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________________ digambara jaina paramparA meM saMgha, gaNa, gaccha, kula aura anvaya - DaoN. phUlacanda jaina "premI zramaNa paramparA kA bhAratIya saMskRti ke vikAsa meM mahanIya yogadAna hai| ataH zramaNa paramparA ke adhyayana ke binA bhAratIya saMskRti kA anuzIlana apUrNa hI kahA jAyegA kyoMki zramaNasaMskRti bhArata kI purAtana saMskRtiyoM meM se hai| vedoM meM isa paramparA kA ullekha svayaM prAcInatA kA pramANa hai| ataH ise vaidika paramparA se prAcIna kahanA bhI atizayokti nahIM hogii| purAtAtvika, bhASAvaijJAnika evaM sAhityika Adi anveSaNoM ke AdhAra para viziSTa vidvAnoM ne yaha svIkAra bhI kiyA hai ki AryoM ke Agamana ke pUrva bhArata meM jo saMskRti thI vaha zramaNa, nirgantha, vrAtya yA arhat saMskRti hI honI caahie| yaha saMskRti sudUra atIta meM jainadharma ke prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva dvArA pravartita hokara antima arthAt caubIsaveM tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke mAdhyama se paramparA dvArA sahasroM samartha AcAryoM dvArA avicchinna calI A rahI hai| zramaNa saMskRti apanI jina viziSTa vizeSatAoM ke kAraNa garimA-maNDita rahI hai| unameM zrama, saMyama, tyAga, ahiMsA aura AdhyAtmika mUlya jaise AdarzoM kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| ina AdarzoM ke kAraNa isa saMskRti ne apanI vizeSa pahacAna banAI tathA apanA gauravapUrNa astitva akSuNNa rkhaa| jaba hama sabhI tIrthaMkaroM ke jIvana aura unake muni, AryikA, zrAvaka aura zrAvikA rUpa caturvidha saMgha ke viSaya meM jAnakArI prApti hetu tadviSayaka upalabdha sAhitya kA avalokana karate haiM, to prathama tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva se lekara antima tIrthaMkara mahAvIra taka pratyeka ke samaya meM hameM eka suvyavasthita evaM susaMgaThita zramaNa saMgha kI jhalaka dikhalAI detI hai, kintu aitihAsika dRSTi se adhyAtmasAdhanA kA saMghIkaraNa tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha ke samaya se spaSTa dikhalAI detA hai| tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ne tatkAlIna apekSAoM ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue zramaNasaMgha kA jo lokataMtrAtmaka svarUpa pratiSThita kiyA vaha apratima to thA hI sAtha hI isameM vyakti ke AdhyAtmika vikAsa ke pUrNa avasara bhI upalabdha the| saMghIya anuzAsana usake saMcAlana kI pravidhiyA~ aura vyavasthAyeM usa yuga kI sarvocca upalabdhiyA~ thiiN| zramaNasaMgha kI vyavasthA gaNatantrIya paddhati para AdhArita thI aura yahI paramparA Aja taka calI A rahI hai| saMgha vyavasthA kA mUla lakSya ahiMsA, svatantratA, sApekSatA aura saMyama ke AdhAra para AtmakalyANa karanA hai| jaina zAstroM meM saMgha ke pA~ca AdhAra batAye gaye haiM -- AcArya, upAdhyAya, pravartaka, sthavira aura gnndhr| jahA~ ye AdhAra na hoM, vahA~ rahanA ucita nahIM hai| saMgha saMcAlana kA sampUrNa dAyitva inhI AdhAroM para hotA thaa| AcArya ziSyoM ko dIkSA, vratAcaraNa aura anuzAsana Adi rUpa anugraha karane kA kArya karate, upAdhyAya zAstroM kA adhyayana-adhyApana evaM dharmopadeza dene kA kArya karate, pravartaka saMgha kA pravartana karate, sthavira kA kArya maryAdA kA upadeza evaM AcaraNa meM sthira rakhanA tathA gaNadhara kA kArya gaNa kI rakSA karanA thaa| isa taraha ina pA~ca stambhoM se hI zramaNa saMgha kI paripUrNa pratiSThA darzana, jJAna evaM cAritra ke patha kA nirantara vikAsa aura mukti patha kI sAdhanA sambhava hotI hai| zramaNAcAra kA vikAsa kramika huA hai| isake pIche mAnava svabhAva, deza kI paristhitiyA~ aura kAla kA prabhAva pramukha kAraNa rahe haiN| ise hama upalabdha sAhitya, grantha, prazastiyoM, paTAvaliyoM aura utkIrNa-lekha sAmagrI dvArA samajha sakate haiN| sAhitya para dRSTi DAlane se patA calatA hai ki tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ne apane jIvanakAla meM zramaNasaMgha ke koI bheda nahIM kiye the| usakA eka suvyavasthita spa thA aura isameM kisI prakAra kA bhedabhAva nahIM thaa| bhagavAn mahAvIra 132
