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________________ jaina dharma kI paraMparA DaoN. nArAyaNa lAla kachArA jainadharma kA prAcIna nAma zramaNa kahA jAtA thaa| sarvaprathama "jaina dharma" kiyaa| ise jina dharma kI kahA gayA / kAla cakra jaina dharma ke anusAra sRSTi anAdi kAla se gatizIla hai| isakI na hI Adi hai aura na hI aMta / saMsAra ke apakarSa va utkarSamaya kAla ko jaina dharma meM kramazaH avasarpiNI va utsarpiNI kahA gayA hai| avasarpiNI kAla ke chaha vibhAga haiM unheM ArA kahA gayA hai| sarpa kI mu~ha se pUMcha taka kramaza: caur3Apana kama hotA jAtA hai isI taraha ina vibhAgoM kA kAla kramazaH saMkucita hotA calA jAtA hai| chaha vibhAga isa prakAra haiM saMskRti aura Arhata dharma thA mahAvIra kAla meM ise nirgrantha dharma bhI zabda kA prayoga jinamadramaNi zramAzramaNa ne vizeSAvazyaka bhASya meM 1. suSamA suSamA 3. suSama - duHSamA 2. suSamA 5. duSamA 4. duHSama - suSamA 6. duSama-duSamA utsarpiNI kAla meM ye hI chaha vibhAga ulTe krama se hote hai / sarpa kI pUMcha se muMha taka kramazaH moTApana hotA hai usI taraha ina vibhAgoM kA kAla kramazaH vRddhigata hotA calA jAtA hai| avasarpiNI va utsarpiNI ina donoM ko kAlacakra kahate haiN| kAlacakra kI avadhi bIsa koTi-koTi sAgara kI hotI hai| suSama- suSamA kAla cAra koTi-koTi sAgara / usa samaya bhUmi snigdha thii| varNa, rasa, gaMdha aura sparza atyanta manojJa the| karma bhUmi thI kintuM abhI karmayuga kA pravartana nahIM huA thA / padArtha ati snigdha the| isa yuga meM manuSya tIna dina ke antara se arahara ke dAla jitanI - sI vanaspati khAte aura tRtpa ho jaate| inakA jIvanakAla tIna palya thA / akAla-mRtyu kabhI nahIM hotI thI / vAtAvaraNa kI atyanta anukUlatA thii| unakA zarIra tIna gAU U~cA thA / suSamA kAla tIna koTi-koTi sAgara isameM bhojana do dina ke antara se hone lgaa| usakI mAtrA bera ke phala jitanI ho gii| jIvanakAla do palya kA ho gayA aura zarIra kI UMcAI do gAU kI raha gii| inakI kamI kA kAraNa thA bhUmi aura padArthoM kI snigdhatA kI kamI / suSamA duSamA kAla / do koTi-koTi sAgara / eka dina ke ke samAna ho gyii| jIvana kAla eka palya kA ho gyaa| aMtima caraNa meM padArthoM kI snigdhatA meM bahuta kamI huI AyI aura isI samaya kulakara vyavasthA ko janma milaa| aMtara se bhojana hone lgaa| usakI mAtrA AMvalA zarIra kI U~cAI eka gAU kI ho gii| isake sahaja niyamana TUTane lage taba kRtrima vyavasthA yaha karma yuga ke zaizavakAla kI kahAnI hai| samAja saMgaThana abhI nahIM huA thA yaugalika vyavasthA cala rahI thii| eka jor3A hI saba kucha hotA thA / na kula thA, na varga aura na jAti / janasaMkhyA kama thI / mAtA-pitA kI mauta se chaha mAha pahale eka yugala janma letA, vahI dampatti hotA / jIvana kI AvazyakatA bahuta kama thii| khetI, kapar3A, makAna nahIM the| bhojana, vastra aura nivAsa ke sAdhana kalpa vRkSa the| gA~va nahIM the svAmI sevaka nahIM the, samAja nahIM thA saMgraha, corI, asatya nahIM thaa| yaha krama tIsare Are ke anta kAla taka claa| taba taka kalpa vRkSoM kI zakti bhI kSINa ho gii| kulakara vyavasthA tIsare Are ke anta meM yaugalika vyavasthA TUTane lgii| janasaMkhyA meM vRddhi huI, sAdhana kama par3ane lge| isa sthiti meM ApasI saMgharSa aura lUTa-khasoTa hone lgii| aparAdhI manovRtti kA bIja aMkurita hone 1
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________________ lgaa| aparAdha aura avyavasthA ke phalasvarUpa 'kula' vyavasthA kA vikAsa huaa| kula ke mukhiyA ko 'kulakara' kahA gyaa| use daMDa dene kA adhikAra hotaa| vaha kula kI vyavasthA karatA, unakI suvidhAoM kA dhyAna rakhatA aura lUTa-khasoTa para niyaMtraNa rkhtaa| kulakara-sAta hue haiN| vimalavAhana, cakSuSmAna, yazasvI, abhicandra, prasenajita, mayadeva va naabhi| kulakara - vyavasthA meM tIna daNDa nItiyA~ pracalita huii| pahale kulakara vimalavAhana ke samaya hAkAra nIti kA prayoga huA (hA! tUne yaha kyA kiyA!) yaha nIti dUsare kulakara ke samaya bhI thii| tIsare aura cauthe kulakara ke samaya choTe aparAdha ke lie 'hAkAra' aura bar3e aparAdha ke nIce 'mAkAra' (mata