Chronological Systems of Gujarat

Author(s): Bharati K Shelat
Publisher: Pranav Shelat
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/006798/1

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kasaMvat SARA SAMAzakasaMvat 'ARA SAMAza SAMVAT kalacurisaMvat KALACUASAMVAT kalacuni saMvat daUPTA SAMVAT gupta saMvat QUPTA SAMVAT gu mA~ SAMVATvalabhI saMvat paUABHI SAMVAIvalamA saMva san sAmaRISAN hijarIsan sAmaRISAN hijarI saMvat DAlasaA SAMVAT siMha saMvata EMA SAMVAT vikasa saMvat uM CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT DR. BHARATI K. SHELAT VG HIJR jAlamaA SAMVAIsiMha savataKRAMA SAMRATvikrama ATA SAMVAT zaka saMvat SARA SAMVAT zaka. PISAMRAT kalacurisaMvat KAURCURISAMVaa kala saMvat daUPTA SAMVAT gupta saMvat daUTA SAMVAT SAMVAT valabhI saMvat paABHA SAMRATvalamI saMvat HLORISAN hijarIsan sAmaRISAN hijarIsan sAgarAMDa VAT siMha saMvat DAlasaA SAMVAT siMha saMvat DAlasa 5 kramasaMvat AKRAMA SAMVAvikrama saMvat pAraRAMA Jandication internationa

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THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT (FROM EARLY TIMES UPTO 1304 A.D.) Prof. BHARATI KIRTIKUMAR SHELAT M.A., Ph.D., M A . (U.S.A,) PRANAV SHELAT Paldi, Ahmedabad-380 007 For Personal & Private Use Only

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Published by Pranav K. Sholat C/6, Sabar Flats, Narayaonagar Road, Paldi, Ahmedadad-380 007 Gujarat, India (c) Pranav K. Shelat First edition : 1987 Price : Rs. 80-00 "The publication of this book was financially supported by the Indian Council of Historical Research, and the responsibility for the facts stated, opinions expressed or conclusions reached, is entirely that of the author and the Indian Council of Historical Research accepts no responsibility for them." Printed by Narendra D. Patel Umiya Printery, Naranpura Village, Abmedabad-380 013 Phone : 461627 For Personal & Private Use Only

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PRELUDE The present region of Gujarat has preserved sumptuous dated material in the form of inscriptions coins and manuscripts. This material furnishes a valuable source evidence for the political and cultural history. Some of the records throw interesting light on various facets of the history of the country. From the time of the Mauryas to the Solanki Period, a large number of dated inscriptions and coins are known in Gujarat. Thanks to the efforts of several distinguished scholars, these have been deciphered and published. As regards the dated manuscripts, not all have seen light of the day. A large number of them are preserved in museums, temples and public & private collections. It will take sufficient time to salvage some of these valuable documents. In this country the idea of genealogy and chronology goes back to hoary antiquity. There are references in the Rgveda and other Vedic texts indicating that the idea of days, lunar months and the luni-solar year was known to the Vedic Aryans. The mathematical accounts in the Vedic literature contain useful material in this regard. The knowledge of chronological recording developed in course of time. It became more precise in nature with the advancement in other branches of learning, such as geography and astronomy and in multifarious human activities. From the Mauryan period to the Medieval times, the documentary history of Gujarat is available in an authentic form. During this long period, Gujarat (including Surastra) witnessed various political ups and downs. In spite of it, the cultural development was not adversely affected in this region. Gujarat played a significant role in the economic stability of the country through the media For Personal & Private Use Only

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of various industries, trade and commerce, both internal and external. This is eloquently proved by the archaeological and literary evidence and is also supported by the foreign accounts. iv The chronological systems adopted during different periods are a pointer to the fact that the rulers of Gujarat and the businesscommunity were alive to the changing situations and needs. It was, therefore, in the fitness of things that appropriate eras of reckoning were adopted by them from time to time. This adoptation was necessary on account of the existing political and cultural reasons. The learned author of the present work has done immense service to the students of Indian history and culture by preparing a handy volume on the chronological systems in Gujarat. She has spared no pains in arranging the inscriptions and other records under various categories and highlighting their importance. The entire work has been planned in a scientific sequence. Details about certain records are not easily available to non-Gujarati scholars. These have also been incorporated in the present study. I have no doubt that this work of Dr. Bharati K. Shelat will be widely appreciated and will serve its purpose adequately. Sagar 15 December, 1986 K. D. BAJPAI Retd. Tagore Professor and Head of the Department of Ancient Indian History, Culture and Archaeology, University of Sagar For Personal & Private Use Only

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FOREWORD Chronology is the backbone of history, dating not only events of political importance but also those of literary and cultural significance. The day, the month and the year marked the earliest natural units for measuring time. The adjustment of the system of lunar months to that of the solar year through the intercalation of the thirteenth month at certain intervals as early as the Vedic age indicates an early advancement in chronological calculations in India. But the system of dating outstanding events in regnal years of individual kings marred a continuous serial dating in centuries and millenia of years in the long span of Indian history. In course of time the problem was solved through the introduction of continued eras commemorating certain events of historical or cultural import. Indian chronology deals with a number of eras that came into vogue in different regions during different periods along with the variant systems of the commencement of their years and the completion of their mooths. The subject requires to be studied more and more intensively regionwise and periodwise. Kumari Bharati K. Thaker (now Smt. Bharati K. Shelat) undertook to make an intensive study of the different chronological systems used in Gujarat during the successive periods in its ancient history, when she got herself registered as a Ph. D. student under my guidance in 1963. She spared no pains collecting all available dates from the epigraphic and literary sources, and in studying the different chronological systems discerned in them. The outstanding results of her research may be summed up as follows: The earliest era used in Gujarat was the Saka Era, which was in vogue here for about three centuries since its inception. The introduction of the so-called Kalacuri Era into South Gujarat during the Gupta Period popularised the system of Karttikadi years For Personal & Private Use Only

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in Gujarat. It led to the modification of the Gupta Era into the Valabhi Era, which remained in vogue in Gujarat for more than three centuries since the beginning of the Maitraka Period. The Post-Maitraka period marked the re-introduction of the Saka Era into Gujarat from the Deccan where it had been in common use meanwhile. It popularised the system of Amanta months in Gujarat. But it was in the Solanki Period that the Vikrama Era came into common use in Gujarat and has been the regional era ever since then. Some eras like the Kalacuri, Gupta, Valabhi and Simha Eras got extinct in course of time, while the Saka Era is confined to astrology and the National Calendar. It is the Vikrama Era that persisted popularly in Gujarat ever since the Solanki period, though it got introduced into this region to a small extent during the Maitraka period. The research scholar undertook a Herculean task in investigating into the chronological systems discerned in the numerous known dates of the Vikrama Era used in the different parts of the region during the Solanki period and pointed out the gradual predilection for Karttikadi years and Amanta months adopted therein in course of time. " vi The author also discussed the different systems used in the citation of Samvatsaras and intercalary months. The Kathika. Simha and Siddha-Hema-Kumara Eras exist no more, while among the eras of foreign origin, the Hijri, Yazdagardi (Zoroastrian), Hebrew and Christian Eras remained in vogue among the followers of the respecive religious sects. In recent times the Christian Era has superceded regional eras in India. Nevertheless fasts, feasts and festivals of social and religious character are still observed according to the indigenous chronological systems that have been in vogue in the different regions since long. Let as hope this author or some other scholar undertakes to extend the subject of this research over the medieval and modern periods and link it with the present. The author finalised the results of her research in 1968. but has not only incorporated revised theories in the body of the text but also appended study of the dates that came to light subsequently. For Personal & Private Use Only

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vii The Index of the given original dates along with their equivalents in the Christian Era will prove to be a valuable table for historical research pertaining to the available dates of ancient Gujarat. I congra. tulate the author Dr. Bharati K. Shelat for revising her research work persisteotly, supplementing two important Appendixes to it and making the work available to all through this publication. It will serve as a valuable reference-book on the subject. Ahmedabad 25-1-1987 H. G. SHASTRI Retd. Director B. J. Institute, Ahmedabad For Personal & Private Use Only

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PREFACE Chronology is the back-bone of history, political and cultural as well. Indian chronology is of hoary antiquity. In course of time it evolved into different systems for the calculation of days, months and years, the completion of months, the commencement of the year, the reckoning of diverse eras, the intercalations and suppressions of months and days etc. Different systems came into vogue in different parts of the country at different times. The prevalence of diverse systems in present India has a long history behind it. The general features of ancient Indian chronology are well studied on the basis of epigraphic and literary records. A detailed study of its salient features requires a minute investigation into all available data. But the country is so spacious and its history is so extensive that the data must first be studied in groups regionally as well as chronologically. With this view I have aimed at collecting and examining all the available data supplied by the epigraphic and literary records of Gujarat. Here I have commenced with early times which coincide with the Mauryan period in the history of Gujarat and proceeded upto the end of the Solanki (or Caulukya) Period, which marks an outstanding landmark in the history of Gujarat, as it witnessed the end of Hindu rule and the establishment of Muslim rule in the region. On the whole it covers a long span of about 16 centuries (from circa 300 B.C. to 1304 A.C). Certain systems of chronology are in vogue in Gujarat since long. While studying the dates of the early period, it is found that some of the present systems are comparatively of later origin, while some other systems that were in vogue in early times have ceased to exist in course of time. Different eras came into use in different periods. The systems of years and months, too, altered in course of time. A detailed study of the available dates collected from the epigraphic and literary records of the successive periods reveals not only an interesting history of the modifications in the chronological systems but also some landmarks for ascertaining particular systems for the dates pertaining to the respective periods. For Personal & Private Use Only

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The study of the known key-dates yields ample information about the different eras, systems of years and months, intercalation, cycle of Jovian years, the Siddhanta followed et cetera. The key-dates are examined variously in relation to the different modes and systems of years, systems of months and the probable Siddhanta followed. The historical account of the different systems of the successive periods reveals a gradual and ultimate transition to the common use of the Brahma siddhanta, the Vikrama Era, the expired Karttikadi year and the Amanta month. But it was preceded by the successive prevalence of several other eras such as the Saka Era, the Kalacuri Era, the Gupta Era and the Valabbi Era, Gujarat also witnessed the early use of the Purnimanta month and the Caitradi year, the systems that exist here no more now. During the Caulukya Period it also adopted the simultaneous use of the Simha Era and the Hijri Era in limited spheres. It was during this period (942-1304 A. C.) that the Vikrama Era came into common use in this region; and it has happened to be the regional era in Gujarat ever since that period In this study I have generally relied on dates given in the comtemporary records of the different periods, published in works, journals and collections, The sources of information are indicated either along with the dates or in the foot-notes. Necessary particulars about the sources are enumerated in the Bibliography. I studied this subject for my research work undertaken for the Doctorate in 1963. I prepared my thesis under the guidance of Dr. Hariprasad G. Shastri at B. J. Institute of Learning and Research, Ahmedabad. I received U. G. C. scholarship for two years during the period of my research. I got the Doctorate from Gujarat University in 1969. The research work prepared at that time incorporated data published upto about 1965. A number of dates have come to light subsequently through the inscriptions and the catalogues of MSS published thereafter. An investigation into the key-dates among them and its bearing on the results noted in the preceeding chapters have been supplemented in the form of Addenda in Appendix I. In this publication I have omitted some technical details, such as a chronological account of the different theories suggested for For Personal & Private Use Only

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the origin of the respective eras. I have also modified certain views in light of recently discovered facts and the revised theories based on them, as for instance, in the case of the origin of the Saka Era. When I finalized the revised draft of my work, I realized that a chronological index of all the key-dates in the original eras along with their equivalent dates of the Christian Era would be a desideratum for ready reference by scholars working on the Ancient History and Culture of Gujarat. I have, therefore, prepared the index anew and incorporated it in Appendix II A chart indicating the relative position of the epochs of the different eras used in Gujarat during the ancient period is also supplemented at the end of the work. I should express sincere thanks to Dr. H. G. Shastri, for writing the Foreword of this book and also giving me active and constant guidance not only during the period of research work for the Doctorate but also during the subsequent process of giving it a revised and up-to-date form. I also owe thanks to prof. K. D. Bajpai for going through the publication in advance and contributing his valuable prelude on it. I acknowledge my indebtedness to indian Council of Historical Research for awarding a grant-in-aid for the publication of this work. X I sincerely thank Dr. P. C. Parikh, the Director of B. J. Institute, Ahmedabad for giving some valuable suggestions for publication. I also thank my colleague Prof. R. T. Savalia for his active co-operation in getting the artistic bichrome illustration and the jacket of the publication. I have great pleasure in acknowledging the responsive services of the libraries of B. J. Institute, Gujarat College, Gujarat Vidyapith and L. D. Instiute of Indology, Ahmedabad. I hope that this publication on the Chronological Systems of Gujarat will prove to be interesting and illuminating to the students of Indian chronology, history and culture. C/6, Sabar Flats, Narayannagar Road, Paldi, Ahmedabad-380 007 V.S. 2043, Magha, su. di. 4 February 2, 1987 For Personal & Private Use Only Bharati K. Shelat Reader B. J. Institute R. C. Road, Ahmedabad-9

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CONTENTS Page iii V Prelude Foreword Preface Contents Abbreviations viii xi xiv CHAPTER I INTRODUCTORY 1. Evolution of Chronology in Ancient India II. Sources of Investigation 18 CHAPTER II THE MAURYAN PERIOD AND THE INDO-GREEK PERIOD 1. The Mauryan period II. The Indo-Greek period CHAPTER III THE PERIOD OF THE WESTERN KSATRAPAS Introduction 1. The Saka Era II. The Kathika Era 20 20 27 CHAPTER IV THE GUPTA PERIOD Introduction 1. The Gupta Era II. The Kalacuri Era 30 S For Personal & Private Use Only

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xii CHAPTER V THE MAITRAKA PERIOD Introduction 1. The Valabhi Era II. The Kalacuri Era III. The Saka Era IV. The Vikrama Era CHAPTER VI THE POST-MAITRAKA PERIOD Introduction 1. The Valabbi Era II. The Gupta Era III. The Saka Era IV. The Vikrama Era CHAPTER VII THE SOLANKI PERIOD Introduction 1. The Vikrama Era Sarasvata Mandala (Dates nos. 1-137) Astadasasata Mandala excluding Mt. Abu region (Dates nos. 138-204) 205 CHAPTER VIII THE SOLANKI PERIOD CONTD. North and North-East Gujarat (Dates nos. 205-253) Central Gujarat (Dates nos. 254-311) South Gujarat (Dates nos. 312-321) East Saurashtra (Dates no. 322-340) South Saurashtra (Dates nos. 341-381) 232 266 273 287 For Personal & Private Use Only

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xiii 311 313 316 323 325 330 342 345 Central Saurashtra (Dates nos. 382-383) West Saurashtra (Dates nos. 384-387) North Saurashtra (Dates nos 388-396) Kutch (Dates nos. 397-399) System of years and months-Samvatsaras Intercalary months II. The Simha Era III. The Siddha-Hema-Kumara Era IV. The Saka Era V. The Valabhi Era VI. The Hijri Era GENERAL SURVEY APPENDIX I-Daia Supplied by the Records published Recently APPENDIX II-Original Dates with their Equivalents in the Christian Era CHART BIBLIOGRAPHY 349 351 356 361 376 391 392 For Personal & Private Use Only

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ABBREVIATIONS ABORI. AHD AHS. AIOC. AIU. APJLS. APRJLS. ARADBS. ARWC. ASI. ASIR. ASWI. BG. BJ. Annals of Bhandaikar Oriental Research Institute Ancient History of the Deccan Ancient History of Saurashtra All-India Oriental Conference Age of Imperial Unity Arbudacala Pracina Jain Lekh-Samgrah Arbudacala Pradaksina Jain Lekh-Samgrah Annual Reports of the Archaeological Department of the Baroda State Archaeological Reports, Western Circle Archaeological Survey of India Annual Reports of the Archaeological Survey of India Archaeological Survey of Western India Bombay Gazetteer Bharatiya Jyotisa Bharatiya Pracina Lipimala Bhavnagar Prakrit Sanskrit Inscriptions Bhiladiya Parsvanath Tirtha Bhorol Tirtha Catalogue of the Coins of the Andhra Dynasty etc. Chronology of Gujarat Coinage of the Gupta Empire Cambridge History of India Catalogue of Indian Coins in the British Museum Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Catalgoue of the Coins in the Indian Museum Catalogue of MSS in the Jain Bhandars at Patan Catalogue of Palm-leaf MSS in the Jain Bhandars, Cambay Early History of the Deccan BPL. BPSI, BPT. BT. CAD. CG. CGE. CHI. CIC. CU. CIM. CMJBP. CPMJBC. EHD. For Personal & Private Use Only

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Xy EHDY. EHI. EHIG. EHNI. EI. EIA GT. GVBU. HIG IA. IC. IE. JHQ. IIBS. IK. TP. JA. JAOS. JAH JASBNS. Early History of the Deccan, Yazdani Early History of India by Smith Early History of India, Ghosh Early History of Northern India Epigraphia Indica Essays on Indian Antiquities Ghogha Tirtha Gujarat Vijapur Bshad-Vrttanta Historical Inscriptions of Gujarat (Gujarat-na Aitihasik Lekho) Indian Antiquary Indian Chronology Indian Epigraphy Indian Historical Quarterly Important Inscriptions from the Baroda State Inscriptions of Kathiawad Indian Palaeography Jourdal Asiatic Journal of American Oriental Society Journal of Ancient History Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal : Numis matic Supplement Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Journal of Bihar Orissa Research Society Journal of Departmental Letters, Calcutta Jain Dhatu Pratima Lekh Samgrah Journal of Gujarat Research Society Journal, Indian Culture Journal of Indian History Jain Lekh-Sangrah Journal of the Numismatic Society of India Journal of the Oriental Institute Jain Pratima Lekh-Samgrah Jain Pustak Prasasti Samgrah Journal of Royal Asiatic Society JBBRAS. JBORS. JDL. JDPLS. JGRS. JIC. JIH. JLS. JNSI. JOI. JPLS. JPPS. JRAS. For Personal & Private Use Only

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xvi JSP. JSSI. KT. Maha. MAR. MG. NIA. NPP. PHAI. PIHC. PJLS. PLS. PO. RD. RKS. RLARBP. Jain Satya Prakash Jain Sahitya-no Samksipta Itihas Kumbariyaji Tirtha Mahabharata Annual Reports of the Mysore Archaeological Department Maitraka-Kalin Gujarat New Indian Antiquary Nagari Pracarini Patrika Political History of Ancient India Proceedings of Indian History Congress Pracipa Jain Lekh--Samgrah Pracina Lekh-Samgrah Poona Orientalist The Ruins of Dabhoi or Darbhavari RK Samhita Revised List of Antiquarian Remains in the Bombay Presidency Radhanpur Pratima Lekh-Samdoh Satapatha Brahmana Sanskrit Dvyasraya Kavyamam Madhya-Ka]in Gujarat-ni Samajik Sthiti Studies in the Historical and Cultural Geograyhy and Ethnography of Gujarat Select Inscriptions Sri Prasasti Samgrah Taittiriya Brahmana Taittiriya Samhita Visvesvaranand Indological Journal RPLS. Sata. Bra. SDKMGSS. SHCGEG. SI. Sri PS. Tai. Bra. Tai. S. VIJ For Personal & Private Use Only

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I. INTRODUCTION (i) Evolution of chronology in ancient India It is known from references in the Vedic literature that Indian chronology in its primary stage has been in existence since more than 2,000 years before the Christian Era. The earliest traces of Indian chronology belong to the Vedic period. A method of distributing time into various periods such as days, fortnights, months and years, was adopted for the purposes of civil life. People had primary knowledge about days, lunar months and luni-solar years from the very beginning of the Vedic age and these divisions of time are intimately connected with the affairs of the people. From the period of Rgveda people were knowing convenient parts of time - days, months and years. The months were lunar but the years were luni-solar1. Twelve lunar months, coincided into a solar year containing 365 days, formed a luni-solar year. At one place in Rgveda an intercalary month is mentioned2. From this it follows that an intercalary month was added to preserve the correspondence between a whole solar year and the twelve lunations. From the mention of the word vasara in Rksamhita3, it is certain that the term was used in the general sense of a day. A day was divided into five parts like Pratar, Sangava, Madh 1. Shivanath Zarakhandi, Bharatiya Jyotisa (BJ), pp. 40, 43 2. Vedamaso dhrtavrato dvadasa prajavatah veda ya upajayate, Rk Sa., 1,25,8 3. Rk Sa., 8,6,30 For Personal & Private Use Only

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yahna, Aparahna and Sayan. References to naksatras are also found in Kgveda". Seers also had knowledge of eclipses. There is a reference to a solar eclipse at one place in Rksamhita6. In some of the Samhitas there are further references to intercalations and naksatrass. The earliest mention of the word stu is seen in the Taittiriya Samhitao. The names of the months are seen at one placelo. The two systems of Puraimanta months (months ending with Purnima) and Amanta months, (months ending with Amayasya), were in existence during this time'l. Twelve months are expressed in their old names12. References to the solstices are found for the first time in these Samhitas13. The solar day, the solar year and the lunar month were put into use, but week-days still did not enter into practical use during this period. During the whole Vedic period the year commenced with the Madhu month of the Spring season!4. In the Brahman literature, we come across more and more astronomical terms, which help us to understand detailed chronology. For the first time there is a mention of the two fortnights of the month, Purva 4. Taittiriya Brahmana, 1, 5, 3 5. Rk. Sa., 10,85,2; Kk Sa., 10, 85, 13 6. RK Sa., 5,40 7. Tai. Sa., 4,4,11; 114,14; Vajasaney? Sa., 7, 30; 22, 30, 31 8. Tai. Sa., 4,4,10; Atharva Samhita, 19, 7 9. Tai. Sa., 6,5,3. 10. Tai. Sa., 7, 4, 8 11. Tai. Sa., 1,6,7; 7,5,6,1 12. Ibid., 4,4,11; Vajasaneyi Sa., 7,30;22,31 13. Tai, Sa., 6,5,3 14. Shivanatha Zarkhandi : Bharatiya Jyotisa, p. 92 For Personal & Private Use Only

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and Apara"5. From the context the Purva (former) seems to denote the bright fortnight, while the Apara (later) seems to stand for the dark fortnight. The word tithi is mentioned with reference to the rising and setting of the Moon16. Purnima and Amavasya were called the parvans17. Divisions of the day are given in some of the Brahmanas18. Muhurtas are also mentioned in Taittiriya Brahmana''. The further divisions of the muhartas into pratimuhurtas were also determined20. During the time of Vedanga Jyotisa, the calendar followed the mean system21. The months were lunar and they contained thirty days each. A month was generaliy divided into thirty parts and one part was called a tithi22 Necessarily an intercalary month was added as a result of the luni-solar year. The names of the twentyseven naksatras were popular at that time23. The words samvatsara, varsa and abda were used in the sense of the year24. For the computation of seasons solar months also were involved25. Months were generally 15. Taittiriya Brahmana, 2,2,3,1; 3,10,4,1 16. Shivanath Zarkhandi, Bharatiya Jyotisa, p. 60 17. Ibid., p. 63. 18. Tai. Bra., 3,12,9,1; Satapatha Bra., 2,4,2,8 19. Tai. Bra., 3,10,9; 3,10,1; 3,10,1,1,2; 3,10,1,2; 3,10,1,3 20. Ibid., 3,10,9,9; 3,10,1,4 21. Gorakhanath, Bharatiya Jyotisaka Itihas, p. 43 22. To adjust the phase of the Moon, a tithi was occasionally dropped. 23. Sata. Bra., 2,1,2,11; Tai. Bra., 1,5,1 24. BJ..., p. 137 25. Ibid., p. 138 For Personal & Private Use Only

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Amanta26. With a reference to the solar and lunar months, the intercalations were introduced. The inferences to the Karanas are seen for the first time in Vedanga Jyotisa27. In the Atharva Jyotisa there oocur references to the seven planets28 in the order in which they are associated with the week-days at present. This enumeration and sequence may imply that they are here: in fact mentioned in relation to week-days29 but they are here associated with the karanas of day-timeo. Kalpasutra works contain several references to chronology. The names of the twelve months are given according to the old system31. At one place in Asvalayana Srautasutra there is a reference to seasons32. The seasons commenced with the Spring. The word tithi is not mentioned anywhere, but there occurs mention of certain particular tithis33. Some detailed information of nak satras is gathered from the references to the different naksatras34 In Paraskarasutra, we get some information about the naksatras35, but the Paraskarasutra, as well as the Asvalayanasutra, contains no reference to intercalations, 26. Ibid., p. 139 27. Atharvana-Jyotisam, 3,7,12 28. Atharvana-Jyotisam, 3,8,1 29. BJ., p. 141 30. Poona Orientalist, XII: 1 to 4, pp. 64 ff. 31. As. Srautasutra, 4,12 32. Ibid., 4, 12 33. As. Gshyasutra, 2,3,1; 2,4,1; 3,5 34. As. Srautasutra, 2,1; As. Gihyasutra, 2,10,3; 1,4; 1; 1,14, 35. Paraskarasutra, 2, 16 For Personal & Private Use Only

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tithis, week-days, yogas and karanas. In one of the Sutras36, the names of the Rasis are also given. Further in the third Vedanga, Nirukta, the divisional terms of time such as muhurtas and ksanas are introduced37. Nirukta contains references to days, nights, fortnights, solstices etc38 As for references given in Panini's Grammar, the word samvatsara in the sense of a year mentioned in the Vedic literature is also seen here in the same sense39. The names of the months are given as Caitradi40. At one place the word muhurta is givenol. Though there is not a single reference to tithi, it does not necessarily follow that this word in its original sense was not familiar at that time. Some names of the naksatras have been found in the grammar of Panini42. In the Smoti literature occur a number of astronomical terms. In the Yajnavalkya Smoti, nine planets are enumerated43. The sequence of the first seven of them corresponds to that of the week-days. But from this sequence it is difficult to ascertain whether the planets are, here, represented in association with the karanas of earlier times or the corresponding week-days of later times. In the passage pertaining to Sraddhakala, given in 36. Minamesayor mesavrsabhayor vasantah'.. Bodhayanasutra; BI., p. 144 37. Nirukta, 2,25 38. Ibid., 14,9 39. Panini's Grammar, 5,1,88; 7,3,16 -40. Ibid., 4,2,21 4 1. Ibid. 3,3,9 42. Ibid., 3,1,116; 1,2,61; 1,2,62 -43. Yajzavalkya Smoti, Acaradhyaya, Verse No. 296 For Personal & Private Use Only

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6 the Yajnavalkya Smrti, there occurs the word Vrddhi, but it cannot be ascertained whether the word here: denotes the particular yoga of that name." Naksatras muhurtas and tithis have also been mentioned45. Thus in the Smrti literature we come across many astronomical terms. In the Mahabharata references to technical terms: of chronology are found to a large extent. The references indicate that the people of those times were aware of naksatras,46 seasons.47 solstices, lunar as well as solar months and tithis. The months were both Purnimanta and Amanta.48 The days were divided into kasthas, kalas, muhurtas, lavas and ksanas.49 Sometimes names of naksatras 50 are found. At one place the word Vara occurs, but it is here used in the general sense of a day (not in the sense of a week-day51). Yogas, Karanas and Rasis are not mentioned at any place in the Mahabharata52. Descriptions of solar and lunar eclipses are found at many places. Among the sources mentioned above, the Vedanga Jyotisa alone was a regular treatise on Jyotisa, all the other sources containing only incidental references to terms and topics of Jyotisa. To these references may be added references to early astronomers that flourished prior to the period of scientific Jyotisa in India. 44. BJ, p. 151 45. Yajnavalkya Smrti, 1, 180 46. Mahabharata, Adiparvan, Adhyaya 71,34, 44,2 47. Ibid., 83, 7; 189,16. 48. Ibid., 84,96 49. Ibid., 160,7 50. Ibid., 49, 28, 21, 48 51. Ibid., 160,7 52. BJ, p. 161 For Personal & Private Use Only

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7 Vrddha Garga is the earliest among them53. In the Mahabharata (in its present form) he had already come to be regarded as the oldest astronomer54. He is dated earlier than Lagadha, the author of Yajusa Jyotisa55. Then come Garga and Parasara56. In the absence of their works (which are now extinct), it is not possible to get any concrete idea of their contribution to Jyotisa. Among the extant works on Jyotisa, the Aryabhatrya comes next to the Vedanga Jyotissa. But from the Pancasiddhantika by Varahamihira who was a junior contemporary of Aryabhata I, we learn that five different systems (Siddhantas) were already prevalent before his time. These Siddhantas treated by Varahamihira are as follows: Paulisa, Romaka, Vasistha, Saura and Paitamaha.57 The scientific Indian astronomy is said to commence with Aryabhata I, whose work is known as Aryabhatiya. The work is dated S.E. 421 (499 A.C.). It represents a 53. P.C. Sengupta, "Hindu Astronomy", Cultural Heritage of India, Vol. III, p. 348 54. His name is found in Mahabharata at two places. Mbh., IX. 37, 14-17; XII. 59, 111 55. Cultural Heritage of India, Vol. III, p. 348 56. Names of some other astronomers occur in Bhattotpala's commentary on Brhatsamhita, but their periods cannot be fixed definitely. 57. Varahamihira treats the Surya Siddhanta in detail and other Siddhantas in brief. The extant works on the five Siddhantas that are distinct from the old Siddhantas treated by Varahamihira are of later origin comparatively. For Personal & Private Use Only

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scientific treatment of the subject, embellished by some original contribution of the author.5. After Aryabhata I came Varahmihira who flourished in about S.E.427 (505 A.C.). He has contributed several works to Jyotisa-Pancasiddhantika, Vivahapalala, Byhajjataka, Laghujataka, Yatra and Brhatsamhita59. The contents of his Pancasiddhantika are already given above. The other works are rather of astronomical character, and contain no data pertaining to chronology. Then appear Srisena and Visnucandra6o, who were predecessors of Brahmagupta61 (550 $.E. = 628 A.C.). Their works are not available to-day. The next astronomer is Brahmagupta. He wrote his Brahmasphuta Siddhanta in S.E. 550 (628 A.C.) and Khandakhadyaka in S.E. 58762 (665 A.C.). The former work is also known as Brahmasiddhanta. Therein he seems to have improved upon Aryabhatiya. In Khandakhadyaka he has treated several topics of chronology63. Both his works were translated into Arabic64. His methods etc. have been accepted by all the subsequent famous astronomers like Bhaskaracarya65 (1150 A.C.) 58. P.C. Sengupta, "Hindu Astronomy", Cultural Heritage of India, Vol. III, pp. 361ff. 59. BJ, p. 296 60. Srisena and Visnucandra flourished between 427 S.E. (505 A.C.) and 550 $.E. (628 A.C.) (BJ, p. 299) 61. Brahmagupta's date is 550 S.E. (BJ., pp. 299-300) 62. BJ, pp. 300 f. 63. Ibid., pp. 307 ff... 64. Alberuni translated the works of Brahmagupta into Arabic (BJ, p. 301) 65. Cultural Heritage of India, Vol. III, p. 372 For Personal & Private Use Only

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as also by the new redactions of the Siddhantas (modern) which are held as revelations. Lalla comes after Brahmagupta. There are different views about his date. Dr. Kern and Janardan Balaji Modak put him in S.E. 420 (498 A.C.) and Sudhakar Dvivedi holds that he lived in S.E. 421 (499 A.C.), while Sh. B. Dixit dates him round about S.E. 560 (638 A.C,)66. His famous work on Jyotisa is Dhiv;ddhidatantra. He wrote a muhurtagrantha named Ratnakosa. Padmanabha, mentioned by Bhaskaracarya, is put by Colebrooke67 earlier than Sridhara dated not later than S.E.775 (853 A.C.) i.e. earlier than S.E. 775 (853 A.C.). Sridhara (not later than 853 A.C.) wrote a book on Patigaaita, which is named Trisatika68. Then appears Mahavira, the author of Sarasangraha. He is dated about S.E. 775 (853 A.C.). Then comes Balabhadra69 (S.E. 800=878 A.C.). Vittesvara wrote his work Karanasara in S.E. 82170 (899 A.C.). He was followed by Munjala? (S.E. 854 = 932 A.C.). His work 66. BJ, pp. 314 ff. P.C. Senagupta, however, dates Lalla S. E. 670. Gorakha Prasad favours this view (Gorakha Prasad, Bharatiya Jyotisaka Itihasa, p. 180). 67. Ibid., p. 316 68. Ibid., p. 316 69. According to Alberuni, Balabhadra wrote each book on Ganita, Samhita and Jataka and made commentaries on Khandakhadya and Brhajjataka (BJ, p. 318). 70. Op. cit., p. 318 71. Colebooke determined the dates of some astronomers according to the astronomy of Ujjain. He wrote about Munjala's date of S.E. 854 (932A.C.) (Colebrookes Essays, p. 461., BJ, p. 319). For Personal & Private Use Only

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10 Laghumanasa remained popular even as late as 1500 S.E.(A.C. 1578). Aryabhata II, the author of Laghu Aryasiddhanta, is dated circa S.E. 87572 (953 A.C.). Next comes Caturveda Prthudakaswamin.73 Then Bhattotpala (circa 889 S.E.-967A.C.) wrote commentaries on the works of Varahamihira, such as Yatra, Brhajjataka, Laghujataka and Brhatsamhita. Karanatilaka was written by Vijayanandi in S.E. 888 (966 A.C.). Then Bhanubhatta Bhanarju (circa S.E. 900 = 978 A.C.) wrote a work entitled Rasayanatantra75. Sripati lived in circa S.E. 961 (1039 A.C.). He wrote two Jatakagranthas named Siddhantasekhara and Dhikotidakarana, one Muhurtagrantha Ratnamala and a Jatakagrantha Jatakapaddhati. In his work Dhikotidakarana he discussed the topics of solar and lunar eclipses". Varuna (circa S.E. 962 = 1040 A.C.) wrote a commentary on Khandakhadya of Brahmagupta. Rajamrganka has been written by Bhojaraja in S.E. 964(1042 A.C.). Karanakamalamartanda is a Karanagrantha written by Dasabala (S.E. 980 = 1058 A.C.). This work 72. BJ., pp. 321 f. 73. Bhaskaracarya mentioned him at many places. From the reference of his name in the commentary on Khandakhadya by Varuna, he seems to have flourished sometime before S.E. 962 (1040 A.C.) (BJ, p. 325). 74. BJ., p. 327 75. Ibid., p. 329 76. According to Sudhakara Dvivedi he also wrote two Muhurtagranthas, named Ratnavali and Ratnasara (BJ, p. 330). 77. Though this work is not famous for the present there are two chapters on solar and lunar eclipses (BJ, p. 330). For Personal & Private Use Only

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contains chapters on solar and lunar eclipses, tithieuddhis etc. Karanaprakasa was written by Brahmadeva on the basis of the work of Aryabhata I, in S.E. 1014 (1092 A.C). In this work he devotes a chapter to eclipses78. Satananda wrote a Karanagrantha Bhasvatikarana in S.E. 1021 (1099 A.C.). He wrote this work on the basis of Surya Siddhanta by Varahamihira79. In one of Adhikaras he deals with eclipses 80. Mahesvara contributed his works round about S.E. 1030-40 (A.C. 1108-1118). From the reference of an inscription of his greatgrandson Anantadeva, it follows that he wrote a Karanagrantha Sekhara, a commentary on Laghujataka and a Muhurtagrantha Vittasatal. Somesvara III wrote Abhilasitarthacintamani in which some topics of Jyotisa have been discussed82. Then comes Bhaskaracarya, a great astronomer of India. Two works on mathematical Jyotisa viz. Siddhantasiromani and Karanakutuhala were written by him83. This Siddhantasiromani is dated S.E. 1072 (1150 A.C.). His Karanakutuhala includes Adhikaras on solar and lunar eclipses84. He is also known to have written a work named Bhaskaravivahapatula85. 78. BJ., 336 79. Ibid, p. 338 80. Ibid., p. 339 81-82. Ibid. p. 341 83. Ibid., p. 342 84. Ibid., p. 349 85. Ibid., p. 351 Madhava, a commentator of Ratnamala and other authors refer to a Muhurtagrantha- entitled Bhaskaravyavahara. The title of the work implies that it might have been written by Bhaskaracarya (Ibid., p. 351). For Personal & Private Use Only

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12 Vavilalakoccanna (S.E. 1220 = 1298 A C.) of the Tailangana region wrote a karanagrantha86. Lastly, Kesava, a famous astronomer, composed Vivahavindavana, on which Ganesadaivajna, wrote a commentary. According to Ganesadaivajna, Kesava also wrote Karanakanthirava. He is dated circa S.E. 116587 (1243 A.C.). A number of other works were contributed to Jyotisa by several later authors like Kesava 1188 (S.E. 1418 = 1496 A.C.) and Ganesadaivajna89 (S.E. 1442 = 1520 A.C.), but their period falls subsequent to the lower limit of the period of our subject. (ii) Sources of investigation into the chronological systems in ancient Gujarat Among the sources of information about the chronological systems in ancient Gujarat, we find no regular work on Jyotisa, containing the terms and topics of chronology". All the other sources contain only incidental references to the chronological systems. So it is essential to collect and examine the data from incidental references in inscriptions and literature. The epigraphic records bearing dates consist of stone inscriptions, copper-plate inscriptions, image 86. Ibid., p. 351 87. Ibid., p. 352 88. Ibid., p. 357 89. Ibid., p. 360 90. Varahamihira, the author of Pancasiddhantika was the inhabitant Ujjain and Brahmagupta, a famous astronomer and the writer of Khandakhadya, lived in Bhillamala (Bhinmal). Both these places though intimately connected with Gujarat lay outside the region of Gujarat in the modern sense of the term. Hence their works are not here regarded as pertaining to Gujarat. For Personal & Private Use Only