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________________ digambara jaina paramparA meM saMgha, gaNa, gaccha, kula aura anvaya svayaM kaThina caryA kA pAlana karane vAle the| inake nirvANa ke kAphI samaya taka arthAt zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu (vIra ni. saM. 492) taka nirgandha mahAsaMgha kA susaMgaThita rUpa avicchinna rhaa| kintu kSetra, kAla aura bhAva ke anusAra pratyeka vyavasthA meM parivartana bhI hotA hai| akhaNDa nirgrantha mahAzramaNa bhI inase achUtA nahIM rhaa| ataH vIra nirvANa ke 6-7 sau varSa bAda sarvaprathama nirNanya mahAzramaNa saMgha do paramparAoM digambara aura zvetAmbara meM vibhakta ho gyaa| isa vibhAjana ke pIche mata - vaibhinnya kI lambI kahAnI hai, kintu hama yahA~ usameM na ulajhakara apane pratipAdya viSaya kA vivecana karanA hI abhISTa samajhate haiN| -- isa nibandha kA mUla pratipAdya viSaya digambara jaina paramparA ke antargata saMgha, gaNa, gaccha, anvaya, kula Adi kI paramparA aura usake svarUpa kA vivecana evaM pratipAdana karanA hai| kisI bhI saMgha meM gaNa, gaccha Adi vibhinna ikAiyoM mUlataH vizAla saMgha ke sucAru rUpa se saMcAlana hetu nirmita huI thiiN| kyoMki vizAla saMgha ke sucArU rUpa se saMcAlana hetu saMgha ke kAryoM ko vibhAjita karake unakA vyavasthita kAryAnvayana karanA hotA hai| kintu deza, kAla Adi ke kAraNa inakI AdhAra vyavasthA meM antara par3atA gayA, jinhoMne vibhinna paramparAoM arthAt saMghoM, gaNoM, kuloM, gacchoM Adi kA rUpa le liyaa| inake vivecana hetu saMgha, gaccha Adi kA svaspa prastuta hai| mUlataH ina ikAiyoM meM "gaccha" se tAtparva sAtha-sAtha rahane vAle bhramaNoM ke eka nizcita samUha se thaa| jitane zramaNa eka sAtha rahakara vihAra evaM cAturmAsa karate haiM unake samUha ko "gaccha" kahate haiN| vibhinna gaccha milakara "kula" kA rUpa dhAraNa karate haiN| ataH eka hI AcArya ke ziSya-praziSyoM ke samUha ko "kula" kahA jAtA hai| kuloM meM eka hI prakAra kI AcAra vicAra praNAlI kA anusaraNa karane se ve saba milakara "gaNa" kahalAte haiM arthAt "gaNa" kA rUpa dhAraNa kara lete haiM aura gaNoM kA samUha "saMgha" kahalAtA hai| inakA vivecana prastuta hai saMgha samyagdarzana, samyagjJAna aura samyAcAritra rUpa ratnatraya se yukta zramaNoM ke samUha ko saMgha kahate haiN| athavA jo zrama arthAt tapasyAM karate haiM unheM bhramaNa kahA jAtA hai tathA aise zramaNoM ke samudAya ko zramaNa saMgha kahate haiN| 2 -- muni, AryikA bhAvaka AvikA rupa caturvidha saMgha athavA RSi, muni, yati aura anagAra rUpa cAturvarNya saMgha cAroM gatiyA~ (naraka, tibaMdha, deva aura manuSya meM bhramaNa kA nAzaka hotA hai, ataH nava-prasUtA gAva jaise apane bachar3e para vAtsalya karatI hai, vaise hI prayatnapUrvaka saMgha para vAtsalya bhAva rakhanA caahie| nanvisUtra meM saMgha ko kamala kI taraha batalAyA gayA hai| kyoMki yaha kamala rUpI saMgha karmaraja rUpI jalarAzi se alipta hI rahatA hai| zrutaratna (jJAna yA Agama) usakA dIrghanAla hai| paMcamahAvrata usakI sthira karNikA tathA uttaraguNa usakA madhyavartI kezara (parAga) hai, jo