM kI apekSA jainadharma kA dRSTikoNa nArI ke prati letI hai| yadi jaina samAja unase kacha zikSA le to usakA bhikSaNI-saMgha apekSAkRta adhika vyAvahArika evaM udAra hai / yadyapi isa satya ko samAja ke lie adhika lokopayogI bana sakatA hai aura nArI meM nihita svIkara karane meM hameM koI Apatti nahIM hai ki samasAmayika paristhitiyoM samarpaNa aura sevA kI bhAvanA kA samyaka upayoga kiyA jA sakatA aura sahavartI paramparAoM ke prabhAva se jainadharma meM bhI nArI ke mUlya va mahattva kA kramika avamUlyana huA hai / kintu usameM upasthita jahA~ taka sAmAjika jIvana kA prazna hai, nizcaya hI pAzcAtya bhikSuNI -saMgha ne na kevala nArI ko garimA pradAna kI, apit use IsAI samAja meM nArI kI puruSa se samakakSatA kI bAta kahI jAtI hai| sAmAjika utpIr3ana aura puruSa ke atyAcAroM se bacAyA bhI hai| yahI jainadharma kI vizeSatA hai|

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566 jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa-6 sandarbha 18. bhagavatI ArAdhanA, gAthA, 987-88 va 995-96 1. davvAbhilAvacindhe vee bhAve ya itthiNikkhevo / 19. vahI, gAthA, 989-94 ahilAve jaha siddhi bhAve veyammi uvautto // 20. tae NaM se kaNhe vAsudeva bahAe jAva vibhUsie devaIe devIe -sUtrakRtAMga niyukti, 54. pAyavaMdAye habbamAgacchai / - antakRddazA sUtra, 18 2. abhidhAna rAjendrakoSa, bhAga2, pR0623. 21. no khalu me kappai ammApitIhi jIvaMtehI muNDe bhavittA 3. yadvazAt striyAH puruSaM pratyabhilASo bhavati, yathA pittavaNA agAravAsAo aNagAriyaM pavvaie-kalpasUtra, 91 madhuradravyaM prati sa phuphumAdAhasamaH yathA yathA cAlyate tathA tathA jvalati (evaM) gabbhattho ceva abhiggahe geNhati NAhaM samaNe hokkhAmi jAva bRMhati ca / evamabalA'pi yathA yathA saMpRzyate puruSeNa tathA tathA asyA etANi ettha jIvaMtitti / adhikataro'bhilASo jAyate, bhujyamAnAyAM tu channakarISadAhatulyo'bhilASoH -AvazyakacUrNi, prathama bhAga, pR0 242, pra0 RSabhadeva jI kezarImala, manda ityarthaH iti strIvedodayaH / - vahI, bhAga6, pRSTha, 1430 zvetAmbara saM0 ratalAma 1928. 4. saMmattaMtimasaMdhayaNa tiyagaccheo bi sattari apuve / 22. tae NaM mallI arahA........kevalanANadaMsaNe samuppanne / hAsAichakkaaMto chasaTThi aniyaTTiveyatigaM / / - jJAtAdharmakathA, 8/186 5. dekheM - karmaprakRtiyoM kA vivrnn| - karmagrantha, bhAga 2, gAthA, 18 23. ajjA vi baMbhi-sundari-rAibhaI candaNA pmukkhaao| 6. NAma ThavaNAdavie khette kAle ya pajjaNaNakamme / kAlatae vi jAo tAo ya namAmi bhAveNaM / / bhoge guNe ya bhAve dasa e e itthINikkhevo / / -RSimaNDalastava, 208 -sUtrakRtAMga niyukti, gAthA, 54. 