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13 inscriptions, earthenware inscriptions" and coin legends92. They record dates about various events such as the construction of temples, forts, step-wells etc., victories of kings, glorification of patrons and donors, grants of land, installation of images, endowments of amounts, utensils etc., and issue of coins. The early epigraphs93 of Gujarat date as back as the Mauryan period,94 but they are dated simply in years which are found to be regnal years of the respective rulers. The subsequent dates in inscriptions are generally given in years of certain continuous eras. Though the names of the different eras are not specified in the records, they have been identifiable on the basis of comparative chronology95. Many of the later records specify the eras by their particular names. A few dates are expressed in terms of corresponding years of several eras. Many of the dates consist of years, months, fortnights and lunar days. The inclusion of the week-day in some of the records dated since the 8 th century, supplies a very helpful factor for determining the system of the commencement of the year as well as the completion of the lunar month. Some dates also contain references to seasons, parvans, 91. Vala Earthernware inscription of Guhasena dated (Valabhi) year 247 (565-66 A.C.) (IA Vol. XIV, p.75) 92. The coins of only certain early dynasties bear dates, while those of the later dynasties are rare and undated. 93. The legends on the Harappan seals found in Gujarat are here excluded, as the legends have not been still deciphered and as the seals are assigned to proto-historic times. 94. The earliest epigraphic records of the historical period in Gujarat belong to the reign of the Mauryan king Asoka (cir.B.C. 273-232). 95. These dates commenced from the 2nd cent. A.C. For Personal & Private Use Only

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intercalations, eclipses, samkrantis and sometimes even muhartas. These particulars supply various data about the chronological systems of the respective periods. Comparatively dates begin to appear in literary records at a very later stage. These dates are generally found to be of three types : (1) dates of earlier events96 recorded in later works, (2) dates of the composition of the particular works, (3) dates of the copying of: manuscripts. The known dates of the composition commence from the beginning of the 7th cent. A.C.97, while those of the copying appear from the end of the 11th cent. A.C.98. The earlier events recorded in the old literary works of Gujarat are found dated since the 1st cent. A.C99. 96. Some of these dates belong to events of the near past, while some other dates refer to the events of the remote past. 97. Vide the date of S.E. 531 (609 A.C.) given in the palm-leaf Ms. of Visesavas'yakabhasya by Jinabhadragani Ksamas'ramana (B.J. Sandesara, Jain Agama Sahityaman Gujarat. p. 75). 98. One of the earliest known extant manuscripts copied in Gujarat seems to be that of Yogadrstisamuccaya copied at Anahilapataka in V.S. 1140 = 1083-84 A.C. (Jain Pustaka prasasti Sangraha. P.I. p. 99). 99. The Harivansapurana (A.C. 783) by Jinasenasuri and the Mari aviracariya (A.C. 1084) by Nemicandracarya date the (reign of) Saka king 605 years after the death of Mahavira, i.e. in A.C. 78. In his Vicarasreni (circa A.C. 1310) Merutungasuri dates the commencement of the Vikrama era counted from that of Vikrama's reign 470 years after the commencement of the Vira era counted from Vira's death, i.e. in 57 B.C. The date of the composition of this work falls slightly later than the lower limit of our period. For Personal & Private Use Only

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15 *The data of the dates multiply profusely in the literary records of the Caulukya period (942-1304 A.C.). Like the epigraphic records, the literary records also date events either in years only or in terms of years, months, fortnights and lunar days, which are sometimes also supplemented by week-days. These dates sometimes also contain references to intercalations, naksatras, yogas, lagnas, muhurtas etc. The collection and critical study of the different particulars of the dates given in the old epigraphic and literary records of Gujarat throw light on the use of the different eras, different systems of the commencement of the year (such as Karttikadi, Caitradi and Asadhadi), those of the completion of the month (Pornisanta and Amanta), those of the intercalation of the month (mean and true), the use of the different Siddhantas etc. For Personal & Private Use Only

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II. THE MAURYAN PERIOD The Mauryan Period The earliest period of documented history of Gujarat is the period of the Mauryan Rule. The Mauryan king Asoka (cir. B.C. 273-232) has left several epigraphic records in the different parts of the country. A version of the fourteen rock edicts is incised on a rock, lying on the way from Junagadh to Mt. Girnar. The inscriptions of Asoka date certain events in the years counted from his coronation, i.e. in his regnal years'. Hence it follows that no regular and continuous era was used in the Mauryan records at least upto the reign of Asoka. But from the reading 'Muriya, kala' in the Hathigumpha inscription of King Kharavela, of Orissa, Bhagawanlal Indrajiand Sten Konow4 established that the inscription virtually contains a reference to the Mauryan era". This era was presu1. The years given in his fourteen rock edicts range from year 8 to year 13 (D.C. Sircar, Select Inscriptions, Book I, Nos. 18, 13, 8.9,10-Rock edicts Nos. XIII, VIII, III, IV, V). 2. R.B. Pandey, Indian Palaeography, pp. 183 ff. 3. B.M. Barua, Old Brahmi Inscriptions in the Udayagiri Khandagiri Caves, p. 4 4. ASI. AR, 1905-06, p. 166 5. Prinsep reads (-) riya; Cunningham (--]ya. Indraji and Sten konow 'Muriya'. Jayaswal and Benarji also offer the reading Muriya. (B.M. Barua, Op. cit., p. 27). Smith also accepts the reading proposed by Bhagawanlal Indraji (EHI, 2nd ed., p. 187, f.n. 1), Jayaswal further assertained the existence of the Mauryan era (JBORS., Vol. III. p. 450). For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE MAURYAN AND INDO-GREEK PERIODS 17 mably taken as founded by Candragupta Maurya (cir. 321-297 B. C.), the founder of the Mauryan dynasty in circa 321 B. C. This view was criticised by Fleet who maintained that there was no reference to any era in this inscription. Luders followed Fleet and rejected the reading proposed by Indraji and Sten Konow. Muni Jinavijayaji? also accepted the reading Muriya-kale. Barua8 read and interpreted the phrase in a different way. D. C. Sircaro also gives a different reading like Fleet. Both contended that there seems to be no reference to any Mauryan era or Maurya Kala. Jf Candragupta Maurya founded an era of his dynasty, it is inexplicable why Asoka Cated the events in his edicts in his regnal years instead cf the years of the Mauryan era. Moreover, no other instance of the epigraphical or literary use of the Maurya'n era is found. Under these circumstances there is no justification for holding the view that the Mauryans founded an era which was used after them.10 As remarked above the people of the Mauryan period seem to have dated events in regnal years of the Mauryan kings. The dates in the epigraphic records 6. El., Vol. X, p. 161 7. Muni Jinavijayaji, Pracin Jain Lekh Samgrah , p. 37 8. Barua formerly read (ved ulriya-nila in place of Muriya-Kala. (B. M. Barua, Old Brahmi Inscriptions in Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves, p. 26), but later on corrected it into [ma]khiya kala (Indian Historical Quarterly, Vol. XIV, p. 469, f.n. 136). 9. D. C. Sircar reads muskhi)ya-Kala (D. C. Sircar, Select Inscrip jions, Vol. I, p. 210) 10. R. B. Pandey, Indian Palaeography, p. 187 For Personal & Private Use Only

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13 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT of this period are given only in years and contained no particulars about months, days etc. On this account we have no data for determining the systems of the commencement of the year and the completion of the month. The Indo-Greek Period The next epigraphic records in Gujarat belong to the Indo-Greek period. The Periplus records that coins issued by Menander" (cir. 155-130 B. C.) and Apollodotus Il" (cir. 95-80 B. C.) were in circulation for centuries, in Barygaza which was known to be a trading centre.13 Their coins are found off and on. They bear legends but contain no dates. :: On the other hand some casket inscriptions of the time of King Menander, found at Shinkot in Bajaur territary in the North-West Frontier Province are dated.14 The dates of the inscriptions contain years, months and lunar days. The year used in these inscriptions is regnal. The months used here are purely Indian15 and not Macedonian or Greek ones, some of 11. A. K. Narain, The Indo Greeks, p. 181 12. Ibid., p. 181 13. The view that the coins of Menander and Apollodotus were found to be in circulation at Barygaza was disproved by A. K. Narain, who suggested that these coins come from some outside area, probably from where the warlike nation of the Bactrians ruled, or it may be that the author of the Periplus had seen the coins of a certain Appollodotus and Menander, and noticed Similar coins in Barygaza not necessarily of their owo minting (A. K. Narain, The Indo-Greeks, p. 68). 14. D. C. Sircar, Select Inscriptions, pp. 102 ff. 15. Karttika and Vaisakha For Personal & Private Use Only

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THI MAURYAN AND INDO-GREEK PERIODS 19 vhich are used in the inscriptions issued under the reigns of the Sakas and the Kusanas.16 As the lunar days are counted in a serial number even beyond the number fifteen, the months were probably solar. The years used in the inscriptions of the time of Menander cannot be assigned to the Seleucidian era'7 founded by Seleucus in. 312 B. C. or to the Buddha Nirvana Era which was counted from 483 B. C.18, even if the figures representing hundreds are dropped."9 As the dates of these inscriptions contain no other particulars, it is not possible to determine the systems of the years and the months. 16. R. B. Pandey, Indian Palaeography, pp. 192 f. 17. The first continuous ruoning era which came into general circulation is that introduced to commemorate the foundation of Seleucus's dynasty. The initial point of the Seleucidian era has been fixed by Fynes Clinton to the 1st of October, 312 B.C. According to Ulugh Beg, this era started from 3rd October, 312 B. C. This era dates from the defeat of Nikanor, general of Aptigonus, by Seleucus who became the master of Babylon (A. Cunningham, A Book of Indian Eras, p. 38). 18. According to Theravada Buddhism, the Buddha's Parinirvana occurred in 544 B. C. [P. V. Bapat (Gen. Ed.), 2500 years of Buddhism, p. 5). 19. R. B. Pandey, Indian Palaeography, 192 For Personal & Private Use Only

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III THE PERIOD OF THE WESTERN KSATRAPAS The next period in the history of Gujarat is the period of the Western Ksatrapas. It begins with the reign of the Ksatrapa kings of the Ksaharata family, who seem to have ruled over several regions including Gujarat prior to the establishment of the Kardamaka power in 78 A.C. The power of the Ksaharata Kings was lost to the Satavahana Kings of the Deccan. But Ksatrapa kings of the Kardamaka Family shortly recovered the northern regions including Gujarat. Their dynasty held power at least upto cir. 306 A. C.2. It was succeeded by four small successive groups of kings, their relationship with the Kardamaka family being unknown. The power of the last group seems to have lasted upto about 400 A. C.3. (i) The Saka Era The sources of information about the dating system prevalent in the kingdom of the Western Ksatrapas are stone inscriptions and coin legends. The records of the Ksaharata Ksatrapas are dated in years, months, fortnights and (lunar) days. The years mentioned in their known records range from year 41 to 46.5 1. Vide f. n. 23 below. 2. M. R. Majmudar, Chronology of Gujarat, p. 84 3. Vide f. n. 13 below. 4. M. R. Majmudar, op. cit., pp. 59 ff. 5. D. C. Sircar, Select Inscriptions, Book II, Nos. 58, 62 Only some stone inscriptions bear dates, while coins are found undated. For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE PERIOD OF THE WESTERN KSATRAPAS : 21 The stone inscriptions of the Kardamaka Ksatrapas and their successors are dated from years 6 to 228.6 The dates of these inscriptions generally consist of years, months, fortnights, days and sometimes naksatras? also. The coins of these Ksatrapas are generally dated. The dates given on these coins contain only the number of years which range at least from year 102 to at least year 3108 or 3129 or 32010. The years mentioned in the stone inscriptions as well as on the coins of these kings obviously belong to some continuous era. The inscriptions do not specify the name of this era. But on chronological grounds the era is identified with the Saka era. . When the unspecified era used in the records of the Western Ksatrapas was chronologically identified with the Saka era, early scholars were naturally tempted to ascribe its origin to the Western Ksatrapa King 6. G. V. Acharya, HIG., Part 1, Nos., 2 to 8 and 10.; Dr. Shobhana Gokhle, 'Andhau Inscription of Castana, "Saka' 11, JAH., Vol II, pp. 104 ff; Dr. V. V. Mirashi, 'Daulatpur Inscription of the Reign of Castana : year 6', JOI., Vol. XXVIII no. 2, pp. 34 ff. 7. D. C. Sircar, SI, Book II, No. 69 8. E. J. Rapson, CIC., p. 101 9. G. V. Acharya read this date on coins struck by Swami Rudrasena III (JASB, Numismatic Supplement, No. XLVII, p. 96). But the reading is hardly acceptable as Rudrasena III was already succeeded by Simhasena in or before year 304. Pos sibly, the coins may belong to Swami Rudrasena IV (ibid). 10. Recently the date on a coin of the last Ksatrapa King Rudra simha III is read to be year 320 (Dr. Rasesh Jamindar, Ksatrapakalaum Gujarat, p. 109, f.n. 61 & 62). For Personal & Private Use Only

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22 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT Nahapana or Castana, who appeared to be of the Saka race". Later tradition ascribes the origin of this era to the famous popular king Salivahana of the Deccan, but in view of chronological data given in early records, the majority of scholars identified this era with the era used in the records of the Kusana King Kaniska I and his successors, ascribing the epoch of this era to 78 A. D.12 As regards the era used in the records of the Westen Ksatrapas and its origin, the following points also deserve special consideration : (i) During the early centuries the era was not intro duced by any specific name. The year of the era was referred to simply as Varsa or Samvutsara.'3 The earliest association of the era with the Sakas can be traced to its 5th cent. in epigraphic records14 as well as in literary works.15 The use of this name continued upto its 13th century. (ii) Later on the word Saka came to be used in the 11. JBBRAS., Vol. IX, pp. 139 ff., BG., Vol. 1, part I. pp. 26 f., JRAS., 1913, pp. 966 ff., AHD., p. 35 12. Fergusson, JRAS, Vol. XII, pp. 259 ff. and others. Vide also D. C. Sircar, Indian Epigraphy, pp 258. ff. 13. D. C. Sircar, IE., p. 259: 14. The earliest Saka date in the Calukya records is 465 i.e. 543 A. EUR. (Ibid., p. 259, f.n.2). 15. Lokavibhaga by Simhasuri claims to have been composed in S. E. 380 (458 A. C.) and associates the era with the Sikas (D. C. Sircar, IE., p. 259). But it is not certain whether the claim of the date can be accepted with respect to the work in the present form... For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE PERIOD OF THE WESTERN KSATRAPAS sense of an era and the era got associated with King Salivahana of the Deccan.16 23 The earliest association of the era with Salivahana can be traced to literary and epigraphic records of the 12th century". Accordingly, the era is at present known as Salivahana Saka. (iii) This era is especially favourite with the astronomers and astrologers of India since long and is in vogue in the country even at present.18 From these factors it clearly appears that the current association of the era with Salivahana is of very late origin. In its early centuries beginning with at least the fifth (or possibly even the fourth) century, the era was explicitly ascribed to a Saka king or the Sakas 19. The Jain tradition ascribes the commencement of the Saka era, to the conquest of Malwa by the Sakas. 16. The earliest association of the era with Salivahana is found in the Kannada work Udbhatakavya by Somaraja composed in S. E. 1144 expired (1222 A C.) and the Tasgaon plates (S. E. 1172-1251 A. C.) of the Yadava king Krsna (D. C. Sircar, IE., p. 262). 17. The earliest epigraphic records with dates in which the Saka era is ascribed to King Salivahana belong to the 13th cent. A C. (D. C. Sircar, IE., p. 262). 18. In the modern period its use is common in the Deccan; it has now been adopted into the national calendar. 19. Sakan patira jyabhiseka Samvatsara (IA., Vol. X, p. 58), Sakanrpatisamvatsara (IA, Vol. VI, p. 73), Sakan pasamvatsara (IA., Vol. XII, p. 16), Sakanrapakala (EI. Vol. III, p. 109), Saka Samvat (EI. Vol. I, p. 56), Saka (L.IS.I.P., 63, No. 343), Saka (EI., Vol. I, p. 343). For Personal & Private Use Only

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24 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT Generally this event is dated prior to the reign of Vikramaditya, but it is also possible that the Sakas occupied Malwa for a second time 135 years after they lost it to King Vikramaditya. Dr. R. B. Pandey identified the King of thes. Sakas with Castana of Ujjain20. In view of the recently discovered dates of Cast ina, the dates in the records of the Ksaharata Ksatrapas who flourished prior to the Kardamaka Ksatrapas can no longer be ascribed to the Saka Era and are now taken to be regnal years. Before the recent discovery of the inscriptions of Castana dated years 6 and 11, it was generally held that the dates 41 to 46 in the records of the Ksaharata Ksatrapas and the dates 52 to 320 in those cit the Kardamaka Ksatrapas belong to the Saka Era, and that the Western Ksatrapas, particularly Ksaharata Ksatrapas, were originally subordinate to the Kusana emperors of North India. It was also noticed that the Kusana power extended as far as Malwa by this time. Morever, the Kusana kings beginning with Kaniska I are known to have used one continuous era of their own, very probably that era also seems to have commenced in 78 A. C. It was, therefore, very plausibly held by the majority of modern scholars that the so-called Saka era was originated by the Kusana sovereign kaniska [ and that it was adopted by the Western Ksatrapas who were originally feudatories of the Kusana sovereigns. But the recent discovery of the Andhru Inscription of the time of Castana dated (Saka) year 112!. 20. R. B. Pandey, Indian Palaeography, p. 186 21. Dr. Shobhana Gokhale, 'Andhau Inscription of Castana, Saka 11, Journal of Ancient History, Vol. II, pp. 104 ff.. For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE PERIOD OF THE WESTERN KSATRAPAS and the latest reading of the year 6 during the reign of Castana in the Daulatpur Inscription22 made it plausible to reconsider the common view23 entirely and to accept the view that the Saka era was orginated by King Castana probably of the Saka clan, whose dynasty put it into common use in Western India for a pretty long period of more than three centuries. On several other grounds, Kaniska I is dated in the second century A. D. rather than the 1st century A. D. Moreover, it is now held doubtful whether the Western Ksatrapas were Viceroys of the Kusana sovereigns. The Kaniska era is now, therefore, regarded to be distinct from the Saka era and the former probably started about a century later than the Saka era.24 25 The unspecification of the name of the era during its early centuries may be explained by assuming that the era was the only prevalent era in Western India and was, therefore, known simply as 'the era'. It may be further assumed that in course of time a specific name was attached to it when it had to be distingusihed from other eras that became prevalent by this time. The specific mention of the name appears from the 5th cent. of this era. In North India its earliest known 22. Dr. V. V. Mirashi, 'Daulatpur Inscription of the Reign of Castana, year 6', JOI, Vol. XXVIII No., pp. 34 ff. 23. H G. Shastri and Rasesh Jamindar. "The Re-consideration of the Chronological Relation between Nahapana and Castana and the Origin of the Saka Era in the Light of the Recently Known Early Dates of Castana', JOI, Vol. XXIX, Nos. 1-2, pp. 59 ff. 24. See f. n. no. 21 above. For Personal & Private Use Only

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26 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT reference occurs in Pancasiddhantika by Varahamihira25, while in the Deccan it appears in the Badami Inscription of Pulakesin 126. From this time the Saka era is found to be pre-eminently in vogue in works on Jyotisa, and Ujjain was regarded to be the choice site of mean longitude, in these works. According to the reckoning of the era as fixed by the early astronomers and corroborated by its current reckoning, the true epech of the Saka era is 77-78 A. C.27 The first current year of the era corresponds to the period from the 3rd March, 78 A. C. to the 20th February, 79 A. C.28 However, in Northern and Western India, the era is regulated by expired years." According to this system the period from the 3rd March, 78 A. C. to the 20th February, 79 A. C. marks the year zero of the Saka era, while the first (expired) year corresponds to the period from 21st February, 79 A.C. to the 10th March, 80 A.C. To obtain the (current) Christian year equivalent to the (expired) Saka year, we have, therefore, to add 78-79 to the latter 30 In the absence of determinative data it is not possible to asscertain whether the Saka years used in Gujarat during the Ksatrapa period, were current or expired. 25. G. H. Ojha, Bharatiya Pracin Lipimala, p. 171 26. D. C. Sircar, IE., p. 259, f. n. 2 27. JA., Vol. XVII, p. 208 28. Ibid., p. 208 29. The system of current years is preserved to the present day in Madras State (Fleet, CII., Vol. III, p. 141). 30. From the 1st lunar day of the bright fortnight of the month Caitra to the 31st of December we have to add 78 and from the 1st January to the 15th luonar day of the dark fortnight of Phalguna we have to add 79. For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE PERIOD OF THE WESTERN KSATRAPAS 27 The Saka era commenced on the 1st lunar day of the bright fortnight of the month Caitra. The years of this era are Caitradi all over India, but the system of months is different in North and South India. In North India the months are Purnimanta, but in South India the moths are Amanta.31 As the week-days are not expressed in the inscriptions of the Western Ksatrapas, we are unable to determine whether the system of months in the Saka era used in Gujarat during this period was Purnimanta or Amanta. (ii) The Kathika Era Archaeological excavations conducted at a mound near the village of Devni-Mori situated in the vicinity of Shamalaji in Sabarkantha District, reveal the remains of an old Buddhist Stupa. In course of subsequent excavations a stone casket was unearthed from the interior of the drum at a depth of about 4 metres from the top. The main body of the casket bears an inscription which records an account of the construction of the stupa and the installation of the casket therein. It clearly indicates that the great stupa was erected during the reign of King Sri Rudrasena on the 5th day of Bhadrapada in the year 127 of the Kathika Kings.32 This reference raises a new problem in 31. G. H. Ojha, Bharatiya Pracin Lipimala, p. 173. But in the areas of the South where the solar months are used, the year begins from the Mesasankranti and the months are solar. 32. Sapta(pta)vinsatyadhike Kathika--nfpanam Samagarebdasate Bha (Bna drapadapancamadine Nr parau Sri Rudrasene ca (V. 2) (JOI., 1965, Vol. XIV, p. 336). For Personal & Private Use Only

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28 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT the history of the region as well as in that of Indian chronology. : It is not known who the Kathikas were. Nor it can be ascertained whether they were feudatories of the Abhiras It is suggested that the date of the record may be assigned to the Abhira era later known as Kalacuri?3 or Cedi era, though the king may be taken as belonging to the Ksatrapa Family.34 The year 127 of this record would accordingly correspond to 375-76 A. C. As for the Ksatrapa King, this date would fall during the reign of Rudrasena III, whose coins are dated from the (Saka) year 270 (348-49 A. C.) to the (Saka) year 301.35 (379-80 A. C.). It is difficult to account for the unusual and sudden use of the Kathika era in a territory of the Ksatrapa kingdom. The use of the Kalacuri era in this northernmost part of Gujarat appears to be inexplicable in view of the fact that the Kalacuri era was 33. For the Kalacuri Era, vide the Gupta Period below. 34. K. V. Soundara Rajan, Journal of Gujarat Research Society, Vol. XXV, p. 289., A. Ghosh, Archaeological Remains, Monuments and Museums. Part 1, p. 98 (Archaeological Survey of India, 1964); R. N. Mehta, JOI., Vol. XIV, pp. 410 ff.; Vol. XV, p. 69;, B N. Mukherjee, JOI, Vol. XVII, pp. 157 ff. 35. M. R. Majmudar, CG., pp. 86 ff. For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE PERIOD OF THE WESTERN KSATRAPAS introduced into Gujarat from the South and its use remained confined to South Gujarat.36 36. Shri Sankaranarayanan assigns the date to the 5th cent. A. C. which makes it clear that the era cannot be identified with the Gupta era on the ground that the Kings are referred to as Kathikas and not as Guptas, and that the record contains no reference to the rule of the Gupta Empire (JOI., Vol. XV, p. 70). Here it may also be poioted out that unlike the earlier eras, the Gupta era was generally referred to by its specific name (Gupta-Kala). For Personal & Private Use Only

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IV THE GUPTA PERIOD Shortly after the decline of the power of the Saka Ksatrapas in Western India, Gujarat passed under the sway of che Gupta empire, It was administered through governors during the reign of Kumaragupta I-Mahendraditya (circa 414 A. C.-455 A. C.) and Skandagupta Kramaditya (455 A. C.-circa 467 A. C.). During the 5th century South Gujarat was under the sway of the Traikutaka Kings. As for the chronological system or systems of this period, we find dates on coins and in stone inscriptions. (i) The Gupta Era The Gupia emperors issued a special currency in silver for this province, in imitation of the silver coins of the Western Ksatrapas. On these coins the tradition of mentioning the year was retained, but the Saka era was replaced by the Gupta era.' The earliest silver coins of the Gupta period belong to Candragupta II, who conquered Malwa. The known date on his coins is read G. E. 90 (409-10 A. C.) or 90 + x = i.e. 91 to 94 (410-11 A, C. to 413-14 A. C.), since the king died in about G. E- 942 (413-14 A. C.). Kumaragupta I, the son and successor of Candragupta II, extended his power over Gujarat and issued the silver coinage in Madhya Desa (located in modern U. P.) as well. His successor Skandagupta continued 1. A. S. Altekar, The Coinage of the Gupta Empire, p. 151 2. R. N. Saletore, Life in the Gupta Age, p. 25 For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE GUPTA PERIOD both these types of silver coins3. Among these, the sliver coins of Madhya Desa yield several dates ranging upto G. E. 1484, while a few coins in Gujarat bear impressions of dates and even among the few dates that are impressed, only the digit of 100 is legible, and digits of the tens and the units being entirely legible. 31 The Gupta period in Gujarat has left only one inscription which belongs to Skandagupta and bears dates of G. E. 136, 137 and 138.5 The dates of his inscription contain only the year, the month and the day. As regards the designation of the Gupta Era, there is no ancient authority whatever for connecting the name of the Guptas with it as the establishers of it. In fact the era used by the imperial Guptas of Magadha and their feudatories was called the year or the reckoning of the Guptas from about the middle of the 5th cent. A. C. i. e. more than a century after its start. In the earlier records it is treated as a regnal reckoning of particular kings without giving it any specific 6 3. One of the coins of Skandagupta (455 A. C.) which is found from Western India bears a date, but it is illegible, as it has the symbol for 100, but the digit following has been partly preserved (CGE., p. 252). 4. CGE, p. 279. The silver coins of the Madhyadesa of Budhagupta (476-77 A. C. to 494-95) are also found dated and these dates range upto 175 G. E. (494-95 A. C.). The date 180 G. E. (499-500 A. C.) on one of his coins is illegibly read as the so-called symbol for 80 is doubtful (IA., Vol. XVIII, p. 227). 5. D. C. Sircar, Select Insciptions, Book II, No. 25 6. J. F. Fleet, CII, Vol. III, pp. 29 f. For Personal & Private Use Only

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32 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT name?. The earliest date of C. E. 618 (380 A. C.) is not specifically expressed in the Gupta Era. Further there is no specification of the era in the earlier records of the imperial Guptas. They simply mention particular years of the era as belonging to a particular monarch or to his reignto. It was later specifically attributed to the Guptas.11 The word Gupta-Kala seems to have been used in the sense of the Gupta Era like Saka-Kala. After the decline of the imperial Guptas especially in Western India their feudatories, the Maitrakas of 7. This is indeed the nature of all eras developed from the regnal reckoning of a ruler continued by his successors (IE., p. 284). 8. Mathura Pillar Inscription of Candragupta II (SI., Book III. No. 9). 9. D. C. Sircar, Si., Book III, No. 10-12 10. Ibid., No. 15, Bilsad Stone Inscription of Kumaragup'a I, G.E. 96 (A. C. 415-16) 11. Bhandarkar's List Nos. 1281, 1283, 1285 (Saranath Stone inscription of the Time of Kumaragupta dated 154 G.E.-473 A. C) As regards the phrase Guptasya Kalad in the Junagadh rock inscription of Skandagupta, the controversy arises about its meaning. Bhau Daji interpreted it as 'from the era of the Guptas' (JBBRAS., Vol. VI, p. 207), while Fleet rejected this interpretation and stated that the era had not been established by the Guptas por had it acquired the technical name of the 'Gupta era' (CII, Vol. III, p. 20). In the same way there occurs the word 'Gaupte' in the Morbi grant of Jaika. But here also it is interpreted simply as a protector and we are not suppo ed to have a clear information about the Gupta Era (CII., Vol. III, p. 21). But the term seems to have been used specifically in this sense in the records of the Gupta kings (R. B. Pandey. Indian Palaeography, Part I, p. 211) and the Saindhava Kings (El., Vol. XXVI, pp. 185 ff.). For Personal & Private Use Only

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33 THE GUPTA PERIOD Valabhi in Saurashtra continued the use of this era, the earliest record of that family being the Bhamodra Mota plates of Dronasimha dated in the year 183.12 The continuous use of the era by Dronasimha's successsors for a few centuries made the era designated Valabhi Samvat13 in that region. In connection with this fact the tradition recorded by Alberuni is to be judged. He says 'As regards the Gupta Kala, people say that the Guptas were wicked, powerful people and that when they ceased to exist, this date was used as the epoch of an era. It seems that Valabhi was the last of them because the epoch of the Guptas falls like that of the Valabhi era 241 years later than the Saka Kala.'!4 Here Alberuni is right when he says that the Gupta and the Valabhi eras are identical and that the said era started in A.C. 319. But his statement that the era started from the extermination of the Guptas is wrong as it is obvious that the Maitrakas of Valabhi did not start any new era but continued the use of the era of their sovereigns, the imperial Guptas.15 As regards the origin of the Gupta era, it is generally accepted that the era has been founded by Candragupta I, the first imperial monarch of the Gupta 12. Select Inscriptions, pp. 403 f. 13. El, Vol. IX, p. 6 14. Sachau, Alberuni's India, Part II, p. 7 15. This fact is also proved on the basis of the epigraphical evid ences, such as the date of the Girnar rock inscription of Skandagupta dated in G.E. 136, 137 and 138 and the date of the Bhamodra Mota plates of Dronasimha dated (Valabhi) sam, 183, which is the earliest date of the Maitrakas (D.C. Sircar, IE, p. 286). For Personal & Private Use Only

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34 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT dynasty and that the first year of this era was counted from the first regnal year of that king's accession16. The first two members of the early Gupta family, Sri Gupta and Sri Ghatotkaca who preceded Candragupta I had not the authority to establish an era, as they held only the feudatory rank of Maharaja.17 As regards the epoch of the Gupta era, it is wellknown that the epoch of this era is ascribed to 319-20 A.C. equivalent to Saka 241. expired, and now it is universally accepted as the true and exact epoch.18 The years of this era are past years, whenever they are mentioned "Vartamana' (current), they mean the year next to the expired year19. The zero (current) year of this era corresponds to the period from the 9th March, 319 A.C. to the 25th Feb., 320 A.C.20 and the first current year corresponds to the period from the 26th Feb., 320 A.C. to the 15th Mar., 321 A.C. To 16. D.C. Sircar states, 'It is not at all impossible that the era started from the first regnal year of Sri Gupta, Gatotkacha or Samudragupta who were respectively the grandfather, father and son of Chandragupta l' (IE, p. 287). 17. In the same way the era cannot have been established by any member of the Maitraka family as the dynasty of the Maitrakas started after circa samvat 250. (Fleet, CII, Vol. III, p. 130). 18. It is generally assumed that the well-known Gupta era com menced on Feb. 26th, 320 A.C. [R. C. Majumdar (Gen. Ed.), Classical Age, p. 4). 19. R. G. Bhandarkar, Early History of the Deccan, Appendix A; R.B. Pandey, Indian Palaeography, p. 208; P. L. Gupta, Gupta Samrajya, p. 200. 20. Fleet, CII, Vol. III. p. 127 For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE GUPTA PERIOD obtain the Christian years equivalent to the Gupta year we have to add 319-20 A.C. to the latter.21 As for the scheme of the Gupta era, Fleet has shown that in North India the years of the Gupta era commenced with Caitra Su. di. 1 and the months ended with Purnima.2 22 As the week-day is not given in the Junagadh rock inscription of Skandagupta, we are unable to determine the system of years and months in the Gupta era used in Gujarat during this period. But its years were Caitradi in North India in this period and they were so in Gujarat during the Post-Maitraka period. Again in North India the months were Purnimanta and during the Maitraka period in Gujarat also the months were Purnimanta. From this it is quite probable that the same system would be applied in the case of the Gupta era used during the Gupta period. 35 (ii) The Kalacuri Era By this time another era was prevalent in South Gujarat. Only one date (year 207) of this era is found during this period. This date contains the year, the month, the fortnight and the lunar day.23 A number of 21. The equation between the Gupta era and the A.C. is 319 years from Caitra to Asvina and 320 years from Karttika to Phalguna. 22. Fleet, CII, Vol. III, p. 80 23. "Pardi copper-plate inscription of King Dahrasena" (V. V. Mirashi, CII, Vol. IV, No. 8) 2 For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT inscriptions of the succeeding period in South Gujarat seem dated in this era. 24 36 In later times it got known as the Kalacuri or Cedi Era; but its original name remains unknown. On ascribing its origin to the Abhiras, Dr. Mirashi designates it as the Abhira Era for earlier times.25 Dr. Mirashi has discussed the problem of the Kalacuri-Cedi era at length.26 Therein he has established that the early dates of the Kalacuri era, found in Gujarat and its neighbourhood, must be ascribed to the epoch 248-49 A.C. and that the first current year of this era commenced on 25th September, 249 A.C. corresponding to the first day of the bright half of Amanta Karttika.27 As for the origin of this era he has suggested that it seems to have commenced with the reign of the Abhira king Isvarasena, whose inscription dated year 9 is found at Nasik. Mirashi regards Isvarasena as the founder of the Abhira dynasty and supposes that the era was apparently continued by his successors of whom as many as nine reigned 24. The era is not specified in the inscriptions, but it is identified with the Kalacuri-Cedi era of the later period. The phrase Cedisasya Sam, occurs in the date 831 of No. 76, Cedi Samvat in the dates 919 and 933 of nos. 98 and 100 and Cedi-dista in the date 902 of No. 58. The expression Kalacuri Samvatsara is noticed in the dates 885, 893, 896, 898 and 910 of Nos. 122, 87, 88, 110, 95 respectively (CII, Vol. IV, P. II, p. 22, f. n. 2). 25. Dr. V. V. Mirashi, CII, Vol. IV, nos. 58, 87, 88, 95, 110 and 122 for Kalacuri Era; nos. 98 and 100 for Cedi Era. 26. CII, Vol. IV, Intro. pp. 1 to 30 27. Ibid., pp. 11 to 14 For Personal & Private Use Only

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37 THE GUPTA PERIOD according to the Puranas. Of course, no inscriptions bearing any serial number, of the years used by his successors have yet come to light. Thus his assumption is not corroborated by any concrete evidence.. Dr. Mirashi also contends that this era used in south Gujarat, is identical with the Kalacuri or Cedi Era used in later inscriptions of North India and Chhattisgarh Division of Madhya Pradesh. The early dates ascribable to this era in the inscriptions of Gujarat occur in the copper-plates of the Traikutakas. The earliest known date falls in year 207 and belongs to king Dahrasena, the second known king of the Traikutaka dynasty. It is, therefore, clear that the Traikutakas probably adopted the era from some earlier dynasty. The date contains no week-day and does not admit of verification for the system of the year and the month. On chronological and palaeographical grounds certain inscriptions dated year 67 to 167 are ascribed to the Kalacuri era. These records belong to different dynasties that mostly ruled in Khandesh and in Madhya pradesh. But the assumption that they were feudatories of Abhiras is not substantiated by any concrete evidence. The origin of the Kalacuri era may, therefore, be regarded as lost to oblivion and we should wait for the discovery of the missing links. That may supply a clue for the solution of the problem. For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE MAITRAKA PERIOD Of all the states that arose out of the break-up of the Gupta empire in Western India, the Maitraka Kingdom of Valabhi proved to be the most powerful and the most durable one. The Maitrakas ruled over the whole of Gujarat (except the southern parts of Mainland Gujarat) and Western Malwa for a pretty long period of about three centuries. In South Gujarat we come across small kingdoms of several dynasties, some of which held power in North Lata and some others in South Lata successively. But this period is generally styled the Maitraka period as the Maitraka. Kingdom proved to be the most dominant and enduring kingdom during this period. Most of the records of this period are inscribed on copper plates and dated in detail. The other dated records are a few literary works and an earthernware inscription.3 (i) The Valabhi Era The dates in the Maitraka records generally consist of years, months, fortnights and lunar days. The months include intercalary months. A few dates also contain references to eclipses. The years of this era range from the year 183 to the year 447. The years obviously 1. H. G. Shastri, Maitraka-Kalin Gujarat, Appendix 1; M. R. Majamudar, Chronology of Gujarat, pp. 141 ff. 2. Vide chapter V, Part jii below. 3. IA, Vol, XIV, p. 75 4. G. V. Acharya, HIG, Part i, Nos. 16 to 96 For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE MAITRAKA PERIOD belong to some continuous era which is not specified therein. As regards the identification of the unspecified era used in the Valabhi inscriptions several scholars discussed the problem and tried to identify this era with some of the different well-known eras of the ancient period. 39 Finally it is established that the dates in the Maitraka records belong to the Valabhi Era specified in some post-Maitraka inscriptions in Saurashtra and noticed by Alberuni in his 'History of India'. J. F. Fleet established that like the Gupta era, the Valabhi era also must be referred to the epoch of 319-20 A.C. or thereabouts, brought to notice by Alberuni and substanciated by the Verawal Inscription of Valabhi Samvat 945, giving equivalent years in other three eras.5 H. G. Shastri examined the problem of the Valabhi era in detail and established that the unspecified era in the Maitraka records is identical with the Valabhi era mentioned in the later records of Saurashtra and propounded that the Valabhi era cannot be assigned to any of the Maitraka kings of Valabhi since even the first ruler Bhatarka cannot be dated at the time of its commencement. His sons reigned as late as circa Samvat 235 of the Valabhi era.' In that case the Maitrakas must have adopted some era that was already current 5. Fleet, CII, Vol. III, pp. 65 ff. 6. H. G. Shastri, 'Valabhi Era,' IHQ, Vol. XXIV, pp. 238 ff. 7. The reign of the last son is to be dated somewhere between Samvat 226 and Sam. 240. For Personal & Private Use Only