karo) nIti kA prayoga kiyA gyaa| pA~cave, chaThe aura sAtaveM kulakara ke samaya meM "dhikkAra' nIti clii| choTe aparAdha ke lie 'hAkAra', madhyama ke lie 'mAkAra' aura bar3e aparAdha ke lie 'dhikkAra' nIti kA prayoga kiyA gyaa| nAbhi ke samaya kalpavRkSoM se prApta bhojana aparyApta ho gyaa| yugala Apasa meM jhagar3ane lage aura 'dhikkAra' nIti kA ullaMghana hone lgaa| ghabarAkara ve RSabhakumAra ke pAsa pahu~ce aura sthiti nivedana kii| RSabha ne unheM rAjA kI AvazyakatA batAI aura kahA ve nAbhi ke pAsa jAyeM aura rAjA kI mAMga kreN| nAbhi ne RSabha ko rAjA ghoSita kiyaa| RSabha ne sarvaprathama nagara basAyA, vinItA - ayodhyaa| phira gA~voM aura nagaroM kA nirmANa huaa| loga vana se haTakara bhavanavAsI bana gye| pAlatu pazuoM kA saMgraha hone lgaa| RSabha ne maMtrimaMDala banAyA, ArakSakadala sthApita kiyA, senA aura senApatiyoM kI vyavasthA kI, naI daNDa-nIti banAI, aura rAjataMtra ko janma diyaa| isa yuga meM akAla mRtyu hone lgii| eka bAlikA akelI raha gii| nAbhi ne use RSabha kI patnI ke rUpa meM svIkAra kiyaa| yahIM se vivAha-paddhati kA udaya huaa| isake bAda loga apanI sahodarI ke atirikta bhI dUsarI kanyAoM se vivAha karane lge| rAjA RSabha kI naI zikSAeM (1) kRSi karma (2) agni kA upayoga (3) bhojana pakAnA (4) asi karma-surakSA (5) masi karma - (likhA-par3hI se) vastu kA vinimaya krnaa| (6) varNa vyavasthA, kSatriya surakSA kArya, vaizya-kRSi tathA masikarma, zudra-sevA aura saphAI (7) vivAha vyavasthA (8) grAma vyavasthA (7) daNDa vyavasthA (10) kalA prazikSaNa-bharata ko 72 kalAeM sikhaayii| (11) lipi - brAhmI ko akSara vidyA, sundarI ko gaNita vidyA (12) bAhubalI ko prANI kI lkssnn-vidyaa| jIvanakAla - 84 lAkha pUrva : 83 lAkha pUrva meM sAmAjika, rAjanaitika mUlyoM kI sthaapnaa| 1 hajAra pUrva-sAdhanA, 99 hajAra pUrva - kaivalya kaal| prathama tIrthaMkara - cAra tIrtha - sAdhu, sAdhvI, zrAvaka, zrAvikA kI sthApanA - muni dharma ke pA~ca mahAvrata aura gRhastha-dharma ke 12 vratoM kA upadeza bharata * rAjA RSabha ne sau putroM ko alaga-alaga rAjya sauNpe| bharata ne 98 bhAIyoM ko apane adhIna kara liyaa| * bAhubali se yuddha, bAhubali vijyii| bAhubali kA tyAga aura tpsyaa| kaivalya / * bharata kA muni dharma grahaNa, kaivly| bharata ke nAma deza kA nAma bhArata huaa| bhagavAn RSabha kA nirvANa ___ avasarpiNI ke tIsare Are ke tIna varSa sAr3he ATha mAsa zeSa rahane para cha: dina kA anazana aura phira mAgha kRSNA trayodazI ke dina nirvaann|
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________________ cauthe Are kA kAla 23 tIrthaMkara : (2) ajItanAtha (3) saMbhavanAtha (4) abhinandana (5) sumatinAtha (6) padmaprabha (7) supArzvanAtha (8) candraprabha (9) suvidhinAtha (10) zItalanAtha (11) zreyAMsanAtha (12) vAsupUjya (13) vimalanAtha (14) anantanAtha (15) dharmanAtha (16) zAMtinAtha (17) kuMthunAtha (18) aranAtha (19) mallinAtha (20) munisuvrata (21) naminAtha (22) ariSTanemi (neminAtha)-prAgaaitihAsika kAla (23) pArzvanAtha - aitihAsika puruSa janma I.pU. 877, parinirvANa I.pU. 777, Ayu-100 varSa 178 varSa pazcAt I.pU. 599 meM mahAvIra kA jnm| pArzvanAtha ke samaya cAturyAma dharma - ahiMsA, satya, astya aparigraha pravartita thaa| isakA prArambha ajItanAtha se huaa| ahiMsA kA sAmAjika, vyAvahArika jIvana meM smaavesh| dharma pracAra ke lie saMgha bnaaye| (24) mahAvIra janma - I.pU. 599, caitra zuklA trayodazI, dakSiNa kunnddgraam| cauthA ArA pUrA hone meM 74 varSa, 11 mAha, sAr3he sAta dina baakii| dIkSA - tIsa varSa kI avasthA meN| sAdhanA kAla - bAraha varSa sAr3he chaha maas| pUre sAdhanA kAla meM kevala eka muhurta nIMda, zeSa kAla meM dhyAna aura anya jaagrnn| kaivalya - vaizAkha zuklA dazamI, jaMbhiyagrAma ke bAhara RjubAlikA nadI ke kinAre, zAlavRkSa ke nIce, gaudohikA Asana, IzAnakoNa kI ora mu~ha, dina kA aMtima prhr| nirvANa - I.pU. 527, kArtika kRSNA amAvasyA, pAvApurI meN| saMgha vyavasthA-zramaNa saMgha-AcArya, upAdhyAya, sthavira, pravartaka, gaNI, gaNadhara, gaNAvacchedaka muni dinacaryA - sAmayika, caturvizaMtistava, vandanA, pratikramaNa, kAyotsarga, prtyaakhyaan| zrAvaka saMgha - aNuvratoM kA pAlana karane vAlA, zraddhA sNpnn| bhagavAn mahAvIra kI uttaravartI paramparA digambara paraMparA - 1. gaNadhara gautama - mahAvIra ke bAda 12 varSa (kaivalya avasthA) 2. gaNadhara, sudharmA - gautama ke bAda 8 varSa (kaivalya avasthA) zvetAmbara paraMparA 1. gaNadhara, sudharmA-mahAvIra ke bAda 12 varSa (kaivalya prApti taka) 2. Arya jambUkumAra (antima kevalI) - sudharmA ke bAda 44 varSa AcArya jambU ke sAtha-sAtha kevalajJAna kI paraMparA vichinna ho gii| zrutakevalI (caturdazapUrvI) kI paraMparA :zvetAmbara-chaha AcAryaH prabhava, zayaMbhava, yazobhadra, saMbhUta vijaya, bhadrabAhu aura sthUlabhadra (170 vrss)| digambara -pA~ca AcAryaH viSNu, nandimitra, aparAjita, govardhana aura bhadrabAhu (162 varSa) dasapUrvI paraMparA :zvetAmbara - dasa AcAryaH mahAgirI, suhasti, guNasundara, kAlakAcArya, skandilAcArya, revatimitra, Arya dharma, bhadragupta, zrIgupta, Aryavaja (369 varSa vi.saM. 114 taka) digambara - gyAraha AcAryaH vizAkhAcArya, proSThila, kSatriya, jayasena, nAgasena, siddhArtha, ghRtiSeNa, vijaya, buddhiliMga, deva, dharmasena (183 varSa vi.pU. 287 taka)
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________________ pazcAt kucha samaya taka donoM paramparA AcAryoM kA bheda svIkAra karatI hai aura bhadrabAhu ke jambU samaya phira donoM eka bana jAtI hai| aisA pratIta hotA hai ki prabhavasvAmI ke samaya se hI kucha matabheda ke aMkura phUTane lge| bhadrabAhu ke samaya (vI. ni. 160 ke lagabhaga) pATalIputra meM jo prathama vAcanA huI usase paraMparA matabheda tIvra ho gyaa| isa samaya samrATa candragupta kA zAsana thA aura usa samaya magadha meM bAraha varSa kA bhayaMkara durbhikSa pdd'aa| isa kAraNa bahuta se niSThAvAna dRr3havartI sAdhu bhadrabAhu ke sAtha dakSiNa bhArata ko cale gaye aura zeSa sthUlabhadra ke sAtha vahIM raha gaye / zvetAmbara mAnyatA ke anusAra bhadrabAhu svAmI nepAla kI ora gaye (saMbhava hai ki dakSiNa ke bAda nepAla gaye ho) bhadrabAhu kI anupasthiti meM gyAraha aMgoM kA saMkalana kiyA gayA, vaha sabako pUrNa mAnya nahIM huaa| lagabhaga 700 varSa bAda dUsarI bAra do vAcanAe~ huI, mathurA meM AcArya skandila ke netRtva meM aura vallabhI meM AcArya nAgArjuna ke netRtva meN| inameM phira se zruta saMkalana huaa| mAthurI vAcanA kA digambara paraMparA ne pUrNa bahiSkAra kiyaa| aMtima vAcanA isake 150 varSa bAda vallabhI meM AcArya zramA zramaNa devarddhigaNi ke netRtva meM huI jisameM AgamoM ko tAr3apatra para likhita rUpa diyA gayA / digambara aura zvetAmbara donoM paramparA mAnatI hai ki pUrvoM kA jJAna pUrNa rUpa se lupta nahIM huA / digambara mAnyatA hai ki AcArya dharasena aMga-Agama ke jJAtA the aura unake pAsa pUrvI kA AMzika jJAna surakSita thaa| unhoMne AcArya puSpadaMta aura bhUtabali ko vAcanA pradAna kii| aisA mAnA jAtA hai ki AcArya puSpadaMta aura bhUtabali ne dUsare pUrva agrAyaNIya ke kucha aMza ke AdhAra para SaTkhaNDAgama kI racanA kI aura AcArya guNadhara ne pA~cave pUrva jJAnapravAda ke kucha aMza ke AdhAra para kaSAya pAhur3a kI racanA kii| zvetAmbara mAnyatA hai ki bArahaveM Agama dRSTivAda meM pUrvoM kA jJAna samAhita hai| zvetAmbara paramparA sarvathA Agama -viccheda kI paramparA ko svIkAra nahIM krtii| isa paraMparA ke anusAra Agama-vAcanAkAra AcAryoM ke satprayatnoM se Agama-saMkalana kA mahattvapUrNa kArya huA aura isase AgamoM kI surakSA hotI rhii| duSkAla ke samaya Agama-nidhi kSata-vikSata to huI para usakA pUrNa lopa nahIM huA thaa| dvAdazAMgI kI dena AcArya sudharmA kI hai / dazavaikAlika ke AcArya zayyambhava cheda sUtroM ke racayitA AcArya bhadrabAhu aura prajJApanA ke racayitA zyAmAcArya the| tatvArtha sUtra ke racayitA AcArya umAsvAti ( umAsvAmI) samayasAra pravacanasAra niyamasAra, paMcAstikAya aSTamrAbhRta sAhitya Adi graMthoM ke racayitA AcArya kuMdakuMda isa yuga ke mahAn sAhityakAra the| SaTkhaNDAgama, kaSAyaprAbhRta aura samayasAra Adi graMthoM ko digambara paramparA meM Agamavat ucca sthAna