24. devIo cakkesarI ajiyA duriyArI kAli mhaakaalii| 7. tandulavaicArika, sAvacUri sUtra, 19 (devacaMda lAlabhAI pustakoddhAra accuya saMtA jAlA sutArayA asoya sirivacchA / / granthamAlA) pavara vajiyaM kusA paNNattI nivvANi accyA dharaNI / 8. vhii| vairoTTa'cchuta gaMdhAri aMba upamAvaI siddhA / / 9. samudravIcIcapalasvabhAvAH saMdhyAbhramarekhA va muhUrtarAgAH / -pravacanasAroddhAra, bhAga1, pR0 375-76, devacanda lAlabhAI striyaH kRtArthAH puruSaM nirarthakaM nipIDitAlaktakavad tyajanti / jaina pustakoddhAra saMsthA, san 1922 uttarAdhyayanacUrNi, pR0 65, RSabhadevajI kezarImala saMsthA ratnapura 25. tIse so vayaNaM soccA saMjayAe subhAsiyaM / (ratalAma) 1933 I0. aMkuseNa jahA nAgo dhamme saMpaDivAiyo / / 10. pagaitti sabhAo / svabhAvena ca itthI alpasatvA bhavati / - uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 22/48 - nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 3, pR0 584, AgarA, 1957-58 (tathA) dazavaikAlikacUrNi, pR0 87-88, maNivijaya sIrIja bhAvanagara / 11. sA ya appasattattANao jeNa vAteNa vtthmaadinnaa| 26. bhagavaM vaMbhI-sundarIo patthaveti ....imaM va bhnnito| appeNAvi lobhijjati, dANalobhiyA ya akajaM pikaroti / / Na kira hatthiM vilaggassa kevalanANaM uppajjaI / / -vahI, bhAga 3, pR0 584 / ___ -AvazyakacUrNi, bhAga 1 pR0 211 12. AcArAMgacUrNi, pR0315 / 27. vaMtAsI puriso rAyaM, na so hoI psNsio| 13. evaM pi tA vadittAvi aduvA kammuNA avakareti / mAhaNeNaM paricattaM dhaNaM AdAramicchasi / - sUtrakRtAMga, 1/4/23 - uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 14/38 evaM uttarAdhyayanacUrNi, pR0 230 14. dugrahiyaM hRdayaM yathaiva vadanaM yaddapaNAntargatam (RSabhadeva kezarImala saMsthA ratalAma, san 1933) ____ bhAva: parvatamArgadurgaviSamaH strINAM na vijJAyate / 28. bhagavatI, 12/2 / -sUtrakRtAMga, 1/4/23, pra0 seTha chaganalAla, mUMthA baMgalora 1930 29. jai vi paricittasaMgo tahA vi parivaDai / 15. suTThavi jiyAsu suTThavi piyAsu suTThavi ladvaparAsu / mahilAsaMsaggIe kosAbhavaNasiya vva risI / / aDaI mahiliyAsu ya vIsaMbho neva kAyavyo / -bhaktaparijJA,gA0 128 ubbheu aMgulI so puriso sayalaMmi jIvaloyammi / (tathA ) kAmaM taeNa nArI jeNa na pattAiM dukkhAI // tuma eta soyasi appANaM Navi, tuma erisao ceva hohisi, ___ -vahI, vivaraNa 1/4/23 uvasAmeti laddhabuddhI, icchAmI vedAvaccaMti gato, puNovi AlovettA 16. vahI, 1/4/2 virahati // 17. ee ceva ya dosA purisasamAye vi itthiyANaM pi / __ AvazyakacUrNi 2, pR0 187 -sUtrakRtAMganiyukti, gAthA, 61 Na dukkara toDiya aMbapiMDI, Na dukkaraMNaccitu sikkhiyAe /

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jaina dharma meM nArI kI bhUmikA 567 taM dukkaraM taM ca mahANubhAgaM, ja so muNI pamayavaNaM niviTTho // 41. jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga 2 -vahI, 1, pR0 555 42. (ka) bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga3, 2411, 2407, (kha) 30. kalpasUtra, kramaza: 197, 167,157 va 134, prAkRta bRhatkalpabhASya, bhAga4, 4339 / bhAratI, jayapura 1977 (ga) vyavahArasUtra, 5/1-16 / 31. cAturmAsa sUcI, pR0 77 pra. a. bhA. samagra jaina cAturmAsa 