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40 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT at the time of the rise of their power. Naturally it was the Gupta era which was current in Saurashtra during the Gupta period. But that era seems to have undergone modification in the system of the years soon after the decline of the Gupta power in Surastra. It is this modified era that received the new nomenclature 'Valabhi era'. The name 'Valabhi' evidently suggests that the modified system must have been adopted and propagated by the Valabhi Kingdom. On the basis of a critical examination of the dates given in the Valabhi grants, H. G. shastri definitely established that the dates in the Valabhi grants as well as the dates of the Valabhi era given in the later records followed the scheme of Karttikadi years and Purnimanta months. The Karttikadi year of the Valabhi era commenc. ed five lunations earlier than the corresponding Caitradi year of the Gupta era. As regards the intercalation of months he examined the three cases of intercalation critically and established that all the cases uniformly apply to the system of mean intercalation and that the months were named according to the Mesadi rule. Though the Maitraka records do not specify the name of the era used in their dates, it is quite probable that the unspecified era must have been identical with the Valabhi era mentioned in the later records. The years in the Maitraka records range from the year 183 to 447, while the years of the 'Valabhi era' range 8. The original era known as Gupta-Kala retained its original name even when it was reintroduced into Western Surastra by the Saindhavas. For Personal & Private Use Only

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1 THE MAITRAKA PERIOD from 500 to 945. The earliest known use of "Valabhi Era' appears in year 500, i.e. shortly after the fall of the Maitraka kingdom, which is dated Vikrama Samvat 845, i.e. Valabhi Sam. 470. However, it is difficult to decide whether the era was actually known as the Valabhi era during the Maitraka period, but it is quite probable that the name of the era was so well-known that it could be left understood. The epoch of the Valabhi era falls 241 years later than that of the Saka era (i.e. in 319 A.C.) according to Alberuni's statement, which is also corroborated by the date given in four eras in the Verawal inscription of Arjunadeva. The known records of the Maitraka kings, which are dated from year 183 to 447, may accordingly, be assigned to about 502 to 766 A.C. As regards the scheme of the Valabhi Era, the dates in the Maitraka inscriptions do not include the week-day which would have been a very important factor for determining the exact scheme of the Valabhi era. A few dates afford the clue through two other factors, viz, eclipse and intercalation. The dates which provide these factors are as under : (1) The Bantia copper edict of Dharasena Ilo records a solar elipse (Suryoparaga) in the Vaisakha of (Valabhi) Sam. 254. So there must have been a solar eclipse in the Vaisakha of 573 A.C. or thereabout. According to Pillai's Tables 10 there is no solar eclipse in the (Amanta) Vaisakha of 572, 573 or 574 A.C. The year 573 A.C., 9. MG, Appandix I, No. 29. The year was read 257 by the editor and was corrected into 254 by K. N. Dixit. 10. Pillai, Indian Chronology, p. 52 For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT however, had a solar eclipse in the Purnimanta Vaisakha. This instance shows that the Valabhi kingdom followed the Purnimanta system of months. 11 (ii) The Kaira grant of King Dharasena IV12 records Second Margasira in the (Valabhi) year 330. So Margasira must have been intercalated in 649 A.C. or thereabout. But the months Margasira and Pausa could hardly be intercalated in the true system of intercalations, as the lunar months are generally longer than the corresponding solar months in winter. It was only in the old system of mean intercalations that any month could be inter-- calated.13 The intercalation of Margasira, therefore, shows that the almanacs of Valabhi followed the old system of mean intercalations.14 The tables of mean intercalations15 mention intercalary Pausa in 648 A.C.16 The difference of one month in this case can be explained by the difference in the system of naming lunar months, for lunar months were named Caitradi in two different ways, either according to the Minadi signs occurring at the commencement or according to the Mesadi signs occurring at their completion. Accordingly, the intercalary month that was named Pausa after the succeeding 11. JHQ, Vol. XXIV, pp. 238 f. 12. MG, Appendix I, No. 69; CG, p. 174 13. The mean lunar month is shorter than the mean solar month in all seasons (IA, Vol. XV, p. 335). 14. Sripati's protest against the system of mean intercalations, mentioned in his Siddhanta Sekhara (1030 A.C.) shows that the use of this system continued even as late as the time of Sripati (Dixit, Bharatiya Jyotisa, p. 392) 15. Sewell-Dixit, Indian Calendar, Table I 16. Ibid., pp. 16 f. For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE MAITRAKA PERIOD 43 month according to the new Minadi rule could be named Margasira after the preceeding month according to the old Mesadi rule. This means that the almanacs of Valabhi followed the old Mesadi rule for naming the lunar months. (iii) The Vala grant of Siladitya III17 records "Second Asadha'in (Valabhi) Sam. 343. So there must have been an intercalation of Asadha in 662 or thereabout. The editor of the edict does not discuss the system of intercalation. There was an intercalary Asadha in 662 A.C. according to the tables of true intercalation. But if Valabhi followed the system of mean intercalation as testified by Kaira grant of 330, this date also must apply to that system. The tables of mean intercalation mention intercalary Sravana in 662 A.C. which may be named Asadha according to the old Mesadi rule. Thus this date applies to the system of mean intercalation as well.18 (iv) The Jesar Copper edict of Siladitya III"9 records 'Second Pausa' in (Valabhi) Sam. 357. The intercalation of Pausa gives further evidence for the use of mean intercalation in the Valabhi kingdom. In the tables of mean intercalation this Pausa corresponds to intercalary Magha of 675 A.C. which may be named Pausa according to the Mesadi rule.20 17. MG, Part I, Appendix I, No. 63; CG, p. 179 18. H. G. Shastri, 'The Valabhi Era' (IHQ, Vol. XXIV, p. 239), 19. MG, Appendix I, No. 71; CG, p. 183 20. H. G. Shastri, op. cit., p. 239 For Personal & Private Use Only

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-44 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT 648 The above results may be summed up as follows : Month Valabhi Saka Differ- Vikarma Differ- Christian Diffreyearr yea ence year e nce year nce (Karttikadi) Margasira 330 570 240 705 375 318 Pausa 357 597 240 732 375 675 318 Vaisakha 254 495 241 629 375 573 319 Asadha 343 584 241 718 375 662 319 These results when taken together clearly show that the Valabhi years were Karttikadi like the Southern Vikrama years. For the difference of years is one year less in the first few months (from Karttika to December) than in all the subsequent months of the year.21 As regards the system of months the date of the solar eclipse has already shown that the months of the year are purely Purnimanta. This conclusion is also corroborated by the study of the dates of Valabhi era given in the post-Maitraka period. 22 To ascertain whether the years of the Valabhi era were current or expired, it may be observed : (1) The eclipse dated in the Vaisakha of the (Valabhi) year 254 applies to the expired year (Karttikadi as well as Caitradi) and not to the current year (Karttikadi or Caitradi) (2) The intercalation of Margasira in the (Valabhi) year 330 tallies according to only the expired (Karttikadi) year or the current Caitradi year. (3) The intercalation of Asadha in the (Valabhi) year 343 fits in only according to the expired year (Karttikadi as well as the Caitradi) 21. [HQ, Vol. XXIV, pp. 239 f. 22. Vide Chapter VI below. For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE MAITRAKA PERIOD 45. (4) The intercalation of Pausa in the (Valabhi) year 357 applies to the expired Karttikadi year as well as. the current Caitradi year. The results may be tabulated as follows : Dates expired expired current current 254 expired expired Caitradi Karttikadi 330 expired current Karttikadi Caitradi 343 expired expired Caitradi Karttikadi 357 expired current Karttikadi Caitradi From this it clearly follows that the Valabhi records apply uniformly in all cases only to the system of expired Karttikadi years. In the present state of our knowledge the chronology of the early Gupta kings of Magadha and the Maitraka kings of Valabhi seems well established and accordingly the unspecified era used in the Valabhi edicts seems identifiable with the Valabhi era used in later records and the Valabhi era seems to be but a continuation of the Gupta era that had been current in Gujarat during the preceding period, the only difference being in the system of its years. (ii) The Kalacuri Era During this period the southern parts of mainland Gujarat were ruled over by several successive dynasties.23 23. Such as the Traikutakas, the Kataccuris, the Gurjaras, the Sendrakas and the Calukyas. For Personal & Private Use Only

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--46 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT The records of these dynasties are dated in the years of an unspecified era which is found to be identical with the Kalacuri or Cedi era of later times. In the absence of its original name it is generally known as the Kalacuri era for the sake of convenience. The dates of this era range from the year 207 to the year 49024. The dates generally consist of years, months, fortnights and lunar days. A few dates also contain references to week-days eclipses and solar samkrantis. As we have seen above that the Gupta period left only one inscription of this era. But a number of dates of this era are found in the records of this period. The epoch and origin of this era are already discussed in the previous chapter.25 As for this period it supplies a few dates which contain some important factors, viz. samkrantis and week-days that help us to determine the system of the Kalacuri era. The main sources are as follows : (i) Navasari plates of Jayabhata III26 record a lunar eclipse on the 15th day of the bright half of Magha in the year 45627. The name of the week-day is lost in the missing left-hand corner of the same plate and only the letters vare can be read with certainty in the beginning of the preserved portion28. The aksara which 24. CII, Vol. IV, Part I, Nos. 9 to 30 25. See chapter IV, Part II. 26. CII, Vol. IV, Part 1, No. 21 27. The lunar eclipse is mentioned along with the tithi in line 30, while the year is given in the last line along with the same tithi (Ibid, pp. 86 f.). 28. Op line 43 (Ibid., No. 21) For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE MAITRAKA PERIOD preceded va of vare is also partially broken away, but what remains of it shows that it was ma and therefore the day was either Soma (Monday) or Bhauma (Tuesday).29 According to the epoch of 247-48 A.C. the date would fall in 704 A.C. if the year was current and in 705 A.C. if the year was expired. In 704 A.C. the tithi falls on Friday30 and in 705 A.C. it falls on Wednesday.31 Moreover, there was no lunar eclipse on the specified day in either year. 47 On applying the date to the epoch of 248-49 A.C. the date would fall either in 705 A.C. or 706 A.C. as the year 456 was current or expired. The date of 705 A.C. does not suit as noticed above, while the date corresponds to Tuesday, the 2nd Feb., 706 A.C., if the year is taken as expired. There was also a lunar eclipse on that day32. The date gives no indication about the systems of years and months. (ii) The Anjaneri plates of Jayabhata III33 record a Tula Samkranti on the 11th day of the dark fortnight of Asvayuja in the year 460.34 29. Ibid., p. 84 30. Pillai, IC, Table X 31. CII, Vol. IV, P. I, intro. p. xi. The corresponding Christian date is 14th Janu., 705 A.C. 32. Ibid., p. xi 33. Ibid., No. 22 34. The Samkranti is mentioned along with the tithi in line 30 and the year is given in the last line along with the same tithi. For Personal & Private Use Only

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48 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT According to Kielhorn's final view of the epoch. of 247-48 A.C. the date would fall in 707 A.C. if the Kalacuri year 460 was current and in 708 A.C. if it was expired. But the Tula Svmkranti did not occur on the 11th tithi of the dark fortnight of Amanta Asvina in either year35. According to the epoch of 248-49 A.C. with the year commencing with Asvina, the date would fall in 708 A.C. or 709 A.C., according as the year 460 was current or expired. The Tula Samkranti did not fall on the specified day in either year.36 But if the year be taken as Karttikadi, the date would fall in 709 A.C. if the year was current and in 710 A.C. if the year was expired. As noticed above, 709 A.C. would not apply. But the date would regularly suit 710 A.C. as the Tula Samkranti fell on the specified. day in that year, corresponding to 23rd Sept., 710 A.C, if the month be taken as Amanta.37 (iii) Kavi Plate of Jayabhata IV38 records Karkataka Samkranti of the sun on the 10th tithi of the bright fortnight of Asadha which obviously belonged to the year 486 mentioned later on. The grant was recorded on Sunday, (the 10th or the 11th or) the 35. In 707 A.C. the Tula Sankranti fell on Amanta Asvina va. di. 8 and in 708 A.C. on Asyina su, di. 5 (CII, Vol. IV, pt. 1, p. 91, f. n. 4). 36. In 709 A.C. Tula Samkranti fell on Asvina Purnima (ibid., f.n.5). 37. lbid., Intro. pp. xii, 91 f. 38. Ibid., no. 23 For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE MAITRAKA PERIOD : 49 12th39 tithi of the bright fortnight of Asadha in the year 486. According to the epoch of 247-48 A.C. the date would fall in 734 A.C. if the year 486 was current and in 735 A.C. if it was expired. The specified samkranti did not occur on Asadha su. di. 10 in either year.40 According to the epoch of 248-49 A.C. the date would fall in 735 A.C., if the year was current and in 736 A.C. if the year was expired. The year 735 A C. would not suit as mentioned above. But on taking the year 486 as expired, it is found that the Karkataka sankranti occurred exactly on the specified tithi (Asadha su. di. 10) which corresponds to the 22nd June, 736 A.C. The week-day on that tithi, however, was Friday and not Sunday. From this it follows that the tithi given along with Sunday represents a different day on which the grant was recorded, the tithi mentioned along with the Karkataka rasi representing the day on which the grant was made. Accordingly, the numerical figures of the tithi, which can be read 10, 11 or 12, must be taken as 12, that being the definite tithi which fell on Sunday. 39. The symbol for 10 is seen almost clearly, but it is difficult to say whether the marks after that symbol are accidental scratches or intended to denote the unit 1 or 2. The tithi may, therefore, be the 10th, 11th or 12th. On referring the date to chronological tables, it is found that the 12th tithi suits Sunday in the specified date. 40. It fell on the first day of the dark fortnight of the month Asadha in 734 A.C. and on the 13th tithi of the dark half of Asadha in the year 735 A.C. (Pillai, IC, tables 11 and X). For Personal & Private Use Only

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50 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT The examination of the cases mentioned above clearly indicates that all these dates apply to the epoch of 248-49 A.C. As regards the system of the commencement of the year and the completion of the month, the results of the above cases may be tabulated as follows : Kalacuri date Equivalent Difference Indicati Christian in years ons if date any 456, Magha su. di. 2nd Feb.,706A.C. 250 year-expired 15 460, Asvina va di. 23rd Sep.,710A C. 250 year-expired Month Amanta 486, Asadha 22nd June, 736A.C. 250 Yearsu. di.(10, 11) expired 12 From these results it follows that (i) The years of this era, as indicated by the Gurjara Kings of South Gujarat, were counted as expired years in that region". (ii) As the difference in years indicates, the Kalacuri year did not begin with Caitra or any other month from Magha to Asvina. In other words it is found to have commenced in Karttika, Margasira or Pausa, and 41. In the contemporary records of this period two dates apply.to the system of current years (CII, Vol. IV, Part I, pp. xii-xiii) but both of them are from other regions, one being from Khandesh and the other from Maharasthra. For Personal & Private Use Only

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"THF MAITRAKA PERIOD 51 since no Hindu year begins in Margasira or Pausa, it is quite probable that like the Valabhi year used in Gujarat during this period and the Vikrama year later adopted in Gujarat, the Kalacuri year also commenced on the 1st lunar day of the bright fortnight of Karttika. This means that the years of this era were most probably Karttikadi. (iii) Among the three dates there is only one which fell in the dark fortnight. But it clearly indicates that the month was Amanta. Presumably all the Kalacuri dates in South Gujarat followed the system of Amanta months. As the epoch for these dates is 248-49 A.C., the first day of the first current year of this era which fell on the 1st lunar day of the bright fortnight of Amanta Karttika corresponds to the 25th Sept., 249 A.C.42. Therefore, to convert an expired Kalacuri year into the corresponding year of the Christian era, we have to add 249 when the date falls between Karttika su. di. 1 and 31st December and 250, when the date falls between 1st January and Amanta Phalguna, ba. di. 15. The Kalacuri era remained current in South Gujarat for about three centuries, the latest known date of that era being year 490 occurring in the Navsari plates of Avanijanasraya Pulakesin. When the power of the early Calukyas passed to the Rastrakutas, the Kalacuri era was here given up for ever and replaced by the Saka era. The Kalacuri era got extinct also from Khandesh and Maharashtra by this time. Later on it got current 42. CII, Vol. IV, p. xjji. For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT in Vindhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh where it was introduced with the extension of the Kalacuri power.43 (iii) The Saka Era The Saka era which was in common use during the Ksatrapa period in Western India including Gujarat was replaced by the Gupta era in about 400 A.C. It seems to have been extinct for about two centuries. However, we come across a few dates given in the Saka era in the 7th and 8th centuries of the Christian era. The earliest known date among these appears in a palm-leaf manuscript of Visesavasyaka Bhasya by Jinabhadragani Ksamasramana. 44 The date fell in the year 531 (609 A.C.). The next date of the Saka year 598 (676-77 A:C.) marks the year of the completion of the Nandisutracurni by Jinadasagani Mahattara.45 The third known date of the Saka year 679 (757 A.C.) is recorded in the Antroli-Charoli copper plates of the Rastrakuta king Kakka 11.46 The next known date of the Saka year 700 (779 A.C.) marks the completion 43. Ibid., pp. xi, xxvi ff. 44. Pamca Sata igitisa saganivakalassa Vattamanassa; To Cettapunnimae Budhadinasatimmi nakkhatte (Bharatiya Vidhya, Vol. III, pp. 191 ff.; Malavania, Ganadha ravada, Introduction, pp. 32 f., H. G. Shastri, MG, p. 493) 45. Sakarajnah pamcasu varsasatesu vyatikratesu astanavatinu nandyadhyayanacurni samapta (B. J. Sandesara, Jain Agama Sahityaman Gujarat, p. 74, n. i.) 46. Sakanrpakalatita samvatsara satasatke ekonasityadhike amkatopi sam 679 asvayuja suddha tithi 7 (line 36-37); Visuvasamkrantau (line 29) (JBBRAS, Vol. XVI. pp. 105 ff.) For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE MAITRAKA PERIOD . 53 of Kuvalayamala by Uddyotanasuri.47 The last known Saka date of this period of the year 705 (783-84 A.C.) occurs as the date of the completion of Harivansa Purana by Jinasenasuri.48 Here it is interesting to note that all these dates are expressly ascribed to the Saka era generally represented as the era of the saka king49 or the Sakas50, while the name of the era was left unspecified in the Ksatrapa period. The earliest mention of the name 'Saka Era' in the records of Gujarat can thus be traced to the Maitraka period.51 On examining the five dates mentioned above, it is found that three of them (nos. 2, 4 and 5) give only the year and that the two other dates (Nos. 1 and 3) refer to the month, fortnight and lunar day along with the day of solar saikranti in date No. 3 and naksatra in date No. 1. The Visuva samkranti mentioned in the epigraphic record dated S.E. 679 is Tula samkranti which occurred on 23rd September, A C. 757. This date falls two days 47. Sagakale volina varisana sachim sattahim gaehim egadinenun. chim raiya avaranhavelae. 26 (Jinavijayaji, 'Kuvalayamala,' Vasanta Rajata Mahotsava Smaraka Grantha p. 270) 48. Sakesvabdasatesu saptasu disam pancottaresuttaram (Harivan sapuranam, sarga 66, verse 52) -49. Sakan;patisamvatsara, Sakanopasamvatsara, Sakaprpakala (R. B. Pandey, IP., p. 191) .50. Saka Samvat, Saka, saka (Ibid., p. 191) 51. The specific mention of 'Saka Kala' occurs in Pancasiddhantika dated 505 A.C. (1-8) written by Varahamikira in the adjoining region of Ujjain. His Bihatsamhita also contains references to Saka-nspa-kala (BIhatsamhita, cha. VIII, Verses Nos. 20, 21) For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT before the day on which the grant was issued.52 From this the year is found to be Caitradi and expired, but we get no indication about the scheme of months as the lunar day given therein belongs to the bright fortnight. 54 It is only one date (No. 1) which consists of all the necessary data including the week-day. The given tithi (the full-moon day of Caitra of the Saka year 531) corresponds to 26th of March 609 A.C. the day falling on Wednesday. The year is found to be Caitradi, but the years of the Saka era are invariably Caitradi in all the states where lunar months are in vogue.53 As the lunar day belongs to the bright fortnight, it gives. no indication as to whether the months of the Saka era used in Gujarat during the Maitraka period were Amanta or Purnimanta.54 As noticed above the Saka era was in vogue in Gujarat during the Ksatrapa period (cir. 78 to 400 A.C.) but it remained extinct for about two centuries thereafter. It is again found to be in use to a small extent in Gujarat since the beginning of the 7th cent. A.C. This gives rise to an investigation into the circumstances. which led to the re-emergence of the Saka era in Gujarat during this period. 52. Tula samkranti occurred several days after this day in S.E. 679 current (S.E. 678 expired). 53. In the areas of the South where solar months are in use, the year begins from the Mesa-Samkranti of the Sun (D.C. Sircar, IE. p. 266). 54. The months of the Saka era appear to be Purnimanta in North India and Amanta in South India (Ojha, PI., p. 173; D.C. Sircar, IE., p. 266). For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE MAITRAKA PERIOD Among the dates one (No. 3) belongs to a royal charter of the Rastrakuta dynasty which originally rose to power in South India and used the Saka era in almost all its records. But the Lata branch of the Rastrakutas seems to have been established as late as cir 750 A.C.55 The known dates supplied by the literary sources, however, commenced with the Saka year 531 (609 A.C.). The earliest of these dates occurs in the Visesavasyaka Bhasya by Jinabhadragani Ksamasramana who is identified with Jinabhadra Vacanacarya of Nivrti Kula.56 As this kula originated from Nivrti, a son of sresthin Jinadatta of Surparaka57, the origin of the use of the Saka era in the work of his descendant may be ascribed to Konkan. The association of the use of the Saka era with South India becomes more clear in the case of the Saka date given in the Harivansa Purana by Jinasenasuri, who belonged to the Punnata Sangha of Karnataka and settled at Vardhamanapura in Saurashtra. The era commonly used in Karnatak was the saka era since the 6th cent. A.C. It is, however, difficult to account for the use of the Saka era in the works of Jinadasagani Mahattara and Uddyotanasuri.58 D. C. Sircar indicates that the Jains gave special preference to the Saka era and explains the preference by the fact that the Sakas are represented as the 55. H G. Shastri, MG, Pt. II, p. 330 56. U. P. Shah, Akota Bronzes, p. 29 57. Malavaniya, Ganadharavada intro, p. 31 58. The original place of Jinadasagani Mahattara is not known. But Uddyotanasuri seems to have belonged to North India. (Vasant Rajara Mahostsava Smaraka Grantha, pp. 267 ff) For Personal & Private Use Only

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56 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT defenders of the Jain faith in their tradition recorded in works like Kalakacaryakatha59. This view deserves special notice here as all the literary dates mentioned above occur in Jain works. But this assumption lacks in adequate evidence, since Saka dates can hardly be traced to the Jain works eomposed in the earlier centuries of the Saka era. As far as the political history of Gujarat is concerned, it is clear that the era used by the Saka Ksatrapas, yielded place to the Gupta era and probably the Kalacuri era. Politically, the Saka era ceased to be in vogue in Gujarat from about 400 to about 750 A.C. The occurrence of its use in Jain works, seems to be incidental, in the sense that the Saka era was not adopted into the official records of the dynasties ruling over the regions associated with those works. The Saka era thus seems to have been regularly re-introduced into Gujarat through the Rastrakutas who extended their power over Gujarat by the middle of the 8th cent. A.C. The Rastrakutas hailed from South India where the Saka era was in common use. They seem to have adopted it from the early Calukyas, the earliest known date in whose records is Saka year 465 given in the Badami Rock Inscription of Pulakesin 160. The early records of the Calukya appear in the Bijapur District of the Mysore State. The era gradually spread northward with the extension of the Calukya empire. For long they, however, dated their records in the Kalacuri era in the northern parts of their 59. D. C. Sircar, IE., p. 236 60. El., Vol. XXV, pp. 4 ff. For Personal & Private Use Only

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"THE MAITRAKA PERIOD empire including South Gujarat. The records of the Lata branch of the Early Calukyas are accordingly dated in the Kalacuri era which was current there since long. The Rastrakutas, however, extended the use of the Saka era over Gujarat when they extended their power there. \ The emergence of the Saka Era in South India can be traced from the 6th cent. A.C. The Ksatrapas did not specify the name of this era, while the Early Calukyas specifically referred to it as the era of the Sakas or Saka Kings. From these facts Mirashi suggests that the Saka era, though superseded in Northern Maharashtra when it passed under the power of the Satavahanas, seems to have obtained a foot-hold in the South and continued in use there till the 6th cent. AC. when it received the patronage of the Early Calukyas. As for the period from Saka 46 to Saka 465, he suggests that the era was used there by the Saka kings who ruled over the country where the Early Calukyas rose to power. From the evidence of the Puranic tradition and coins, he identifies these Saka kings with the Saka king Mana of the Mahisa dynasty and his descendants. He also assumes that these Saka kings were probably descendants of Nahapana. According to Mirashi's view, the ancestors of the Saka king Mana appear to have moved to the south after Nahapana's defeat by Gautamiputra Satakarni; they must have continued to use the Saka era throughout their dominions, which seem to have comprised the southern portion of the former Hyderabad State (ancient Mahisaka) and the adjoining Kanarese District of Bijapur and Dharwad, 57 For Personal & Private Use Only

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58 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT and the era seems to have continued in use in that region even after the downfall of the Saka dynasty, as it had become the habitual reckoning of the people.61 In the present state of our knowledge Mirashi's view deserves special consideration as a very probable assumption. However the early use of the Saka Era. must be attributed to castana rather than Nahepana. Anyhow, the official re-emergence of the Saka era in Gujarat took place through the Rastrakutas of the South by the middle of the 8th cent. A.C., its use in the Jain works being incidental. (iv) The Vikrama Era The Vikrama era is current in Western India including Gujarat since long. But the earliest use of this era in the records of Gujarat62 can be traced to the Hansot plates of the Cahamana King Bhartnvaddha. 1163 which are dated in the year 813 of an unspecified 61. V. V. Mirashi, Studies in Indology, Vol. II, pp. 95 ff. 62. The legend on a pot-sherd found in layer 6 of Al in AM 8 in the excavations at Amreli contains a date which is read "Sam. 300 (+) 40 (+) 4, Magha, Sukla 2'. Palaeographically the editor ascribes the figures of the year to the Kastrapa period and refers the year to the Vikram era. Accordingly, he assigns the date of the incription on the Amreli pot-shed to January, 287 A.C. (S.R. Rao, Excavations at Amreli, p. 92, pl. XXVI A). It seems likely that the correct year would be 244 rather than 344, so that the proposed year would well fit in between, the Saka year 185, on a Ksatrapa coin from layer 7 and the Saka year 28X on a Ksatrapa coin from layer 3. 63. EI, Vol. XII, pp. 197 ff. For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE MAITRAKA PERIOD 59> .era64. The Cahamana King officiated as a feudatory of Nagavaloka. Kielhorn,65 D. R. Bhandarkar66 and Sten. Konow67 discussed the identification of Nagavaloka and the era of this date. The latter two scholars have established that king Nagavaloka, the overlord of the Cahamana king, should be identified with Nagabhata I of the imperial Pratihara dynasty and that the date. should be ascribed to the Vikrama era. Traditionally the origin of the Vikrama Era is ascribed to King Vikrama or Vikramaditya of Ujjain, who is renowned as the destroyer of the Sakas.. According to the current reckoning, the Vikrama era. seems to have commenced in 58 B.C. However, it is. doubtful whether this era was associated with the name of Vikrama during its early centuries. As for the specific references to this era as the Vikrama era, it should be made clear at the outset that the name of Vikrama is found associated with this era not earlier than the 9th cent.68 The earliest reliable known reference to the association of the era with the name of Vikrama occurs in 64. The year is expressed in words as well as in figures in lines. 35, 36. 65. EI. Vol. IX, pp. 62 and 251 66. IA, Vol. XL, p. 239 67. EI, Vol. XII, pp. 197.ff. 68. The Dhinki plates of king Jaikadeva (IA, Vol. XII, pp. 155 f.).: are dated in the Vikrama year 794 (737 A.C.), but on the scrutiny of the details of the date and other particulars the plates are found to be spurious (IA, Vol. XVI, p. 198; XIX pp. 369 ff.) For Personal & Private Use Only

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$60 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT the Dholapur Inscription of Cahamana King Candamahasena, dated in the Vikrama year 898 which corresponds to 842 A.C.69 The traditional account about the establishment of this era by king Vikrama, therefore, hardly appears acceptable at its face value. Moreover, it is also difficult to identify this king Vikrama with any known eminent king of the 1st cent. B.C. Some scholars like Dr. D.C. Sircar70 attributed the establishment of the Vikrama era to the Parthian ruler Vonones. In favour of his theory he opined that early Indian rulers used to date their records according to their regnal reckoning which fact points to the absence of any popular era in ancient India. The use of an era is first noticed in India in the records of ScythoParthians and the Kushans, who were responsible for its popularisation in this country. Moreover, the name of the month in the date of the Taxila Inscription of the year 78 is Parthian. It is, therefore, quite probable that the first year of the reign of Vonones, the earliest independent ruler of Drangiana, came to be regarded as the beginning of a new reckoning that was instituted to oust the imperial Parthian era of 248 B.C. As he seems to have flourished about the middle of the 1st cent. B.C., it is not unreasonable to place his accession in 58 B.C. which is the epoch of the earliest extant Indian reckoning of a historical character. It is thus possible that the Scytho-Parthian era starting from the 69. Bhandarkar's List, No. 27 70. D. C. Sircar, IE. pp. 256 f. For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE MAITRAKA PERIOD accession of Vonones about the middle of the 1st cent. B.C. is no other than the so-called Vikram Era of 58 B.C.71 The Malavas originally lived in the Punjab and apparently submitted to the Greek and Scytho-Parthian conquerors of that land. Under foreign pressure they gradually migrated to Rajasthan and ruled over the district round Nagar (Malava-nagar) in Jaipur StateIt was, therefore, the Malavas who probably carried the Scytho-Parthian era of 58 B.C. from the Punjab to Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. The era came to be known in these regions as the reckoning associated with the Malavas and with Keta who seems to have been an illustrious leader of the Malava tribe. With the development of the legend of Vikramaditya Sakari, the rival of the Saka era got about the 8th cent. A.C. associated with the name of Vikramaditya, the extirpator of the foreigners. Dr. R. B. Pandeyr2 put forward his opinion that Vikramaditya was the leader of a republic and not an absolute monarch. Though he was mainly instrumental in the foundation of the era, in a republic state, the gana is more important than an individual leader. Under the circumstances the era was to be named after the Malava-gana. The era was started to commemorate the victory of the Malava republic against the barborous Sakas whose expulsion from India freed the country from foreign invasion and inaugurated an 71. Ibid, pp. 124 f. 72. R. B. Pandey, IP. pp. 198 ff. For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT era of peace and prosperity, which figuratively might be regarded as Krtayuga" (Goiden age). The people of India enjoyed peace and prosperity for about 135 years from 57 B.C. At the end of this period the Sakas again started their invasions and occupied the whole of Sindhu, Surastra and Avanti. Nevertheless they survived the catastrophe as a people, carved out a new Malava territory to the north-east of Avanti, cherished the hope of regaining Avanti and continued to call their era Krta for a few centuries more. The Malava people continued their struggle with the Sakas but owing to the disintegration of their power, they were not able to restore their dream of Krtayuga. "The name Krta was dropped from the era. As the Malava-gana was alive, the era was still remembered as to commemorate the firm foundation of the Malava republic in 57 B.C., when the Sakas were defeated. It came to be called the Malava era, the era of the Malava-gana, the Malava people and the Malava lords. When the Gupta power was rising in the first half of the 4th cent. the Malavas were still a powerful republic beyond the south-west horizon of the Gupta kingdom. Chandragupta II exterminated them. The Guptas had their own era starting from 319-20 A.C. But the ideal of freedom for which the Malavas stood, still possessed the minds of the people in Malwa. They 73. Ktia is not only a chronological division of time in Hindu astronony but also a conceptual term denoting a virtuous and happy age. This is borne out by a verse found in the AitareyaBrahmana (Ibid., p. 198). For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE MAITRAKA PERIOD 63 continued to use the Malava era inspite of the Gupta rule. The era of the Malavas overlived Gupta imperialism and continued in the name of the Malava gana. But in course of time the conception of the republic was lost to oblivion and the memory of the Malavagana entirely merged into the individual personality of its leader Vikramaditya. The era was now called after Vikramaditya who came to be regarded as a king when monarchy became the only form of government in India. The earliest known association of the name of Vikrama with this era is found in the Dhaulpur inscription of the year 89874 From this review it becomes clear that the era which has the epoch of 58 B.C. and which has been prevalent in Northern and Western India since long, is known as the Vikrama era (or the era of king Vikrama or Vikramaditya) at least from its 9th cent. It seems that the reckoning was as first known as the Krta era and was prevalent in Rajasthan and Malwa, and that subsequently it came to be known as the era of the Malava-gana, the Malava people or the Malava lords or simply as the Malava era. Unfortunately, it is not possible to prove the historical existence of King Vikramaditya reigning at Ujjain about 57 B.C. except on the basis of the Jain traditions pertaining to Kalakacarya. The assumption that it was' Chandragupta II alias Vikramaditya, whose name was subsequently associated with the Malava era, hardly seems convincing as the 74. Vide f.n 8 above. For Personal & Private Use Only

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64 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT use of the era does not figure at all under that name. even in Malwa during the Gupta regime. Though the exact significance of the name Keta in association with this era is not definitely explicable, it is clear that the era was formerly known as the era of the Malava-gana and that the later name Vikrama denotes a popular king of Ujjain. Vikramaditya of the Gardabhilla dynasty may have been the leader of the Malva-gana, which expelled the Sakas from Ujjain and the republican leader may have been mistaken as. a monarch in later times. Brahmanical traditions about king Vikramaditya of Ujjain, also probably contributed to the popularity of King Vikrama. However, it is difficult to account for the conspicuous non-association of the name of Vikrama (even as a leader) for several centuries. The Vikrama era is extensively used at present almost all over Northern India except Bengal as well as in Western India. According to the reckoning which is current since long the epoch of the Vikrama era is 56-58 B.C.75 The first current year of the era corresponds to 57-56 B.C. Its years begain with Caitra Sukla in North India, 75. The first year of the Vikrama era is believed to have started alier year 3044 of the Kali era, so that the Kali year 3045 corresponds to the Vikrama year 1. The following tradition is cited in some modern Pancangas ; . Yudhisthiro Vikramasalivahanau tato nTpah syadvijayabhinandanah 1 Tatas-tu Nagarjunabhupatih kalau Kalkih sadete Sakakarakah smrtah 11. Prathama Indraprasthe Yudhisthiras-tasya Sakah 3044 dvitiya: Ujjayinyam Vikramastasya Sakah 135 11. For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE MAITRAKA PERIOD 65 but with Karttika Sukla in Gujarat.76 The years of the era start seven months later in Gujarat than in North India."? In the North again the months are Purnimanta while they are Amanta in Gujarat. The corresponding year of the Christian era is obtained in Gujarat by subtracting 57 years from the year of the Vikrama era from Karttika Su. 1 to Dec. 31 and 56 years from Jan. 1 to Asvina ba 15. The Hansot plates are dated simply in year 813, but make no mention of the month, fortnight and day. They, however, contain a reference to the occurrence of the solar eclipse on the day of the grant. From the Tables of Pillai78 the eclipse seems to have taken place on the Amavasya of Karttika of the Vikrama year 813, corresponding to 28th of Oct. 756 A.C. if the year was Caitradi or Karttikadi and also on the Amavasya of Vaisakha (corresponding to 23rd April, A.C. 757), if the year was Karttikadi. As the eclipse took place in the dark half of the lunar month, the name of the month would have been helpful in deciding whether the month was counted Purnimanta or Amanta. 76. The years begin with Asadha Sukla in some parts of Gujarat and Rajasthan, and with Sravana Bahula in the Udayapur region of Rajasthan (Ojha, Bharatiya Pracina Lipimala, pp. 169 f.) 77. Ojha, ibid., p. 169 D. C. Sircar observes that the years of the era now start seven months earlier in the South India than in the North India (IE., p. 258). The statement obviously seems erroneous and 'In the South India than in the North India' must be corrected into 'In the North India than in the South India'. 78. Pillai, Indian Chronology, Table X. 160 f) For Personal & Private Use Only

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66 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT In the absence of requisite particulars, the date throws no light on the systems of the years and the months prevalent here during this period. The traditional accounts of the Cavada dynasty of North Gujarat date the foundation of its capital Anahiljapataka and the coronation of Vanaraja, the founder of the dynasty in a Vikrama year which falls within this period. But the date is given differently in the different sources of information. They are as follows : (i) V. S. 802 Magha, ba. di. 7, Sani (R. K. Forbes, Ras Mala, Guj. trans., p. 41) (ii) V.S. 802, Caitra, su. di. 2, Sukra (Patan Ganapati Temple Uma-Mahesvara Image Inscription"9, Kant amala, p. 157) (iii) V.S. 802, Vaisakha, su-di. 2, Soma. (Merutunga, Prabandhacintamani, p. 13) (iv) V.S. 802, Asadha, su-di. 3, Sani (Padma Purana, Dharmaranya-Mahatmya, LXVI, 84) (v) V.S. 802, Sravana, su. 2, Soma (Forbes Sabhana Hastalikhita Granthoni Vigatavara Yadi, p. 31) (vi) V.S. 821, Vaisakha, su. di. 2, Soma (Vicarasreni p. 9) A scrutiny of these divergent dates indicates that many of them are untenable as the given tithi does not tally with the given week-day. The date No. iii holds good according to the Karttikadi system and the date No. v according to the Caitradi system.80 79. Palaeographically the inscription is of late origin. 80. R.C. Modi, got the dates verified by M. P. Khareghat, found dates Nos, iii and iv tenable according to the Karttikadi system and conjectured that the date no. iii marked the commencement of the religious ceremony of the foundation while the date No. iv. applied to its actual occupation by the people. (Kantamala. p. 157) For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE MAITRAKA PERIOD Five of the six dates mentioned above date the events in V.S. 802, while the sixth one assigns them to V.S. 821. The latter date is unacceptable as the dates given in Vicarasreni have proved to be unreliable especially in the light of the date of Mularaja's accession recorded in the Sambhar inscription of Siddharaja Jayasimha. Though V.S. 802 is the most common traditional date, even that is now regarded to be unreliable, as Vanaraja is chronologically found to have flourished at least a century later. 82 If the traditional dates be taken as misascribed to the Vikrama era and assigned to the Saka era as suggested by H.G. Shastri, all the different dates of V.S. 802 are found to be untenable, when they are referred to the Tables of Tithis and week-days. These traditional dates, therefore, all seem to have been forged by mere surmise in later times.83 The Hansot plates of the Cahamana King Bhartrvaddha II represent the earliest known record in Gujarat, the date of which seems to belong to the Vikrama Era. Accordingly, the Vikrama era which has been common in Gujarat for several centuries appears since the year 813 (A.C. 756-57) by the end of the Maitraka period. 81. TA., Vol. LVII, p. 234. 82. K. M. Munshi, Glory that was Gurjara Desa, part III, pp. 67 ff; H. G. Shastri, 'The problem of the Chronology of the Cavada Kings', Proceedings and Transactions of the All India Oriental Conference, seventeenth Session, pp. 425, ff. 83. The earliest accounts are dated about V.S. 1285-1290, i.e. about 500 years later than the period assigned to Vanaraja. For Personal & Private Use Only