bhAvaka rUpI bhramaroM se sadA ghirA rahatA hai, jinadeva rUpI sUrya ke teja se prayuddha hotA hai tathA jisameM zramaNagaNa rUpI sahasra patra hote haiN| yaha "saMgha" kA svarUpa hai| isake pramukha ko "AcArya" kahA jAtA hai| gaNa / sthavira maryAdA ke upadeza yA bhUta meM vRddha bhramaNoM (sthaviroM) kI santati (paramparA) yA unake samUha ko 'gaNa' kahate haiN| 5 gaNa ke pradhAna gaNAcArya, gaNI yA gaNadhara kahalAte haiM AdhArAMga kI zIlAMkavRtti meM kahA hai ki jo AcArya nahIM hai kintu buddhi se AcArya ke sadRza ho evaM guru kI AjJA se sAdhu samUha (bhramaNagaNa) ko lekara pRthak vihAra karate hoM, ve gaNadhara kahalAte haiN| 6 isa prakAra vizAlasaMgha se AcArya kI AjJAnusAra nirdhArita bhramaNoM ke sAtha apane samyak uddezyoM kI pUrti hetu alaga vicaraNa kare, vaha bhramaNoM kA samUha tathA unakI paramparA ko "gaNa" kahate haiM tathA unake pradhAna gaNadhara gaNAcArya yA gaNI kahe jAte haiN| DaoN. gulAbacanda caudharI ke anusAra gaNa kA artha bar3I ikAI thA, jisakA prabandha ve 133 /
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________________ DaoN. phUlacanda jaina "premI" AcArya karate the jo ki atyanta zraddhAlu, satyavAna, medhAvI, smRtivAn, bahuzruta evaM samabhAva vAle hote the| gaNoM kA nAma prAyaH AcArya ke nAma se hotA thaa| mUlAcAra meM gaNa, gaccha evaM kula -- ina zabdoM ke hI ullekha aura usakI paribhASAe~ milatI hai| parantu AcArya vaTTakera ne gaNa Adi nirmANa ke prati bar3A kSobha prakaTa karate hue kahA hai -- "gaNa meM praveza karane kI apekSA vivAha kara lenA acchA hai| vivAha se rAga kI utpatti hotI hai para gaNa to aneka duHkhoM kI khAni hai| (isa yukti ke pIche bhI zAyada yahI bhAva hai ki -- "haMsoM kI paMkti nahIM hotI aura sAdhu jamAta banAkara nahIM clte")| DaoN. gulAbacanda caudharI ke anusAra dakSiNa bhArata meM isalie dIrghakAla taka bhadrabAhu ke bAda kisI saMgha, gaNa yA gaccha kA nirmANa nahIM ho skaa| isalie dakSiNI jainadharma kI mAnyatA meM mahAvIra ke bAda kI guru paramparA meM vIra ni.saM. 683 arthAt lohAcArya taka eka-eka AcArya ziSya paramparA se cale Aye haiM aura unakI kisI zAkhAoM, prazAkhAoM kA ullekha nahIM miltaa| bAda meM saMgha evaM gaNAdi kI utpatti meM bhI unhoMne apane pUrvAcAryoM ko nahIM lpettaa| gaccha gaccha (gAcha ke vRkSa artha meM) RSiyoM ke samUha ko kahate haiN| sAta yA tIna puruSoM ke samudAya ko bhI "gaccha" kahA jAtA hai| bAda meM gaccha kA artha zAkhA bhI mAnA jAne lgaa| gaccha ke pramukha gacchAcArya kahalAte haiN| inakA kArya gaccha ke AcAra kI rakSA karate hue svayaM zreSTha AcAra kA pAlana karanA hai| __eka hI AcArya kI ziSya santati ( paramparA) kA nAma kUla hai| sarvArthasiddhi ke anusAra dIkSA dene vAle AcArya kI ziSya paramparA ko 'kula' kahate haiN| 2 sthAnAMga TIkA ke anusAra kaI gacchoM ke samUha se "kula" kA nirmANa hotA hai|13 mUlAcAra meM kahA gayA hai ki jaba koI zramaNa anya AcArya ke pAsa vizeSa adhyayana Adi ke nimitta jAtA thA to ve AcArya sarvaprathama usa navAgantuka zramaNa se nAma, guru Adi ke sAtha hI "kula" kI jAnakArI bhI prApta karate the|14 DaoN. caudharI ke anusAra "kula" AcArya ke ziSyoM ke krama se cale the aura zAkhAyeM kuloM kA prabheda thiiN|15 pravacanasAra kI tAtparyavatti meM kahA hai ki laukika doSoM se rahita jo jinadIkSA ke yogya hotA hai vaha kula hai|16 anvaya anvaya kA sAmAnyataH tAtparya "vaMza" hai| yaha prAyaH sthAna vizeSa ke nAma se sthApita hotA thaa| jaise -- koNDakuNDAnvaya aura citrakUTAnvaya / vartamAna meM digambara paramparA meM navIna