43. jassa NaM ahaM puttA ! rAyassa vA juvarAyassa vA bhAriyattAe sayameva dalaissAmi, tattha NaM tumaM suhiyA vA dukkhiyA vA bhavijjAsi / sUcI prakAzana pariSad, bambaI, 1987 / -jJAtAdharmakathA, 16/85 32. itthI purisasiddhA ya , taheva ya napuMsagA / 44. tae NaM sA revaI gAhAvaiNI tehiM goNamaMsehiM sollehiM ya suraM saliMge annaliMge ya, gihiliMge taheva ya / / ca AsAe mANI viharai / -uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 36/50 -uvAsagadasAo, pR0244 33. jJAtAdharmakathA - malli aura draupadI adhyayana / tae NaM tassa mahAsayagassa samaNovAsagassa bahUhiM sIla jAva 34. (a) tatheva hatthikhaMdhavaragatAe kevalanANaM, siddhAe imAme bhAvemANassa coisa saMvaMccharA vaikkaMtA / evaM taheva jedraM pattaM ThaveDa jAva osappiNIe par3hamasiddho marudevA / evaM ArAhaNaM pratiyogasaMgaho kaayvyo| posahasAlAe dhammapaNNattiM uvasaMpajjitA NaM viharai / -A0 cUrNi, bhAga 2, pR0 212 ___ - uvAsagadasAo, 245 draSTavya, vahI, bhAga 1, pR0 181 va 488 / 45. aputrasya gatirnAsti / (ba) antakRddazA ke varga 5 meM 10, varga 7 meM 13, varga 8 meM 46. jai NaM ahaM dAragaM vA payAyAmi to NaM ahaM jAyaM ya jAva 10 / isa prakAra kula 33 mukta nAriyoM kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| aNubuDDemitti / 35. (a) maNussiNIsu micchAiTThi sAsaNasammAiTTi-TThANe siyA - jJAtAdharmakathA, 1/2/16. pajjattiyAo siyA apajjattiyAosaMjadAsaMjadasaMjadaTThANe NiyamA 47. na tassa dukkhaM vibhayaMti nAio, na mittavaggA na sayA na pjjttiyaao|| - SaTkhaNDAgama, 1,1, 92-93 bNdhvaa| (ba) evaM vidhANacariyaM caritaM je sAdhavo ya ajjAvo / ekko saMya paccaNu hoi dukkhaM, kattAramevaM aNujAi kammaM / / -uttarAdhyayana 13/23 te jaMgapujja kittiM suhaM ca labhrUNa sijhaMti / / 48. jJAtAdharmakathA, adhyayana 8, sUtra 30,31 / -mUlAcAra 4/196 49. AvazyakacUrNi, bhAga 1, pRSTha 152 / 36. liMga itthINaM havadi bhaMjaI piMDaM saeyakAlammi / 50. vahI, bhAga1, pRSTha 142-143 / ajjiya vi ekavatthA vatthAvaraNeNa bhuMjei // 51. jainAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja, - DaoN jagadIzacandra jaina Navi sijjhai vatthadharo jiNasAsaNe jaivi hoi titthyro| pR0 253-266 / Naggo vimokkhamaggo sesA umaggayA savve // 52. jJAtAdharmakathA, adhyAya 16, sUtra 72-74 / - sUtraprAbhRta, 22,23 53. uvAsagadasA 1, 48 / (tathA) suNahANa gaddahANa ya gopasumahilANaM dIsade mokkho| 54. vahI, abhayadevakRtavRtti, pR0 43 / je sodhaMti cautthaM picchijjaMtA jaNehi savvehiM // 55. nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 2, 381 / __-zIlaprAbhRta, 29 56. jJAtAdharmakathA, dvitIyazrutaskandha, prathama varga, adhyAya 2-5 37. Aspects of Jainology, Vo..2; Pt. Bechardas Doshi dvitIya varga, adhyAya5; tRtIya varga, adhyAya 1-54 / Commeinoration Vol. page 50-110 57. vahI, prathamazrutaskandha, adhyAya 16, sUtra 72-74 / 38. isa sambandha meM