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68 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT The appearance of the Vikrama era in the record of Broach between the extensive region of the Valabhi era in the North and the West and the region of the Saka era in the South by the middle of the 8th cent. A.C. seems to be sudden and unusual. It is traced to the influence of the imperial Pratiharas who reigned in North India and whose supremacy was acknowledged by the Cahamanas of Broach. Unfortunately the records of the early Pratiharas have not come to light, but the records of the succeeding Pratiharas are all dated in the Vikrama era and bear testimony to its common use in their kingdom. For Personal & Private Use Only

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VI THE POST-MAITRAKA PERIOD The period that followed the fall of the Maitraka kingdom witnessed the ascendancy of several parallel powers in Gujarat. The Rastrakutas extended their power over the central and the northern parts of Mainland Gujarat, while the Pratiharas held supremacy over the local powers in Saurashtra. However, Saurashtra was divided into several kingdoms under the Saindhavas, the Calukyas and the Capas who seem to have acknowledged the supremacy of the Pratiharas. The north-western part of Mainland Gujarat was ruled over by the Cavadas, whose existence has not been proved by contemporary epigraphic evidence. But from literary traditions it is known that they were ruling over North Gujarat throughout this period. (i) The Valabhi Era The Valabhi era, which was in common use during the Maitraka period, now continued to a certain extent even after the fall of the Maitraka kingdom of Valabhi. Among the known epigraphic records of this period, this era appears in three records. They are as under : (i) The Hilol plates of Mahasamanta Candraditya, a feudatory of Rajadhiraja Kakka, are dated in the year 470 of an unspecified era'. Chronologically this Kakka is identified with the Rastrakuta king Kakkaraja II of the Gujarat branch and the year 470 is ascribed to the Valabhi era2. Accordingly, the year of the grant would correspond to 788-89 A.C. 1-2. Vallabh Vidyanagar Research Bulletin, Vol. I, issue i, 1957, pp. 34 ff; El. Vol. XXXIV, pp. 213 ff. For Personal & Private Use Only

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70 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT (ii) The Devli grant issued by the Rastrakuta king Govindaraja Prabhutavarsa of the Gujarat branch, is dated in the Valabhiya Samvat year 5003. This is the earliest known instance of the specific mention of the Valabhi era by its name. The year corresponds to 818-19 A.C. (iii) The Una plates of the Calukya Mahasamanta Balavarman, a feudatory of Maharajadhiraja Mahendrayudhadeva, identified with the Pratihara king Mahendrapala, are dated in the Valabhi year 574 which corresponds to 892-93 A.C.'. At the time of the Hilol plates, the Maitraka kingdom of Valabhi had shortly come to an end and the Rastrakuta power seems to have extended over North Gujarat only a month or so before. It is, therefore, just likely that the Valabhi era which was in vogue in Gujarat for the last three centuries, continued to appear in the grant issued by Candraditya, though he was a feudatory of the Rastrakutas, and that the name of the era was left unspecified as in the records of the Maitraka kings. After about twenty years another branch of the Rastrakutas was established in Gujarat. The plates of Karkaraja Suvarnavarsa of this branch are dated Saka 3. EI, Vol. XXXV, pp. 269 ff. 4. Prof. F. Kielhorn, El, Vol. IX, pp. 1 ff. 5. From the evidence of this grant it is inferred that the fall of Valabhi took place in the beginning of the Karttikadi Vikrama year 846 (i.e. Valabhi year 470) and the Rastrakuta power extended over Northern Gujarat shortly before Margasira su. di. 7 of the Valabhi year 470 (Vallabh Vidyanagar Research Bulletin, Vol. I, issue i, p. 36). For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE POST-MAITRAKA PERIOD 71 year 734 (812-13-A.C.) to year 7466 Saka. (824-25 A.C.), while the plates of his brother Govindaraja Prabhutavarsa are dated Saka year 735 (813-14 A.C.) to saka year 7497 (827-28 A.C.). These kings held steady power over Mainland Gujarat and dated their records pertaining to it in the Saka era. However, the Devli plates which record a grant of land situated in Saurashtra form an exception and are dated in the Valabhi era which had been in common use there for a pretty long period of about three centuries. But as the Rastrakuta records were usually dated in the saka era and as this record - is dated in the Valabhi era prevalent in Saurashtra, the year was expressly specified as a year of the Valabhi era. The same circumstances account for the use of the Valabhi era, with its name specified, in the Una plates of Balavarman. Thus dates in the Valabhi era occur only in a few records of this period, but they clearly indicate that the name of the era got specified by this time. As for the system of the year and the month, these dates do not yield any particulars for verification. The Devli plates do not mention even the month and the lunar days. The Hilol plates and the Una plates 6. H. G. Shastri, Gujaratano Pracina Itihasa, p. 139. 7. Ibid., p. 140 8. They simply refer to a solar eclipse in the Valabhi year 500. The year was probably Karttikadi as in the Maitraka period. There were two solar eclipses in the Karttikadi year 500-one io (Amanta) Pausa and the other in (Amanta) Asadha. If the years were Caitradi only the second eclipse would apply. For Personal & Private Use Only

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72 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT give the months, the fortnights and the lunar days'. The Hilol plates mention even the weekday. It well tallies with the lunar day on ascribing the year to the Valabhi era and calculating according to the epoch of 317-18 A.C. But as the month falls between Karttika and Phalguna and as the lunar day belongs to the bright fortnight, the date does not admit of verification about the commencement of the year and the completion of the month. Presumably the year continued to be Karttikadi and the month to be Purnimanta as in the Maitraka period. (ii) The Gupta Era The discovery of Saindhava Copper-plate grants from Saurashtra enables us to state definitely that the Gupta era also was in vogue in the western parts of Saurashtra during this period. The occurrence of the Gupta era in Western Saurashtra is ascribed to the Saindhavas who hailed from Sindh. Among the known epigraphic records of the Saindhava kings, the Gupta era appears in four of the six copper-plate grants from Ghumli and the Morbi copper plates of King Jajkalo. Out of the six Ghumli plates, the grant of 9. The date of the Hilol plates, Year 470 Margasira su. di. 7 Bhauma, corresponds to Tuesday, 11th Nov. 788 A.C. The date of Una plates, Valabhi year 574, Magha su. di. 6 roughly corresponds to 28th Dec. 892 A.C. 10. 1A, Vol. II, pp. 257 ff. The Dhinki plates issued by King Jaikadeva from Bhumilika (Ghumli) belong to the Saindhava dynasty but the record is dated in the Vikrama era and has proved to be a forged one (EI, Vol. XXVI, p. 189). For Personal & Private Use Only

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"THE POST-MAITRAKA PERIOD 73 Mahasamanta Jaika I" is curiously left undated, while the date of the grant of King Ranaka12 is not known as the second plate is missing. The remaining plates are dated as follows : (i) The Ghumli copper plates of the time of the Saindhava king Agguka II are dated in the year 513 of an unspecified era13, identified with the Gupta era. Accordingly, the (Gupta) year 513 corresponds to 832- 33 A.C. (ii) The grant of Mahasamanta Sri Ranaka of a subordinate Saindhava branch is recorded in the year 555 of the Gupta-Kala!", which corresponds to 87475 A.C. (iii) The grant of Mahasamantadhipati Agguka III is dated in the Gupta Samvat 56715, the corresponding Christian year of which is 886-87. (iv) The Morbi copper plate of the Saindhava king Sri Jaikadeva is dated in the Gupta year 58516, which corresponds to 904-05 A.C. (v) The copper plates of Mahasamantadhipati Sri Jaika II are dated in the G. Sam. 59617. The year corresponds to 915-16 A.C. The uniform use of the Gupta era in the records of the Saindhava kings who hailed from Sindh and established their power in Western Saurashtra by the 11. EI, Vol. XXVI, pp. 203 ff. 12. Ibid., pp. 207 ff. 13-14-15. EI, Vol. XXVI, pp. 203, 217, 222. 16. IA, Vol. II, pp. 257 ff. 17. EI, Vol. XXVI, p. 226. For Personal & Private Use Only

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74 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT end of the Maitraka period (during which the Valabhi era was in common use), clearly indicates that they must have adopted the Gupta era from Sindh, where the Gupta era presumably prevailed as in other yarts of North India. Accordingly, the Gupta era which was introduced into Saurashtra during the Gupta period, but which got modified into the Valabhi era during the Maitraka period, thus, seems to have been re-introduced into Saurashtra under its original nomenclature during this period. As for the system of the years and the months of the Gupta era used in the Saindhava records, the dates yield the following observations : (i) The Ghumli grant of the time of Agguka II was made in year 513, on the 12th day (of an unspecified month) on the occasion of Uttarayana. The given particulars clearly indicate that the day fell in the dark fortnight of Amanta Pausa (or Purnimanta Magha) and corresponds to the 22nd of Dec., 832 A.C.18 The difference of 319 years in December clearly indicates that the date applies not to the Karttikadi Valabhi years but to the Caitradi Gupta years. As the name of the month is not specified, it cannot be inferred whether the month was Purnimanta or Amanta. (ii) The Ghumli grant of Ranaka dated in the Gupta year 555 does not mention the month, the fortnight and the day of the grant. 18. H. G. Shastri, MG., pp. 233 ff. For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE POST-MAITRAKA PERIOD 75; (iii) The grant of King Agguka III, dated in the Gupta year 567, makes mention of a lunar eclipse in the month Suci9, which corresponds to Asadha or Jyestha. On referring the date to the Tables, it is found that the name Suci here applies to Jyestha as a lunar eclipse took place in that year on the full-moon day of Jyestha and not of Asadha. However, the date does not admit of verification regarding the system of the year, as the month would fall in the year 567, according to the Caitradi system and the Karttikadi system as well. (iv) The Morbi plate of Jaika, dated year 585 Phalguna su-di. 5, refers to the grant made on the occasion of a solar eclipse in the Gupta year 585. On referring the date to the Tables, it is found that no solar eclipse took place in the Karttikadi year 585, whereas a solar eclipse took place on the new-moon day of Purnimanta Margasira of the Caitradi year 585, which corresponds to Nov. 10, 904 A.C.20. (v) The grant of King Jaika II dated in the Gupta year 596 mentions the month, the fortnignt and the 19. The editor of this grant does not seem to have followed the meaning of certain words given in the verse pertaining to the date. According to him the grant was made on a new-moon day, the month of which is not given, but the verse refers to the conjunction (Yoga) of the moon (Indu) with Rahu (Syarbhanu) and not with the Sun (Bhanu), and the word (Sucau) is to be taken as referring to the name of the month Suci (Jyestha or (Asanha) rather than as an attribute of Indau. The verse thus really refers to a lunar eclipse, which took place on the full moon day of Suci. 20. Vide Pillai's Table X. For Personal & Private Use Only

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76 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT day, but the exact date cannot be verified in the absence of further details like the week-day. From these observations it becomes clear that the dates given in the Saindhava grants apply to the original Gupta era, the years of which were Caitradi and not to the modified Gupta era, known as the Valabhi era, the years of which were Karttikadi. The available data do not admit of any verification about the system of months, but the months of these dates were most probably Purnimanta, as the months ended in Purnima both in the Gupta era of North India and the Valabhi era of Gujarat. The Saindhava kings who established their power in Western Saurashtra for about two centuries, thus continued the use of the Gupta era, which was current in North India. This deserves special notice in view of the fact that the early Saindhava kings were feudatories of the Maitrakas21 who used the Valabhi era, and that the later Saindhava kings seem to be feudatories of the Pratiharas who dated their records in the Vikrama era22. The Gupta era disappears in Gujarat - along with the end of the Saindhava dynasty. (iii) The Saka Era Shortly after the fall of the Maitraka kingdom of Valabhi, the Rastrakuta king Karkka II in South Gujarat extended his power over Central Gujarat. But the Lata branch soon lost its power in Gujarat. In about 800 A.C. the Imperial Rastrakutas of the -21. A. S. Altekar, EI, Vol. XXVI, p. 187. 22. Ibid., pp. 191 f. For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE POST-MAITRAKA PERIOD Deccan occupied Gujarat and another Lata branch. was established under Indra, the younger brother of Govind III. Shortly after 888 A.C. it lost its power to the Imperial Rastrakutas, who held direct sway over Lata upto about 930 A.C. The Paramara kings in NorthEast Gujarat acknowledged the supremacy of the Rastrakuta emperors upto about 950 A.C. Thus the Rastrakutas. held sway over parts of Gujarat almost during the whole of this period. 77" As noticed in the previous chapter the Rastrakuta kings dated their records in the Saka era23. Their known records found in the form of copper-plate grants range from the Saka year 730 (808 A.C.) to the Saka year 852 (930 A.C.). These dates generally consist. of the year, the month, the fortnight and the lunarday. The number of year is generally mentioned in words. and/or sometimes in figures. It is expressly referred to the Sakanrpakala24. The number of the lunar day is also given in words. The week-day is rarely given. The dates sometimes contain references to parvans, eclipses. and naksatras. The name of the Samvatsara is sometimes. given along with the number of the year. The Wadhvan plates of the Capa king Dharanivaraha are expressly dated in Saka Samvat (year) 836. The use of the Saka era in the Capa kingdom of Wadhavan seems unusual especially in view of the fact that the 23. The use of the Valabhi era in the Devli grant of Govindaraja Prabhutavarsa forms an exception. The occupation of Saurashtra by the Rastrakutas is not known from any other records. 24. In one instance the year is introduced as Saka Samvat-Kapadvanj grant of Krsna II dated S.E. 832 (IE, Vol. I, pp. 52 ff.), For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT Capa king acknowledged the supremacy of the Pratihara king Mahipaladeva. For the era used in the Pratihara empire is found to be the Vikrama era. The use of the Saka era in this kingdom perhaps implies the cultural bearing of the adjoining region of Mainland Gujarat where the Saka era was current under the regime of the Rastrakutas. 78 The Saka dates in literary records are found in a few Jain works of this period. These dates range from the Saka year 77225 (850 A.C.) to the Saka year 853 (931 A.C.). They are given in words. They generally consist of the year, the month, the fortnight and the lunar day. The era is generally introduced as Sakanrpakala and sometimes as Saka Kala. Sometimes the name of the Samvatsara is also mentioned. 25. This date occurs in Silanka's tika on Acarangasutra (Muni Jinavijaya, Introduction to Jitakalpasutra, p. 12). Some other Mss date the commentary Saka year 784 (Ibid., p. 11) or S.E. 798 (IA, Vol. XV, p. 188). Another Ms, however, gives the date as year 772 of the Gupta era. (Ibid, p. 188, Acarangasutra tika published by Agamodaya Samiti, p. 317). But here the word 'Gupta' obviously seems to be a misnomer for 'Saka'. For it is not possible to date Silanka as late as in the 11th Cent. A.C. According to the Saka dates given above the commentetor seems to have flourished in 9th Cent. A.C. Muni Jinavijayaji proposes to date him about one century prior to it. The Gupta era seems to have already been extinct by this time. The error of misrepresenting a current era as some exinct era also occurs in a few cases in the case of the Vikrama era. (For instance vide, H. G. Shastri. "The Date of the Fall of Valabh' IHQ, Vol. XXIII, pp. 248 f., also vide section iv, of this chapter and chapter VII below). For Personal & Private Use Only

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THF POST-MAITRAKA PERIOD The epoch and origin of this era are already discussed above. As regards the system of its years, the years of the Saka era are always Caitradi and the year usually commences with Caitra Su.26 As regards the system of months, it may be noted that only one of the known Saka dates of this period contains the week-day, which falling in the bright fortnight, throws no light on the system of the completion of months. However, two other factors enable us to determine the system. All the three known dates of solar eclipses tally with the names of the corresponding months according to the Amanta and not the Purnimanta system of months. Similarly the date mentioned as marking the so called commencement of the Uttarayana in a grant of the Saka year 789 (867 A.C.) also falls within the specified month only according to the Amania system. This leads us to the conclusion that the months used in the saka dates of this period were usually Amanta. The change-over from the Puruimanta system to the Amanta system in Gujarat appears for the first time in the Saka dates of the post-Maitraka period. Presumably' it owes its origin to the Deccan from where the saka era got introduced into Gujarat through the Rastrakuta kings. The mention of the name of the Samvatsara along with the number of the year appears in the known records of Gujarat, for the first time during this period. These appellations belong to a cycle of sixty Barhaspatya (Jovian) years. But there are a number of different :26. Ojha, Bharatiya Pracina Lipimala, p. 173. For Personal & Private Use Only

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80 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT moyes of citation of Jovian years27. The general practice is that the name of the samvatsara current at the commencement of the year (solar or lunar) is attached to the whole of that year notwithstanding that the Jovian Samvatsara may have been succeeded by the next one before the end of that year. Occasionally, however, the Samvatsara named on a particular day is found to be the Jovian year that was actually current on that day. The mention of Vyaya (20) on Vaisakha, su. 15 in Saka year 730 and that of Sarvajit (21) on the Amavasya of Sravana of the same year, evidently signify that the calendar used in Gujarat during the post-Maitraka period followed the latter practice i.e. the practice of citing the samvatsara that was actually current on the specified day. The different schools of Indian chronology differed slightly with regard to the length of the Samvatsara as well as that of the sidereal solar year. In the absence of specific data it should hardly be possible to determine which of these schools was followed by the calendar used in the dates given in the records of this period. In the known records of this period we come across six cases of Samvatsaras-five in epigraphic records and one in literary records. In order to determine the probable school or schools of chronology followed in these dates, it will be worth attempting to calculate the commencement of the given Samvatsara according to the different schools which would have been prevalent by this time and to examine whether it fits in with 27. Pillai, Indian Chronology, pp. 39 f. For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE POST-MAITRAKA PERIOD 81 the given dates. Among the different schools of chronology the following seem to be the principal schools that may have been prevalent in Western India during this period : (1) The original Surya Siddhanta, (ii) The first Arya Siddhanta and (iii) The Brahma Siddhanta. In his Bihatsamhita Varahamihira also deals with the Jovian years and explains how to arrive at the Jovian samvatsara in a Saka year and the commencement of the Samvatsara28 The Saka years in the given dates may have been either expired or current. First we may calculate the position of the Jovian samvatsaras on the given dates No. Given date Given Samvatsara arrived at Samvat- Original The first The Brah-Br. Sam. sara Surya Si. Arya Si. ma Si. rule 1 S.E. 730* Vyaya Sarvajit Sarvajit Sarva jit Sarva Vai. su. 15 (20) (21) (21) (21) jit (21) 2 S.E. 730* Sarvajit Sarva- Sarva- Sarva- Sarva Sra.ba.30 (21) dhari(22) dhari(22) dhari(22) dhari(22) 3 S.E. 735, Nandana Vijaya Vijaya Vijaya Vijaya Pau. su. 7 (26) (27) (27) (27) (27) 4 S.E. 793 Nandana Nanda- Nanda- Nanda- Nanda Pausa (26) na (26) na (26) na (26) na (26) 5 SE 836 Yuva Yuva Dhatri Dhatri Yuva Pha,su. 7 (9) (9) (10) (10) (9) 6 S.E. 853 Khara Nanda- Nanda- Nanda- NandaJye,su. 10 (25) na (26) na (26) na (26) na (26) Vijaya Vijaya Vijaya Vijaya (27) (27) (27) (27) 28. Varahamihira, Brhatsamhita, VIII, 20-22 * The first two dates belong to the Deccan and may be left out for consideration of the system in Gujarat. For Personal & Private Use Only

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82 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT according to the different systems mentioned above on assuming that the Saka years given here are expired. The results may be summed up as under : *** Among the six cases noted above, the given Samvatsara corresponds to the samvatsara arrived at on all the four calculations, only in the case no. 4. In cases nos. 1, 2 and 3, the samvatsara arrived at on these calculations uniformly corresponds, not to the given Samvatsara, but to the succeeding one.29 Analo. gically the samvatsara arrived at in the case no. 6 must be Nandana (26) succeeding Khara (25) the given samvatsara.30 In case no. 5 the samvatsara arrived at on calculations based on the original Surya Siddhanta and the BIhatsamhita rule corresponds to the given samvatsara whereas the Samvatsara arrived at on calculations based on the first Arya Siddhanta and the Brahma Siddhanta corresponds to the samvatsara succeeding the given one. Thus if the given Saka years be expired, the Jovian Samvatsara in the given dates tallies only in one or two cases out of six ones. Let us then assume that the given Saki years are current. The results arrived at on the calculation of 29. Calculated according to the methods and Table in Indian Chronography by Sewell. 30. The given date comprises only the year; the month, the fortnight and the tithi, are not specified. As remarked above, the calculations of the samvatsara imply that the date of the record fell somewhere during the first 8 or 9 months. The Vikrama year 989 given in this date along with the Saka year 853 obviously seems to be erroneous. It must be 987 or 988. For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE POST-MAITRAKA PERIOD the position of the Jovian samvatsaras on the given dates, may accordingly, be tabulated as follows : No. Given date Given Samvat sara 1 S.E. 730 Vyaya Vai.su. 15 (20) (26) Yuva Pha.,su. 7 (9) 6 S.E. 853 Khara Jye.,su. 10 (25) Original Surya Si. Vyaya (20) Samvatsara arrived at The first The Brah- Br. Sam. Arya Si. ma Si. rule 2 S.E. 730 Sarvajit Sarvajit Sarvajit Sarvajit Sarvajit (21) (21) (21) Sra.,va.30 (21) (21) 3 S.E. 735 Nanda- NandaPau., su. 7 na (26) na (26) Nanda- Nanda- Nandana (26) na (26) na (26) 4 S.E. 793 Nandana Khara Pausa (25) 5 S.E. 836 Bhava (8) Khara Khara (25) (25) Nanda- Nanda na (26) 83 Vyaya Vyaya Vyaya (20) (20) (20) Khara (25) Yuva (9) Khara (25) Bhava (8) Khara Khara (25) (25) Nanda- Nanda na (26) na (26) na (26) Khara (25) Yuva (9) As noticed above here also the samvatsara mentioned in relation to Saka year, 853 seems to be falling in the former part of the S'aka year. Accordingly, the Jovian Samvatsara mentioned in the given dates fully tallies with that arrived at in accordance with the calculations made according to all the four systems in 4 cases out of 6 ones. In the case of no. 5 the given samvatsara tallies with that arrived at according to the 31. Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 6 For Personal & Private Use Only

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84 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARA I first Arya Siddhanta and the Brahma Siddhanta. According to the original Surya Siddhanta and the BIhatsarhita rule the samvatsara arrived at corresponds, not to the given samvatsara but to that preceding it. The same is the case with the samvatsara given in relation to Saka year 793, wherein the samvatsara arrived at corresponds to the preceding samvatsara according to all the four systems. It is obvious that the Samvatsara given in relation to S.E. 793 falls one year earlier in comparison to the other samvatsaras in case the Saka years are taken to be expired or current. It should also be noted that the samvatsara Nandana which fell in Saka year 735 (no. 3) could not recur at the interval of 58 years in S. E. 793. It, therefore, seems clear that the S'aka Era 793, if given correctly32 must be taken as expired, while all the other S'aka years must be taken as current. In other words the Saka year 793 must be treated as expired and equated with 794 current, or it is also probable that the true year intended to be given was 794 and not 793.3 3 32. The actual expression given in the record reads S'akan pakala titasamvatsarasatesu saptasu navarrtayatyadhikesu. The last Pada is obviously incorrect. The editor has suggested to correct it into Navarryuttaratryadhikesu (EI, Vol. XVIII, p. 250, f. n. 20). But the phraseology would not correspond to that given in the other records of the Rastrakutas. In accordance with the usual phraseology given in the Rastrakuta records, the number 93 should have been expressed as Trinavatyadhikesu: The record is full of inaccuracies and it is, therefore, not unlikely that the scribe committed some error in this phrase too. Presumably the intended phrase was to be Caturnavaryadhike$u. 33. Vide No. 10 above. For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE POST-MAITRAKA PERIOD 85 Accordingly, it appears that the samvatsaras given in the dates mentioned above would fit in if the S'aka years be taken to be current rather than expired. The samvatsara mentioned in relation to S'aka 836 would then tally according to the first Arya Siddhanta and the Brahmu Siddhanta, but not according to the original Surya Siddhanta and the Brhatsamhita rule. Hence it may be inferred that the calendar followed by these records was probably based on either the First Arya Siddhanta or the Brahma Siddhanta. As the former is used in Kerala and Madras States, 34 while the latter was followed till recently in Gujarat and parts of Rajasthan35, it follows that the Brahma Siddhanta prevailed in Gujarat during this period, (iv) The Vikrama Era The known epigraphic records of the post-Maitraka period hardly give dates in the Vikrama Era. Exceptionally the Una plates of the Calukya King Avanivarman II, a feudatory of the Pratihara sovereign Mahendrapala, are dated in the year 956 which though unspecified, obviously seems to belong to the Vikrama Era.36 Among literary works of this period, Byhatkathakosa by Harisena is specficially dated in the year 989 of the Vikrama Era along with the year 853 of the Saka Era.37 As the samvatsara Khara tallies with the Saka year, 34-35. V. B. Ketkar, Indian and Foreign Chronology, p. 42 36. Kielhorn, EI, Vol. IX, p. 2 37. Bihatkathakosa of Harisena, edi. by A. N. Upadhye, p. 355 For Personal & Private Use Only

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86 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT the number of the corresponding Vikrama year seems to be corrected into 988.38 The year 962 given for the completion of Upamitibhavaprapancakatha, seems to belong to the Vikrama Era, though the era is left unspecified therein.39 The Prasasti of Candrakevalicarita dates the composition of the work in the year 598 of an unspecified era. Mironow assigns the year to the Gupta era and the year would accordingly correspond to the V. E. 974 (917 A.C.). This year well fits in with the (Vikrama) year 962 given in the Upamitibhavaprapancakatha. But it seems very doubtful that the Gupta Era was in such common use as late as the 10th cent. A.C. and that it was, therefore, left unspecified. It is, therefore, probable that there is some clerical or scribal error in the verse containing the date. Presumably the reading Vasvankesumite varse40, may be corrected into Vasvisvankamite varse. The number of the year would accordingly be corrected into 958. If both the works mentioned above belong to one and the same Siddharsi, it is hardly possible that the dates in the two works may be given in two different eras, and that both of them may be left unspecified. In view of the eras prevalent in Western India during this period, it is the Vikrama Era rather than the Gupta Era, that would be, common enough to be left unspecified. 38. Accordingly, 'Navastanavakesvesu' should be corrected into Asta stanavakesvesu'. 39. Upamnitibhavaprapancakathu of Siddharsisuri, Nirnayasagara edition, p. 776 40. M. D. Desai, JSSI, p. 185, f. n. 181 For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE POST-MAITRAKA PERIOD . 87 Among these four dates, two comprise only years. The two other dates contain the month, the fortnight and the lunar day also. But one of them gives no week-day, while the other also gives the weekday and the Nakstra." On referring this date to the Tables, "2 it is found that the lunar day falls on the given week-day according to the Karttikadi system and not the Caitradi system, of years. As the lunar day belongs to the bright fortnight, the date does not help us to determine whether the month was Purnimanta or Amanta. Though the work was published in Bhillamala, the use of the Karttikadi system of years implies its close association with Gujarat where the system was in common use in the Kalacuri and Valabhi era during the Maitraka period. The adoption of the Vikrama Era in these records seems to be rather uncommon among the dates of this period. Probably its use was adopted from the adjoining region of Rajasthan which had close bearing, political as well as cultural, on Gujarat during the post-Maitraka period. The traditional accounts of the Cavada dynasty contain some dates which fall within this period. They range frorn the V.E. 861 to 998.43 Many of the dates 41. Tyesthe Sitapancamyam Punarvasu Gurudine' Upamitibhavapra pancakatha of Siddharsi (JSSI., p. 182, f. n. 184) 42. Pillai IC, Table X 43. Vide the table given in Ramlal Cunilal Modi Lekhasumgraha, Part I, p. 43. The Vicarasreni uniformly dates all the events 19 years later, the total period ranging from 821 to 1017. But the Sambhar Inscription of Siddharaja Jayasimha (1 A., Vol. LVII, p. 234) has firmly establised that Mularaja founded his dynasty in V.E.998. This year also marks the end of the Cavada dynasty. For Personal & Private Use Only

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88 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT given in the Prabandhacintamani contain particulars about the months, fortnights, lunar days and week-days in addition to years. A critical examination of these dates clearly indicates that the particulars do not tally in most of the cases. As remarked above, these traditional dates hardly have any historical basis; they are probably fabricated conjecturally in later times. Even, if the initial year 862 be ascribed to the S'aka Era instead of the Vikrama Era, it is not possible to treat all the subsequent dates accordingly because the year 998 marking the lower limit of the Cavada rule, definitely belongs to the Vikrama Era.45 These doubtful dates given in later traditions, therefore, deserve no consideration for determining the chronolgical systems of this period. 44. Vide pages 191 f. above. 45. Vide D. 11 above. For Personal & Private Use Only

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VII THE SOLAN (I PERIOD The period that follows the post-Maitraka period in the history of Gujarat is the Solanki period. The Solanki (Caulukya) kings, including those of the Vaghela branch, ruled over the region of Gujarat for about three centuries, and a half i. e. from V.S. 998 (A.C. 942) to V.S. 1360 (A.C. 1304)". Mularaja I, the first ruler of the Solanki dynasty, gained power by overthrowing the Capotkata dynasty. The dynasty founded by him continued to rule in the region of Gujarat upto A.C. 12442. The power of this dynasty then passed to Ranaka Visaladeva, who belonged to the Vaghela (Vyaghrapalli: ya) branch of the Solanki lineage. His dynastry held sway over Gujarat upto A.C. 13043, when King Karnadeva of this dynasty finally lost all his power to the Khalji sultanate of Delhi. Dated records of this period have come forth in a large number both from epigraphic and literary sources. The former sources mostly consist of stone inscriptions, stone-pillar inscriptions, copper-plate inscriptions and image inscriptions, while the literary sources abound in Puspikas and prasastis. The traditional 1. A. K. Majumdar, Cauluk yas of Gujarat, p. 4; R. N. Mehta, "Karna Vaghela : The Last Vaghela King of Gujarat', "Svadhyay", Vol. XIX, pp. 173 ff. 2. Ibid., p. 168; D. K Shastri, Gujaraino Madhyakalin Rajput Itihas, pp. 458 f. 3. A. K. Majumdar, ibid., p. 189 For Personal & Private Use Only

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90 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT dates especially the lunar days, weekdays and naksatras given in posterior works like Prabandhas can hardly be taken as historical, unless and until they are confirmed by reliable sources. Among the eras used in Gujarat during this period, the Vikram Era is found to be of most common use, while new eras like the Simha Era and the Hijri Era also appear in a few Sanskrit records of this period. The usage of mentioning the week-day along with the lunar days gets well established by this time. (i) The Vikrama Era As noticed above, the use of the Vikrama Era was adopted in Gujarat during the last part of the Maitraka period and continued during the post.Mait4. The naksatras given in these dates are mostly found incongruent with the corresponding tithis, for instance, (1) Sam. 993, Asadha su. di. 15, Asvini, (ii) Sam. 150. (1052?). Sravana, su. di. 11, Pus ya, (iii) Sam. 1120, Chaitra, ba. 7, Hasta, (iv) Sam. 1150, Pausa, ba. di. 3, Sravana, (v) Sam. 1199, Karttika, [ba?] di. 2, Hasta. The nomenclature given in the results arrived at after additions of numbers of years, months and days to the specfic dates of the commencement of individual reigns clearly indicates that the dates given in the Prabandhas are named according to the system of Karttikadi years and Amanta months, which is current in Gujarat since long. The following calculations would make this observation clcar. Sam. 1078 Jyestha su.di. 12 add years 42, months 10, days Sam 1120 Caitra ba. di. add years months 8, Sam 1150 Pausa ba. di. 2 29, days 25 For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE SOLANKI PERIOD 91 raka period under the influence of the Pratihara suzerains. But its use remained absolutely limited, as the eras commonly used in Gujarat, were the Valabhi Era in Western and Northern Gujarat and the Kalacuri Era in Southern Gujarat in the Maitraka period and the Gupta and the Valabhi Eras in Saurashtra and the Saka Era in Mainland Gujarat in the post-Maitraka period. It is especially in the Solanki period that the Vikrama Era, which is current in Gujarat for several centuries, came into common use in this region. As no epigraphic records of the Cavala dynasty have come forth, it is hardly possible to determine the era used in its kingdom. Hence it seems quite likely that the credit of making the Vikrama Era widely prevalent in Gujarat goes to the Solanki dynasty. The probability of the association of Mularaja I's ancestors with GurjaraDesa in South Rajasthan which was under the sway of the Pratiharas5 corroborates the above assumption. Almost all the epigraphic records of the Solanki dynasty along with the Vaghela lineage are dated in the Vikrama Era and even most of the literary records of this period are dated in this era. The known records of this period abound in numbers, but here also chronological data are supplied by epigraphic sources to a much larger extent than by literary sources. Among the epigraphic records, stone inscriptions form a great majority in comparison to copper-plate inscriptions, image-inscriptions contribute a far larger number to this score. The literary data are mainly available in the Puspikas and Prasastis. The 5. D. K. Shastri, op. cit., pp. 139 ff. For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT dates gathered from these records range from V. S. 1005 (A.C. 949) to V.S. 1360 (A.C. 1304). They consist of the year, the month, the fortnight, the lunar day and the week-day in most of the cases. A few dates also contain references to eclipses and intercalations. The dates given in the literary records sometimes also include naksatras and yogas. Some dates of the Vikrama Era also mention the name of the Samvatsara along with the number of the year. 92 The epoch and origin of the Vikrama Era are already discussed in Chapter V. As regards the scheme of years and months, the material bearing on it was very meagre in the case of of the Maitraka and the post-Maitraka periods, while the dates of the Solanki period abound in data pertaining to it. However, the findings from the different data prove to be amazingly divergent. It would, therefore, be necessary to classify the key-dates territorially and chronologically. First are taken the key-dates obtained from the Sarasvata Mandala, which formed the home province of the Caulukya kingdom. Next is taken the Astadasasata Mandala, excluding the region of Mt. Abu and 6. According to the identification of the known places in its different Pathakas (vide H. D. Sankalia, Studies in the Historical and Cultural Geography and Ethnography of Gujarat, p. 42.), the Sarasvata Mandala seems to have covered almost the whole of the Mahesana District, the south-east part of the Banaskantha District and the north-east part of the Ahmedabad District in modern terms. For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE SOLANKI PERIOD 93 located in North-West Gujarat. The places which are located in the territory to the East of the Sarasvata Mandala are treated under North and North-East Gujarat'. Central Gujarat formed the Khetaka Mandala and South Gujarat the Lata Mandala. The peninsula of Saurashtra comprised the Saurastra Mandala of the Caulukya kingdom. But as it covers a very extensive area it is here divided into East Saurashtra, South Saurashtra, Central Saurashtra. West Saurashtra and North Saurashtra. Last comes Kutch, which formed the Kaccha Mandala. The remaining Mandalas which lie outside the boundaries of modern Gujarat, such as Satyapura Mandala, Bhillamala Mandala, Avanti Mandala and Medapata Mandala are not taken into consideration here, as they would not necessarily reflect chronological systems which prevailed in Gujarat. The key-dates are next classified chronologically. On the basis of the given particulars especially of the week-day and sometimes eclipse and rarely intercalation, the dates are examined according to different systems by giving the equivalent Christian dates and their weekdays. In many cases dates would tally according to some system or other. Such dates are arranged in different groups under Regular Dates.' Those dates which do not tally according to any of the systems are similarly arranged under 'Irregular Dates.' 7. A. K. Majumdar, op. cit., p. 209 The Mandala seems to have included Kumbhariya, Radhanpur, Tharad etc. and extended as far as the Banas River on the south-west (H. D. Sankaliya, op. cit., p. 143). 8. The year may be current or expired, Caitradi or Kartrikadi or sometimes Asadhadi, the month may be Purnimanta or Ainanta. For Personal & Private Use Only