mUrtiyA~ pratiSThita hotI haiM to unake lekha meM prAyaH kundakundAnvaya likhane kI paramparA hai| kyoMki inheM mUlasaMgha kA pratiSThApaka pramukha AcArya mAnA jAtA hai| paravartIkAla meM AcArya kundakunda ke AcAra kI vizuddhatA, prabhAvaka vyaktitva aura unake dvArA racita samayasAra, pravacanasAra, paMcastikAya, niyamasAra, aSTapAhuDa Adi utkRSTa AdhyAtmikatA se bharapUra granthoM se loga itane prabhAvita hue ki digambara paramparA ke adhikAMza saMgha, gaNa, gaccha Adi ke pramukhoM ne apane ko AcArya kundakunda, kundakundAnvaya yA kundakundAmnAya se sambandhita karane meM gauravAnvita smjhaa| lagabhaga 12vIM zatI ke bAda ke mUrti lekhoM ke adhyayana ge to mRlasaMgha aura kundakundAnvaya eka pratIta hote haiN|7 zrImatI kusuma paToriyA ne likhA hai ki jaba digambara paramparA meM kucha zithilAcArI saMghoM kA avirbhAva ho 134
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________________ digambara paramparA meM saMgha, gaNa, gaccha, kula aura anvaya gayA, taba AcArya kundakunda kI bhA~ti AcaraNa kI vizuddhatA ke pakSapAtI AcAryoM ne zithilAcAra ke virodha meM apane saMgha ko tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ke mUlasaMgha ke nikaTa (yA unakI sIdhI paramparA kA ghoSita karane ke lie "mUlasaMgha" nAma diyaa| kyoMki digambaroM meM AcArya kundakunda AcaraNa kI vizuddhatA ke prabala samarthaka the ataH mUlasaMgha kA sambandha AcArya kundakunda ke sAtha sthApita kara diyA tathA apane se atirikta jaina saMghoM ko jainAbhAsI ghoSita kara diyA, kyoMki indranandikRta zrutAvatAra meM gopucchika, zvetavasanA drAviDa yApanIya aura nirpicchika ina pA~ca saMghoM ko jainAbhAsa kahA hai| 18 inake atirikta "bali" nAmaka anvaya ke eka upabheda kA bhI ullekha milatA hai, jisakA artha hai 'parivAra' / isa taraha hama dekhate haiM ki saMgha ke antargata uparyukta ikAiyA~ kArya kara rahI thIM, inameM pahale paraspara bheda yA antara kA hI patA nahIM calatA thA, kintu bAda meM kramazaH inameM dUriyA~ bar3hatI gii| padmacaritra 19 ke racayitA raviSeNAcArya (vi.sa. 834) ne apane grantha meM guruparamparA dI hai, kintu apane kisI saMgha yA gaNa kA ullekha nahIM kiyaa| isase bhI yaha jJAta hotA hai ki digambara paramparA meM taba taka deva, nandi, sena, siMha, saMghoM kI utpatti nahIM huI thI, kama se kama ye bheda spaSTa nahIM hue the| zaka saM. 1355 ke maMgarAja kavi ke zilAlekha meM isa bAta kA ullekha hai ki bhaTTa akalaMkadeva ke svargavAsa ke bAda yaha saMgha-bheda huA 120 digambara jaina paramparA meM saMgha, gaNa, gaccha, anyaya Adi kI paramparAe~ bhagavAn mahAvIra kA saMgha, jo unake bAda nirgandha mahAzramaNa saMgha ke rUpa meM prasiddha thA, vahI bhadrabAhu bhutakevalI ke samaya uttara bhArata meM bAraha varSIya durbhikSa ke kAraNa dakSiNa bhArata gayA thA aura yaha nirgandha saMgha hI bAda meM "mUlasaMgha" ke nAma se prasiddha huA aura dUsarA zvetapaTTa mahAzramaNa saMgha ke nAma se vikhyAta huA / 21 zvetAmbara paramparA ke kalpasUtra sthavirAvalI meM isa paramparA ke vividha bhedasya gaNa tathA zAkhAoM ke nAma ullikhita haiN| vividha bhedarUpa gaNa, kula, zAkhAe~ Adi cAle digambara paramparA kI ho athavA zvetAmbara paramparA kI ina saba antarbhedoM kA kAraNa AcAra-vicAra bheda rahA hai yahA~ digambara paramparA ke saMgha, gaNa, gacchoM Adi kI paramparAoM kA vivecana | prastuta hai indranandi ne apane zrutAvatAra grantha meM likhA hai 22 ki vIra ni.saM. 565 varSa bAda puNDavardhanapuravAsI AcArya alI pratyeka pA~ca varSoM ke bAda meM sau yojana kI sImA meM basane vAle