prApta hai| paramparA bheda vIra nirvANa kI sAtavIM zatAbdI ke pUrvArddha meM avibhakta jaina zramaNa saMgha zvetAmbara aura digambara ina do zAkhAoM meM vibhakta ho gyaa| zvetAmbara mAnyatA ke anusAra vI. ni. 609 (vi.saM. 139 ) meM digambara mata kI sthApanA huii| digambara mata ke anusAra vI. ni. 606 (vi.saM. 136 ) meM zvetAmbara mata kI sthApanA huI / yApanIya saMgha kI samanvayAtmaka nIti ne ina donoM ke bIca samajhautA karane kA prayatna bhI kiyA / zvetAmbara mAnyatA ke anusAra prathama aura antima tIrthaMkara ne to acelaka dharma kA upadeza diyA kiMtu bIca ke 22 tIrthaMkaroM ne sacela aura aMcala donoM dharmoM kA upadeza diyaa| digambara paraMparA aisA nahIM mAnatI / digambara sampradAya prArambha meM digambara ko mUla saMgha bhI kahA jAtA thA / mUlasaMgha 4-5vIM zatAbdI meM dakSiNa bhArata meM vidyamAna thaa| isakA vibhAjana gaNa ke rUpa meM huA aura sAta se adhika gaNoM kA varNana milatA hai| dakSiNa prAMta meM AcArya jinasena ke satIrthya vinayasena ke ziSya kumAra sena ne kASThA saMgha kI sthApanA kii| isa saMgha meM mayura picchI kI jagaha gAya ke bailoM kI picchI kA prayoga kiyA jAtA thA kASThA saMgha kI pramukha 4
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________________ zAkhAeM yA gaccha cAra the - nanditaTa, mAthura, bAgar3a aura lATa baagdd'| mAthura saMgha ke sAdhu picchI nahIM rakhate the| vi.saM. 526 meM dakSiNa mathurA meM dravir3a saMgha kI utpatti huI, isakA saMsthApaka AcArya pUjyapAda kA ziSya vajanandi thaa| isa saMgha ke AcAryoM ne padmAvatI devI kI pUjA ke prasAra meM bar3A yoga diyaa| isa saMgha ke sAdhu jaina maMdiroM meM rahate the| unakA rUpa maThAdhizoM ke jaisA ho gayA thaa| inhIM kA vikasita rUpa bhaTTAraka pada hai| vI.ni. 1975 se 2042 (vi.saM. 1505 se 1572) ke bIca krAMtikArI tAraNa svAmI hue| unhoMne mUrtipUjA ke virodha meM eka krAMti kI aura tAraNa taraNa samAja kI sthApanA kii| isa samAja ke anuyAyI maMdiroM ke sthAna para sarasvatI-bhavana banAne aura mUrtiyoM ke sthAna para zAstroM kI pratiSThA karane lage the| usa samaya bhaTTAraka zakti balavAna thii| bhaTTAraka sampradAya ke zithilAcAra para dhArmikoM ke mana meM nAnA prakAra kI pratikriyA ho rahI thii| kucha loga AcArya kuMdakuMda aura amRtacandra ke graMthoM kA adhyayana kara adhyAtma kI ora jhuke aura ve adhyAtmI kahalAne lge| vikrama kI 17vIM zatAbdI meM paMDita banArasIdAsa jI kA samarthana pAkara isa adhyAtmI paraMparA se digambara terApaMthI kA janma huaa| bAda meM ise paM. ToDaramala aura kAnajI svAmI ne Age bddh'aayaa| isa paMtha meM (ise mumukSa saMgha bhI kahate haiM) digambara aura zvetAmbara donoM sampradAyoM ke loga sammilita hue| ise zuddha AmnAya bhI kahate haiN| isameM nirapekSa tatva (nizcaya naya) kI pradhAnatA hai| terApaMtha ke abhyudaya ke sAtha hI ittara pakSa digambara bIsapaMthI kahalAyA aura bhaTTAra yuga kA lopa ho gyaa| terApaMthI pUjana meM saMcita padArthoM aura dUdha kA upayoga nahIM krte| vidvAnoM kI mAnyatA hai ki bIsapaMthjJI sampradAya kA abhyudaya rAjanItika paristhitiyoM kA prabhAva hai jaba jainoM ne apane saMrakSaNa hetu hinduoM ke aneka vidhi-vidhAna apnaaye| auraMgajeba ke zAsanakAla se 2-3 zatAbdiyoM taka digambara sAdhu nahIM the| 20vIM zatAbdI ke prArambha meM AcArya zAMtisAgara se phira muni paraMparA prArambha huii| zvetAmbara sampradAya zvetAmbara sampradAya ke sAdhu vikrama kI 7-8vIM zatAbdI taka kAraNa par3ane para hI vastra dhAraNa karate the aura vaha bhI kevala kttivstr| bAda meM ve sapheda vastra pahanane lge| phira jina mUrtiyoM meM bhI laMgoTe kA cihna banAyA jAne lgaa| isake bAda unheM vastra-AbhUSaNoM se sajAne kI prathA clii| vIra nirvANa kI nauvIM zatAbdI meM caityavAsa kI sthApanA huii| kucha zithilAcArI muni ugra-vihAra chor3akara maMdiroM ke paripArzva meM rahane lge| AcArya devarddhigaNi ke bAda caityavAsI sampradAya ko nirbAdha gati se panapane kA avasara milaa| kaThora caryA pAlana karane vAle suvihitamArgI zramaNa caityavAsI zramaNoM ke bar3hate hue varcasva ke sAmane parAbhUta ho