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94 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT The dates in each group are again sub-divided sourcewise, namely under (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscriptions, (ii) image inscriptions and (iii) Prasastis. The equivalent dates are generally taken from the Tables given in Indian Ephemeris by Pillai. In Indian chronology the lunar day is generally ascribed to the week-day on which it ends, as it is connected with that week-day at the time of sunrise. In the case of the equivalent date which well corresponds to the given one, the ending moment of the given tithi will also be given. This moment is generally derived from the fraction of the day given in Pillai's Tables in relation to mean sunrise. When in some cases the given tithi does not tally with the given week-day, the moment of the commence ment of the tithi is derived from the ending moment of the tithi of the previous day and taken into consideration, as sometimes the given tithi is construed with the week-day on which it commences. When the given date falls short of equivalence by a day or so and the ending or commencing moment of the given tithi fails very proximate to sunrise which marks the upper or lower limit of a civil day, the results given in Tables based on mean sunrise have to be revised and modified on the basis of local and true sunrise. Similarly the results given on the basis of the Surya Siddhanta sometimes fall short of verification by some minutes or an hour or so. So they be revised and modified on the basis of the Brahma have to For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #112
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 95 Siddhanta which was commonly prevalent in Gujarat by this time. When a given tithi does not correspond to any of the equivalent dates completely, not falls proximate to it, follows that some particular in it is recorded or read incorrectly. As the facsimiles or photographs of the original record are hardly available, correction in some certain particular of the date is suggested through surmise as a probability. The individual key-dates may be given and examined as follows : SARASVATA MANDALA 1. Regular Dates A. Dates in Bright Fortnights 1. Dates in the months Karttika to Phalguna (a) Dates in current years (i) store, stone pillar and copper-plate inscriptions 1. V. 1217-G. V. Acharya, Historical Inscriptions of Gujarat, No. 241, Palanpur stone inscription Sam, 1217, Karttika, su. di. 10, [su]kra V. 1217 current : Friday, 23 October, A.C. 1159 The given tithi ended about 18 h. 36 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1217 expired : Tuesday, 11 October, A.C. 1160 (b) Dates in expired years (i) stone, stone pillar and copper-plate inscrip tions 2. V. 1280 - IA, Vol. VI, p. 196, Kadi copper-plate inscription of Jayantasimha Sam. 1280, Pausa, su. di. 3, Bhauma For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #113
96 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1280 current: Wednesday, 7 December, A.C. 1222 V. 1280 expired: Tuesday, 26th December, A.C. 1223 The given tithi ended about 15 h. 15 m. after mean sunrise. 3. V. 1282-G. V. Acharya, HIG, No. 246, Palanpur stone inscription Sam. 1282, Pausa, su. di. 4, Sukra V. 1282 current: Sunday, 15 December, A.C. 1224 V. 1282 expired: Friday, 5 December, A.C. 1225 The given tithi ended about 8 h. 30 m. after mean sunrise. 4. V. 1283-IA.. Vol. VI, p. 199., Kadi copper-plate inscription of of King Bhimadeva II Sam 1283, Laukika Karttika, su. di. 15, Guru V. 1283 current Friday, 17 October, A.C. 1225 V. 1283 expired: Thursday, 5 November, A.C. 1226 The given tithi ended about 19 h. after mean sunrise. (ii) image inscriptions 5. V. 1244-JPLS., No. 335, Palanpur image inscription Sam. 1244. Magha. su. di. 10, Soma V. 1244 current: Wednesday, 21 January, A.C. 1187 V. 1244 expired: Monday, 11 January, A.C. 1188 The given tithi ended about 4 h. 27 m. after mean sunrise. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #114
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 6. V. 1274 - PJLS, No. 552, Palanpur image inscrip tion Sam. 1274, Phalguna, su. di. 5, Guru V. 1274 current: Sunday, 12 February, A.C. 1217 V. 1274 expired: Thursday, 1 February, A.C. 1218 The given tithi ended about 22 h. after mean sunrise. 7. V. 1287 - JDPLS, Part i. No. 258, Patan image inscription Sam. 1287, Phalguna, su. di. 10, Guru V. 1287 current: Sunday, 24 February, A.C. 1230 V. 1287 expired: Thursday, 13 February, A.C. 1231 The tithi ended about 20 h. 15 m. after mean sunrise. 8. V. 1315 - JTSS, Vol I, Part I, p. 32, Palanpur image inscription : Sam. 1315, Phalguna, su. di, 4, Budha V. 1315 current : Saturday, 9 February, A.C 1258 V. 1315 expired : Wednesday, 29 January, A.C. 1259 The tithi ended about 9 h. after mean sunrise. 9. V. 1320 - JLS, Part II, No. 2098, p. 281, Disa ima ge inscription Sam. 1320, Phalguna, su. di. 2, Sukra V. 1320 current : Sunday, 11 February, AC 1263 V. 1320 expired : Friday, 1 February, A.C. 1264 The tithi ended about 11 h. 40 m. after mean sunrise. 10. V. 1325 - JTSS, Part I. p. 34, Palanpur image inscription Sam. 1325, Phalguna, su. di. 4, Budha V. 1325 current : Saturday, 18 February, A.C. 1265 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #115
98 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1325 expired: Wednesday, 6 February, A.C. 1269 The tithi ended about 21 h. after mean sunrise. 11. V. 1325 - JDPLS, Part I, No. 190, Unjha image inscription Sam. 1325, Phalguna, su. di. 8, Soma V. 1325 current: Thursday, 23 February, A.C. 1268 V. 1325 expired : Monday, 11 February, A.C. 1269 The tithi ended about 5 h 10 m. after mean sunrise. 12. V. 1338 - JDPLS, Part I. No. 380, Patan image inscription Sam. 1338, Phalguna, su. di. 7, Soma V. 1338 current: Wednesday, 26 February, A.C. 1281 V. 1338 expired: Monday, 16 February, A.C. 1282 The tithi ended about 8 h. 30 m, after mean sunrise. 13. V. 1352-PILS, No. 549, Palanpur image inscription Sam. 1352, Phalguna, su. di. 10, Budha V. 1352 current : Saturday, 26 February, A.C. 1295 V. 1352 expired : Wednesday, 15 February, A.C. 1296 The tithi ended about 11 h. 10 m. after mean sunrise. (iii) Prasastis 14. V. 1174 - puratattva, Vol. I, pp. 62 f., The work Nisithacurnivinsakoddesakavyakhya composed probably in Gujarat Sam. 1174, Magha, sudi. 12, Ravi V. 1174 current: Wednesday, 17 January, A.C. 1117 V. 1174 expired: Sunday, 6 January, A.C. 1118 The tithi ended about 15 h. 15 m. after mean sunrise. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #116
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 15. V. 1184 CPSJBC No. 12-(8), p. 25. A Ms of Abhayadevasuri's Anuttaraupapatikadasangasutra-Vrtti copied at Anahilapataka. Sam. 1184, Magha, su. di. 11, Ravi V. 1184 current: Wednesday, 26 January, A.C. 1127 V. 1184 expired: Sunday, 15 January, A.C. 1128 The tithi ended about 3 h. 44 m. after mean sunrise. 16. V. 1227-JPPS, No. 91, p. 110, A Ms. of s'ilacarya's Mahapurisacariya donated at Anahilapa 99 taka. Sam. 1227, Margasirsa, su. di. 11, Sani V. 1227 current: Tuesday, 2 December, A.C. 1169 V. 1227 expired : Saturday, 21 November, A.C. 1170 The tithi ended about 5 h. 39 m. after mean sunrise. 17. V. 1298-JPPS, No. 186. p. 122, CMJBP, No. 144, p. 98 Sam. 1298, Karttika, su. di. 10, Budha V. 1298 current: Saturday, 27 October, A.C. 1240 V. 1298 expired: Wednesday, 16 October, A.C. 1241 The tithi ended about 2 h. 15 m. after mean sunrise. 18. V. 1298 CPSJBC, No. 10, pp. 19 f., A Ms of Abhayadeva-Suris Bhagavattsutra-Vrtti copied at Vijapura Sam. 1298, Margasirsa, su. di. 13, Soma V. 1298 current: Thursday, 29 November, A.C. 1240 V. 1298 expired: Monday, 18 November, A.C. 1241 The tithi ended about 3 h. 15 m. after mean sunrise. 19. V. 1310-JPPS, No. 211, p. 125, A Ms of Uttaradhyayanasutravrtti copied at Prahladanapura Sam. 1310, Magha, su. di., 13, Ravi For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #117
100 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1310 current : Tuesday, 14 January, A.C. 1253 V. 1310 expired: Sunday, 1 February, A.C. 1254 Monday, 2 February, A.C. 1254 The 13th tithi commenced before sunrise on Sunday, 1 February, A.C. 1254 and ended about o h. 36 m. after mean sunrise on Monday, 2 Febru ary, A.C. 1254. 20. V. 1327-CPSJBC, No. 4, p. 7, A Ms of Silankacar ya's Acarangasutratika copied at Gambhuta, Sam. 1327, Pausa, su, di. 10, Bhauma. V. 1327 current : Friday, 3 January, A.C. 1270 V. 1327 Expired: Tuesday, 23 December, A.C. 1270 The tithi ended about 17 h. 10 m. after mean sunrise. 21. V. 1327-Sri Paksika Sutram, p. 145, Yasodevasuris Paksika Sutra composed at Anhilapataka. Sam. 1327, Magha, su. di. 9, Budha V. 1327 current : Saturday, 1 February, A.C. 1270 V. 1327 expired : Wednesday, 21 January, A.C.1271 The tithi ended about 8 h. 32 m. after mean sunrise. 2. Dates in the Months Caitra to Asvina (a) Dates in Current Caitradi years image Inscriptions 22. V. 1330-PJLS, No. 525. Patan image inscription. Sam. 1330, Vaisakha, su. di. 14, Budha V. 1330 current Caitradi : Wednesday, 13 April, . A.C. 1272 The tithi ended about 20 h. after mean sunrise. V. 1330 expired Caitradi : Tuesday, 2 May, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1273 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #118
101 THE SOLANKI PERIOD V. 1330 expired Karttikadi : Saturday, 21 April, A.C. 1274 (b) Dates in expired Caitradi or Current Karttikadi Years (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate Inscriptions 23. V. 1148-HIG., No. 143, Sunak copper-plate inscri ption of King Karna I Sam. 1148, Vaisakha, su. di. 15, Soma.... Somagrahana, V. 1148 current Caitradi : Tuesday, 16 April, A.C. 1090; No eclipse. V. 1148 expired Caitradi : Monday, 5 May, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1091, a lunar eclipse The tithi ended about 20 h. 32 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1148 expired Karttikadi : Saturday, 24 April, A.C. 1092, a lunar eclipse. 24. V. [12]63,-IA, Vol. VI, p. 194, Kadi copper-plate inscription of King Bhimadeva II Sam. [12] 63, Sravana su. di. 2, Ravi V. 1263 current Caitradi : Tuesday, 19 July, A.C.1205 V. '1263 expired Caitradi : Sunday, 9 July, A.C. 1406 (or current Karttikadi) The tithi ended about 14 h. after mean sunrise. V. 1263 expired Karttikadi : Saturday, 28 July, A.C. 1207 (ii) Image Inscriptions 25. V. 1219-JDPLS, Part 1, No. 75, Gambhu image inscription. Sam. 1219, Jyestha, su. di. 3, Sani. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #119
102 - THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1219 current Caitradi : Sunday, 30 April, A. C. 1161 V. 1219 expired Caitradi : Saturday, 19 May, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1162 The tithi ended about 2 h. 17 m. after mean sunrise V. 1219 expired Karttikadi : Wednesday, 8 May, A C. 1163 26. V. 1257-JTSS, Part I, p. 68, Mehsana image inscription Sam. 1257, Asadha su. di. 9, Guru V. 1257 current Caitradi : Asadha was intercalary First Asadha, su.di. 9 -Friday, 4 June, A.C.1199 Second Asadha, su. di. 9 -Sunday, 4 July, A.C.1199 V. 1257 expired Caitradi : Thursday, 22 June, (or current Karttikadi) A.C. 1200 The tithi ended about 19 h. 20 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1257 expired Karttikadi : Monday, 11 June, A.C. 1201 27. V. 1305-JDPLS, Part I, No. 330, Patan image ins cription Sam. 1305, Jyestha, su. di. 15, Ravi V. 1305 current Caitradi : Tuesday, 21 May, A.C. 1247 V. 1305 expired Caitradi : Jyestha was intercalary (or current Karttikadi) First Jyestha, su.di. 15-Saturday, 9 May, A.C. 1248 Second Jyestha, su. di. 15-Sunday, 7 June, A.C 1248 The tithi ended about 19 h. 50 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1305 expired Karttikadi : Thursday, 27 May, A.C. 1249 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #120
103 THF SOLANKI PERIOD 28. V. 1331-PJLS, No. 556, Palanpur image inscription Sam. 1331, Vaisakha, su. di. 9, Soma V. 1331 current Caitradi : Thursday, 27 April, A.C. 1273 V. 1331 expired Caitradi : Monday, 16 April, (or current Karttikadi) A.C. 1274 The tithi ended about 15 h. 15 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1331 expired Karttikadi : Saturday, 6 April, A.C. 1275 (iii) Prasastis : 29. V. 1215-JPPS, No. 74, p. 108, A Ms of Kavyaprakasa copied at Anahilapataka. Sam. 1215 A[ A ]svina, su, di., 14 Budha V, 1215 current Caitradi : Thursday, 19 September, A.C. 1157 V. 1215 expired Caitradi : Wednesday, 8 October, (or current Karttikadi) A.C. 1158 The tithi ended about 15 h. 58 m. after mean sunrise. V, 1251 expired Karttikadi : Monday, 28 September, A.C. 1159 30. V, 1218-JPPS, No. 79, 109, A Ms of Kalpacurni copied at Anahilapataka. Sam, 1218, Dvi. Asadha, su, di, 5, Guru V, 1218 expried Caitradi : Asadha was intercalary (or current Karttikadi) First Asadha, su, di. 5-Wednesday, 31 May, A.C. 1161 Second Asauba, su. di. 5-Thursday, 29 June, .A.C. 1161 The tithi ended about 16 h. 41 m. after mean sunrise. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #121
104 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT 31. V. 1228-JPPS, No. 93, p. 110, Ms of Yogasast ravitaraga-Stotra copied at Asahilapataka Sam. 1228, Sravana, su, di, 1, Soma V. 1228 current Caitradi : Thursday, 16 July, A.C. 1170 V. 1228 expired Caitradi : Monday, 5 July, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1171 The tithi ended about 22 h. 27 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1228 expired Karttikadi : Sunday, 23 July, A.C. 1172 32. V, 1228-JPPS, No, 94, p. 111, A Ms of Parsvaganis Sravakapratikramanasutravitti copied at Anahilapataka Sam. 1228, Asvina su. di. 15, Budha V. 1228 current Caitradi : Saturday, 26 September, A.C. 1170 V. 1228 expired Caitradi : Wednesday, 15 September, (or current Karttikadi) A.C. 1171 The tithi ended about 23 h. 24 m, after mean sunrise. V. 1228 expired Karttikadi : Tuesday, 3 October, A.C. 1172 33. V. 1258-JPPS, No. 117, p. 114, A Ms of Prakarana pustika copied at Asahilapataka Sam. 1258, Sravana, su, di. 7, Soma. V, 1258 current Caitradi : Thursday, 20 July, A.C. 1200 V. 1258 expired Caitradi : Monday, 9 July, A.C. (or current Karttikadi ) The tithi ended about 10 h. 40 m, after mean sunrise. 1201 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #122
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 105 V. 1258 expired Karttikadi : Sunday, 28 July, A.C. 1202 34. V. 1286-JPPS, No. 147, p. 117, A Ms of katharatna kosa copied at Prahladanapura. Sam. 1286, Sravana, su. di. 3, Budha V, 1286 current Caitradi : Thursday, 6 July, A.C.1228 V. 1286 expired Caitradi : Wednesday, 25 July, A.C (or current Karttikadi) 1229 The tithi ended about 0 h, 8 m, after mean sunrise. V. 1286 expired Kartrikadi : Sunday, 14 July, A.C. 1230 (c) Dates in expired Karttikadi Years (i) Image Inscriptions 35. V. 1248-JDPLS, No. 262, Patan Image inscription. Sam. 1248, Vaisakha, su. di. 2, Budha V. 1248 current Caitradi : Sunday, 8 April, A.C, 1190 V. 1248 expired Caitradi : Thursday, 28 March, (or current Karttikadi) A.C. 1191 V. 1248 expired Karttikadi : Wednesday, 15 April, A.C. 1192 The tithi ended about 16 h. 56 m. after mean sunrise. 36. V. 1261-BT, p. 19, Bhorol image inscription Sam. 1261, Jyestha, su. di. 2, Ravi V. 1261 current Caitradi : Wednesday, 14 May, A.C. 1203 V. 1261 expired Caitradi : Monday, 3 May, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1204 V. 1261 expired Karttikadi : Sunday, 22 May, A.C. 1205 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #123
106 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT The tithi ended about 7 h 20 m. after mean sunrise. 37. V. 1285-PLS, No. 34, Linch image inscription. Sam. 1285, Jyesta(stha) Su. di. 3, Ravi V. 1285 current Caitradi : Wednesday, 19 May, A.C. 1227 V. 1285 expired Caitradi : Monday, 8 May, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1228 V. 1285 expired Karttikadi; Jyestha was intercalary First Jyestha, su. di. 3-Friday, 27 April, A.C. 1229 Second Jyestha, su. di. 3-Sunday, 27 May, A.C. 1229 The tithi ended about 4 h. 12 m. after mean sunrise. 38. V. 1288-JDLPS, No. 354, Patan image inscription Sam, 1288, Jyestha su. di 13, Budha V. 1288 current Caitradi : Sunday, 26 May, A.C. 1230 V. 1288 expired Caitradi : Thursday, 15 May, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1231 V. 1288 expired Karttikadi : Wednesday, 2 June, A.C. 1232 The tithi ended about 14 h. 30 m. after mean sunrise. 39. V. 1301-PJLS, No. 519, Patan image inscription Sam. 1301, Vaisakha, su. di. 9, Sukra V. 1301 current Caitradi : Thursday, 30 April, A.C. 1243 V. 1301 expired Caitradi : Monday, 18 April, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1244 For Personal & Private Use Only

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107 THE SOLANKI PERIOD V. 1301 expired Karttikadi : Friday, 7 April, A C. 1245 The tithi ended about 8 h. 17 m. after mean sunrise. . 40 V. 1330-PJLS, No. 520, Patan image inscription. Sam 1330, Vaisakha, su. di. 9, Soma V. 1330 current Caitradi : Friday, 6, April, A.C. 1272 V. 1330 expired Caitradi : Tursday, 27 April, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1273 V. 1330 expired Karttikadi : Monday, 16 April, A.C. 1274 The tithi ended about 15 h. 15 m. after mean sunrise. 41. V. 1339-JDPLS, Part i, No 568, Vadnagar image inscription Sam. 1339, Vaisakha, su, di. 11, Sukra Wednesday, 30 April, A.C. V. 1339 current Cairtradi: - J 1281 Thursday, 1 May, A.C. 1 1281 V. 1339 expired Cairtradi : Monday, 20 April, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1282 V. 1339 expired Karttikadi : Friday, 9 April, A.C. 1283 The tithi ended about 18 h. 40 m. after mean sunrise. 42. V. 1344-JTSS, Part I, p. 37, Bhiladiya image insc ription. Sam 1344, Jyestha, su.di. 10 (Budha] V. 1344 current Cairtradi : Monday, 3 June, A.C. 1286 V. 1344 expired Caitradi : Saturday, 24 May, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1287 For Personal & Private Use Only

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1293 108 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V 1344 expired Karttikadi : Wednesday, 12 May, A.C. 1288 The tithi ended about 15, h. 15 m. after mean sunrise. 43. V. 1350-JDPLS, Part I, No. 245, Patan image inscription. Sam. 1350, Jyestha, su. di. 2, Sukra V. 1350 current Caitradi : Monday, 19 May, A.C. 1292 V. 1350 expired Caitradi : Saturday, 9 May, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) V. 1350 expired Karttikadi : Jyestha was intercalary First Jyestha, su. di. 2-Thursday, 29 April, A.C. 1294 Second Jyestha, su. di. 2-Friday, 18 May, A.C. 1294 The tithi ended about 12 h. 8 m. afier mean sunrise. (iii) Prasastis; 44. V. 1221-JPPS, No. 83, p. 109, the Mss of Inatad harma-katha and Ratnacudakatha copied at Anahilapataka Sam. 1221, Jyestha, su. di. 9, Sukra V. 1221 current Caitradi : Tuesday, 14 May, A.C. 1163 V. 1221 expired Caitradi : Monday, 1 June, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) V. 1221 expired Karttikadi : Friday, 21 May, A.C. 1165. The tithi ended about 10 h. 4 m. after mean sunrise. 1164 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #126
109 THE SOLANKI PERIOD 45. V. 1296-JPPS, No. 180, p. 122, A Ms of Paksi kasutracurnivitti copied at Vijapura Sam. 1296, Vaisakha, su. di. 3, Guru V. 1296 current Caitradi : Sunday, 18 April, A.C. 1238 V. 1296 expired Caitradi : Friday, 8 April, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1239 V. 1296 expired Karttikadi : Vaisakha was interca lary. First Vaisakha. su. di. 3-Wednesday, 28 March, A.C. 1240 Second Vaisakha su. di. 3-Thursday, 26 April, A.C. 1240 The tithi ended about 13 h. 5 m. after mean sunrise. 46. V. 1313-JPPS, No. 12, p. 15, A Ms of Jnanapanca mipustika copied at Prahladanapura. Sam. 1313, Caitra, Su di. 8 Ravi V. 1313 current Caitradi : Wednesday, 17 March, A C. 1255 V. 1313 expired Caitradi : Monday, 6 March, (or current Karttikadi) A.C. 1256 V. 1313 expired Karttikadi : Sunday, 25 March, . A C. 1257 The tithi ended about 1 h. 5 m. after mean sunrise. 47. V. 1327 JPPS, No 231. p 128, A Ms of Abhidha nacintamaninamamala copied at Anahilapataka Sam. 1327, Vaisakha, su.di. 5, Guru V. 1327 current Caitradi : Monday, 8 April, A.C. 1269 V. 1327 expired Caitradi : Sunday, 27 April, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1270 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #127
110 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1327 expired Karttikadi : Thursday, 16 April, A.C. 1274 The tithi ended about 3 h. after mean sunrise. 48. V. 1336 JPPS, No. 248, p. 130, A Ms of Kalpasutra copied at Asahilapura Sam. 1336, Jyestha, su. di. 5, Ravi V. 1336 current Caitradi : Saturday, 28 May, A.C. 1278 V. 1336 expired Caitradi : Wednesday, 17 May, (or current Kartrikadi) A C. 1279 V. 1336 expired Karttikadi : Sunday, 5 May, A.C. 1280 The tithi ended about 13 h. 50 m. after mean sunrise. 49. V. 1337-CMJBP, No. 111, p. 74, A Ms of Hema candra's Abhidhanacintamaninamamalatika copied at Asahilapataka Sam. 1337, Vajsakha, su.di. 5, Guru V. 1337 current Caitradi : Monday, 17 April, A.C. 1279 V. 1337 expired Caitradi : Friday, 5 April, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1280 V. 1337 expired Kartrikadi : Thursday, 24 April, A.C. 1281 The tithi ended about 19 h. 5 m. after mean sunrise. 50. V. 1346-JPPS, No. 264, p. 133, A Ms of Sthananga sutratika copied at Vijapura Sam. 1346, Jyestha, su.di. 15, Guru V. 1346 current Caitradi : Monday, 17 May, A.C. 1288 For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE SOLANKI PERIOD 111 V. 1346 expired Caitradi : Sunday, 5 June, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1289 V. 1346 expired Karttikadi : Thursday, 25 May, A.C. 1290 The tithi ended about 18 h. 20 m. after mean sunrise. B. Dates in Dark Fortnights 1. Dates in the Months Karttika to Phalguua (a) Dates in Current Years (A) Purnmanta Dates (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper plate Inscriptions 51. V. 1296-IA, Vol. VI p. 206, Kadi Copper-plate inscription of King Bhimadeva II Sam. 1296, Margasirsa, ba. di. 14, Ravi V. 1296 current, Purnimanta: Sunday, 7 November, A.C.1238 The tithi ended about 6 h 35 m. after mean sunrise. Amanta : Tuesday, 7 December, A.C. 1238 V. 1296 expired, Purnimanta : Thursday, 27 October, A.C. 1239. Amanta : Saturday, 26 November, A.C. 1239 (iiPrasastis 52. V. 1290-CPSJB, No. 88, 25, p. 139, A Ms of Pra tyakhyana-Devayandanaka-Vandanaka-Sutras copied at Vijapura. Sam. 1290, Magha, ba. di. 1, Guru For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #129
112 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1290 currentPurnimanta : Thursday, 30 December, A.C. 1232 The tithi ended about 1 h. 20 m. after mean sunrise. Amanta : Friday, 28 January, A.C, 1233 V. 1290 expired - Purnimanta : Monday, 19 December, A.C. 1233 Amantu : Wednesday, 18 January, A.C.1234 (B) Amanta Dates (i) Image Inscriptions 53. V. 1354-Mehsana (Prachin-Arvachin), p. 68, Mehsana image inscription Sam. 1354, Margasirsa, ba.di. 1, Soma V. 1354 current, - Purnimanta : Saturday, 13 October, A.C. 1296 Amanta : Margasirsa was intercalary. First Margasirsa, ba di. 1-Monday, 12 Nove., A.C. 1296 The tithi ended about 12 h. 36 m. after mean sunrise. Second Margasirsa, ba. di. 1-Wednesday, 12 Dec., A.C. 1296 V. 1354 expired, - Punimanta : Friday, 1 November, A.C. 1297 Amanta : Sunday, 1 December, A.C. 1297 (b) Dates in Expired Years (A) Purnimanta Dates (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscriptions For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #130
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 113 54. V. 1043-IA, Vol. VI, p. 192. Kadi copper-plate inscription of King Bhimadeva II Sam. 1043, Magha, ba di. 15, Ravi...... Suryagrahana V. 1043 current,Puraimanta : Wednesday, 13 January, A.C. 986, a solar eclipse. Amanta : Thursday, 11 February, A.C. 986, no eclipse. V. 1043 expired, Purnimanta : Sunday, 2 January, A.C. 987 Pillai's Tables do not mention a solar eclipse on that day (not even on the preceding or succeeding Amavasya). But Kielhorn mentions a total eclipse (not visible in India) on this day (IA, Vol XIX. p. 166). The given tithi ended about 17 h. 39 m. after mean sunrise. Amanta : Tuesday, 1 February, A.C. 987, no eclipse. (B) Amanta Dates (i) Image Inscriptions 55. V. 1255-JISS, Part i, p. 62, Patan image inscrip tion Sam 1255, Karttika, ba.di. 11, Budha V. 1255 current, - Purnimanta : Thursday, 9 October, A. C. 1197 Amanta : Friday, 7 November, A.C. 1197 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #131
114 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1255 expired, - Purnimanta : Monday, 28 September, A.C. 1198 Amanta : Wednesday, 28 October, A.C. 1198 The tithi ended about 6 h. 22 m. after mean sunrise. (ii) Prasastis 56. V. 1258-JPPS, No. 115, p. 113. A Ms of Malayagiri's Sadasltiprakaranavrtti, copied at Anahilapataka Sam. 1258, Pausa, ba. di. 5, Ravi V. 1258 current, - Purnimanta : Monday, 27 November, A.C. 1200 Amanta : Wednesday, 27 December, A.C. 1200 V. 1258 expired, - Purnimanta : Friday, 16 November A.C. 1201 Amanta : Sunday, 16 December, A.C. 1201 The tithi ended about 13 h. 20 m. after mean sunrise. 57. V. 1274-Sri PS, Ta, P., No. 117, A Ms of Yogasastra copied at Prahladanapura Sam 1274, Margasirsa, ba. di. 8, Guru V. 1274 current, - Purnimanta : Friday, 4 November, A.C. 1216 Amanta : Sunday, 4 December, A.C. 1216 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #132
115 THE SOLANKI PERIOD V. 1274 expired, - Purnimanta : Tuesday, 24 October, A.C. 1217 Amanta : Thursday, 23 November, A.C. 1217 The tithi ended about 12 h. 50 m. after mean sunrise. 58. V. 1303-CPSJBC, No. 1, p. 4, A Ms of Bhadra bahuswami's Acarangasutra-Niryukti copied at Asahilapataka Sam. 1303, Margasirsa, ba. di. 12, Guru V. 1303 current, - Purnimanta : Friday, 17 November, A.C. 1245 Amanta : Sunday, 17 December, A.C. 1245 V. 1303 expired, - Purnimanta : Tuesday, 6 November, A.C. 1246 Amanta : Thursday, 6 December, A.C. 1246 The tithi ended about 17 h. 10 m. after mean sunrise. 59. V. 1325-JPPS, No, 225, p. 127, A Ms of Dharma ratnaprakarana copied at Vijapura Sam. 1325, Magba, ba. di. 9, Soma V, 1325 current, - Purnimanta : Tuesday, 10 January, A.C. 1268 Amanta: Wednesday, 8 February, A.C. 1268 V. 1325 expired, - Purnimanta : Saturday, 29 December, A.C. 1268 Amanta : Monday, 28 January, A.C. 1269 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #133
116 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT The tithi ended about 3 h. 15 m. after mean sunrise. 2. Dates in Months Caitra to Asvina *(a) Dates in current Caitradi Years (A) Purnimanta Dates (i) stone stone-pillar and copper-plate Inscriptions 60. V. 1256-IA, Vol. XI. p. 71, Patan copper-plate inscription of King Bhimad va II Sam. 1256, Bhadrapada, badi 15, Bhauina V. 1256 current Caitradi : Purnimanta : Tuesday, 4 August, A.C. 1198 The tithi ended about 15 h. 1 m after meam sunrise. Amanta : Thursday, 3 Septeinber, A.C. 1198 V. 1256 expired Caitradi : (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Monday, 23 August, A.C. 1199 Amanta : Wednesday, 22 Septeinber. A.C. 1199 V. 1256 expired Karttikadi : Purinmanta : Friday, 11 August, A.C. 1200 Amanta : Sunday, 10 September, A.C. 1200 The given date tallies according to the current Caitradi system. It also seems probable according to the expired Caitradi system. The given tithi commenced about 31 m. 50 se. after local sunrise on Tuesday, 21 September, A.C. 1199, but it commenced about 58 m. 15 se. before local sunrise according to the Brahma Siddhanta. Thus it applies to the given week-day in a regular way (ii) Image Inscriptions 61. V. 1284-JTSS, Vol. I, Part i, p. 40, Raimsen image inscription For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #134
THE SOLANKI PERIOD Sam, 1289, Vaisakha, ba. di. 1, Guru V. 1289 current Caitradi : Purnimanta: Thursday, 20 March, A.C. 1231 The tithi ended about 17 h. 24 m. after mean sunrise. Amanta Saturday, 19 April, A.C. 1231 V. 1289 expired Caitradi: (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta Wednesday, 7 April, A.C. 1232 Amanta Friday, 7 May, A.C. 1232 V. 1289 expired Karttikadi : 117 Purnimanta: Monday, 28 March, A.C. 1233 Amanta: Tuesday, 26 April, A.C. 1233 (iii) Prasastis 62. V. 1246-JPPS, No. 107, p. 112, A Ms of Jinadattakhyana copied at Anahillapataka Sam. 1246, Sravana, ba, di. 6, Guru V. 1246 current Caitradi : Purnimanta: (Thursday, 16 June, A.C. 1188 Friday, 17 June, A.C. 1188 The 6th tithi commenced before sunrise on Thursday, 16 June, A.C. 1188 and ended about 0 h. 36 m. after mean sunrise on Friday, 17 June, A.C. 1188. Amanta: Sravana was intercalary. First Sravana, ba. di. 6 Saturday, 16 July, 1 A.C. 1188 Second Sravana, ba. di. 6 Monday, 15 = August, A.C. 1188 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #135
118 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1246 expired Caitradi : (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta Wednesday, 5 July, A.C. 1189 Amanta: Friday, 4 August, AC 1189 V. 1246 expired Karttikadi : Purnimanta Suppressed between sunrise on Sunday, 24 June, A.C. 1190 and sunrise on the next day. Amanta Tuesday, 24 July, A.C. 1190 (b) Dates in expired Caitradi (or current Karttikadi) Years (A) Purnimanta Dates Image Inscriptions 63. V. 1324-BPT., p. 14, Bhiladiya image inscription Sam. 1324, Vaisaka [kha], ba. da. [di.] 5, Budha V. 1324 current Caitradi : Purnimanta: Saturday, 27 March, A C 1266 Amanta Monday, 26 April, A.C. 1266 V. 1324 expired Caitradi : (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta: Wednesday, 16 March, A.C. 1267 The tithi ended about 18 h. 8 m. after mean sunrise. Amanta Friday, 15 April, A.C. 1267 V. 1324 expired Karttikadi: Purnimanta: Tuesday, 3 April, A.C. 1268 Amanta: Thursday, May, A.C. 1268 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #136
1 TE SOLANKI PERIOD 119 (C) Dates in Expired Karttikadi Years (A) Purnimanta Dates Image Inscriptions 64. V. 1198-JDPLS, Part i, No. 1498, Viramgam image inscription Sam. 1198, Vaisakha, ba. di. 5, Budha V. 1198 current Caitradi : Purnimanta : Tuesday, 9 April, A.C. 1140 Amanta : Thursday, 9 May, A.C. 1140 V. 1198 expired Caitradi : (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Saturday, 29 March, A.C. 1141 Amanta : Monday, 28 April, A.C. 1141 V. 1198 expired Karttikadi : Purnimanta : Wednesday, 18 March, A.C. 1142 The tithi ended about 14 h. 32 m. after mean sunrise. Amanta : Friday, 17 April, A.C. 1142 65. V. 1261-PLS., Part i, No. 29, Patadi image inscri ption Sam. 1261, Asadha, ba. di. 8, Sani V. 1261 current Caitradi : Purnimanta : Wednesday, 4 June, A.C. 1203 Amanta : Friday, 4 July, A.C. 1203 V. 1261 expired Caitradi : (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Monday, 24 May, A.C. 1204 Amanta : Tuesday, 22 June, A.C. 1204 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #137
120 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1261 expired Karttikadi : Purnimanta : Saturday, 11 June, A.C. 1205 The tithi ended about 19 b. 5 m. after mean sunrise. Amanta : Monday, 11 July, A.C 1205 66. V. 1305-PJLS., Part ii, No. 551, Palanpur image inscription Sam. 1305, Asadha, ba. di. 7, Sukra V. 1305 current Caitradi : Purnimanta : Tuesday, 28 May, A.C. 1247 Amanta : Wednesday, 26 June, A.C. 1247 V. 1305 expired Caitradi : (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Monday, 15 June, A.C. 1248 Amanta : Tuesday, 14 July, A.C. 1248 V. 1305 expired Karttikadi : Purnimanta : Friday, 4 June, A.C. 1249 The tithi ended about 9 h. 37 m. after mean sunrise. Amanta : Saturday, 3 July, A.C. 1249 Sunday, 4 July, A.C. 1249 67. V. 1334-JPLS., No. 339, Bhiladiya image inscription Sam. 1334, Vaisakha, ba. di. 5, Budha V. 1334 current Caitradi : Purnimanta : Sunday, 5 April, A.C. 1276 Amanta : Monday, 4 May, A.C. 1276 V. 1334 expired Caitradi : (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Thursday, 25 March, A.C. 1277 Amanta : Saturday, 24 April, A.C. 1277 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #138
THE SOLANKI PERIOD V. 1334 expired Karttikadi : Purnimanta Wednesday, 13 April, A.C. 1278 The tithi ended about 14 h. 53 m. after mean sunrise. Amanta Suppressed between sunrise on Thursday, 12 May, A.C. 1278 and sunrise on Friday, 13 May, A C. 1278. 68. V. 1356-JDPLS,., Part i No. 1493, Viramgam image inscription Sam 1356, Vaisakha, ba, di. 12, Ravi V. 1356 current Caitradi: V. 1356 expired Caitradi : 121 Purnimanta : Wednesday, 9 April, A.C. 1298 Amanta Suppressed between sunrise on Thursday, 8 May, A.C. 1298 and sunrise on Friday, 9 May, A.C. 1298 V. 1356 expired Karttikadi : (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta: Monday, 30 March, A.C. 1299 Amanta Tuesday, 28 April, A.C. 1299 Purnimanta: Sunday, 17 April, A.C. 1300 The tithi ended about 8 h. 25 m. after mean sunrise. Amanta: Monday, 16 May, A.C. 1300 (B) Amanta Dates (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate Inscriptions 69. V. 1231-PO., Vol. I, No., 4, p. 40, Unjha stone inscription of Ajayapala Sam. 1231, Caitra, ba. di. 11, Guru For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #139
122 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1231 current Caitradi : Purnimanta : Sunday, 11 March, A.C. 1173 Amanta : Tuesday, 10 April, A.C. 1173 V. 1231 expired Caitradi : (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Friday, 1 March, A.C. 1174 Ainanta : Saturday, 30 March, A.C. 1174 V. 1231 expired Karttikadi : Caitra was intercalary. Purnimanta : Wednesday, 19 February, A.C. 1175 Amanta : First Caitra, ba. di. 11=Thursday 20 March, A.C. 1175 The tithi ended about 12 h. 5 m. after mean sunrise. Second Caitra, ba. di. 11 = Friday, 18 April, A.C. 1175 70. V. 1317-IA, Vol. VI, p. 210, Kadi copper-plate inscription of King Bhimadeva II Sam. 1317, Laukika Jyestha, ba. di. 4, Guru V. 1317 current Caitradi : Purnimanta : Monday, 12 May, A.C. 1259 Amanta : Tuesday, 10 June, A.C. 1259 V. 1317 expired Caitradi : (or current Karttikadi) Puraimanta : Friday, 30 April, A.C. 1260 Amanta : Sunday, 30 May, A.C. 1260 V. 1317 expired Karttikadi : Purnimanta : Wednesday, 20 April, A.C. 1261 Amanta : Thursday, 19 May, A.C. 1261 The tithi ended about 17 h. 3 m. after mean sunrise. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #140
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 123 (ii) Image inscriptions 71. V. 1215-JLS., No. 1723, p. 171, Khimat stone inscription Sam. 1215, Vaisakha, ba. di. 4, sukra V. 1215 current Caitradi : Purnimanta : Sundav, 31 March, A.C. 1157 Amanta : Tuesday, 30 April, A.C. 1157 V. 1215 expired Caitradi : (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Friday, 21 March, A.C. 1158 Amanta : Saturday, 19 April, A.C. 1158 V. 1215 expired Karttikadi : Purnimanta : Wednesday, 8 April, A.C. 1159 Amanta : Friday, 8 May, A.C. 1159 The tithi ended about 11 h. 24 m. after mean sunrise. 72. V. 1298-PJLS., No. 506, Patan image inscription Sam. 1298, Vaisakha, ba. di. 3, Sani V. 1298 current Caitradi : Purnimanta : Monday, 12 March, A.C. 1240 Amanta : Vaisakha was intercalary. First Vaisakha, ba. di. 3-Wednesday, 11 April, A.C. 1240 Second Vaisakha, ba. di. 3=Thursday, 10 May, A.C. 1240 V. 1298 expired Caitradi : (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Sunday, 31 March, A.C. 1241 Amanta : Monday, 29 April, A.C. 1241 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #141
124 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1298 expired Karttikadi : Purnimanta : Friday, 21 March, A.C. 1242 Amanta : Saturday, 19 April, A.C. 1242 The tithi ended about 12 h. 1 m. after mean sunrise. 73. V. 1315-PILS., Part ii, No. 555, Palanpur image inscription Sam. 1315 (?), Vaisakha, ba, di. 7, Guru (?) V. 1315 current Caitradi : Purnimanta : Saturday, 7 April, A.C. 1257 Amanta : Monday, 7 May, A.C. 1257 V. 1315 expired Caitradi : (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Wednesday, 27 March, A.C. 1258 Amanta : Friday, 26 April, A.C. 1258 V. 1315 expired Karttikadi : Purnimanta : Tuesday, 15 April, A.C. 1259 Amanta : Thursday, 15 May, A.C. 1259 The tithi ended about 6 h. 21 m. after mean sunrise. 74. V. 1316-JDPLS., Part ii, No. 300, Patan image inscription Sam. 1316, Vaisakha, ba. di. 11, Sukra V. 1316 current Caitradi : Purnimanta : Monday, 1 April, A.C. 1258 Amanta : Tuesday, 30 April, A.C. 1258 V. 1316 expired Caitradi : (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Saturday, 19 April, A.C. 1259 Amanta : Monday, 19 May, A.C. 1259 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #142
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 125 V. 1316 expired Karttikadi : Purnimanta : Thursday, 8 April, A.C. 1260 Amanta : Friday, 7 May, A.C. 1260 The tithi ended about 14 h. 2 m. after mean sunrise. 75. V. 1325-JDPLS., Part i, No. 649, Pamol image inscription Sam. 1325, Jyestha ba. di. lh Sani V. 1325 current Caitradi : Purnimanta : Monday, 11 April, A.C. 1267 Amanta : Jyestha was intercalary, First Jyestha, ba, di, 1 = Tuesday, 10 May, A.C. 1267 Second Jyestha, ba. di. l = Thursday, 9 June, A.C. 1267 V. 1325 expired Caitradi : (or current Karitikadi) Purnimanta : Sunday, 29 April, A.C. 1268 Amanta : Monday, 28 May, A.C. 1268 V. 1325 expired Karttikadi : Purnimanta : Friday, 19 April, A.C. 1269 Amanta : Saturday, 18 May, A.C. 1269 The tithi ended about 7 h. 33 m. after mean sunrise. 76. V. 1330-GV BV., p 50, Vijapur image inscription Sam. 1330, Caitra, ba. di. 7. Sani V. 1330 current Caitradi : Purnimanta : Monday, 22 February, A.C. 1272 Amanta : Wednesday, 23 March, A.C. 1272 V. 1330 expired Caitradi : (or current Karttikadi) For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #143
126 THE CHRNOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT Purnimanta : Sunday, 12 March, A.C, 1273 Amanta : Tuesday, 11 April, A.C. 1273 V. 1330 expired Karttikadi : Purnimanta : Thursday, 1 March, A.C. 1274 Amanta : Saturday, 31 March, A.C. 1274 The tithi ended about 11 h. 39 m. after mean sunrise. 77. V. 1344-JLS, Part ii. No. 2099, p. 281, Disa image inscription Sam. 1344, Jyestha, ba. di. 4, Sukra V. 1344 current Caitradi : Purnimanta : Monday, 13 May, A.C. 1286 Amania : Tuesday, 11 June, A C. 1286 V. 1344 expired Caitradi : (or current Kartrikadi) Purnimanta : Saturday, 3 May, A.C. 1287 Amanta : Monday, 1 June, A.C. 1287 V. 1344 expired Karttikadi : Purnimanta: Wednesday, 21 April, A.C. 1288 Amanta ; Friday, 21 May, A.C. 1288 The tithi ended about 1 h. 51 m. after mean sunrise. 78. V. 1349-PJLS., Part ii, No. 511, Patan image inscription. Sam. 1349, Caitra, ba di. 6, Ravi V. 1349 current Caitradi : Purnimanta : Wednesday, 21 February, A.C. 1291 Amanta : Thursday, 22 March, A.C. 1291 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #144
THF SOLANKI PERIOD V. 1349 expired Caitradi : (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta: Monday, 10 March, A.C. 1292 Amanta Wednesday, 9 April, A.C. 1292 V. 1349 expired Karttikadi : Purnimanta Saturday, 28 February, A.C. 1293 Amanta Sunday, 29 March, A.C. 1293 The tithi ended about 16 h, 54 m. after mean sunrise. (iii) Prasastis 79. V. 1274-JPPS, p. 115, No. 131, A Ms of Bhagavatisutravrtti copied at Prahladanpur 127 Sam 1274, Prathama Jyestha, ba. di. 7, Sukra V. 1274 expired Karttikadi : Amanta Jyestha was intercalary. First Jyestha, ba. di. 7, Friday, 18 May, A.C. 1218 The tithi ended about 12 h. 8 m. after mean sunrise. Second Jyestha, ba. di. 7 Saturday, 16 June. A C 1218 80. V. 1298-JPPS, No. 190, p. 123, A Ms of Haimavyakaranantargata-Taddhitaprakarana copied at [probably in Gujarat] Sam. 1298, Dvitiya Bhadrapada, ba. di. 7, Guru V. 1298 expired Karttikadi : Amanta Bhadrapada was intercalary. First Bhadrapada, ba. di. 7-Tuesday, 19 August, A.C. 1242 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #145
128 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT Second Bhadrapada, ba. di. 7=Thursday, . 18 September, A.C. 1242 The tithi ended about 6 h. 51 m. after mean sunrise. 81. V. 1357-JPPS., No. 232, p. 128, A Ms of Suyaga dangavstti copied at Vijapura Sam. 1327, Bhadrapada, ba. di. 2, Ravi V. 1327 current Caitradi : Purnimanta : Tuesday, 16 July, A.C. 1269 Amanta : Thursday. 15 August, A.C. 1669 V. 1327 expired Caitradi : (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Monday 4 August, A.C. 1270 Amanta : Wednesday, 3 September, A.C. 1270 V. 1327 expired Karttikadi : Purnimanta : Saturday, 25 July, A.C 1271 Amanta : Sunday, 23 August, A C. 1271 The tithi ended about 6 h. 51 in, after mean sunrise. (d) A Date which may be either a Purnimanta Date of a current year or an !manta Date of an expired year Prasasti 82. V. 1191-JPPS. No. 36, p. 103. A Ms of Avasyak aniryukti copied at Anahilapataka Sam. 1191, Phalguna, ba. di 1, Sani V. 1191 current, - Purnimanta : Saturday, 13 January, A.C. 1134 The tithi ended about 5 h. 39 m. after mean sunrise. Amanta : Sunday, 11 February, A.C. 1134 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #146
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 129 V. 1191 expired, - Purnimanta : Friday, 1 February, A.C. 1135 Amanta : Saturday, 2 March, A.C. 1135 The tithi ended about 17 h. 39 m. after mean sunrise. (e) Dates which may be either Purnimanta Dates of expired Caitradi years or Amanta Dates of expired Karttikadi years (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate Inscriptions 83. V. 1207-ARADBS., 1938, p. 14, Khandoran stone inscription Sam. 1207, Jyestha, ba. di. 12, Budha V. 1207 current Caitradi : Purnimanta : Friday, 6 May, A.C. 1149 Amanta : Saturday, 4 June, A C. 1149 V. 1207 expired Caitradi : (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Wednesday, 26, April, A.C. 1150 The tithi ended about 3. h. 15 m. after mean sunrise. Amanta : Thursday, 25 May, A.C. 11501 V. 1207 expired Karttikadi : Purnimanta : Tuesday, 15 May, A.C. 1151 1. Hirananda Sastri equates the given date with Wednesday, 24 May, A.C. 1150 ( A.R. ADBS., 1937-36, p. 14). But the given tithi commenced as late as 13 h. 5 m. after mean suorise on that day. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #147
130 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT Amanta : Wednesday, 13 June, A.C. 1151 The tithi ended about 10 h. 12 m. after mean sunrise. (ii) Image Inscriptions 84. V. 1353-PLS., Part 1, No. 51, Jotana image inscription Sam. 1353 Vaisakha, ba.di. 9, Guru V. 1353 current Caitradi : Purnimanta : Saturday, 9 April, A.C. 1295 Amanta : Monday, 9 May, A.C. 1295 V. 1353 expired Caitradi : (or current Karttikadi , Purnimanta : Thursday, 29 March, A.C. 1296 The tithi ended about 6 h. 8 m. after mean sunrise Amanta : Friday, 27 April, AC 1296 V. 1353 expired Karttikadi : Purnimanta : Wednesday, 17 April, A.C. 1297 Amanta : Thursday, 16 May, A.C. 1297 The tithi ended about 14 h. 3 m. after mean sunrise. (f) A Date which may be either Purnimanta Date of an expired Caitradi Year or an Amanta Date of an expired Karttikadi Year Image Inscription 85. V. 1326-JDPLS., Part 1, Nos. 462, 63, Ladol image inscription Sam. 1326, Caitra, ba. di. 12, Sukra V. 1326 current Caitradi : Purnimanta : Monday, 12 March, A.C. 1268 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #148
THE SOLANKI PERIOD The tithi ended about 9 h. 15 m. after mean sunrise. Tuesday, 10 April, A.C. 1268 Amanta V. 1326 expired Caitradi : (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta: Friday, 1 March, A.C. 1269 Amanta: Saturday, 30 March, A C. 1269 V. 1326 expired Karttikadi : Purnimanta: Thursday, 20 March, A.C. 1270 Amanta Friday, 18 April, A.C, 1270 The tithi ended 18 h. 36 m. after mean sunrise. ADDENDUM Dates in the months Caitra to Asvina (a) Dates in current Caitradi Years Image Inscriptions 86. V. 1331-PJLS., Part ii, No. 498, p. 313, Sanakhalpur image inscription Sam 1331, Vaisakha, su.di. 15, Budha V. 1331 current Caitradi: Wednesday, 3 May, A.C. 1273 The tithi ended about 14 h. 17 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1331-expired Caitradi (or current Karttikadi) V. 1331 expired Karttikadi: 131 Dates in expired Karttikadi Years Prasastis Sunday, 22 April, A.C. 1274 Thursday, 11 April, A.C. 1275 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #149
132 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT 87. V. 1315-CPMSJBC., No. 46, p. 73, A Ms of Prthvicandrasuri's Kalpasutratippanaka (Paryusanakalpatippanaka) copied at Sallaksanapura Sam. 1315, Dvitiya Caitra, su.di. 6, Soma V. 1315 expired Karttikadi : Caitra was intercalary. First Caitra, su.di. 6 : Sunday, 2 March, A.C. 1259 Second Caitra, su.di. 6: Monday,31 March, A.C. 1259 The tithi ended about 18 h. 51 m. after mean sunrise. Dates in Dark Fortnights Dates in the months Karttika to Phalguna Dates jo expired Years Amanta Dates Image Inscriptions 88. V. 1 [2795-HIG, No. 248, Dilmal image inscription Sam. 1 [2] 95, Pausa, ba. di. 6, Guru V. 1295 current, Purnimanta : Friday, 11 December, A.C. 1237 Amanta : Sunday, 10 January, A.C. 1238 V. 1295 expired, Purnimanta : Tuesday, 30 November, A.C 1238 Amanta : Thursday, 30 December, A.C. 1238 The tithi ended about 11 h. 10 m. after mean sunrise. 2. Dates in the months Caitra to Asvina (a) Dates in expired Caitradi or current Karttikadi Years For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #150
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 89. V. (A) Purnimanta Dates Image Inscriptions 1310-PJLS., Part ii. No. 494, p. 312, Sanakhal pur image inscription Sam. 1310, Caitra, ba. di. 13, Guru V. 1310 current Caitradi : 133 Purnimanta: Saturday, 9 March, A.C. 1252 Amanta Monday, 8 April, A.C. 1252 V. 1310 expired Caitradi : (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta: Thursday, 27 February, A.C. 1253 The tithi ended about 13 h. 20 m. after mean sunrise. Amanta: Suppressed between sunrise on Friday, 28 March. A.C. 1253 and sunrise on the next day. V. 1310 expired Karttikadi : Purnimanta Wednesday, 18 March, A C. 1254 Amanta : Suppressed between sunrise on Thursday, 16 April, A.C. 1254 and sunrise on the next day. The given tithi would correspond to Thursday, 27 February, A C. 1253 according to the expired Caitradi Purnimanta system or better to Thursday, 16 April, A.C. 1254, according to expired Karttikadi Amanta system. In the latter case the given tithi was suppressed between sunrise on 16 April and sunrise on 17 April, both on the basis of mean sunrise and even local sunrise. However, on calculating according to the Brahma Siddhanta, the given tithi is found to have already For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #151
134 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT commenced about 1h. 40 m. before local sunrise on Thursday, 16 April. Thus the given tithi regularly belongs to Thursday according to the Brahma Siddhanta. Amanta Dates Image Inscriptions 90. V. 1338-PJLS., Part ii, No. 486, Sanakhalpur image inscription Sam. 1338, Jyestha, ba. di. 2, Sukra V. 1338 current Caitradi : Purnimanta: Thursday, 18 April, A.C. 1280 Amanta : Friday, 17 May, A.C. 1280 The tithi ended about 21 h. 58 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1338 expired Caitradi : (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Wednesday, 7 May, A.C. 1281 Amanta : Thursday, 5 June, A.C. 1281 V. 1338 expired Karttikadi : Purnimanta : Sunday, 26 April, A C. 1282 Amanta : Tuesday, 26 May, A.C. 1282 Dates in expired Karttikadi Years : Purnimanta Dates Image Inscription 91. V. 1198-JDPLS., Part i, No. 1498, p. 260, Viramgam image inscription Sam. 1198, Vaisakha, ba. di. 5, Budha V. 1198 current Caitradi : Purnimanta : Tuesday, 9 April, A.C. 1140 Amanta : Thursday, 9 May, A.C. 1140 For Personal & Private Use Only