muniyoM ko yuga pratikramaNa ke lie bulAte the| eka samaya unhoMne aise pratikramaNa ke avasara para samAgata muniyoM se pUchA ki kyA sabhI A gaye ? to muniyoM ne uttara diyA hA~, hama apane saMgha ke sAtha A gaye haiN| isa uttara ko sunakara unheM lagA ki jainadharma aba gaNa-pakSapAta ke sAtha hI raha sakegA / ataH unhoMne nandi, vIra, aparAjita, deva, paMcastUpa, sena, bhadra, guNadhara, gupta, siMha, candra Adi nAmoM se vibhinna saMgha sthApita kiye, tAki paraspara meM dharma vAtsalya bhAva vRddhigata ho ske| AcArya arhadabali ne samAgata nirgandha saMgha meM se jo muniyoM kA samUha guphA se AyA thA unheM "nandi" nAma diyaa| jo azoka vATikA se Aye the unameM se kinhIM ko "vIra", kinhIM ko " aparAjita" aura kucha ko "deva" nAma diyaa| jo paMcaratUpa nivAsa se Aye the unameM se kucha ko "sena" to kucha ko "bhadra" nAma diyaa| jo zAlmalivRkSa mUla se Aye the, unameM se kinhIM ko "guNadhara", to kucha ko "gupta" nAma diyA jo khaNDakezara vRkSa ke mUla se Aye the, unameM se kucha ko "siMha" tathA kinhIM ko "candra" nAma diyaa| 23 saMgha ke pAMca bheda uparyukta sabhI saMgha "mUlasaMgha" ke antargata hI hai| DaoN. caudharI jI ne likhA hai ki "mUlasaMgha" ke punargaThana 135 /
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________________ DaoN. phUlacanda jaina "premI" kAla meM 9-10vIM zatAbdI ke lagabhaga sabhI gaNoM ko malasaMgha ke eka chatra ke nIce ekatrita kiyA gayA tathA mUlasaMgha ko cAra zAkhAoM meM vibhAjita kiyA gayA -- sena, nandi, deva aura siMha / isa saMgha meM sthAna Adi ke nAma para vizeSakara dakSiNa bhArata ke sthAnoM ke nAma se sthApita vibhinna saMgha, gaNa, gaccha Adi ke agra likhita ullekha milate haiN| 24 jaise -- 1. saMgha -- isake antargata mukhyarUpa meM mUlasaMgha, nandisaMgha, navilUrasaMgha, mayUrasaMgha, kicUrasaMgha, kiTUrasaMgha, kollatUrasaMgha, ganezvarasaMgha, gauDasaMgha, zrIsaMgha, siMhasaMgha, paralUrasaMgha aadi| 2. gaNa -- balAtkAragaNa (prArambhika nAma balihArI yA balagAragaNa), sUrasthagaNa, kolAgragaNa, udAra, yogariya, punnAgavRkSa, mUlagaNa, pakura aadi| 3. gaccha -- citrakUTa, hottage, tigarila, hogari, pArijAta, meSapASANa, titriNIka, sarasvatI, pustaka, vakragaccha aadi| 4. anvaya -- kauNDakudAnvaya, zrIpurAnvaya, kittUrAnvaya, candrakavATAnvaya, citrakUTAnvaya aadi|25 sAmAnyataH digambara paramparA meM pramukha cAra saMgha haiM -- mUlasaMgha, draviDasaMgha, kASThAsaMgha aura yaapniiysNgh| inameM prAcIna mUla, drAviDa va yApanIya tInoM saMghoM meM katipaya gaNoM va gacchoM ke samAna nAma milate haiN| mUlasaMgha meM draviDAnvaya tathA draviDasaMgha meM koNDakundAnvaya kA ullekha milatA hai| mUlasaMgha ke sena va sUrasthagaNa drAviDasaMgha meM bhI prApta hote haiN| nandisaMgha tInoM meM hI hai| mUlasaMgha ke balAtkAragaNa, krANUragaNa yApanIyasaMgha meM bhI haiN| inameM ina saMghoM kI zAkhAoM ke saMkramaNa kA bhI patA calatA hai|26 nandisaMgha DaoN. caudharI ke anugAra7 aitihAgika tathyoM ke AdhAra para hama kaha sakate haiM ki nandisaMgha yA gaNa bahuta prAcIna hai| isa saMgha kI eka prAkRtapaTTAnalI milI hai| nandisaMgha yApanIya aura drAviDasaMgha meM bhI pAyA jAtA hai| sambhava hai ki prArambha meM nandAnta nAmadhArI (yathA - devanandi, vidyAnandi Adi) muniyoM ke nAma para isakA saMgaThana kiyA gayA ho athavA nandisaMgha kI paramparA meM dIkSita hone ke kAraNa inake nAma ke sAtha "nandi" jur3a gayA ho| mUlasaMgha ke sAtha isakA ullekha yApanIya evaM drAviDa saMgha ke bAda 12vIM zatAbdI ke lekhoM meM pAte haiM, para 