ge| zramaNa varga, yati varga evaM bhaTTAraka varga meM suvidhAvAda panapane lgaa| ugra vihAra caryA ko chor3akara ve maThAdhIza bana gye| jaMtra, maMtra, taMtroM ke prayoga se ve rAja-sammAna pAkara rAjaguru kahalAne lge| chatra camara Adi ko niHsaMkoca bhAva se dhAraNa kara ve rAjazAhI ThATa se rahane lge| zvetAmbara (mUrtipUjaka) sampradAya ke mukhya gaccha 1. upakeza gaccha-isakA udaya bhagavAna pArzvanAtha meM batAyA gayA hai, unakA anuyAyI kezI isa gaccha kA netA thaa| 2. kharataragaccha - isa gaccha kA prathama netA gujarAta meM vardhamAnasUri ko mAnA jAtA hai| 3. tapAgaccha - isa gaccha ke saMsthApaka zrI jagacandrasUri the unhoMne vi.saM. 1285 meM Ayar3a meM isakI sthApanA kii| 4. pArzvacandra gaccha - yaha tapAgaccha kI zAkhA hai| tapAgaccha ke AcArya pArzvacandra ne vi.saM. 1515 meM isakI sthApanA kii| ye niyukti, bhASya, cUrNi aura cheda granthoM ko pramANa nahIM mAnate the|
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________________ 5. sArdhapauNamIya gaccha isa gaccha kI sthApanA candraprabhasUri ne kI ye mahAnizItha sUtra kI gaNanA / zAstra granthoM meM nahIM karate the| 6. aMcala gaccha - isa gaccha ke saMsthApaka upAdhyAya vijayasiMha the| bAda meM ye AryarakSita sUri ke nAma se vikhyAta hue| 7. Agamika gaccha isa gaccha ke saMsthApaka zIlaguNa aura devabhadra the| ye kSetrapAla kI pUjA karane ke virUddha the| - ina gacchoM meM Aja kharatara, tapA aura AMcalika gaccha hI vartamAna haiN| inakI sAdhu-samAcArI meM bheda haiM para yaha nirjIva-sA hai| solahavIM zatAbdI meM zvetAmbara paraMparA meM krAMtikArI laukAzAha paidA hue| usa samaya zvetAmbara dharmagacchoM ke saMcAlana kA dAyitva yati varga ke hAtha meM thA / yati caityoM meM nivAsa karate the| unake sAmane sAdhutva kA bhAva kama aura lokaraMjana kA bhAva pramukha thA ve dhana-saMpadA kA niraMkuza bhoga aura suvidhAoM kA upabhoga karane lge| ina sabake virodha meM laukAzAha ne krAMti kara dii| unakI lekhanI sundara hone ke kAraNa yatiyoM ne unheM Agama likhane kA kArya sauNpaa| unhoMne Agama-pratipAdita siddhAnta aura sAdhvAcAra ke bIca gaMbhIra bheda paayaa| eka dina unhoMne nirbhikatApUrvaka mUrti pUjA ke virodha meM krAMti kA udghoSa kara diyaa| koTyAdhIza lakkhamasI bhAI ne laukAzAha ke vicAroM ko gaharAI se samajhA aura ve unake mata kA prabala samarthana karane lge| vI.ni. 2001 (vi.saM. 1531) meM kaI vyaktiyoM ne laukAzAha kI zraddhA ke anurUpa zramaNa dIkSA lI aura unhoMne caityoM meM rahanA chor3A yaha nayA gaccha laukAgaccha ke nAma se jAnA gyaa| laukAzAha kA vI.ni. 2016 (vi.saM. 1541 ) meM svargavAsa ho gayA eka zatI pUrNa hone pUrva hI saiMkar3oM vyaktiyoM ne laukAgaccha meM nigrantha-dIkSA lii| tadantara paraspara sauhArdra aura eka sUtratA kI kamI ke kAraNa saMgaThana kamajora ho gyaa| isa samaya RSi lavajI, dharmasiMha jI evaM dharmadAsa jI ne lauMkAzAha kI dharma krAMti ko sahArA diyA aura sthAnakavAsI sampradAya kI nIMva ddaalii| AcArya dharmadAsa jI ke 99 ziSya the jo unake svargavAsa ke bAda bAIsa bhAgoM meM vibhakta ho gyaa| Aja yaha sampradAya sthAnakavAsI kahalAtA hai| vikrama kI ikkIsavIM sadI ke prathama dazaka meM sAdar3I meM sthAnakavAsI muniyoM kA vRhad zramaNa sammelana huaa| usameM AcArya AtmArAma jI ko pramukha pada para cuna kara adhikAMza sthAnakavAsI saMpradAyoM ko ekIkRta kiyA gayA jisakA nAma zrI vardhamAna sthAnakavAsI jaina zramaNa saMgha huA sthAnakavAsI paraMparA kI dUsarI zAkhA 'sAdhumArgI' ke nAma se prasiddha hai / vaha zramaNa saMgha ke sAtha nahIM hai| gA~jala saMpradAya, lIMbar3I saMpradAya aura AThakoTi saMpradAya bhI sthAnakavAsI paraMparA kI zAkhAe haiM aura ye (gujarAta saurASTa aura kaccha) meM haiN| sthAnakavAsI saMpradAya ke AcArya rUdhanAtha jI ke ziSya saMta bhIkhaNajI (AcArya bhikSu) ne vi.saM. 1817 meM terApaMtha kA pravartana kiyaa| AcArya bhikSu ne AcAra - zuddhi aura saMgaThana para bala diyaa| thor3e hI samaya meM eka AcArya, eka AcAra aura eka vicAra ke lie terApaMtha prasiddha ho gyaa| bhArata meM jainadharma kA vistAra