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THF SOLANKI PERIOD 133 V. 1198 expired Caitradi : (or current Karttikadi) Puraimanta : Saturday, 29 March, A.C. 1141 Amanta : Monday, 28 April, A.C. 1141 V. 1198 expired Karttikadi : Purnimanta : Wednesday, 18 March, A C. 1142 The tithi ended about 14 h. 32 m. after mean sunrise. Amanta : Friday, 17 April, A.C. 1142 Amanta Dates Image Inscriptions 92. V. 1349-PJLS., Part ii, No. 473, p. 307, Sankhalpur image inscription Sam. 1349, Caitra, ba. di. 6, Ravi V. 1349 current Caitradi : Purnimanta : Wednesday, 21 February, A.C. 1291 Amanta : Thursday, 22 March, A.C. 1291 V. 1349 expired Caitradi :. (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Monday, 10 March, A.C. 1292 Amanta : Wednesday, 9 April, A.C. 1292 V. 1349 expired Karttikadi : Purnimanta : Saturday, 28 February, A.C. 1293 Amanta : Sunday, 29 March, A.C. 1293 The tithi ended about 16 h. 56 m. after mean sunrise. For Personal & Private Use Only

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136 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT 2. Irregular Dates (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate Inscriptions 93. V. 1140-JOI, Vol. II, p. 364, Ladol copper-plate inscription of King Karnadeva I Sam. 1140, Pausa, ba. di. 14, Soma Uttarayanaparvan V. 1140 current, - Purnimanta : Wednesday, 21 December, - A.C. 1082 Amanta : Thursday, 19 January, A.C. 1083 V. 1140 expired, - Purnimanta : Suppressed between sunrise on Sunday, 10 December A.C. 1083 and sunrise on the next day Amanta : Tuesday, 9 January, A.C. 1084 The given tithi does not agree with the given weekday according to any of the four systems mentioned above. The given date would correspond to Monday, 8 January, A.C. 1184, on assuming that the week-day was joined with the new tithi which commenced on it rather than with the tithi which was current at sunrise. But as H. G. Shastri observes, the Uttarayana parvan fell on 25 December, A.C. 1083, according to the Makarasaskranti of expired V.S. 1140, and this day corresponds to the 14th tithi of the bright-half of the Pausa. On this account he assumes that the grant was issued 15 days later than the Parvan on which it was made (JOI, II, 366 ). For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #154
TTE SOLANKI PERIOD 137 Alternatively, it may be suggested that the fortnight ba.di. mentioned in the given date is erroneous and should be corrected into su.di. The tithi would, then, tally with the Uttarayana parvan as well as the week-day. 94. V. 1156-JOI, Vol. II, p. 366, Ladol copper-plate inscription of King Jayasimha Sam 1156, Asadha, su.di. 15, Soma, Asadhiparvan V. 1156 current Caitradi : Wednesday, 16 June, A.C. 1098 V. 1156 expired Caitradi : Tuesday, 5 July, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1099 V. 1156 expired Karttikadi : Saturday, 23 June, A.C. 1100 As the given date does not tally with any of these three dates, it may be suggested that the given date should be ascribed to Monday, 4 July, A.C. 1099 by assuming that the week-day was connected with the new tithi which commenced on it. The 15th tithi which marked Asadhiparvan commenced 3 h. 58 m. after mean sunrise. * 95. V. 1184-HIG. Part iii, No. 143 A, Sunsar copper plate inscription of King Jayasimha Sam. 1184, Caitra, su.di. 15, Soma V. 1184 current Caitradi : Wednesday, 10 March, A.C. 1126 V. 1184 expired Caitradi : Suppressed between (or current Karttikadi) sunrise on Tuesday 29 March, A.C. 1127 and sunrise on the next day. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #155
138 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1184 expired Karttikadi : Sunday, 18 March, A.C. 1128 The given date does not agree with any of these three dates. The assumption made in the case of the two dates discussed above may be applied to the day preceding Tuesday, 29 March, A.C. 1127, but the grant has proved to be a forged one on several grounds. ( Vide R.C. Modi, Buddhiprakash, Vol XCI, p. 20.) * 96. V. 1193-HIG, Part iii, No. 143 B, Sunsar copper plate inscription of King Jayasimhadeva Sam 1193, Phalguna, ba. di. 7, Bhauma Makarasamkrantiparvan V. 1193 current, Purnimanta : Monday, 27 January, A.C. 1136 Amanta : Tuesday, 25 February, A.C. 1136 V. 1193 expired,Purnimanta : Saturday, 16 January, A.C. 1137 Amanta : Sunday, 14 February, A.C. 1137 The given tithi does not tally with the given week-day according to any of the four systems in expired V.S 1193. But the difficulty can be solved by taking the given year current and applying the date to the Caitradi Amanta system. However, as Shri R.C. Modi observes, it is impossible to accept the Makarasamkrantiparvan in Phalguna and, hence, this grant inust be taken to be forged like the former one with which it was discovered (Ibid., p. 20). For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE SOLANKI PERIOD 139 *97. V. 1201-HIG.. Part iii, No. 144 E. Sunsar copper plate inscription of King Kumarapala Sam. 1201, Pausa, su.di, 2, Sani V. 1201 current : Friday, 10 December, A C. 1143 V. 1201 expired : Tuesday, 28 November, A.C. 1144 The given date does not hold good As noticed by Shri R. C. Modi, this grant, too, is a forged one, like the two above grants found with it. (Vide R.C. Modi, Buddhiprakash, XCI, pp. 20 f.). 98. V. 1208-HIG., Part ii, No. 147, Vadnagar stone inscription of King Kumarapala Sam. 1208, Asvina, su.di [5], Guru V. 1208 current Caitradi : Wednesday, 27 Sept ember, A.C. 1150 V. 1208 expired Caitradi : Sunday, 16 September, (or current Karttikadi) A.C. 1151 V. 1208 expired Karttikadi : Friday, 5 September, A.C. 1152 If the probable reading be accepted, it appears that the given day may correspond to Thursday, 4 September, A.C. 1152, but on this day the 5th tithi commenced 11 h. 12 m. after mean sunrise. 99. V. 1232-IIBS., 1, No. 71, HIG., Part iji, No. 157 B, Brahmanvada copper-plate inscription of King Mularaja II Sam. 1232, Caitra, su,di. 11, Soma V. 1232 current Caitradi (Friday, 15 March, A.C. 1174 Saturday, 16 March A.C. 1174 For Personal & Private Use Only

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140 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1232 expired Caitradi : Caitra was intercalary. (or current Karttikadi ) First Caitra, su. di. 11=Wednesday, 5 March, A.C. 1175 Second Caitra su, di. 11=Thursday, 3 April, A.C. 1175 V. 1232 expired Karttikadi : Suppressed between sunrise on Monday 22 March A.C. 1176 and sunrise on the next day. The given day obviously corresponds to Monday, 22 March, A.C. 1176. The tithi 11 commenced about 34 m. 7 sc, after local sunrise on that day according to the Surya Siddhanta, but according to the Brahma Siddhanta it commenced about 52 m, 51 sc, before local sunrise on that day. Thus the date holds good according to the Brahma Siddhanta in regular course. 100. V. 1267-1A., Vol. VI, p. 201, Kadi copper Plate inscription of King Bhimadeva II Sam. 1287, Asadha, su.di. 8, Sukra V. 1287 current Caitradi : Saturday, 30 June, A.C. 1229 V. 1287 expired Caitradi : Wednesday, 19 June, (or current Karttikadi) A.C. 1230 V. 1287 expired Karttikadi : Monday, 9 June, A.C. 1231 The given day does not correspond to any of the dates mentioned above. The day preceding Saturday, 30 June, A.C. 1229 would also not fit For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE SOLANKI PERIOD 141 in, as the 8th tithi commenced about 15 h. after mean sunrise i.e. after sunse not the day. Kiclhorn has suggested to take the year as V. 1289 expired and equate the date with Friday, 17 June A.C. 1233 (IA. XIX 369). As the date is given in words as well as figures there is little doubt about its reading. Hence, it is certain that some of the given details of the date is incorrect. It may more probably, apply to the tithi or the week-day rather than the year. 101. V. 1288-IA., Vol. VI, p. 203, Kadi copper-plate inscription of King Bhimadeva II Sam. 1288, Bhadrapada su. di. 1, Soma V. 1288 current Caitradi : Suppressed between sunrise on Saturday, 10 August, A.C. 1230 and sunrise on the next day, V. 1288 expired Caitradi : Thursday, 31 July, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1231 V. 1288 expired Karttikadi : Wednesday, 18 August, A C. 1232 The givn tithi does not correspond to any of the dates mentioned above. Kielhorn has suggested to take the year as V. 1289 expired and equate the date with Monday, 8 August, A.C. 1233 (Ibid, p. 366). As the reading of the date is definite, there seems to be some scribal error in the given date, probably in the tithi or the week-day rather than the year as suggested by Kielhorn. Presumably Some may be For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #159
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT corrected into Saumye. The date would then apply to the expired Karttikadi year. 142 102. V. 1295-IA., Vol. VI. p 205, Kadi copper-plate inscription of King Bhimadeva II Sam. 1295, Margasirsa, su. di. 14, Guru V. 1295 current: Wednesday, 2 December, A.C. 1237 V 1295 expired: Monday, 22 November, A.C. 1238 The given day does not correspond to any of the dates mentioned above. Kielhorn has suggested to take the given year as either V. 1293 expired or V. 1297 expired and equate the date with either Thursday, 13 November, A.C. 1236 or Thursday, 29 November, A.C. 1240. Here, also there seems to be some error in the given date. Probably, the scribe committed some error in the tithi or week-day rather than the year. Presumably the tithi 14 may be corrected into 10. It may then apply to the expired system. 103. V. 1299-IA., Vol. VI, p. 208, Kadi copper-plate inscription of King Tribhuvanapaladeva Sam 1299, Caitra, su. di. 6, Soma..... Phagana-Amavasya, Surya grahana parvan V. 1299 current Caitradi: Wednesday, 20 March, A.C. 1241 V. 1299 expired Caitradi: Sunday, 9 March, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1242 V. 1299 expired Karttikadi: Saturday, 28 March, A.C. 1243 For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE SOLANKI PERIOD 143 None of the three possible years, therefore, yields the desired week-day. As regards the other item of the date, there was no solar eclipse in the month Phalguna (of V. 1299 current Caitradi or expired Caitradi) either Purnimanta or Amanta, which immediately preceded the 20th March, A.C. 1241 and the 9th March, A.C. 1242, but there was a solar eclipse on the new-moon day of the Amanta Phalguna (of V. 1299 expired Karttikadi immediately preceding the 28th March, A.C. 1243. This eclipse took place on Sunday, 22 March, A.C. 1243, 2 h. 2 m. Greenwich time, or, at Ujjain 1 h. 5 m. after mean sunrise. Kielhorn, therefore, remarks that there can be no doubt that some at least of the recorded details of this date are incorrect; and the probabilities are that the eclipse, has been rightly quoted, but that either the tithi of Caitra referred to in the date was really the 8th or a week-day a Saturday. In the former case the proper equivalent of the date would be, Monday, 30 March, A.C. 1243, in the latter, Saturday, 28 March of the same year (Ibid., p. 372). 104. V. V. 1348-IA, Vol. 41, p. 20, Anavada stone inscription of King Sarangadeva Sam. 1348, Asadha, su, di. 13, Ravi V. 1348 current Caitradi : Thursday, 22 June, A.C. 1290 V. 1348 expired Caitradi : Asadha was intercalary. (or current Karttikadi) First Asauha, su, di. 13-Monday, 11, June, A.C. 1291 For Personal & Private Use Only

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144 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT Second Asadha, su. di. 13=Tuesday, 10 July, A.C. 1291 V. 1348 expired Karttikadi : Saturday, 28 June, A.C. 1292 According to Pillai's Tables based on Surya Siddhanta, the given tithi ended about 23 h. 24 m. after mean sunrise on Saturday, 28th June. On calculation the true ending moment of the tithi is found to be 5 h. 52 m. 12 se, A.M. on the next date (29th June), while the true local sunrise occurred at 6 h. 7 m. 11 se. on that day. It means that the given tithi ended before the sunrise on Sunday, i.e. on Saturday. On calculating according to the Brahma Siddhanta, it is found that the given tithi ended about 20 h. 11 m. after mean sunrise on Saturday, and that the true ending moment of the tithi is 4 h 39 m. 12 se. A.M. on Sunday. This means that the tithi ended even earlier, However, on calculating according to the process given by Pillai,' the given tithi is found to have ended about 23 h. 51 m. after mean sunrise. On further calculation the true ending moment of the tithi is found to be 6 h. 19 m. 12 s. A.M. on Sunday i.e. about 12 m. after the true local sunrise. Thus the given tithi falls on the given week-day according to the Surya Siddhanta where we calculate the true ending moment of the tithi and the true local sunrise. (ii) Image Inscription 105 V. 1126-JTSS., Vol 1, Part i, p. 46, Jamanpur image inscription Sam. 1126, Vaisakh, ba. di. 11, Sani 1. Pillai, IE, Vol. I, Part i, pp. 153 ff. For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE SOLANKI PERIOD 145 V. 1126 current Caitradi : Purnimanta : Tuesday, 1 April, A.C. 1068 Amanta : Wednesday, 30 April, A.C. 1068 V. 1126 expired Caitradi : (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Suppressed between sunrise on Saturday, 21 March, A.C. 1069 and sunrise on the next day. Amanta : Monday, 20 April, A.C. 1069 V. 1126 expired Karttikadi : Purnimanta : Friday, 9 April, A.C. 1070 Amanta : Sunday, 9 May, A.C. 1070 The given date would most probably correspond to Saturday, 21 March, A.C. 1069. The given tithi commenced about 59 m. after local sunrise on that day according to the Surya Siddhanta, but it commenced about 39 m. 49 se. before local sunrise according to the Brahma Siddhanta. Accordingly, it would apyly to the given week-day in regular course. 106. V. 1188-JDPLS., No. 286, Patan image inscription Sam. 1188, Phalguna, su. di. 2, Sukra V. 1188 current : Sunday, 1 February, A.C. 1131 V. 1181 expired : Saturday, 20 February, A.C. 1132 The given date may correspond to Friday, 19 February, A.C. 1132, if it was ascribed to the week-day on which it commenced. But the given tithi commenced as late as about 17 h. 24 m. after mean sunrise. It is, therefore, probable that the true tithi was 1 instead of 10 For Personal & Private Use Only

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146 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT 2. In that case it would apply to the given week-day in regular course. 107. V. 1210-PLS., No, 12, Mandal image inscription Sam. 1210, Magha, su, di. 8, Guru V, 1210 current : Monday, 5 January, A.C. 1153 V. 1210 expired: IN S Saturday, 23 January, A.C. 1154 Sa 4.7 Sunday, 24 January, A.C. 1154 As the given date does not hold good according to either system, it is obvious that some particular is recorded or read erroneously. Presumably, true date may be either su. di. 6, Guru or su. di. 8, Sani (or Ravi). In that case it would correspond to either Thursday, 21 January, A.C. 1154 or Sunday, 23 January, A.C. 1154 (or even Sunday, 26 January, A.C. 1154) 108. V. 1211-JDPLS., Part i, No. 505, Visnagar image inscription Sam 1211, Vaisakha, ba. di. 2, Budha V. 1211 current CaitradiPurnimanta : Suppressed between sunrise Friday, 13 March, A.C. 1153 and sunrise on the next day. Amanta : Sunday, 12 April, A.C 1153 V. 1211 expired Caitradi : (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Friday, 2 April, A.C. 1154 Amanta : Saturday, 1 May, A.C, 1154 V, 1211 expired Karttikadi : Purnimanta : Tuesday, 22 March, A.C. 1155 Amanta : Thursday April, A.C. 1155 For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE SOLANKI PERIOD 147 The given date is proximate to Thursday, 21 April, A.C. 1155. It would, therefore, correspond to the preceding day. But the given tithi commenced about 3 h. 27 m. after local sunrise according to the Surya Siddhanta, and about 1 h. 58 m. after local sunrise according to the Brahma Siddhanta. Hence it must be taken as ascribed to the week-day on which it commenced. 109. V. 1235-Ann. Rep. ADBS., 1939, Appe. B, No. 10, Pamol image inscription Sam. 1235, Vaisakha 3, Budha (i) Sam. 1235, Vaisakha (su ?) di. 3, Budha V, 1235 current Caitradi : Sunday, 3 April, A C. 1177 V. 1235 expired Caitradi : Saturday, 22 April, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1178 V. 1235 expired Karttikadi : Thursday, 12 April, A.C. 1179 (ii) Sam. 1235, Vaisakh (ba ?) di. 3, Budha V. 1235 current Caitradi : Purnimanta : Saturday, 19 March, A.C. 1177 Amanta : Sunday, 17 April, A.C. 1177 V. 1235 expired Caitradi : (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Friday, 7 April, A.C. 1178 Amanta : Saturday, 6 May, A.C. 1178 V. 1235 expired Karttikadi : Purnimanta : Tuesday, 27 March, A.C. 1179 Amanta : Suppressed between sunrise on Wednesday 25, April, A.C. 1179 and suprise on the next day. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #165
148 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT * Unfortunately, the fortnight is not recorded or noticed. On applying the given tithi to the bright fortnight, it is found that, it can be applied to the given week-day, if it be taken as ascribed to the week-day on which it commenced.' On applying the given tithi to the dark fortnight, it is found that it applies to the given week-day regularly according to the Brahma Siddhanta, as it commenced about 30 m. 35 se, before local sunrise on Wednesday, 25 April, A.C. 1179.2 110. V. 1241-JLPLS., Part i. No. 174, Unja image inscription Sam. 1241, Vaisakha, su. di. 10, Sukra V. 1241 current Caitradi : Vaisakha was intercalary. First Vaisakha, su. di. 10=Monday, 4 April, A.C. 1183 Second Vaisakh, su. di. 10 = Wednesday, 4 May, A.C. 1183 V. 1241 expired Caitradi : Sunday, 22 April, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1184 V. 1241 expired Karttikadi : Thursday, 11 April, A C. 1185 The given date does not correspond to any of the dates mentioned above. It is, therefore, evident that some particular in it is recorded or read wrongly. Probably the given tithi referred to the dark fortnight rather than the bright fortnight. Accordingly, Sam 1241, 1 It commenced about 1 h. 20 m. after mean sunrise on Wednes day, 11 April, A.C. 1179. 2 According to the Surya Siddhanta it commenced about 58 m. 27 se. after local sunrise on that day. For Personal & Private Use Only