14-15vIM zatAbdI meM nandisaMgha evaM mUlasaMgha eka-dUsare ke paryAyavAcI bana jAte haiN| isa saMgha kI utpatti prArambha meM guphAvAsI muniyoM se kahI gaI hai, jisase pratIta hotA hai ki isa saMgha ke munigaNa kaThora tapasyA pradhAna nirlipta vanavAsI the, pIche to gugadharma ke anusAra ve bahuta badala gye| devasaMgha-- devasaMgha kA saMgaThana devAnta nAmadhArI (nAma ke sAtha deva nAmaka saMgha paramparA ke hone vAle) muniyoM para se huA thA, pIche isakA pratinidhi dezIgaNa upalabdha hotA hai| senasaMgha-- senasaMgha kA nAma bhI senAnta apane nAma ke sAtha "sena" likhane vAle, jaise jinasena Adi muniyoM se huA hai aura isake pratiSThApaka "AdipurANa" ke kartA jinasena bhaTTAraka mAne jAte haiN| para inhoMne apane guru vIrasena ko paMcastUpAnvaya kA likhA hai| isa anvaya kA ullekha pA~cavIM zatAbdI ke pahAr3apura (baMgAla) ke lekhoM meM milatA hai| mathurA ke paMcaratapoM kA varNana harivaMza kathAkoSa meM AyA hai| lagatA hai yaha bahuta prAcIna munisaMgha thaa| sena gaNa kA pIche bahuta nAma huA, prAyaH sabhI bhaTTAraka sena gaNa ke hI hue haiN| inake maTha kolhApura, madrAsa, pogoMDa (AMdha) aura kAraMjA meM haiM senAnvaya bar3A prabhAvazAlI rahA hai| drAviDasaMgha -- drAviDadeza ke sAdhu samudAya kA nAma drAviDasaMgha hai| darzanasAra grantha meM likhA hai ki AcArya 136
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________________ digambara jaina paramparA meM saMgha, gaNa, gaccha, kula aura anyava pUjyapAda ke ziSya vajanandi ne vi.saM. 526 meM dakSiNa ke madurA meM drAviDasaMgha kI sthApanA kii|28 zilAlekhoM meM drAviDasaMgha kA pahale kundakundAnvaya tathA mUlasaMgha ke sAtha phira nandisaMgha ke sAtha sambandha dikhalAI par3atA hai| bAda meM yaha yApanIya sampradAya ke vizeSa prabhAvazAlI nandisaMgha meM, isa sampradAya meM apanA vyAvahArika rUpa pAne ke lie usase sambandha rakhA aura drAviDagaNa ke rUpa meM ukta saMgha ke antargata ho gyaa| bAda meM yaha drAviDagaNa itanA prabhAvazAlI huA ki use hI saMgha kA rUpa de diyA gayA aura nandisaMgha ko nandigaNa ke rUpa meM nirdiSTa kiyA gyaa|29 kASThAsaMgha-- yaha anyasaMghoM kI apekSA arvAcIna hai| isakI sthApanA AcArya jinasena ke satIrthya vinayasena ke ziSya kumArasena dvArA vi.saM. 753 meM huI, jo nanditaTa meM rahate the| paM. nAthUrAma premI ne isa tithi ko nizcita nahIM maanaa| vi.saM. 1734 ke paM. bulAkIcandra ke anusAra kASThAsaMgha kI utpatti umAsvAmI ke paTTAdhikArI lohAcArya dvArA agarohA nagara meM huI aura kATha kI pratimA kI pUjA kA vidhAna karane se usakA nAma kASThAsaMgha pdd'aa| isa saMgha kA sarvaprathama zilAlekhIya ullekha saM. 1088 ke dUvakuNDa se prApta lekha meM hai| balAtkAragaNa -- nAma sAmya ko dekhate huye yApanIyoM ke balahAri yA balagAra gaNa se yaha nikalA hai| kyoMki dakSiNapatha ke nandisaMgha meM "balihArI yA balagAra" gaNa ke nAma pAye jAte haiM, kintu uttarApatha ke nandisaMgha meM sarasvatI gaccha aura balAtkAra gaNa ye do hI nAma milate haiN| "balagAra" zabda dakSiNa bhArata ke eka grAma vizeSa kA dyotaka hai| balagAra gaNa kA pahalA ullekha san 1071 kA hai| mUlasaMgha nandisaMgha kA balagAra gaNa aisA nAma diyA hai|31 dUsarA mata yaha hai ki "balAtkAra" zabda sthAnavAcI nahIM hai, apitu balAt (jabaradastI) dhArmika yaugika kriyAoM meM anurakta hone yA lage rahane Adi ke kAraNa isakA nAma "balAtkAra" huA jAna par3atA hai| isake lie eka mUrti-lekha kA udAharaNa (zaka saM. 1277 kA) isa prakAra hai -- "kundakundAnvaya, sarasvatIgaccha, balAtkAragaNa, mUlasaMgha ke amarakIrti AcArya