zvetAmbara dRSTikoNa ke lie dekhie- abhidhAna 58. nizIthacUrNi, bhAga 3, pR0 267 / rAjendrakoSa, bhAga 2, pR0 618-621 (tathA) itthIsu Na pAvayA 59. vahI, bhAga 2, pR0 173 / bhaNiyA -sUtraprAbhRta, pR0 24-26 60. vahI, bhAga 1, pR0 129 / evaM 61. vahI, bhAga 3, pR0 234 / Navi sijjhai vatthadharo jiNasAsaNe hoi titthayaro / / vahI, 23 62. (a) vahI, bhAga 2, pR0 59-60 / 39. isa sambandha meM digambara pakSa ke vistRta vivecana ke lie dekheM (ba) teMsiM paMca mahilasatAI, tANi vi aggiM pAvaTThANi / -jainendra siddhAnta koSa, bhAga 3, pR0 596-598 / evaM zvetAmbara pakSa - vahI, bhAga 4, pR014 / ke liye dekheM 63. mahAnizItha, pR0 29 / dekheM, jainAgama sAhitya meM bhAratIya abhiddhAna rAjendrakoSa, bhAga 2, pR0 618-621 / samAja, pR0 271 / / 40. isa sambandha meM vistRta carcA ke lie dekheM -yApanIya sampradAya, 64. AvazyakacUrNi, bhAga 1, pR0 318 / pro0 sAgaramala jaina / 65. mantriNyau lalitAdevI saukhvau anazana mamatuH / -prabandhakoza, pRSTha 129.

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66. evamege u pAsatthA, pannavaMti aNAriyA / 73. sAvikA jAyA abaMbhassa paccakkhai NaNNattha raayaabhiyogennN| itthIvasaMgayA bAlA, jiNasAsaNaparammuhA / / ___- AvazyakacUrNi, bhAga1, pR0 554-55 / jahA gaMDaM pilAgaM vA, pirapIlejja muhattaMgaM / 74. jainazilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga 2, abhilekha kramAMka 8 / evaM vinavaNitthIsu, doso tattha kao siyA / 75. jambUdvIpaprajJapti-zAntisUrIya vRtti, adhikAra2,30 / -sUtrakRtAMga, 1/3/4/9-10 76. jJAtAdharmakathA, 4/6 / 67. upAsakadazA, 1,48 / 77. tamhA u vajjae itthI ......AghAte Na sevi NiggaMthe / 68. aNaMgaseNA pAmokkhANaM aNegANaM gaNiyAsAhassINaM ..... / -sUtrakRtAMga 1,4,1,11 - AvazyakacUrNi, bhAga 1, pR0 356 / 78. kappai niggaMthINaM viikiTThae kAle sajjhAyaM karettae niggaMtha 69. AdipurANa, pR0 125, bhAratIya jJAnapITha prakAzana, 1919 / nissAe / (tathA) paMcavAsapariyAe samaNe niggaMthe, saTThivAsa pariyAe 70. aTThA jAva .........sAmittaM bhaTTittaM mahattaragataM ANA Isara samaNIe niggaMthIe kappai Ayariya uvajjhAyattAe uddisittaae| seNAvaccaM kAremANI ......... / - vyavahArasUtra, 7, 15, va 20 / 71. dekheM, jaina, bauddha aura gItA kA AcAra darzana, bhAga2, DA0 79. isa samasta carcA ke lie dekheM - mere nirdezana meM racita aura sAgaramala jaina, pR0 268 / / mere dvArA sampAdita grantha- jaina aura bauddha bhikSuNI saMgha- DaoN aruNa pratApa 72. .......asaIjaNaposaNayA / upAsakadazA, 1/51 siNh| satI prathA aura jainadharma 'satI' zabda kA artha jisane pati kI mRtyu para usake sAtha citA meM jalakara usakA anugamana kiyA ho, apitu ye una vIrAMganAoM ke caritra haiM jinhoMne apane zIla rakSA 'satI' kI avadhAraNA jainadharma aura hindUdharma donoM meM hI pAI hetu kaThora saMgharSa kiyA aura yA to sAdhvI jIvana svIkAra kara bhikSuNI