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THF SOLANKI PERIOD 149 Vaisakha, ba. di. 10, Sukra would correspond to Friday, 26 April, A.C. 1185 according to the expired Karttikadi system 111. V. 1252-JDPLS., Part i, No. 656, p. 114, Gavada image inscription Sam. 1252, Magha, ba.di. 5, Sukra V. 1252 current, Purnimanta : Monday, 2 January, A.C. 1195 Amanta : Wednesday, 1 February, A.C. 1195 V. 1252 expired, - Purnimanta : Saturday, 23 December, A.C. 1195 Amanta : Sunday, 21 January, A.C. 1196 The given date is proximate to Saturday, 23 December, A.C. 1195. The given tithi would tally with the given week day, if it was joined with the previous week-day on which it commenced. It commenced about 11 h. 10 m. after mean sunrise on Friday, 22 December, A.C. 1195. 112. V. 1276-JDPLS., Part i, No. 1487, Viramgam image inscription Sam 1276, Phalguna, su.di. 2, Sani V. 1276 current : Monday, 18 February, A.C. 1219 V. 1276 expired : Friday 7, February, A.C. 1220 The given week-day does not correspond to any of the equivalent dates mentioned above. But it is nearest to Friday, 7 February, A.C. 1220. On calculation it is found, that the given tithi ended more than 19 hours after sunrise according to the Surya Siddhanta and the Brahma Siddhanta, on Friday, February 7, For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #167
150 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT A.C. 1220 while it was current at sunrise on the next day according to the inscription. Perhaps, the figure of the tithi in the inscription may be 3 instead of 2. In that case the tithi would fall on Saturday as mentioned in the inscription. 113. V. 1285-JSP., Vol. I, Part IX, p. 271, Palanpur image inscription Sam. 1285, Caitra, ba. di. 12, Sukra V. 1285 current Caitradi: Purnimanta: Tuesday, 16 March, A.C. 1227 Amanta Wednesday, 14 April, A.C. 1227 V. 1285 expired Caitradi : (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta: Sunday, 5 March, A.C. 1228 Amanta Monday, 3 April, A.C. 1228 V. 1285 expired Karttikadi : Purnimanta Thursday, 22 February, A.C. 1229 Amanta Saturday, 24 March, A.C. 1229 The given tithi is proximate to Saturday, 24 March, A.C. 1229. It is, therefore, probable that the given tithi was ascribed to the previous day on which it commenced. It commenced about 2 h. 30 m. after local sunrise according to the Surya Siddhanta and 53 m. 5 se. after local surise according to the Brahma Siddhanta on Friday. 114. V. 1292-JDPLS., Part i, No. 81, Gambhu image inscription Sam. 1292, Jyestha, su. di. 8, Sani V. 1292 current Caitradi: Monday, 8 May. A.C. 1234 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #168
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 151 V. 1292 expired Caitradi : Sunday, 27 May, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1235 V. 1292 expired Karttikadi : Thursday, 15 May, A.C. 1236 The given tithi does not tally with the given weekday on any of the three dates mentioned above. But it is nearest to Sunday, 27 May, A.C. 1235. On calculation it is found, that the given tithi ends few minutes after true sunrise on Sunday even according to the Brahma Siddhanta. It may, therefore, be suggested that the tithi mentioned here is the tithi which commenced on the given week-day and was current at the time of the Pratistha and not the tithi that was current at sunrise on the given day. 115. V. 1287-JDPLS., Pari i, No. 580, Vadnagar image inscription Sam. 1297, Caitra, ba. di. 5, Soma V. 1297 current Caitradi : Purnimanta : Thursday 24 February, A.C. 1239 Amanta : Saturday, 26 March, A.C. 1239 V. 1297 expired Caitradi : (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : suppressed between sunrise on Monday, 13 February, A.C. 1240 and sunrise on the next day Amanta : Wednesday, 14 March, A.C. 1240 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #169
152 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1297 expired Karttikadi : Purnimanta : suppressed between sunrise on Sunday, 3 March, A.C. 1241 and sunrise on the next day Amanta : Tuesday, 2 April, A.C. 1241 The given date would correspond to the given week-day according to the expired Caitradi Parnimanta system. But the given tithi is found to be suppressed according to local sunrise as well as mean sunrise in the Surya Siddhanta. But according to the Brahma Siddhanta it commenced 46 m. 42 se. before local sunrise and would, therefore, apply to the given weekday. However, it is probable that the year was Karttikadi rather than Caitradi. In that case the given date would correspond to Monday, 1 April, A.C. 1241. But as it commenced about 11 h. after mean sunrise on that day, it may be taken as ascribed to the previous week-day on which it commenced. 116. V. 1300-JDPLS., Part i, No. 514, Visnagar image inscription Sam. 1300 Jyestha, su, di. 5, Guru V. 1300 current Caitradi : Tuesday, 6 May, A.C. 1242 V. 1300 expired Caitradi : Monday, 25 May, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1243 V. 1300 expired Karttikadi : Friday, 13 May, A.C. 1244 The week-day of this date does not correspond to any of the equivalent dates mentioned above. According For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #170
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 153 to the expired Karttikadi system the given tithi fell on the next day, i.e. Friday, 13 May, A.C. 1244. On calculation, it is found that the given tithi ended very late after true sunrise on Friday according to the Surya Siddhanta and the Brahma Siddhanta. Probably the tithi is here related to the week-day on which it commenced. The given tithi commenced at about 14 h. 32 m. after mean sunrise on Thursday, 12 May, A.C. 1244. 117. V. 1302-PJLS., Part ii, No. 469, p. 307, Sankhal pur image inscription Sam. 1302, Jyestha, ba. di, 2, Guru V. 1302 current Caitradi : Purnimanta : Tuesday, 26 April, A.C. 1244 Amanta : Wednesday, 25 May, A.C. 1244 V. 1302 expired Caitradi : (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Saturday, 15 April, A.C. 1245 Amanta : Monday, 15 May, A.C. 1245 V. 1302 expired Karttikadi : Purnimanta : Friday, 4 May, A.C. 1246 Amanta : Sunday, 3 June, A.C. 1246 The given tithi would correspond to Thursday, 3 May, A.C. 1246, if the tithi was ascribed to the weekday on which it commenced. It commenced about 13 h. 48 m. after mean sunrise on Thursday. 118. V. 1309-JSP., Year 2, Vol. VI, p. 385, Rantej image inscription Sam. 1309, Vaisakha, su. di. 3, Guru V. 1309 current Caitradi : Tuesday, 25 April, A.C. 1251 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #171
154 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1309 expired Caitradi : Saturday, 13 April, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1252 V. 1309 expired Karttikadi : Wednesday, 2 April, A.C. 1253 As none of the dates mentioned above yields the given week-day, it is obvious that some particular in the given date is recorded or read incorrectly. Presumably, the tithi 3 may be corrected into 1. Accordingly, it would correspond to Thursday, 11 April, A.C. 1252. 119. V. 1330-PJLS., Part ii, No. 490, p. 311, 5 Sanakhal pur image inscription Sam. 1330 Caitra, su. di. 7, Sani V. 1330 current Caitradi : Monday, 7 March, A.C. 1272 V. 1330 expired Caitradi : Sunday, 26 March, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1273 V. 1330 expired Karttikadi : Friday, 16 March, A.C. 1274 The given tithi cannot be ascribed to the given week-day according to any system as mentioned above. If we suppose that it was ascribed to the week-day on which it commenced, it may be noted that it coinmenced as late as about 20 h. 46 m. after mean sunrise on Saturday, 25 March, A.C. 1273. It is, therefore, more probable that some particular in the given date is erroneous. Possibly, the week-day is misread and may be corrected into 'Ravau'. Accordingly, the given date would correspond to Sunday, 26 March, A.C. 1273. 120. V. 1334-GVBC, p. 69, Vijapur image inscription Sam. 1334, Jyestha, su. di. 3, Budha For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #172
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 155 V. 1334 current Caitradi : Monday, 18 May, A.C. 1276 V. 1334 expired Caitradi : Friday, 7 May, A.C. 1277 (or current Karttikadi) V. 1334 expired Karttikadi : Thursday, 28 May, A.C. 1278 The given date is proximate to 28 May, A.C. 1278, the week-day of the latter being one day later than the given week-day. The given tithi ended more than 7 hours according to the Brahma Siddhanta and 8 hours according to the Surya Siddhanta. The given tithi should, therefore, be taken as that which commenced on the given week-day rather than that which was current at sunrise on that day. 121. V. 1334-JDPLS., Part i, No. Viramgam Image inscription Sam. 1334, Jyestha, ba. di. 2, Soma V. 1334 current Caitradi : Purnimanta : Friday, 1 May, A.C. 1276 Amanta : Sunday, 31 May, A.C. 1276 V. 1334 expired Caitradi : (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Wednesday, 21 April, A.C. 1277 Amanta : Thursday, 20 May, A.C. 1277 V. 1334 expired Karttikadi : Purnimanta : Tuesday, 10 May, A.C. 1278 Amanta : Wednesday, 8 June, A.C. 1278 The given date falls nearest to Tuesday, 10 May, For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #173
156 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT A.C. 1278. The given tithi ended more than three hours later according to the Brahma Siddhanta and 5 hours later according to the Surya Siddhanta after sunrise on Tuesday. The tithi, therefore, seems to be that which commenced on Monday rather than that which was current at sunrise on that day. 122. V. 1335-JDPLS., Parti, No. 456, Ladol image inscription Sam. 1335, Caitra, ba. di. 5, Ravi V. 1335 current Caitradi : Purnimanta : Wednesday, 24 February, A.C. 1277 Amanta : Thursday, 25 March, A.C. 1277 V. 1335 expired Caitradi, : (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Tuesday, 15 March, A.C. 1278 Amanta : Wednesday, 13 April, A.C. 1278 V. 1335 expired Karttikadi : Puraimanta : Suppressed between sunrise on Saturday 4, March, A.C. 1279 andsunrise on the next day. Amanta : Monday, 3 April, A.C. 1279 The given tithi would fall on Sunday, 2 April, A.C. 1279, i.e. on the given week-day, only if it be taken as connected with the week-day on which in commenced. It commenced about 10 h. 12 m. after mean sunrise. (iii) Prasastis 123. V. 1164-PJLS., No. 14, p. 100, A date of composi tion of the work Jivasamasavrtti of For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #174
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 157 Maladhari Hemacandra, written at Anahilapataka Sam. 1164, Caitra, su. di. 4, soma V. 1164 current Caitradi : Sunday, 11 March, A.C. 1106 V. 1164 expired Caitradi : Thursday, 28 February 1107 (or current Karttikadi) V. 1164 expired Karttikadi : Wednesday, 18 March A.C. 1108 As the given date does not fit in with any of the dates mentioned above it is obvious that some particular in it is recorded or read incorrectly. The correct date may presumably be read as either su, di. 4, Saumya A.C. or su.di. 8, Soma. Accordingly, it would correspond to Wednesday, 18 March, A.C. 1108 or Monday, 4 March, A.C. 1107 respectively. 124. V. 1185-JPPS.. No. 27, p. 102, A Ms of Antagada dasa copied at Asahilapaspa]taka Sam. 1185, Jyestha, su.di. 12, Sukra V. 1185 current Caitradi : Tuesday, 24 May, A.C. 1127 V. 1185 expired Caitradi : Sunday, 13 May, A C. (or current Karttikadi) 1128 V. 1185 expired Karttikadi : Saturday, 1 June, A.C. 1129 The given date may correspond to Friday, 31 May, A.C. 1129. But the given tithi commenced as late as about 10 h. 55 m. after mean suorise. Probably, the correct date would be 11 rather than 12. In that case the date would prove to be regular. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #175
158 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT 125. V. 1186-JPPS., No. 31, p. 102, A Ms of Upasakadasacurni copied at Anahilavada Sam. 1186, Asvina, su di. 3, Soma V. 1186 current Caitradi: Asvina was intercalary First Asvina, su.di. 3=Thursday, 30 August, A.C. 1128 Second Asvina, su.di. 3-Suppressed between sunrise on Friday 28, September A.C. 1128 and sunrise on the next day V. 1186 expired Caitradi: Wednesday, 18 September (or current Karttikadi) A.C. 1129 V. 1186 expired Karttikadi: Sunday, 7 September, A C. 1130 As the given date does not tally according to any of the equivalent dates, it follows that some particular in the date is recorded or read wrongly. Probably Soma should be corrected into Saumya; then the given date would correspond to Wednesday, 18 September, A.C 1129. 126. V. 1208-CMJBP, Pa. II, No. 40, pp. 288 ff., JPPS., No. 64, p. 106, AMs of Jinapujadyupadesa or Pujavidhana (Ratnacudadikatha) copied at Anahilapataka Sam. 1208, Jyestha, su.di. 6, Ravi V. 1208 current Caitradi: Thursday, 4 March, A.C. 1150 V. 1208 expired Caitradi: Wednesday, 23 May, (or current Karttikadi) A.C. 1151 V. 1208 expired Karttikadi : Monday, 12 May, A C. 1152 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #176
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 159 The given date probably corresponds to Sunday, 11 May, A.C. 1152. As the given tithi commenced about 2 h. 53 m. after local sunrise on that day according to the Surya Siddhanta it may taken as ascribed to the week-day on which it commenced. It commenced after local sunrise even according to the Brahma Siddhanta. 127. V. 1225-JPPS., No. 89, p. 110, A Ms of Jnatadharmakathadisadangavivarana copied at Anahilapataka Sam. 1225, Pausa, su.di. 5, Sani V, 1225 current : Monday, 18 December, A.C. 1167 V. 1225 expired : Friday, 6 December, A.C. 1168 As the given date is found to be untenable on verification, some particular in it is obviously recorded or read incorrectly. Presumably, the given date must be referred to the dark fortnight rather than the bright fortnight. Accordingly, the modified date would corres. pond to Saturday, 21 December, A.C. 1168. The tithi ended about 1 h. 34 m. after mean sunrise on that day. 128. V. 1229-BG., Vol. I, Part i, p. 193, f.1.1, Hemacandra's Praksta Dvyasraya probably composed at Asahillapattaka Sam 1229, Vaisakha, su.di. 3, Soma V. 1229 current Caitradi : Saturday, 10 April, A.C. 1171 1. In this case it commenced 1 h. 20 m. after local sunrise. It ended before local sunrise on the next day and was accordingly suppressed. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #177
160 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1229 expired Caitradi : Wednesday, 29 March, (or current Karttikadi) A.C. 1172 V. 1229 expired Karttikadi : Tuesday, 17 April, A.C. 1173 The given date probably corresponds to Monday, 16 April, A.C. 1173. But the given tithi commenced about 2 h. 12 m. after local sunrise according to the Surya Siddhanta and about 48 m. 9 se, after local sunrise according to the Brahmu Siddhanta. It should, therefore, be taken as construed with the week-day on which it commenced. 129. V. 1289-JPPS., No. 24, p. 25, A Ms of Vardha manacharya's Rsabhadevacaritra copied at Prahladanapura Sam. 1289, Magha, ba.di. 6, Bhauma V. 1289 current, - Purnimanta : Thursday 15 January, A.C. 1232 Amanta : Friday, 13 February, A.C. 1232 V. 1289 expired, - Purnimanta : Monday, 3 January, A.C. 1233 Amanta : Wednesday, 2 February, A.C. 1233 The given tithi is equivalent to Wednesday, 2 February, A.C. 1233 according to the Asanta system of expired years. The given tithi would fall on the given week-day only if the former be taken as connected with the week-day on which it commenced. It commenced about 5 h. 24 m. after mean sunrise on Tuesday, 1 February, A.C. 1233. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #178
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 161 130. V. 1295- JPPS., No. 26, p. 28, A Ms of Jnata dharmakathadisadangavrtti copied at Anhillapataka Sam. 1295, Caitra, su.di. 2, Mangala V. 1295 current Caitradi : Saturday, 28 February, A.C. 1237 V. 1295 expired Caitradi : Friday, 19 March, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1238 V. 1295 expired Karttikadi : Wednesday, 9 March, A.C. 1239 The given tithi is equivalent to Wednesday, 9 March, A.C. 1237. It would fall on the given week-day only if the former be taken as connected with the week day on which it commenced. The given tithi commenced about 6 h. 36 m. after mean sunrise on Tuesday, 8 March, A.C. 1239. . 131. V. 1295-JPPS., No. 177, p. 121, A Ms of Trisasti salaka-Purusacaritra-tatiya parva copied at Vijapura Sam. 1295, Asvina, ba.di. 2, Ravi V. 1295 current Caitradi,Purnimanta : Tuesday, 8 September, A.C. 1237 Amanta : Wednesday, 7 October, A.C. 1237 V. 1295 expired Caitradi, (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Saturday, 28 August, A.C. 1238 Amanta : Monday, 27 September, A.C. 1238 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #179
162 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1295 expired Karttikadi,Purnimanta : Thursday, 18 August, A.C. 1239 Amanta : Friday, 16 September, A.C. 1239 The given tithi is proximate to Monday, 27 September, A.C. 1238. It would fall on the given week-day, if it be taken as connected with the week-day on which it commenced. The given tithi commenced about 9 k. 15 m. after mean sunrise on Sunday, 26 September, A.C. 1238. 132. V. 1298-CPSJBC., No. 10, p. 20, A Ms of Abhaya suri's Bhagavaiisutravstti copied at Vijapura Sam. 1298, Phalguna, su. di. 3, Guru V. 1298 current : Friday, 15 February, A.C. 1241 V. 1298 expired : Tuesday, 4 February, A.C. 1242 The given tithi is equivalent to Friday, 15 February, A.C. 1241. But as the tithi is ascribed to Thursday, it is probable that the tithi, here, is related to the weekday on which it commenced. It commenced about 15 h. 58 m. after mean sunrise on Thursday, 14 February, A.C. 1241. 133. V. 1301-JPPS., No. 195, p. 123, A Ms of Pancan gisutravrtti copied at Vijapura Sam. 1301, Phalguna, ba. di. 1, Sani V. 1301 current,Purnimanta : Wednesday, 27 January, A.C, 1244 Amanta : Friday, 26 February, A.C. 1244 V, 1302 expired,Purnimanta : Sunday, 15 January, A.C. 1245 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #180
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 163 Amanta : Tuesday, 14 February, A.C. 1245 The given day is proximate to Sunday, 15 January, A.C. 1245. But as the tithi is ascribed to Saturday, it is probable that the tithi, here, is related to the weekday on which it commenced. The given tithi, here, is related to the week-day on which it commenced. The given tithi commenced about 14 h. 32 m. after mean sunrise. 134. V. 1301-CPSJBC., No. 14, p. 35, A Ms of Abhayadevasuri's Vipakasutravrtti copied at Vijapura Sam. 1301, Phalguna, ba. di. 13, Sani V. 1301 current, Purnimanta: Monday, 8 February, A.C. 1244 Amanta : Tuesday, 8 March, A.C. 1244 V. 1301 expired, Purnimanta : Friday, 27 January, A.C. 1245 Amanta : Sunday, 26 February, A.C. 1245 The given tithi is proximate to Sunday, 26 February, A.C. 1245 according to the Amanta system of expired years, whereas it fell on Saturday as recorded in the inscription. The given tithi commenced about 8 h. 17 m. after mean sunrise on Saturday and was probably construed with the week day on which it commenced. 135. V. 1306-JPPS., No. 110, p. 97, A Ms of Pravacanasaroddharavstti Totiyakhanda copied at Madhumati Sam. 1306, Magha, su, di. 1, Guru V. 1306 current : Saturday, 16 January A.C. 1249 V. 1306 expired : Wednesday, 5 January, A.C. 1250 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #181
164 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT The given day is proximate to Wednesday, 5 Janu. ary, A.C. 1250. But as the given tithi is ascribed to Thurday, though it ended at about 13 h. 49 m. after mean sunrise on Wednesday, it seems that some of the details given in the Ms is either written or read wrongly. The given week-day would tally either with ba. di. 1 or su. di. 2. 136. V. 1326-JPPS., No. 226, p. 127, A Ms of Haribhadrasuri's Dasavaikalikarsutravrtti copied at Anahillapataka Sam. 1326, Margasirsa, su. di. 4, Guru V. 1326 current : Friday, 9 November, A C. 1268 V. 1326 expired: Suppressed between sunrise on Thursday, 28 November, A C. 1269 and sunrise on the next day. The given tithi is given to be suppressed in the Tables based on mean sunrise according to the surya Siddhanta. It remains suppressed therein even according to the local sunrise, as it commenced 85 m. 5 se. after sunrise on Thursday and ended about 1 h. 3 m. before sunrise on the next day. But according to the Brahma Siddhanta, the given tithi cominenced 49 m. 44 se. before sunrise on Thursday and hence well applies to the given week-day. 137. V. 1343-JPPS., No. 254, p. 131, A Ms of Santyacarya's Uttaradhyayanavrtti copied at Bijapura Sam. 1343, Laukika Karttika, su. di. 2, Ravi V. 1343 current: Monday, 1 October, A.C. 1285 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #182
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 165 V. 1343 expired: Suppressed between sunrise on Sunday, 20 October, A.C. 1286 and sunrise on the next day. The given tithi is found to be suppressed both according to mean sunrise and local sunrise in the expired year by the Surya Siddhanta. But on calculating according to the Brahma Siddhanta, the given tithi commenced about 27 m. 17 se, before sunrise on Sunday, and hence well applied to the given week-day. Before we analyse the results tabulated above, it must be noted how far the dates collected from the different sources can be taken as pertaining to Gujarat. Among the substances bearing inscriptions, small images of stone and metal images, being handy, may have been shifted in course of time. Hence a few of them may have been brought into Gujarat from some other regions, though they are all preserved in Gujarat at present. But the heavy stone images and stone slabs bearing inscriptions are generally situated at their original sites. So their present find spots generally also represent their original situation in different parts of Gujarat. Many of the stone inscriptions contain references to the places concerned in their contents and confirmed their present location. Copper-plates are not infrequently discovered at their original sites. Even when some of them are shifted from other places, the places and territories mentioned in them clearly indicate the region to which they originally belonged. The Prasastis in Manuscripts and published works, which contain dates given here, make specific mention of the places where they were composed or copied. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #183
166 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT The dates given here, are all taken from the works composed or copied in Gujarat. Normally it may be assumed that the Solanki kingdom generally followed some definite and uniform system of chronology throughout its long career and in all territories under its sway. But on verification of the data supplied by the known dates of the Solanki kingdom, it is found that different systems prevailed in Gujarat simultaneously during this period. It would, therefore, be worth trying to see if any uniform system was in vogue in the Sarasvata Mandaia which represented the home-province of the Solanki kingdom. The known records of Gujarat yield 137 key-dates pertaining to sarasvata Mandala. Of these 92 dates' are found to be regular at the outset. Of the remaining 45 dates? 3 (Nos. 95-97) are left out unverified as the copper-plates recording them have proved forged. Many of these hold good if the given tithi be taken as connected with the week-day on which it commenced rather than the week-day which commenced at the sunrise which marked the current tithi for the whole civil day for all practical purposes. Eleven dates3 out of these 42 dates do not hold good according to their particulars given by the editors of the respective records. Some of the particulars, therefore, must be erroneous. The error may be either in the recording or the reading of the date. Some correction is here suggested hypothetically, mostly in the 1. Nos. 1 to 92 2. Nos. 93 to 137 3. Nos. 101. 102, 103, 107, 110, 112, 118, 123, 125, 127 and 135 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #184
167 THE SOLANKI PERIOD number of the lunar day or the name of the week-day or sometimes in the name of the fortnight or even in the number of the year. Even when the given date can be taken as tenable by connecting the given tithi with the week-day on which it commenced, it hardly seems plausible to accept it as tenable when the given tithi commences at or about or even later, as religious rites like Pratima-Pratistha would be hardly performed by night time. In these cases it is regarded more probable to take some particular of the date as erroneous and suggest correction therein. In the case of the dates pertaining to the Sarasvata Mandala five dates are obviously of this type. Hence they may be better construed with the eleven dates indicated above. The dates which can be taken as tenable by construing the tithi with the week-day on which it commenced, number 26 in all". In the case of the five (or six)? dates among these, the given tithi commences or ends shortly before or after mean sunrise. In these cases the given tithi is found to have commenced shortly after 4. Nos. 93, 100, 106, 119 and 124. 5. 94, 98, 99, 104, 105, 108, 109, 111, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 120, 121, 122, 126, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 136 and 137. 6. 99, 104, 105, 136 and 137 7. In case the of date No. 109 the fortnight is not specified. The date is examined by supplying both the fortnights alternatively, On applying the date to the dark fort-night, it falls under this category. The date No. 115 gets tenable on connecting the given tithi on which it commenced. However, if the year be taken as current rather than expired, the dates would fall under this category. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #185
168 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT mean sunrise on the given week-day. The ending moment of the preceding tithi is generally taken from the Tables that are prepared on the basis of the local sunrise (calculated from the mean sunrise), the tithi given in the date No. 104 is found to have commenced shortly before (rather than after) sunrise on the given week-day. Thus the date becomes regular according to local sunrise. In the four remaining cases, the dates become regular if the ending moments of the preceding tithis (i.e. commencing moments of the given tithis) are calculated according to the Brahma Siddhanta and examined in relation to the local suprise. The commencement of the given tithi accordingly falls before sunrise on the given week-daye. The remaining dates, which number twenty-one are found to be tenable only by connecting the given tithi with the week-day on which it commencedo. How the results of the examination of the definite dates10 may be analysed with a view to note the prevalence of the different system in the Sarasvata Man. dala during the Solanki period. The ordinary or normal mode of citing an Indian 8. In the Tables the given tithi is mentioned as suppressed, as it commenced after mean sunrise on the given week-day day and ended before mean Sunrise on the next day. The same is the case with the alternative date given in No. 109. The date No. 115, too, becomes regular according to the Brahma Siddhanta. 9. The first alternative date in No. 109, too, falls under this category. 10. The doubtful dates which require some correction or other are obviously not taken into consideration here, For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #186
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 169 date is by means of gata or expired years, that of vartamana or current years being exceptional." This observation well applies to the dates under review. Out of 118 definite dates as many as 106 dates apply to the expired years, only twelve12 exceptionally applying to current years. The mode of expired years is found to have been in vogue, throughout the Solanki period which covered about 3 centuries and a half while the exceptional case fall only during the last century and a half13 therein. However, the concurrent prevalence of the mode of current years is difficult to be accounted for. For the current years are met with in all sorts of records-stone inscriptions, copper-plate inscriptions and prasastis, similarly the records containing these dates are related to almost all the different parts of the Sarasvata Mandala, such as those including Patan, Palanpur, Vijapur, Mehsana, Viramgam, Kalol etc. But the concurrent occurrence of this mode is not rare in ancient Indian chronology.14 As for the system of years it may be noted that out of 118 definite dates, 39 dates 15 do not throw any light on it. Out of the remaining 79 dates, 53 apply to 11. Pillai, IC., p. 41 12. Nos. 1, 22, 51-53, 60-62, 86, 89, 90 and 132 13. These dates range from V. S. 1217 to V. S. 1354 14. Vide, for instance, Kielhorn 'Examination of Questions conne cted with the Vikrama Era', IA., Vol. XIX, pp. 20 ff., Mirashi, 'Introduction', CII, Vol. IV, pp. Xii ff., XX ff. 15. Nos. 1-21, 51-59, 82, 88, 111, 129, 132, 133, 134, 136 and 137 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #187
170 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT the system of Karttikadi16 years, 17 while 26 apply to the system of Caitradi years. 18 18 From this it follows that the system of Karttikadi years was far more common here than that of Caitradi years. But the known data give no indication about any uniform factors for the use of Caitradi years in place of Karttikadi years. The dates applying to Caitradi years are given in all sorts of records.19 The known dates applying to Caitradi years range from V.S. 1148 to V.S. 1353, those applying to Karttikadi years also belong almost to the same period. Many of the Caitradi dates belong to the northern and central parts of the Sarasvata Mandala, but a few others also extend over the Dandahi Pathaka in the south. As regards the system of months it is found that out of 110 definite dates only 47 dates contain some indication for this system. Of these 47 dates twentynine20 apply to the system of Amanta months while eighteen21 16. Lexicons spell Karttika as well as Karttika. As the word is derived from Karttika, the form Karttika would be natural. However, the simpler form Karttika is not ungrammatical. This derivative can be justifled according to the Paninian Sutra Jharo Jhari Savarne (8/4/65) according to which a letter of the Jhar group succeeding a letter of the Hal group may be optionally dropped when it is succeeded by a Savarna letter of the Jhar group. Apte's Sanskrit English Dictionary spells the word Karttika. 17. Nos. 35-50, 64-81, 85, 87, 91, 92, 98, 99, 104, 108, 109, 113, 115-117, 120-121, 122, 126, 128 and 130 18. Nos. 22-34, 60-63, 83, 94, 86, 89, 90, 94, 105, 114 and 131. 19. Herein image inscriptions and Prasastis form a majority, but it applies to all other types of dates as well. 20. Nos. 53, 55-60, 69-82, 85, 88, 90, 92, 115, 122, 129, 131 and 134 21. Nos. 51, 52, 54, 60-68, 89, 91, 111, 117, 121 and 133 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #188
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 171 apply to that of Purnimanta months. In this context it will be interesting to examine whether Amanta months were coupled with Karttikadi years and Purnimanta months with Caitradi years in this Mandala during the Solanki period. On examining the dates that indicate this sort of association, it is found that 17 dates of Amanta months22 and 8 dates of Purnimanta months23 apply to Karttikadi years whereas only four dates of either month apply to Caitradi years.24 As for the materials of recording, it is found that both systems appear almost to the same extent in epigraphic records, but Amanta dates abound in literary records. The dates of both types appear in records pertaining to many parts of the Mandala. In respect of the range in time, the dates of Amanta and Purnimanta months fall almost in the same period roughly about V.S. 1200 to V.S. 1356. Thus the known key-dates clearly indicate that the Saravata Mandala had great predilection for expired vears, Karttikadi years and Amanta months, though current years, Caitradi years and Purnimanta months were also in vogue to some extent. 22. Nos. 69-81, 85, 92, 115, 129 and 134 23. Nos. 64-68, 91, 117 and 121 24. Nos. 63, 89, 90 and 131 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #189
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT ASTADASASATA MANDALA (excluding Mt. Abu region) As the power of the Solanki dynasty gradually extended over other territories in Gujarat (and even outside Gujarat), the chronological systems that were established in the Sarasvata Mandala, the homeprovince of the Solanki Kingdom may have been prevalent in the other territories in course of time. 172 Among the other territories of the Caulukya Kingdom, those situated outside Gujarat need not be taken into consideration here. The Mt. Abu region which formed core of the Astadasasata Mandala of the Solanki Kingdom may, therefore, be not taken into consideration, as it is now located in the state of Rajasthan. The remaining portion of this Mandal is mostly located in the present Banaskantha, the district in North West Gujarat. The dates of the Astadasasata Mandala may be tabulated and examined as follows: 1. Regular Dates A. Dates in Bright Fortnights 1. Dates in the months Karttika to Phalguna (a) Dates in Current Years Image Inscriptions 138. V. 1191-KT., Appe. No. 1, p. 84, Kumbhariya image inscription Sam. 1191, Phalugna [lguna], su.di. 2, Soma For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #190
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 173 V. 1191 current : Monday, 29 January, A.C. 1134 The tithi ended about 6 h. 22 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1191 expired: Saturday, 16 February, A.C. 1135 Sunday, 17 February, A.C. 1135 (b) Dates in Expired Years (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscriptions 139. V. 1181-KT. Appe. No. 19-82, p. 126, Kumbhariya stone-pillar inscription Sam. 1181, Karttika, su. di. 15, Sukra V. 1181 current : Monday, 5 November, A.C. 1123 V. 1181 expired : Friday, 24 October, A.C. 1124 The tithi ended about 22 h. 41 m. after mean sunrise, 140. V. 1223-KT., Appe. No. 20-33, p. 127, Kumbhariya stone-pillar inscription Sam. 1223, Magha, su.di. 11, Guru V. 1223 current : Friday, 14 January, A.C. 1166 V. 1223 expired : Thursday, 2 February, A.C. 1167 The tithi ended about 1 h. 20 m. after mean sunrise. 141. V. 1276-KT., Appe. No. 20-107, pp. 134 f., Kumbhariya stone inscription Sam. 1276. Magha, su di. 13, Ravi V. 1276 current : Wednesday, 30 January, A.C. 1219 V. 1276 expired : Sunday, 19 January, A.C. 1220 The tithi ended about 11 h, 39 m. after mean sunrise. 142. V. 1283-KT., p. 152, No. 5-156, Kumbhariya stone inscription Sam. 1283, Margasirsa, su.di. 3, Bhauma For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #191
174 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1283 current : Wednesday, 5 November, A.C. 1225 V. 1283 expired : Tuesday, 24 November, A. C. 1226 The tithi ended about 2 b. 32 m. after mean sunrise. 143. V. 1287-KT. p. 137, No. 30-117, Kumbhariya stone inscription Sam 1287, Magha, su. di. 10, Budha V. 1287 current : Friday, 25 January, A.C. 1230 V. 1287 expired : Wednesday, 15 January, A.C. 1231 The tithi ended about 9 h. 29 m, after mean sunrise. 144. V. 1346-KT. p. 154. No. 9-160, Kumbhariya stone inscription Sam. 1346, Phalguna, su. di. 1, Ravi V. 1346 current: Tuesday, 22 February, A.C. 1289 V. 1346 expired : Sunday, 12 February, A.C. 1290 The tithi ended about 5 h. 53 m, after mean sunrise. (ii) Image Inscriptions 145. V. 1142-KT., Appe. No. 8-71, p. 122, Kumbhariya image inscription Sam. 1142, Phalguna, su. di. 7, Ravi V. 1142 current : Tuesday, 4 February, A.C. 1085 V. 1142 expired : Sunday, 22 February, A.C. 1086 The tithi ended about 23 h. 24 m. after mean sunrise. 146. V. 1176-KT., Appe. No. 17-80, 18-81, pp. 125 f., Kumbhariya image inscription Sam 1176, Margasirsa, su. di. 13, BIhaspati (Guru) For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #192
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 175 V. 1176 current : Sunday, 24 November., A.C. 1118 V. 1176 expired : Thursday, 13 November, A. C. 1119 The tithi ended about 22 h. 12 m. after mean sunrise. 147. V. 1208-APRJLS., No. 14, p. 4, Kumbhariya image inscription Sam. 1208, Phalguna, su di 10, Ravi V. 1208 current : Suppressed between sunrise on Tuesday, 27 February, A.C. 1151 and sun rise on the next day. V. 1208 expired : Sunday, 17 February, A.C 1152 The tithi ended about 14 m. 3 m. after mean sunrise. 148. V. 1235-PLS., Part i, No. 22, Radhanpur image inscription Sam. 1235, Phalguna, su. di. 3, Ravi V. 1235 current : Wednesday, 22 February, A.C. 1178 V. 1235 expired : Sunday, 11 February, A.C. 1179 The tithi ended about 18 h. 22 m. after mean suprise, 149. V. 1238-PJLS., No. 498, p. 313, Sankhesvara image inscription Sam. 1238, Magha, su, di. 3, Sani V. 1238 current : Monday, 18 January, A.C, 1181 V. 1238 expired : Saturday, 9 January, A.C. 1182 The tithi ended about 7 h. 48 m. after mean sunrise. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #193
176 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT 150. V. 1291-JPLS. No. 34, Tharad image inscription Sam. 1291, Magha, su. di. 5, Guru V. 1291 current : Friday, 6 January, A.C. 1234 V. 1291 expired : Thursday, 25 January, A.C. 1235 The tithi ended about 7 h. 5 m. after mean sunrise. 151. V. 1301-RPLS., No. 32, p. 31, Radhanpur image inscription Sam. 1301, Phalguna, su. di. 4, Guru V. 1301 current : Saturday, 13 February, A.C. 1244 V. 1301 expired : Thursday, 2 February, A.C. 1245 The tithi ended about 6 h. 36 m. after mean sunrise. 152. V. 1309-JPLS., No. 199. Tharad image inscription Sam. 1309, Phalguna, su. di. 13, Budha V. 1309 current : Saturday, 24 February, A.C. 1252 V. 1309 expired: Wednesday, 12 February, A.C. 1253 Thursday, 13 February, A.C. 1253 The tithi ended about 0 h. 51 m. after mean sunrise on Thursday, 13 February, A.C. 1253. 153. V. 1335-KT., No. 28 10 30, pp. 102 ff., Kumbhariya image inscription Sam. 1335, Magha, su. di. 13, Sukra V. 1335 current : Saturday, 8 January, 1278 V. 1335 expired : Friday, 27 January, A.C. 1279 The tithi ended about 9 h. after mean sunrise. 2. Dates in the months Caitra to Asvina (a) Dates in current Caitradi years Image Inscriptions 154. V. 1331-PJLS., No. 498, p. 313, Sankhesvar image inscription Sam. 1331, Vaisakha, su. di. 15, Budha For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #194
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 177 V. 1331 current Caitradi : Wednesday, 3 May, A.C. 1273 The tithi ended about 14 h. 17 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1331 expired Caitradi : Sunday, 22 April, A C. (or current Karttikadi) 1274 V. 1331 expired Karttikadi : Thursday, 11 April, A.C. 1275 (b) Dates in expired Caitradi (or current Karttikadi) years image Inscriptions 155. V. 1206-PJLS., No. 289, p. 165, Kumbhariya image inscription Sam. 1206, Jyestha, su. di. 9, Mangala V. 1206 current Caitradi : Friday, 28 may, A.C. 1148 V. 1206 expired Caitradi : Tuesday, 17 May, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1149 The tithi ended about 21 h. 15 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1206 expired Karttikadi : Sunday, 7 May, A.C. 1150 156. V. 1276-APJLS., No. 21. p. 6, Kumbhariya image inscription Sam. 1276, Asadha, su. di. 2, Sani * V. 1276 current Caitradi : Tuesday, 26 June, A.C. 1218 V. 1276 expired Caitradi : Saturday, 15 June, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1219 12 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #195
178 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT The tithi ended at about 19 h. 5 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1276 expired Karttikadi : Thursday, 4 June, A.C. 1220 157. V. 1304-RPLS., No. 33, p. 31, Radhanpur image inscription Sam 1304, Vaisakha, su. di 13, Sukra V. 1304 current Caitradi : Monday, 30 April, A.C. 1246 V. 1304 expired Caitradi : Friday, 19 April, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1247 The tithi ended at about 9 h. 15 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1304 expired Karttikadi : Tuesday, 7 April, A.C. 1248 (c) Dates in expired Karttikadi years (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate Inscriptions 158. V. 1265-KTA., Appe. No. 19-106, p. 134, Kum bhariya stone inscription Sam 1265, Vaisakha, su. di. 7, Soma V. 1265 current Caitradi : Friday, 6 April, A C. 1207 V. 1265 expired Caitradi : Thursday, 24 April, A C. (or current Karttikadi) 1208 V. 1265 expired Karttikadi : Monday, 13 April, A.C. 1209 The tithi ended about 7 h. 20 m. after mean sunrise. 159. V. 1338-PJLS., No. 284, pp. 163 f. Kumbhariya stone inscription Sam. 1338, Jyestha, su. di. 14, Sukrasi For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #196
179 THE SOLANKI PERIOD V. 1338 current Caitradi : Wednesday, 15 May, A.C. 1280 V. 1338 expired Caitradi : Monday, 2 June, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1281 V. 1338 expired Karttikadi : Friday, 22 May, A.C. 1282 The tithi ended at about 23 h. 10 m. after mean sunrise. (ii) image Inscriptions 160. V. 1205-KT., App. No. 7, p. 27, Kumbhariya image inscription Sam. 1205, Jyesta, su, di. 9, Bhauma V. 1205 current Caitradi : Sunday, 11 May, A.C. 1147 V. 1205 expired Caitradi : Friday, 21 May, AC. (or current Karttikadi) 1148 V. 1205 expired Karttikadi : Tuesday, 17 May, A.C. 1149 The tithi ended about 21 h. 15 m. after mean sunrise. 161. V. 1239-RPLS., No.21, p. 9, Radhanpur image inscription Sam. 1239, Vaisakh, su. di. 6, sukra V. 1239 current Caitradi : Wednesday, 22 April, A.C. 1181 V. 1239 expired Caitradi : Sunday, 11 April, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1182 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #197
180 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1239 expired Karttikadi : Vaisakha was inter calary, First Vajsakha, su. di. 6-Thursday, 31 March, A.C. 1183 Second Vaisakha, su. di. 6-Friday, 29 April, A C. 1183. The tithi ended about 20 h. 3 m. after mean sunrise. 162. V. 1261-BT., p. 19, Bhorol image inscription, Sam. 1261, Jyestha, su. di. 2, Ravi V. 1261 current Caitradi : Wednesday, 14 May, A.C. 1203 V. 1261 expired Caitradi : Monday, 3 May, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1204 V. 1261 expired Kartrikadi : Sunday, 22 May, A.C. 1205 The tithi ended about 7 h. 20 m. after mean sunrise. 165. V. 1263-PJLS., No. 51, Tharad image inscription Sam. 1263, Vaisakha, su. di. 6, Guru * V. 1263 current Caitradi : Tuesday, 26 April, A.C. 1205 V. 1263 expired Caitradi : Sunday, 16 April, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1206 V. 1263 expired Karitikadi : Thursday, 5 April, A.C. 1207 The tithi ended about 12 h. 8 m. after mean sunrise. 164. V. 1286-RPLS., No. 28, p. 11, Radhanpur image inscription : Sam. 1286, Caitra, su. di. 12, Budha V. 1286 current Caitradi : Sunday, 19 March, A.C. 1228 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #198
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 181 V. 1286 expired Caitradi : Thursday, 8 March, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1229 V. 1286 expired Karttikadi : Wednesday, 27 March, A.C. 1230 The tithi ended about 9 h. 58. m. after mean sunrise. 165. V. 1327-APJLS., No. 27, p. 8, Kumbhariya image inscription Sam. 1327, Vaisakha, su. di. 2, Soina V. 1327 current Caitradi: Friday, 5 April, A.C 1269 V. 1327 expired Caitradi: Wednesday, 23 April, (or current Karttikadi) A.C. 1270 V. 1327 expired Karttikadi: Monday, 13 April, A.C. 1271 .. The tithi ended about 1 h 34 m. after mean sunrise. 166. V. 1338-KT., p. 31, No. 15, Kumbhariya image inscription Sam. 1338, Jyestha, su. di. 14, Sukra For equivalent Christian dates, see date No. 159 above. 167. V. 1344-KT., Appe. No. 43, p. 109, Kumbhariya image inscription Sam. 1344, Jycstha, su. di. 10, Budha V. 1344 current Caitradi: Monday, 3 June, A.C. 1286 V. 1344 expired Caitradi: Saturday, 24 May, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1287 V. 1344 expired Karttikadi: Wednesday, 12 May, A.C. 1288 The tithi ended about 15 h. 15 m after mean sunrise. 168. V. 1344-BPT., p. 18, Bhiladiya image inscription Sam. 1344, Jyestha, su. di. 10, Budha same as date no. 167 above. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #199
182 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT 169. V. 1354-RPLS., No. 44, p. 16, Radhanpur image inscription Sam. 1354, Jyestha, su.di. 13, Ravi V. 1354 current Caitradi: Suppressed between sunrise on Wednesday, 16 May, A.C. 1296 and sunrise on the next day. V. 1354 expired Caitradi: Tuesday, 4 June, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1297 V. 1354 expired Karttikadi: Sunday, 25 May, A.C. 1298 The tithi ended about 8 h. 32 m. after mean sunrise. 170. V. 1355-KT, p. 111, No. 46, Kumbhariya image inscription Sam. 1355, Vaisakha, su.di. 12, Soma V. 1355 current Caitradi: Sunday, 5 May, A.C. 1297 V. 1355 expired Caitradi: Thursday, 24 April, (or current Karttikadi) A.C. 1298 V. 1355 expired Karttikadi : Monday, 13 April, A.C. 1299 The tithi ended about 18 h. 8 m. after mean sunrise. B. Dates in Dark Fortnights 1. Dates in the months Karttika to Phalguna (a) Dates in current years Amanta Dates image Inscriptions 171. V. 1204-RPLS., No. 13, p. 12, Radhanpur image inscription Sam. 1204, Magha, ba. di. 5, Sukra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #200
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 183 V. 1204 current, - Purnimanta : Wednesday, 25 December, A.C. 1146 Amanta : Friday, 24 January, A.C. 1147 The tithi ended about 1 h. 20 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1204 expired, - Purnimanta : Tuesday 13 January, A.C, 1148 Amanta : Wednesday, 11 February, A.C. 1148 (b) Dates in expired years Purnimanta Dates 172. V. 1204-KT., Appe.No 3, Kumbhariya image inscription Sam. 1204, Phalgina, ba. di. 11, Kuja (Bbauma) V. 1204 current, - Purnimanta : Wednesday, 29 January, A.C. 1147 Amanta : Friday, 28 February, A.C. 1147 V. 1204 expired, - Purnimanta : Tuesday, 17 February A.C. 1148 The tithi ended about 19 h 34 m. after mean sunrise. Amanta : Thursday, 18 March, A.C. 1148 173. V. 1204-KT., p. 93, Kumbhariya image inscription Sam. 1236, Phalguna, ba. di. 3, Guru For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #201
184 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1236 current, V. 1236 expired, Purnimanta: Saturday, 27 January, A.C. 1179 Amanta: Monday, 26 February, A.C. 1179 - Purnimanta: Thursday, 17 January, A.C. 1180 The tithi ended about 9 h. 58 m. after mean sunrise. Amanta Friday, 15 February, A.C. 1180 174. V. 1335-KT., Appe. No. 27, p. 101, Kumbhariya image inscription Sam. 1335, Margasirsa, ba. di. 13, Soma V. 1335 current, Amanta V. 1335 expired, - Purnimanta: Wednesday, 24 November, A.C. 1277 Friday, 24 December, A.C. 1277 - Purnimanta: Monday, 14 November, A.C. 1278 The tithi ended about 11 h. 10 m. after mean sunrise. Amanta Suppressed between sunrise on Tuesday, 13 December, A.C. 1278 and sunrise on the next day. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #202
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 185 2. Dates in the months Caitra to asvina (a) Dates in current Caitradi years Amanta Dates stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscriptions 175 V. 1315--KT., Appen, No. 31-118, Kumbhariya stone inscription Sam. 1315, Jyestha, ba. di. 11, Ravi. V. 1315 current Caitradi, Purnimanta : Friday, 11 May, A C. 1257 Amanta : Sunday, 10 June, A.C. 1257 The tithi ended about 1 h. 48 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1315 expired Caitradi. (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Tuesday, 30 April, A.C. 1258 Amanta : Thursday, 30 May, A C. 1258 V. 1315 expired Karttikadi, Purnimanta : Monday, 19 May, A.C. 1259 Amanta : Wednesday, 18 June, A.C. 1259 (b) Dates in expired Caitradi (or current Kartrikadi ) years (B) Amanta Dates image Inscriptions 176. V. 1321-RPLS., No. 39, Radhanpur image inscri ption. Sam. 1321, Sravana, ba. di. 13, Guru V. 1321 current, Caitradi,Purnimanta : Suppressed between sunrise on Wednesday, 4 July, A.C. 1263 and sunrise on the next day. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #203
186 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT Amanta : Friday, 3 August, A.C. 1263 V. 1321 expired Caitradi, (or current Karttikadi ) Purnimanta : Tuesday, 22 July, A.C. 1264 Amanta : Thursday, 21 August. A.C. 1264 The tithi ended about 7 h. 20 m. after mean sunrise V. 1321 expired Karttikadi, Purnimanta : Sunday, 12 July, A.C. 1265 Amanta : Monday, 10 August, A.C. 1265 (C) Dates in expired Karttikadi years (A) Purnimanta Dates (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate Inscriptions 177. V. 1310-KT., p. 23, Kumbhariya stone-pillar inscription Sam. 1310, Vaisakha, ba. di. 5, Guru V. 1310 current Caitradi,Purnimanta : Suppressed between sunrise on Sunday, 31 March, A.C. 1252 and sunrise on the next day. Amanta : Tuesday, 30 April, A.C. 1252 V. 1310 expired Caitradi, (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Friday, 21 March, A.C. 1253 Amanta : Sunday, 20 April, A.C. 1253 V. 1310 expired Karttikadi, Purnimanta : Thursday, 9 April, A.C. 1254 The tithi ended about 15 h. 29 m. after mean sunrise. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #204
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 187 Amanta : Saturday, 9 May, A.C. 1254 178. V. 1313-KT., Appen. No. 6-157, Kumbhariya stone inscription Sam. 1313, Caitra, ba. di. 10, Soma V. 1313 current Caitradi - Purnimanta : Friday, 5 March, A.C. 1255 Amanta : Saturday, 3 April, A.C. 1255 V. 1313 expired Caitradi, (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Tuesday, 22 February, A.C. 1256 Amanta : Thursday, 23 March, A.C. 1256 V. 1313 expired Karttikadi, Purnimanta : Monday, 12 May, A.C. 1257 The tithi ended abous 10 h. 27 m. after mean sunrise. Amanta : Wednesday, 11 April, A.C. 1257 (ii) image Inscriptions 179. V. 1140-K7., Appe. No. 3-66, Kumbhariya image inscription Sam. 1140, Vaisakha, ba.di. 7, Ravi V. 1140 current Caitradi,Purnmianta : Wednesday, 23 March, A.C 1082 Amanta : Friday, 22 April, A.C. 1082 V. 1140 expired Cuitradi, (or current Kasttikadi) Purnimanta : Tuesday, 11 April A.C. 1083 Amanta : Thursday, 11 May, A.C. 1083 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #205
188 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1140 expired Karttikadi, Parnimanta : Sunday, 31 March, A.C. 1084 The tithi ended about 6 h. 22 m. after mean sunrise. Amanta : Monday, 29 April, A.C. 1084 180. V. 1145-KT. Appe. No. 10-73, Kumbhariya image inscription Sam. 1145, Jyestha, ba. di. 8, Ravi V, 1145 current Caitradi,Purnimanta : Wednesday, 28 April, A.C. 1087 Amanta : Friday, 28 May, A.C. 1087 V. 1145 expired Caitradi, (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Monday, 17 April, A C. 1088 Amanta : Jyestha was intercalary. First Jyestha, ba. di. 8-Tuesday, 16 May, A.C. 1088 Second Jyestha, ba, di. 8-Thursday, 15 June, A.C. 1088 V. 1145 expired Karttikadi - Purnimanta : Saturday, 5 May, A.C. 1089 Sunday, 6 May, A.C. 1089 The tithi commenced before sunrise on Saturday, 5 May, A.C. 1089 and ended about 0 h, 2 m. after mean sunrise on Sunday, 6 May, A.C. 1089. Amanta : Monday, 4 June, A.C. 1089 181. V. 1354-RPLS., No. 45, Radhanpur image ins cription Sam 1354, Jyestha, ba. di, 5, Sukra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #206
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 189 V. 1354 current Caitradi,Purnimanta : suppressed between sunrise on Monday, 23 April, A C. 1296 and sunrise on the next day. Amanta : Wednesday, 23 May, A.C. 1296 V. 1354 expired Caitradi, - (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Suppressed between sunrise on Sunday, 12 May, A.C. 1297 and sunrise on the next day, Amanta : Tuesday, 11 June, A.C. 1297 V. 1354 expired Karttikadi, - Purnimanta : Friday, 2 May, A.C. 1298 The tithi ended about 15 h. 44 m. after mean sunrise. Amanta : Suppressed between sunrise on Saturday, 31 May, A.C. 1298 and sunrise on the next day. 182. V. 1357-RPLS., No. 46, Radhanpur image inscrip tion Sam 1357, Vaisakha. ba. di. 5, Guru V. 1357 current Caitradi, - Purnimanta : Monday, 23 March, A.C. 1299 Amanta : Wednesday, 22 April, A.C. 1299 V. 1357 expired Caitradi, - (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Monday, 9 May, A.C. 1300 Amanta : Sunday, 13 April, A.C. 1300 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #207
190 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1357 expired Karttikadi , Purnimanta : Thursday, 30 March, A.C. 1301 The tithi ended about 9 h. 44 m. after mean sunrise. Amanta : (Friday, 28 April, A.C. 1301 Saturday, 29 April, A.C, 1301 (B) Amanta Dates 183. V, 1347-JPLS., No. 55, Tharad image inscription Sam 1347, Vaisakha, ba di. 5, Sukra V. 1347 current Caitradi. Purnimanta : Tuesday, 12 April, A.C. 1289 Amanta + Wednesday, 11 May, A.C. 1289 V. 1347 expired Caitradi, (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Saturday, 1 April, A.C. 1290 Amanta : Monday, 1 May, A.C. 1290 V. 1347 expired Karttikadi,Purnimanta : Wednesday, 21 March, A.C. 1291 Amanta : Friday, 20 April, A.C. 1291 The tithi ended about 13 h 34 m. after mean sunrise. (d) A Date which may be either a Purnimanta date of a current year or an Amanta date of an expired year. image Inscription 184. V. 1326-PJLS., No. 502, Radhanpur image inscrip tion Sam, 1326, Magha, ba.di. 2, Ravi For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #208
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 191 V. 1326 current, - Purnimanta : Sunday, 23 December, A.C. 1268 The tithi ended about 3 h. 44 m. after mean sunrise. Amanta : Monday, 21 January, A.C. 1269 V. 1326 expired, - Purnimanta : Saturday, 11 January, A.C. 1270 i Amanta : Sunday, 9 February, A.C. 1270 Tne tithi ended about 16 h. 56 m. after mean sunrise. (e) Date which may be Purnimanta Date of expired Caitradi Years or Amanta date of expired Karttikadi years stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscriptions 185. V. 1310-KT., appe. No. 18, Kumbhariya stone inscription Sam. 1310 Caitra, ba. di. 2, Soma V. 1310 current Caitradi. - Purnimanta : Wednesday, 28 February, A.C. 1252 Amanta : Friday, 29 March, A.C. 1252 V. 1310 expired Caitradi, - (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Monday, 17 February, A.C. 1253 The tithi ended about 6 h. 8 m. after mean sunrise. Amanta : Tuesday, 18 March, A.C. 1253 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #209
192 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1310 expired Karttikadi, - Purnimanta : Sunday, 8 March, A.C. 1254 Amanta : Monday, 6 April, A.C. 1254 The tithi ended about 16 h. 27 m. after mean sunrise. 186. V. 1145-K.T, Appe. No. 19-139, 20-140, 21-141, 22-142. Kumbhariya stone inscription Sam. 1145, Vaisakha, ba.di. 1, Sani V. 1145 current Caitradi, - Purnimanta : Tuesday, 23 March, A.C. 1087 Amanta : Wednesday, 21 April, A.C. 1087 V. 1145 expired Caitradi, - (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Saturday, 11 March, A.C. 1088 The tithi ended about 3 h. 58 m. after mean sunrise. Amanta : Sunday, 9 April, A.C. 1088 V. 1145 expired Karttikadi, - Purnimanta : Thursday, 29 March, A.C. 1089 Amanta : Saturday, 28 April, A.C. 1089 The tithi ended about 12 h. 8 m. after mean sunrise. (ii) image Inscriptions 187. V. 1177-BT., p. 30, Tharad Image inscription S m. 1177, lyestha, ba. di. 4 Soma V. 1177 current Caitradi, - Purnimanta : Wednesday, 30 April, A.C. 1119 Amanta : Thursday, 29 May,JA.C. 1119 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #210
193 THE SOLANKI PERIOD V. 1177 expired Caitradi, - (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Monday, 19 April, A.C. 1120 The tithi ended about 5 h. 39 m. after mean sunrise. Amanta : Tuesday, 18 May, A.C. 1120 V. 1177 expired karttikadi, - Purnimanta : Sunday, 8 May, A.C. 1121 Amanta : Monday, 6 June, A.C. 1121 The tithi ended about 12 h. 51 m. after mean sunrise. 2. Irregular Dates (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscriptions 188. V. 1148-KT.Appe. No. 27-147, p. 148, Kumbhariya stone inscription Sam. 1148, Asadha, su, di. 7, Budha V. 1148 current Caitradi : Friday, 7 June, A.C. 1090 V. 1148 expired Caitradi : Thursday, 26 June, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1091 V. 1148 expired Karttikadi : Monday, 14 June, A.C. 1092 The given date is proximate to Thursday, 26 June, A.C. 1091. The given tithi tallies with the given weekday only if it was ascribed as construed with the weekday on which it commenced. It commenced about 8 h. 3. m. after mean sunrise on Wednesday, 25 June, A.C. 1091. 13 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #211
194 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT 189. V. 1266-KT, Appe. No, 28-148, p. 149, Kumbha riya stone inscription Sam. 1266. Phalguna, su. di. 10, Budha V. '1266 current : Monday, 16 February, A.C. 1209 V. 1266 expired : Friday, 5 February, A.C. 1210 The given date is evidently incongruent. Hence, the reading seems to be doubtful in some respect. Probably, the week day, which is read Buddhe(dhe) should be Sukre. According to this suggestion the given date would correspond to Friday, 5 February, A.C. 1210. 190. V. 1331-KT., Appe. 7-158, p. 152, Kumbhariya stone inscription Sam. 1331, Asadha, su. di. 14, Guru V. 1331 current Caitradi : Friday, 30 June, A.C. 1273 V. 1331 expired Caitradi : Tuesday, 19 June, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1274 V. 1331 expired Karttikadi : Monday, 8 July, A.C. 1275 The given tithi is proximate, to Friday, 30 June, A.C. 1273, according to the current Caitradi system. The given tithi would fall on the given week-day, only if the former be taken as connected with the week-day on which it commenced. The tithi cominenced about 16 h. 41 m. after mean sunrise. If, however, there be some error in recording or reading the date, the year 1331 may probably be 1332. In that case, the given date may correspond to Thursday, 25 June, A.C. 1276 according to the exired Karttikadi system. The given tithi commenced after sunset in this case, too. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #212
195 THE SOLANKI PERIOD (ii) image inscriptions 191. V. 1118-PILS., No. 294, Rumbhariya image inscription Sam. 1118, Phalguna, sudi. 9, Soma V. 1118 current : Thursday, 1 February, A.C. 1061 V. 1118 expired : Wednesday, 20 February, A.C. 1062 The date as given is obviously erroneous. The given tithi applies to Wednesday and the week-day, therefore, may be read as Saumya in place of Soma. The given date would accordingly correspond to Wednesday, 20 February, A.C. 1062. It ended about 17 h. 24 m. after mean sunrise on that day. 192. V. 1130-RPLS, No. 4, Radhanpur image inscrip tion Sam. 1130, Pausa, su.di. 15, Guru V. 1130 current : Friday, 28 December, A.C. 1072 V. 1130 expired : Tuesday, 17 December, A.C. 1073 The given date probably corresponds to Thursday, 27 December, A.C. 1072. The tithi commenced about 1h 4 m. 38 se. after local sunrise on that day according to the Surya Siddhanta. But it commenced about 12 m. 34 se. before local sunrise according to the Brahma Siddhanta. It means that the given date would be regular according to the Brahma Siddhanta. 193. V. 1145-KT., Appe. 11-74, Kumbhariya image inscription Sam. 1145, Magha, ba. di. 6, Guru For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #213
196 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1145 current : Purnimanta: Saturday, 15 December, A.C. 1087 Amanta: Sunday, 16 January, A.C. 1088 Monday, 17 January, A.C. 1088 { V. 1145 expired : Purnimanta: Friday, 5 January, A.C. 1089 Amanta Saturday, 3 February, A.C. 1089 The given date is a proximate to Friday, 5 January, A.C. 1089. The given tithi well fits in with the given week-day, if it was ascribed as connected with the week-day on which it commenced. It commenced about 6 h. 36 m. after mean sunrise on Thursday, 4 January, A.C. 1089. 194. V. 1164-RPLS, No. 10, Radhanpur image inscription Sam. 1164, Phalguna, su.di. 7, Guru V. 1164 current: Saturday, 2 February, A.C. 1107 V. 1164 expried: Friday, 21 February, A.C. 1108 The given date would fall on Thursday, 20 February, A.C. 1108, if it be taken as construed with the week-day on which it commenced. It commenced about 2 h. 46 m. after mean sunrise on that day. 195. V. 1204-JPLS, No. 173, Tharad image inscription. Sam. 1204, Vaisakha, su.di 3, Guru V. 1204 current S(Monday, 15 April, A.C. 1146 Caitradi Tuesday, 16 April, A.C. 1146 V. 1204 expired Caitradi: Saturday, 5 April, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1147 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #214
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 197 V. 1204 expired Karttikadi : Friday, 23 April, A.C. 1148 On the last date mentioned above the given tithi fell on Friday according to the Surya Siddhanta'. But on calculating according to the Brahma Siddhanta, it is found to have commenced about 2 m. 41 se. before local sunrise on Thursday. Thus the given tithi would be ascribed to the given week-day in regular course. 196. V. 1914-KT., Appe. No. 13, Kumbhariya image inscription Sam 1214. Phalguna, ba.di. 7, Sukra V. 1214 current, - Purnimanta : Sunday, 3 February, A.C. 1157 Amanta : Tuesday, 5. March, A.C. 1157 V. 1214 expired, - Puraimanta : Thursday, 23 January, A.C. 1158 Amanta : Saturday, 22 February, A.C. 1158 The given date would correspound to Friday, 21 February, A.C. 1158, if it was taken as connected with the week-day on which it commenced. It commenced as late as about 12 h. 51 m. after mean sunrise on that day. It is also probable that some particulars in the date may be recorded or read wrongly. The dark fortnight should be corrected into bright fortnight. In that case the date would correspond to Friday, 7 February, A.C. 1158. The tiihi ended about 10 h. 27 m. after mean sunrise on that day, 1. It commenced about 1 h, 31 m. after local sunrise on Thursday. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #215
198 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT 197. V. 1220-JPLS., No. 85, Tharad image inscription Sam, 1220, Jyestha, su. di. 9, Ravi V. 1220 current Caitradi : Thursday, 24 May, A.C. 1162 V. 1220 expired Caitradi, : Tuesday, 14 May, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1163 V. 1220 expired Karttikadi : Monday, 1 June A.C. 1164 The given tithi would fall on Sunday, 31 May, A.C. 1164 if it was ascribed as construed with the week-day on which it commenced. It commenced about 5 h. 24 m. after mean sunrise on that day. 198. V. 1221-RPLS., No. 14, Radhanpur image ins cription Sam. 1221, Vaisakha, su. di. 10, Sukra. V. 1221 current Caitradi : Monday, 15 April, A.C. 1163 V. 1221 expired Caitradi : Vaisakha was intercalary.. (or current Karttikadi) First Vaisakha, su. di. 10-Sarurday, 4 April, A.C. 1164 Second Vaisakha, su. di. 10-Sunday, 3 May, A.C. 1164 V. 1221 expired Karttikadi : Thursday, 22 April, A.C. 1165 The given date does not tally with the given week-day according to any of the systems mentioned above. It would correspond to Friday, 3 April, A.C. 1164, if it be taken as connected with the week-day on which it commenced. It commenced about 2 h. 32 m. after mean sunrise on that day. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #216
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 199 199. V. 1244-JPLS., No. 216, Tharad image inscription Sam. 1244, Phalguna, su. di. 3, Budha V. 1244 curren : Friday, 13 February, A.C. 1187 V. 1244 expired : Tuesday, 2 February, A.C. 1188 As the given tithi does not tally with the weekday according to either of the systems mentioned above, some particular in the date is erroneous. Probably, the fortnight su. di, is misread and may be corrected into ba. di. In that case the date would correspond to Wednesday, 17 February, A.C. 1188 according to the expired Amanta system. It ended about 3 h. 15 m. after mean sunrise on that day. 200. V. 1259-PJLS., No. 299, 300, 301, Kumbhariya image inscription Sam. 1259, Asalha, su. di. 2, Sani * V. 1259 current Caitradi : Monday, 4 June, A.C. 1201 V. 1259 expired Caitradi : Sunday, 23 June, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1202 V. 1259 expired Karttikadi : Suppressed between sunrise on Thursday, 12, June, A.C. 1203 and sunrise on the next day. As the given tithi does not tally with any of the systems mentioned above, it is taken as construed with the week-day on which it commenced. The 2nd tithi** commenced about 9 h. 15 m. after mean sunrise on Saturday, 22 June; A.C. 1202. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #217
200 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT 201. V. 1316-RPLS, No. 37, Radhanpur image inscrip tion Sam. 1316, Magha, ba. di. 2, Soma V. 1316 current, Amanta V. 1316 expired, - Purnimanta Pausa was a ksaya month. Margasirsa, ba. di. 7-Wednesday, 18 December A.C. 1258 Sunday, 12 January, A.C. 1259 - Purnimanta: Friday, 2 January, A.C. 1260 Amanta Saturday, 31 January, A.C. 1260 The given date does note correspond to any of the dates mentioned above. If there be an error in recording or reading the date, Soma may be corrected into Saumya. According to this assumption, the given tithi would correspond to Wednesday, 18 December, A.C. 12581. 202. V. 1318-RPLS., No. 38, Radhanpur image inscription Sam. 1318, Jyestha, su. di. 13, Guru V. 1318 current Caitradi: Monday, 24 May, A.C. 1260 V. 1318 expired Caitradi: Saturday, 14 May, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1261 V. 1318 expired Karttikadi: Friday, 2 June, A.C. 1262 The given tithi probably corresponds to Thursday, 1 June, A.C. 1262, in case the tithi was ascribed to 1. The month succeeding Amanta Margasirsa was a suppressed one. Accordingly, the dark fortnight of Amanta Margasirsa would be referred to Magha according to the Purnimanta system. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #218
201 THE SOLANKI PERIOD the week day on which it commenced. It commenced about 5 h. 53 m. after mean sunrise on that day. 203. V. 1318-RPLS., p. no. 27. Radhanpur image inscription Sam. 1318, Sravana, ba. di 13 Guru V. 1318 current Caitradi, Purnimanta : Wednesday, 7 July, A C. 1260 Amanta : Friday, 6 August, AC. 1260 V. 1318 expired Caitradi,(or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Sunday 26 June, A.C. 1261 Monday, 27 June, A.C. 1261 Amanta : Tuesday, 26 July, A.C. 1261 V. 1318 expired Karttikadi : Puraimanta : Saturday, 15 July, A.C. 1262 Amanta : Monday, 14 August, A.C. 1262 The given tithi ended 23 h. 54 m. after mean sunrise on Wednesday, 7 July, A.C. 1260, i.e. 6 m. before mean sunrise on Thursday. On calculation it is found to have ended about 8 m. before true sunrise at Anahilawad. It is not improbable that the given tithi extended some minutes further and got associated with Thursday at sunrise, according to some other system followed in this date. 204. V. 1334-PJLS, No. 498, Sankhesvara image inscription Sam, 1334, Radha (Vaisakha), su. di. 10, Ravi V. 1334 current Caitradi : Saturday, 25 April, A.C. 1276 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #219
202 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1334 expired Caitradi: Wednesday, 14 April, (or current Karttikadi) A.C. 1277 V. 1334 expired Karttikadi: Tuesday, 3 May, A C. 1278 As the given date does not correspond to any of the dates mentioned above, it is obvious that some particular in it, is wrongly recorded or read. The tithi 10 may, therefore, be corrected into either 14 or 15. The former would apply to the Caitradi system and correspond to Sunday, 18 April, A.C. 1277 while the latter would apply to the Karttikadi system and correspond to Sunday, 8 May A.C 1278. Accordingly, the modified tithi would correspond to the given week-day. Thus the records pertaining to the Astadasasata Mandala excluding Mt. Abu region contain 67 key-dates (Nos. 138 to 204). Out of them 59 dates are of definite character, while the remaining 8 dates seem erroneous in some particular or other. The results of the examination of these definite dates may be tabulated as follows : Dates applying to expired years Nos: 139-151, 153, 155-167, 169, 170, 172-174, 176-188, 193, 194, 195-198 and 200 Total Number 52 Dates applying to current years Nos: 154, 171, 175, 192 and 203. 7 168, 190, For Personal & Private Use Only Total Of 59 definite dates, 33 give some indication about the systems of Karttikadi and Caitradi years. The 59