tIsarI zatAbdI IsvI ke aMta taka jaina dharma kI jar3eM prAyaH sampUrNa bhArata meM jama cukI thI apane mUla kendra magadha se prArambha karake vaha dakSiNa pUrva meM kaliMga, pazcima meM mathurA, mAlavA aura saurASTra tathA dakSiNa meM dakSiNApakSa, karnATaka aura tamila pradezoM taka zanaiH-zanaiH vistAra pA cukA thaa| svayaM magadha ke Upara vaha apanA prabhAva kho cukA thA, kintu vaha pazcimI aura dakSiNa bhAgoM meM paryApta zaktizAlI bhI bana gayA thaa| gupta kAla (320-520 IsvI) meM pUrvI baMgAla ke rAjazAhI jile ke pahAr3apura bihAra ke rAjagRha, pUrvI uttara pradeza ke vArANasI aura kakuma (gorakhapura), pazcimI uttarapradeza ke mathurA, madhya pradeza ke udayagirI 6
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________________ (vidizA), rAjasthAna ke jAbAlipura aura paMjAba meM cinAba ke taTavartI pavaiyA jaise vibhinna sthAnoM meM jaina dharma ke sakriya anuyAyI the| tIsarI zatI IsvI se lekara dakSiNavartI pradezoM vizeSakara kAnnar3a bhASI pradezoM meM jaina dharma adhika phlaa-phuulaa| maisUra ke gaMga rAjavaMza kI sthApanA kA zreya jainAcArya siMhanandi ko diyA jAtA hai| vanavAsI ke kadamba nareza bhI jaina dharmAnuyAyI rahe mAne jAte haiN| isa rAjya ke nirgrantha (digambara), yApanIya, kUrcaka aura zvetapaTTa (zvetAmbara) nAma ke jaina sampradAya phala-phUla rahe the| kadamboM ke bAda cAlukya nareza bhI jaina dharma ke prazrayAdAtA rhe| IsA pUrva 394 meM prArambha hue siMhala nareza pAMDukAmaya ke rAjyakAla meM sihaladvIpa (zrIlaMkA) meM nirgrantha (jaina) loga vidyamAna the| IsvI san kI prArambhika zatAbdiyoM meM dakSiNa bhArata meM jaina dharma unnata avasthA meM thaa| cola, cera, pANDya, keralaputra evaM satyaputra nAmaka rAjyoM meM jaina dharma ke anuyAyI acchI saMkhyA meM the| jaina muniyoM kA eka saMgha dravir3a saMgha ke nAma se huA, jisakA prArambha dUsarI zatI IsvI meM AcArya samantabhadra ke samaya meM ho cukA thA, yadyapi usakI pRthaka sthApanA pA~cavI yA chaThI zatAbdI meM huI batAyI jAtI hai| chaThI-sAtavIM zatI meM tamila pradeza meM zaiva nayanAroM aura vaiSNava alvaroM ke hAthoM jainadharma para bhayaMkara atyAcAra bhI hue| AThavIM se dasavIM paryanta do zatAbdiyoM meM rASTrakUTa nareza jainadharma ke prati ati sahiSNu the, kucha rAjAoM ne jaina dharma ko aMgIkAra kara liyA thaa| usa kAla meM usa kSetra meM jaina dharma kA prAyaH koI prabala pratidvandvI nahIM thA tathA sampUrNa janasaMkhyA kA prAyaH eka-tihAI bhAga mahAvIra kA anuyAyI thaa| dasavIM se terahavIM zatI rAjapUtakAla meM rAjA jaina dharma ke prati sahiSNu the aura kaI rAje aura sAmanta jaina dharmAvalambI rhe| yahA~ se prArambha madhyakAla meM brAhmaNa aura hindUdharma kA vyApaka prabhAva rahA, bauddhadharma kA prAyaH sarvathA nAmazeSa ho gayA parantu jaina dharma apanI sthiti banAye rakhane meM saphala rhaa| isa kAla meM gujarAta jainadharma kA mukhya gar3ha thaa| kumArapAla jaise jaina nareza, vimalazAha, vastupAla aura tejapAla jaise jaina senApati aura maMtrI tathA kalikAla sarvajJa AcArya hemacandra hue / mAlavA aura rAjasthAna bhI jainadharma ke gar3ha the| dakSiNa bhArata meM zaiva aura vaiSNava sampradAyoM ke prabhAva se jaina dharma kA mahattva ghaTatA gyaa| terahavIM zatAbdI ke prArambha se islAma ke bhArata meM Agamana se jainadharma ke prabhAva aura usake anuyAyiyoM kI saMkhyA meM hAsa huaa| usa samaya digambara sampradAya ke mukhya gar3ha karnATaka, mahArASTra, pUrvI rAjasthAna, madhya bhArata aura bundelakhaNDa the aura zvetAmbara sampradAya ke mukhyagar3ha gujarAta, saurASTra, pazcimI mAlavA evaM pazcimI rAjasthAna the| musalamAna zAsakoM meM sarvAdhika sahiSNu mugala bAdazAha rhe| akabara aura usake putra jahAMgIra ne aneka jaina guruoM kA sammAna kiyaa| zAhajahA~ ne kucha aMzoM meM isa nIti kA ullaMghana kiyA aura auraMgajeba ne use pUrA ulaTa diyaa| parantu jaina anuyAyI apanI zAMtipriya nIti ke kAraNa surakSita raha gye| aThArahavIM zatAbdI meM rAjapUta rAjya meM jayapura jainadharma kA pramukha gar3ha thA parantu katipaya patha bhraSTa evaM dharmAndha hinduoM ke hAthoM jainoM ko nirdaya atyAcAra sahane pdd'e| jaina vidvAna, sAhityakAra evaM saMta puruSa paM. ToDaramala ko mithyA Aropa lagAkara hAthoM ke pairoM tale kucalavA diyA gyaa| madhya yuga meM jainiyoM kI saMkhyA kA nirantara hAsa hotA rahA aura sudIrgha kAla taka jo isa mahAdeza kA eka pradhAna dhArmika samAja rahA thA vaha aba ghaTakara janasaMkhyA kA eka pratizata se bhI kama raha gayA hai| mahAvIra ke pazcAt jaina dharma kI aitihAsika sthiti (a) uttara bhArata 1. bihAra