ke ziSya, mAghanandi vratI ke ziSya bhogarAja barA zAntinAtha kI mUrti kI sthApanA kI gii|" yApanIya saMgha eka samaya aisA AyA ki tattvajJAna eka hone para bhI AcAragata bhinnatA ke kAraNa digambara-zvetAmbara paramparA kI dUrI uttarottara dUra hotI jA rahI thii| ataH ina donoM meM sAmaMjasya lAne kA zreya "yApanIyasaMgha" ko hai| isake prAdurbhAva ke pIche kAphI matabheda hai kintu yaha kAphI prAcIna hai| kadamba nareza mRgezavarmA ke eka tAmrapatra (san 470 I. ) meM isa matabheda kA eka ullekha zvetapaTa mahAzramaNa saMgha aura nirgantha mahAzramaNasaMgha ke rUpa meM bhI kiyA gayA hai| isI nareza ke eka-dUsare lekha meM yApanIya aura kUrcaka saMgha ke sAtha nirgantha saMgha kA ullekha hai| vastutaH yApanIyasaMgha digambara paramparA ke kAphI najadIka hai| eka samaya yApanIyasaMgha bar3A hI rAjyamAnya thaa| isakA pradhAna kendra karnATaka deza kA uttarIya-pradeza rahA hai| isameM anekoM zreSTha pratibhAzAlI vidvAn AcArya huye haiN| isa sampradAya ke kaI grantha digambara, zvetAmbara donoM paramparAoM meM mAnya haiM aura kucha saMzodhana ke sAtha par3he jAte haiN| zivAryakRta bhagavatIArAdhanA aura isakI vijayodayATIkA ke kartA AcArya aparAjita sUri tathA zAkaTAyana Adi aneka AcArya yApanIya paramparA se sambaddha zreSTha AcArya mAne jAte haiN| saMghabheda indranandi ke zrutAvatAra meM bhadrabAhu evaM lohAcArya taka kI guru paramparA ke pazcAt vinayadatta, zrIdatta, zivadala aura arhadatta -- Dana cAra AcAryoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| ye sabhI AcArya aMgoM aura pUrvo ke 137
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________________ DaoN. phUlacanda jaina "premI" ekadeza jJAtA the| digambara paramparA ke anusAra bha. mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt 62 varSa meM tIna anubaddha kevalajJAnI hue| usake pazcAt 100 varSa taka pA~ca zrutakevalI hue, usake bAda 181 varSa taka dasa pUrvadhArI rahe / phira 123 varSa taka gyAraha aMgadhArI rhe| usake bAda 99 varSa taka dasa, nava evaM ATha aMgadhArI rhe| inheM zeSa aMgoM va pUrva ke ekadeza kA bhI jJAna thaa| ye AcArya aura inakA samaya isa prakAra hai ahiballi mAghanandi ya dharaseNaM pupphayaMta bhUdabalI / aDavIsa igavIsaM ugaNIsaM tIsa bIsa bAsa puNo / / nandi AmnAya kI paTTAvalI 16 -- arthAt 62+100+181+123+99565 varSa pazcAt eka aMgadhArI anaMdabali AcArya huye, jinakA kAla 28 varSa thaa| inake bAda eka aMgadhArI mAghanandi AcArya huye, inakA kAla 21 varSa rhaa| isake pazcAt AcArya dharasena huye jinakA kAla 19 varSa rhaa| inake bAda puSpadanta aura bhUtabali jinakA kAla kramazaH 30 varSa evaM 20 varSa rhaa| arhabali apane samaya ke vizAla saMgha ke nAyaka the, inakA dUsarA nAma guptigupta thaa| inheM pUrvadeza ke puNDavardhanapura kA nivAsI mAnA jAtA hai| inhoMne paMcavarSIya yugapratikramaNa ke samaya eka vizAla yati sammelana kiyaa| isa sammelana meM sau yojana taka ke yati sammilita hue| unheM ina yatiyoM kI bhAvanAoM se jJAta huA ki aba pakSapAta kA samaya A gayA hai| ataeva unhoMne nandi, vIra, aparAjita, deva, paMcastUpa, sena, bhadra, guNadhara, gupta siMha, candra Adi jinakA ullekha pahale kiyA gayA hai ina nAmoM se bhinna-bhinna saMgha sthApita kiye, tAki gaNatantrAtmaka svarupa surakSita rahe aura alaga-alaga ikAiyoM meM rahakara bhI sabhI AcAra-vicAra aura maryAdAoM meM samAna rUpa se saMrakSita hokara AtmakalyANa meM nirvighna saMlagna raha sakeM tathA eka sthAna kI apekSA deza ke sabhI kSetroM meM jA-jAkara naitikatA Adi kA prasAra adhikatA se kara skeN| isa