hai| zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI jaina paramparA meM to Aja bhI sAdhvI/zramaNI Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya meM dadhivAhana kI patnI evaM candanA kI mAtA ko satI yA mahAsatI kahA jAtA hai / yadyapi prArambha meM hindU paramparA meM dhAriNI Adi kucha aisI striyoM ke ullekha haiM jinhoMne apane satItva 'satI' kA tAtparya eka caritravAna yA zIlavAna strI hI thA kintu Age arthAt zIla kI rakSA ke lie dehotsarga kara diyA / ata: jainadharma meM calakara hindU paramparA meM jabase satI prathA kA vikAsa huA, taba se yaha satI strI vaha nahIM jo pati kI mRtyu para usakI citA meM jalakara usakA 'satI' zabda eka viziSTa artha meM prayukta hone lgaa| sAmAnyatayA anugamana karatI hai apitu vaha hai jo kaThina paristhitiyoM meM apanI hindUdharma meM 'satI' zabda kA prayoga usa strI ke lie hotA hai jo apane zIlarakSA kA prayatna karatI hai aura apane zIla ko khaNDita nahIM hone pati kI citA meM svayaM ko jalA detI hai| ata: hameM yaha spaSTa rUpa se detI hai, cAhe isa hetu use dehotsarga hI kyoM na karanA pdd'e| samajha lenA hogA ki jainadharma kI 'satI' kI avadhAraNA hindU paramparA kI satIprathA se pUrNata: bhinna hai / yadyapi jainadharma meM 'satI' evaM 'satItva' ko satI prathA ke aucitya aura anaucitya kA prazna pUrNa sammAna prApta hai kintu usameM satIprathA kA samarthana nahIM hai| satIprathA ke aucitya aura anaucitya kA prazna eka bahucarcita jainadharma meM prasiddha solaha satiyoM ke kathAnaka upalabdha haiM aura aura jvalanta prazna ke rUpa meM Aja bhI upasthita hai / nizcita hI yaha prathA jainadharmAnuyAyI tIrthaMkaroM ke nAma smaraNa ke sAtha inakA bhI prAta:kAla puruSa-pradhAna saMskRti kA eka abhizapta-pariNAma hai / yadyapi itihAsa ke nAma smaraNa karate haiM - kucha vidvAna isa prathA ke pracalana kA kAraNa muslimoM ke AkramaNoM ke brAhmI candanabAlikA, bhagavatI rAjImatI draupadI / phalasvarUpa nArI meM utpanna asurakSA kI bhAvanA evaM usake zIla-bhaMga hetu kauzalyA ca mRgAvatI ca sulasA sItA subhadrA zivA / / balAtkAra kI pravRtti ko mAnate haiM, kintu merI dRSTi meM isa prathA ke bIja kuntI zIlavatI nalasyadayitA cUlA prabhAvatyapi / aura prakArAntara se usakI upasthiti ke pramANa hameM ati prAcInakAla se padmAvatyapi sundarI pratidinaM kurvantu no maMgalam / / hI milate haiM / satI prathA ke mukhyata: do rUpa mAne jA sakate haiM, prathama ina satiyoM ke ullekha evaM jIvanavRtta jainAgamoM evaM Agamika rUpa jo isa prathA kA vIbhatsa rUpa hai ; isameM nArI ko usakI icchA ke vyAkhyA sAhitya tathA prAcIna jainakAvyoM evaM purANoM meM milate haiN| kintu viparIta pati ke zava ke sAtha mRtyuvaraNa ko vivaza kiyA jAtA hai| unake jIvanavRttoM se jJAta hotA hai ki unameM se eka bhI aisI nahIM hai dUsarA rUpa vaha hai jisameM pati kI mRtyu para bhAvukatAvaza strI svecchA se