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________________ (1) rAjA ceTaka mahAvIra ke nAnA vaizAlI meM jainadharma kA saMrakSaNa T (2) rAjA zreNika (bimbasAra) (I.pU. 601 - 552 ) / magadha meM jaina dharma kA pracAra | ( 3 ) ajAtazatru (I.pU. 552 - 518 ) magadha kA rAjA usane vaizAlI ko jiitaa| nandoM aura mauryoM ko sahAyatA dI / (4) samrATa caNDapradyota (5) samrATa udAyI magadha ( 6 ) nandavaMza (I.pU. 306) magadha rAjya rAjA naMda / (7) maurya samrATa candragupta aura cANakya (I.pU. 320) magadha rAjya apane putra ko rAjya sauMpakara bhadrabAhu ke sAtha dakSiNa cale gaye aura jina-dIkSA lii| (8) samrATa bindusAra candragupta kA putra / ( 9 ) samrATa azoka (I.pU. 277) candragupta kA pautra (10) samrATa samprati (I.pU. 220 ) azoka kA pautra 2. ur3IsA kaliMga cakravartI khAravela (I.pU. 174 ) dharma kA prasAra huA / 3. baMgAla itihAsakAroM kI mAnyatA hai ki nAmakaraNa vardhamAna mahAvIra ke nAma para huA 4. gujarAta bhagavAna neminAtha kA nirvANa giranAra parvata para (1) rASTrakUTa vaMza- amoghavarSa prathama (2) cAvar3A vaMza rAjA vanarAja (3) cAlukya vaMza rAjA mUlarAja senApati vimala ne AbU parvata para jaina maMdira bnvaayaa| rAjA siddharAja jayasiMha rAjA kumArapAla sthAna / 6. madhya prAMta khAkhela ne apane rAjya kA bahuta vistAra kiyA aura jaina - baMgAla meM mAnabhUma siMhabhUma, vIrabhUma aura bardavAna jiloM kA hai / (4) baghelA vaMza (13vIM zatAbdI) vastupAla aura tejapAla nAmaka jaina maMtriyoM ne AbU ke prasiddha jaina maMdira banavAe tathA zatruMjaya aura giranAra para bhI jaina maMdira banavAye / 5. rAjapUtAnA azoka ke pahale jaina dharma pracalita osavAla, khaNDelavAla, bagheravAla, pallIvAla jAtiyoM kA udaya T 7. uttarapradeza (1) kalacuri vaMza aura kalabhravaMza ( 8vIM - 9vIM zatAbdI) - mathurA jaina dharma kA kendra / anya rAjA jaise harSavarddhana, jAdo vaMza ke rAjA udayana, rAjA suhRdadhvaja, rAjA moradhvaja aadi| dakSiNa bhArata 12 varSa kA bhayaMkara durbhikSa ke samaya AcArya bhadrabAhu apane vizAla jaina saMgha ke sAtha dakSiNa bhArata cale gye| usa samaya vahA~ jaina dharma kA acchA pracAra thA / tamila prAnta meM cola aura pANDya narezoM ne jaina dharma ko acchA Azraya diyaa| pallavI rAjAoM ne bhI jainoM ko prazraya diyaa| 8
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________________ karnATaka prAMta digambara sampradAya kA mukhya sthAna rahA hai| Andhra vaMza kadamba vaMza, cAlukya vaMza Adi ne jaina dharma ko prazraya diyA / 1. gaMgavaMza ( 2rI zatAbdI se 12vIM zatAbdI) / rAjA mAnasiMha dvitIya ke maMtrI cAmuNDarAya ne zravaNabelagolA meM gomaTeza mUrti kI sthApanA kii| 2. hoyasala vaMza (maisUra pradeza) / yaha vaMza 12vIM zatAbdI taka jaina dharma kA samarthaka rahA / 3. rASTrakUTa vaMza (nAsika) / rAjA amoghavarSa prathama eka pratApI rAjA huA / 4. kadamba vaMza | chaThI zatAbdI taka rAjya kiyA / 5. cAlukya vaMza (6vIM se (1) pazcimI cAlukya dvitIya jayasiMha tRtIya (2) kAlAcur3I rAjya 6. vijayanagara rAjya / rAjA harihara dvitIya Adi / caudahavIM zatI meM dakSiNa bhArata meM zaivoM ke prabhAva se jaina dharma bahuta kSINa ho gyaa| 8vIM I. tathA 10vIM se 12vIM I.) / I rAjA pulakezI (harSavardhana kA samakAlIna), vikramAditya dvitIya Adi tailapa somezvara prathama va dvitIya Adi / isa rAjya meM bAda meM jaina dharma kA vinAza huaa| videzoM meM jaina dharma bhagavAna RSabha ne balakha aTaka, yavana, suvarNabhUmi paNhava Adi dezoM meM vihAra kiyaa| bhagavAna AriSTanemi dakSiNApatha ke malaya deza gaye