prakAra saMghoM ke isa vivecana se spaSTa hai ki anuzAsana, AcAra-vicAra aura saMyama kI nirantara pragati hetu sabhI saMgha kucha ikAiyoM meM alaga-alaga ba~Takara bhI vibhinna kSetroM meM aneka bAdhAoM aura kaThinAIyoM ke bAvajUda jainadharma-darzana aura usakI saMskRti tathA sAhitya kI mUla paramparAoM ko surakSita rakhakara sampUrNa bhArata meM ahiMsA, anekAntavAda aura sarvodaya kI alakha jagAe hue the| parantu tIrthaMkara mahAvIra ne bhramaNasaMgha ko jo gaNatantrAtmaka svarUpa diyA thA usakI rakSA karate hue AtmakalyANa ke mArga para sudRr3ha rahane kI sabhI ko samAna rUpa se cintA hI nahIM rahI phalataH kiMcit zithilAcAra bhI AyA kintu usakA khulakara virodha bhI kiyA gayA aura yahI kAraNa hai ki Aja bhI sampUrNa bhArata meM jaina zramaNa saMghoM ke prati samAna rUpa se sabhI kI parama AsthA hai| isa AsthA kI rakSA hetu sabhI saMgha sadA saveSTa bhI rahate haiN| 138 /
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________________ sandarbha-grantha 1. ratnatrayopetaH zramaNagataH saMghaH -- sarvArthasiddhi, 6 / 13, pR. 331 2. zramayanti tapasyanti iti zramaNAH teSAM samudAyaH zramaNasaMghaH * bhagavatI ArAdhanA, vijayodayATIkA, 510, pR. 730 3. mUlAcAra, 5/66 4. nandisUtra sthavirAvalI, 7-8 5. sarvArthasiddhi, 9 / 24, pR. 442, ta. 2, zloka vA., 9/24, bhAvapAhuDa TIkA, 78 6. AcArAMgazIlAMkavRtti, 2, 1, 10,279, pR. 322 7. A. bhikSu smRti grantha -- dvitIya khaNDa, pR. 291 8. varaM gaNapavesAdo vivAhassa pavesaNaM / vivAhe rAga utpatti gaNo dosANamAgaro / / -- 9. AcAryabhikSu smRtigrantha, pR. 292 gaccha RSikulaM mUlAcAra vRtti 4/185 11. saptapuruSakastripuruSako vA gaccha:, vahI, 4 / 174 10. 12. sarvArthasiddhi, 9/24, pR. 442 13. sthAnAMga TIkA (abhayadevasUrI), pR. 516 14. mUlAcAra, 4/166 15. AcArya bhikSu smRtigrantha, pR. 291 16. pravacanasAra tA. vRtti, 203, pR. 276 -- 17. yApanIya aura unakA sAhitya, pR. 42 18. gopucchikA zvetavAsA drAviDo yApanIyakAH / digambara jaina paramparA meM saMgha, gaNa, gaccha, kula aura anvaya - mUlAcAra, 10.92 nipicchakAzceti paMcaite jainAbhAsAH prakIrtitAH / / -- indranandizrutAvatAra, 10 19. padmacaritam - bhAga 1, zrI nAthUrAma premI kA prAkkathana, san 1928 20. tasmingate svargabhuvaM maharSo divaH patiM nartumivaprakRSTAM / tadanvayodbhUtamunIzvarANAM babhUvuritthaM bhuvi saMghabhedAH / / 19 / / jaina siddhAnta bhASkara aMka 2-3 meM prakAzita zilAlekha / 21. jainadharma kA prAcIna itihAsa, bhAga 2, pR. 55 22. indranandi zrutAvatAra zloka, 91-95 23. AyAtau nandivIrau prakaTagiriguhAvAsato'zokavATAdevAzcAnyo'parAdirjita itiyatayo sena-bhadrAdyau ca / paMcastapyAtsaguptau guNadharavRSabhaH zAlmalIvRkSamUlAt niryAtau siMhacandrau prathitaguNagaNI kesarAtkhaNDapUrvAt / / indranandi kRta zrutAvatAra zloka 96 24. AcArya bhikSu smRtigrantha, pR. 295 25. vahI, 26. yApanIya aura unakA sAhitya, vIra sevA mandira TrasTa, vArANasI, pR. 41, 27. AcArya bhikSu smRtigrantha, pR. 294 133
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________________ DaoN. phUlacanda jaina "premI" 28. darzanasAra, 24-28 29. jainazilAlekhasaMgraha, bhAga 2, pR. 213-214 (yApanIya aura usakA sAhitya, pR. 56 se uddhRta) 30. paM. bulAkIcandakRta vacanakoza (yApanIya aura usakA sAhitya, pR. 59 se uddhRta) 31. jainazilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga 3, prastAvanA, pR. 62 32. jainadharma kA prAcIna itihAsa, bhAga 2, pR. 57 phUlacanda jaina "premI", adhyakSa, jaina darzana vibhAga, sampUrNAnanda saMskRta vizvavidyAlaya, vArANasI-2. 140