the| dvArakA-dahana ke samaya ve palhava nAmaka anAryadeza meM the| IsA se cAra hajAra varSa pUrva na kevala zramaNa - sAdhu dharma prasAra - parirakSaNa yAtrAyeM karate the apitu jaina vyApArI bhI eziyA ke aneka dvIpoM meM vyApAra hetu jAte the| isa mAdhyama se sumera mizra, bebIlona (irAka) sUbA, aphrIkA, yUropa evaM aiziyA ke kSetroM meM jaina saMskRti kA pracAra huaa| ye sumera sabhyatA ke saMsthApaka bne| kvAjana korala ke netRtva meM paNisaMgha vartamAna amarIkI kSetra meM I.pU. 2000 meM gayA thA aura vahIM basa gyaa| yUnAna aura anya kSetroM meM jaina sAdhuoM kA astitva bahuta prAcIna kAla se mAnA jAtA hai| bhagavAna pArzvanAtha ke samaya se laMkA meM jaina maMdiroM evaM maThoM kI sUcanA bhI milane lagI hai| mahAvIra yuga meM irAna kA rAjakumAra Ardraka bhArata AyA thA aura jaina sAdhu banA thA / vinseMTa smitha ne batAyA hai samrATa samprati ne araba, IrAna tathA anya dezoM meM aneka jaina sAdhu evaM rAjapuruSa jaina dharma ke prasAra hetu bheje the| itihAsakAra DA.jI. I. mora ke anusAra IsA se pUrva IrAka, zAma aura philIstIna meM jaina muni aura bauddha bhikSu saiMkar3oM kI saMkhyA meM phaile hue the| pazcimI eziyA mistra yUnAna aura ithopiyA ke pahAr3oM aura jaMgaloM meM agaNita bhAratIya sAdhu rahate the| kAlakAcArya dvitIya ne bhI apane ziSyoM ko dharma pracAra hetu aiziyAI dezoM (suvarNa bhUmi, sumAtrA) meM bhejA thaa| unhoMne svayaM bhI IrAna, jAvA, sumAtrA Adi kI padayAtrA kI thI / vAna kremara ke anusAra madhya-pUrva meM pracalita 'samAniyA' sampradAya 'zramaNa' zabda kA apabhraMza hai| purAvidoM ke anusAra isvI san kI sahastrAbdiyoM pUrva zramaNa jaina saMskRti videzoM meM vyApta thI / sikaMdara jaina muni kalyANa ko apane sAtha takSazilA se yUnAna le gayA thaa| jahA~ unhoMne AsapAsa ke pradezoM meM zramaNa saMskRti kA pracAra-prasAra kiyA / itihAsakAra DA. kItha ke anusAra beriMga jalaDamarUmadhya se lekara grInalaiMDa taka samasta uttarI dhruvasAgara ke taTavartI kSetroM meM zramaNa saMskRti ke avazeSa prApta hote haiN| isa saMskRti ne maMgoliyA, cIna, tibbata aura jApAna ko bhI prabhAvita kiyA / isakA prabhAva beriMga jalaDamarUmadhya ko pAra kara uttarI amerikA bhI pahu~cA AsTreliyA tathA aphrIkA meM bhI zramaNa saMskRti kA pracAra huaa| mejara janarala phAralAMga ke anusAra oksiyAmA baikTriyA aura kAspiyAnA meM mahAvIra ke 2000 varSa pUrva zramaNa saMskRti kA pracAra huA thA turkistAna meM 17vIM zatAbdI meM eka vizAla jaina maMdira thA aura AcArya 9
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________________ udayaprabha ke sahastroM kI saMkhyA meM jaina anuyAyI the| aphagAnistAna meM 175 phITa U~cI tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva kI mUrti upalabdha huI hai| 1807 meM karnala makeMjI jaise aneka pAzcAtya vidvAnoM ne jaina dharma aura saMskRti kI ora vizva kA dhyAna AkRSTa kiyaa| unhoMne jaina vidyA ke vividha aMgoM kA adhyayana kara use videzI bhASAoM meM prastuta kiyaa| zrI vIracandra rAghava jI gAMdhI, berisTara campatarAya DaoN. kAmatAprasAda jaina Adi ne bhI jaina dharma kI prabhAvanA hetu videzoM meM acchA kArya kiyaa| pichalI zatAbdI meM muni suzIla kumAra jI aura gurudeva citrabhAnu ne amerikA meM jaina dharma kA pracAra kiyaa| vartamAna meM samaNiyoM dvArA isa dizA meM mahattara kArya kiyA jA rahA hai| Aja briTena, amerikA, jarmanI, phrAMsa, AsTriyA, kanAr3A, jApAna, thAilaiMDa, Adi dezoM meM jaina dharma kA adhyayana aura zodha kArya ho rahA hai| bhArata meM bhI kucha saMsthAyeM videzoM meM jaina dharma ke pracAra prasAra kA kArya kara rahI hai| saMdarbha graMtha 1. jaina paramparA kA itihAsa, AcArya mhaaprjny| 2. jaina dharma ke prabhAvaka AcArya, sAdhvI sNghmitraa| 3. jaina dharma, paM. kailAza caMdra shaastrii| 4. jainadharma paraMparA eka aitihAsika sarvekSaNa, devendra muni zAstrI, upAdhyAya zrI puSkara muni abhinandana grNth| 5. yuga-yuga meM jaina dharma, DaoN. jyoti prasAda jain| 6. zramaNa saMskRti kI vyApakatA, pro. DA. rAjArAma jain| 7. sarvodayI jaina taMtra, DA. nandalAla jaina 10