Page #220
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 203 results arrived at in this respect may be tabulated as follows: 33 Dales applying to Dates applying to Total Karttikadi years Caitradi Years Nos : 158-170 177-182, Nos : 154-157, 195, 197 and 202 175, 176, 188, 190, 198, 200 and 203 Total Number 22 11 Now the results may be analysed with respect to the systems of Amanta and Purnimanta months. Out of 59 definite dates only 16 yield indications about this factor. Out of them 6 apply to Amanta months and 10 to Purnimanta months. Further it may be noted that 2 dates of Amanta months and 5 dates of Purnimanta months apply to Karttikadi years, while 2 dates of Amanta months hand 1 date of Purnimanta months apply to Caitradi years. The results may be tabulated as follows : Dates applying to Dates applying to Total Amanta months Purnimanta months Karttik adi Caitradi either Karttik adi Caitradi either Years Years Years Years Nos.. Nos. Nos. Nos. Nos. Nos. 182 175 171 177- 203 172, and and and 181 173, 184 176 196 174 and 193 Total 2 2 2 5 1 4 Number Grand 10 Total 6 16 GPU For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #221
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT Thus the known dates of the Astadasasata Mandala (excluding Mt. Abu region) indicate great predilection for expired and Karttikadi years, but that is not the case with Amanta months, the systems of Amanta and Purnimanta months appear to be in vogue here almost in an equal proportion. The former obviously indicates the bearing of the solanki kingdom in Gujarat while the latter implies that of the Purnimanta kingdom in Rajasthan. 204 The Purnimanta months having a numerical preponderance over them. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #222
VIII THE SOLANKI PERIOD (Contd.) NORTH AND NORTH-EAST GUJARAT ' The territory that lay to the east and south-east of the Sarasvata Mandala, comprised the Khetaka Mandala of the Solanki kingdom. Culturally, however, its northern parts (represented by present Sabarkantha and Ahmedabad Districts) are usually treated as North-East and North Gujarat respectively, while its Southern part (represented by Kaira District) is generally treated as a part of Central Gujarat. Under North Gujarat is here included the area round Dholka, which seems to have formed a principality under the Ranakas of the Vaghela branch of the Solanki dynasty. 1. Regular Dates A. Dates in Bright Fortnights 1. Dates in the months Karttika to Phalguna (a) Dates in expired years (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscriptions 205. V. 1259--HIG., No. 242, Roho stone inscription of (the time of King Bhimadeva II) Sam 1259, Karttika, su. di. 1. Sukra V. 1259 current : Sunday, 30 September, A.C. 1201 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #223
206 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1259 expired : Friday, 18 October, A.C. 1202 The tithi ended about 19 h. 5 m. after mean sunrise. 206. V. 1285-PILS., Part ii, No. 545, Taranga stone inscription Sam. 1285, Phalguna, su. di. 2, Ravi V. 1285 current : Wednesday, 9 February, A.C. 1228 V. 1285 expired ; Sunday, 28 January, A.C. 1229 The tithi ended about 19 h. 34 m. after mean sunrise. 207. V. 1354-BP. Vol. LVII, p. 28, EI Vol. XXXIV, pp. 151 ff. Bhiloda (Idar State) stone inscription of the time of King Karna. Sam 1354, Karttika. su. di. 11, Ravi, Sobhana Samvatsara V. 1354 current : Monday. 8 October, A C. 1926 V. 1354 expired : Sunday, 27 October, A.C. 1297 The tithi ended about 19 h. 48 m. after mean sunrise. (ii) image inscriptions 208. V. 1299-JDPLS., Part i, No. 430, p. 249, Idar image inscription Sam. 1299, Magha, su. di. 5, Soma V. 1299 current : Wednesday, 8 January, A.C. 1242 V. 1299 expired : Monday, 26 January, A.C. 1243 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #224
THE SOLANKI PERIOD The tithi ended 21 h. 29 m. after mean sunrise. 209. V. 1320-JDPLS., Part i, No. 983, Ahmedabad image inscription Sam, 1320, Magha, su. di. 5, Sani V. 1320 current: Tuesday, 16 January, A.C. 1263 V. 1320 expired Saturday, 5 January, A.C. 1264 The tithi ended about 18 h. 22 m. after mean sunrise. 210. V. 1343-JDPLS. Part i, No. 676, p. 119, oran image inscription Sam. 1343, Magha, su. di. 12. Soma V. 1343 current: Wednesday, 9 January, A.C 1286 V. 1343 expired: (Monday, 27 January, A.C. 1287 Tuesday, 28 January. A.C. 1287 The given date corresponds to Monday, 27 January, A.C. 1287. The given tithi commenced before mean sunrise on that day and ended about 1 h. 20 m. after mean sunrise on the next day. (iii) prasastis 211. V. 1313-JPPS., No 213, p. 126, A Ms of Sraddhasatakavrtti copied at Asapa|li. Sam. 1313, Pausa. su. di. 7, Soma 207 V. 1313 current: Tuesday, 7 December, A.C. 1255 V. 1313 expired: Monday, 25 December. A.C. 1256 The tithi ended about 17 h. 51 m. after mean sunrise. 2. Dates in the months Caitra to Asvina : (a) Dates in current Caitradi years: Prasastis 212. V. 1330-Prachin Gurjar Kavya Sangrah, No. 13, p. 87, A Ms of Aradhana copied at Asapalli Sam. 1330, Asvina su. di. 5, Guru For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #225
208 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1330 current Caitradi : Thursday, 29 September, A.C. 1272 The tithi ended about 0 h. 51 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1330 expired Caitradi : Monday, 16 September, (or current Karitikadi) A.C. 1273 V. 1330 expired Karttikadi : Friday, 7 September, A.C 1274 (b) Dates in expired Caitradi (or current Karttikadi) years (i) image inscriptions 213. V. 1258-JNPLS., Part i No. 625, Sanand image inscription Sam. 1258, Jyestha, su. di. 9, Ravi V. 1258 current Caitradi : Wednesday, 24 May, A.C. 1200 V. 1258 expired Caitradi : Sunday, 13 May, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1201 The tithi ended about 7 h. 48 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1258 expired Karttikadi : Friday, 31 May, A.C. 1202 (ii) Prasastis 214. V. 1301-JPPS., No. 196, p. 123, A Ms of Anuyogadvarasutra (Mulapatha) copied at Dhavalakka. Sam. 1301, Asadha, su. di. 10, Sukra V. 1301 current Caitradi : Sunday, 28 June, A.C. 1233 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #226
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 209 V. 1301 expired Caitradi : Friday, 17 June, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1244 The tithi ended about 10 h. 27 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1301 expired Karttikadi ; Asadha was intercalary. First Asadha, su. di. 10-Tuesday, 6 June, A.C. 1243 Second Asadha, su. di. 10-Thursday, 6 July, A.C. 1245 (c) Dates in expired Karttikadi years : (1) stone, stone-pillar and copper plate inscriptions 215. V. 1067-Bharatiya Vidya, Vol. p. 39, FI, Vol. XXXIII, pp. 192 ff. Modasa copper-plate inscription of the time of king Bhoja Sam. 1067, Jyestha, su, di. 1, Kavi V. 1067 current Caitradi : Thursday, 28 April, A.C. 1009 V. 1067 expired Caitradi : Wednesday, May A.C. (or current Karttikadi) V. 1067 expired Karttikadi : Sunday, 6 May, A.C. 1011 The tithi ended about 23 h. 39 m after mean sunrise. 216. V. 1354-JTSS, Vol. I, Part i, p. 150; JSP, year 2, Vol. II, p. 66, Taranga stone inscrition Sam. 1354, Vaisakha, su. di. 2, Soma V. 1354 current Caitradi : Friday, 6 April, A.C. 1296 1010 14 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #227
210 - THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1354 expired Caitradi : Wednesday, 24 April, (or current Karttikadi) A.C. 1297 V. 1354 expired Karttikadi : Monday, 14 April, A.C. 1298 The tithi ended about 7 h. 5 m. after mean sunrise. (ii) image inscriptions 217. V. 1215-Puratattva, Vol. IV, p. 289, Vadali image inscription Sam. 1215, Vajsakha, su. di. 3, Budha V. 1215 current Caitradi : Suppressed between sun rise on Saturday, 13 April, A.C. 1157 and sunrise on the next day. V. 1215 expired Caitradi : Thursday, 3 April, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1159 V. 1215 expired Karttikadi : Wednesday, 22 April, A.C. 1159 The tithi ended about 14 h. 32 m. after sunrise. 218. V. 1240-JDPLS, Part I, No. 929, p. 169, Ahmeda bad image inscription Sam. 1240, Jyestha, su. di. 10, Soma V. 1240 current Caitradi : Saturday, 15 May, A.C. 1182 V. 1240 expired Caitradi : Tuesday, 2 June, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1183 V. 1240 expired Karttikadi : Monday, 21 May, A.C. 1184 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #228
THE SOLANKI PERIOD The tithi ended about 19 h. 20 m. after mean sunrise. 219. V. 1275-PLS, No. 33, p. 10, Vadali image inscription Sam. 1275, Vaisakha, su. di. 4, Sukra V. 1275 current Caitradi: Tuesday, 11 April, AC. 1217 211 V. 1275 expired Caitradi: Suppressed between sun(or current rise on Saturday, 31 Karttikadi) March, A.C. 1218 and sunrise on the next day. V. 1275 expired Karttikadi: Friday, 19 April, A.C. 1219 The tithi ended about 20 h. 46 m. after mean sunrise. 220. V. 1298-JDPLS, Part i, no. 1483, Idar image inscription. Sam. 1298, Bhadrapada, su. di 1, Guru. V. 1298 current Caitradi: Suppressed between sunrise on Sunday, 19 July, A.C. 1240 & sunrise on the next day. V. 1298 expired Caitradi: Friday, 9 August, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1241 V. 1298 expired Karttikadi : Bhadrapada was intercalary. First Bhadrapada su. di. 1-Wednesday, 30 July, A.C. 1242 Second Bhadrapada, su. di. 1-Thursday, 28 August, A.C. 1242 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #229
212 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT The tithi ended about 15 h. 44 m. after mean sunrise... 221. V. 1303-JDPLS., Part I, No. 1423, p. 248, Idar image inscription Sam. 1303, Caitra, su, di, 2, Ravi V. 1303 current Caitradi : Wednesday, 1 March, A.C. 1245 V. 1303 expired Catradi : Suppressed between sun (or currrent rise on Tuesday, 20 Karitikadi) March, A.C 1246 and sunrise on the next day. V. 1303 expired Karittikadi : Sunday, 24 March, A.C. 1247 The tithi ended about 23 h. 39 m. after mean sunrise. 222. V. 1303-JDPLS Part i, No. 615, p. 107, Aluva image inscription Sam. 1303, Vaisakha, su, di. 4, Budha V. 1303 current Caitradi : Sunday, 2 April, A.C. 1245 V. 1303 expired Caitradi : Saturday, 21, April, A.C. (or current Karitikadi) : 1246 V. 1303 expired Karttikadi : Wednesday, 10 April, A.C. 1247 The tithi ended about 18 h. 8 m. after mean sunrise. 223. V. 1304-JS, Vol. II, p. 65, Taranga image inscription Sam. 1304, Dvitiya Jyestha, su. di. 9, Soma For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #230
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 213 V. 1304 expired Karttikadi : Jyestha was intercalary. First Jyestha, su. di. 9-Sunday, 3 May, A.C. 1248 Second Jyestha, su. di. 9-Monday, 1 June, A.C. 1248 The tithi ended about 16 h. 27 m. after mean sunrise. 224. V. 1305-PLS,, Part I, No. 4 p. 12, Dabhoda image ; inscription. Sam. 1305, Jyestha, S:!. di. 11, Soma V. 1305 current Caitradi : Thursday, 16 May, A.C. 1247 V. 1305 expired Caitradi : Jyestha was intercalary. (or current Karttikadi , First Jystha, su. di. 11-Tuesday, 5 May, A.C 1248 Second Jyestha, su. di. 11-Wednesday, 3 June, A.C. 1248 V. 1305 expired Karttikadi : Monday, 24 May, A.C. 1249 225. V. 1349-JGRS, pp. 309-10, Char Jain Tirtho, p. 68, Dholka image inscription Sam. 1349, Jyestha, su, di. 14, Budha V. 1349 current Caitradi : Sunday, 13 May, A.C. 1291 V. 1349 expired Caitradi : Saturday, 31 May, A.C. (or current Karitikadi): 292 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #231
214 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1349 expired Karttikadi : Wednesday, 20 May, A.C. 1293 The tithi ended about 15 h. 15 m. after mean sunrise. 226. V. 1356-PJLS, Partii, No. 537, Bareja image inscription Sam. 1356, Jyestha, su, di. 15. Sukra V. 1356 current Caitradi : Tuesday, 27 May, A.C. 1298 V. 1356 expired Caitradi : Saturday, 16 May, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1299 V. 1356 expired Karttikadi : Friday, 3 June, A.C. 1300 The tithi ended about 7h. 34 m after mean sunrise. (iii) prasastis 227. V. 1248-JPPS. No. 109, p 113, A Ms of Dasa vaikalikasutralaghutika copied at Asapalli. Sam 1248, Sravana, su. di. 9, Soma V. 1248 current Caitradi : Friday, 13 July, A C. 1190 V. 1248 expired Caitradi : Thursday, 1 August, (or current Karttikadi) A.C. 1191 V. 1248 expired Karttikadi : Monday, 20 July, A.C. 1192 The tithi ended about 16 h 56 m. after mean sunrise. 228. V. 1309-JPPS., No. 207, p. 125, A Ms Dharma ratnaprakaranalaghuvrtti copied at Dhavalakkaka Sam. 1309, Jyestha, su. di. 1, Budha V. 1309 current Caitradi : Tuesday, 23 May, A,C. 1251 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #232
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 215 V. 1309 expired Caitradi : Saturday, 11 May, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1252 V. 1309 expired Karttikadi : Wednesday, 30 April, A.C. 1253 The tithi ended about 6 h. 51 m. after mean sunrise. 229. V. 1313-Sri Ps. ST. P. No. 121, p. 80, A Ms of Mahesvarasuri's Jnanapancamikatha copied at (Dhavalakka) Sam 1313, Caitra, su, di. 8, Ravi V. 1313 current Caitradi : Wednesday, 17 March, A.C. 1255 V. 1313 expired Caitradi : Monday, 6 March, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1256 V. 1313 expired Karttikadi : Sunday, 25 March, A.C. 1257 The tithi ended about 1 h. 5 m. after mean sunrise. 230 V. 1326-JPPS, No. 227, p. 128, A Ms of Vardd hamanaswamicarita copied at Dhavalakkaka Sam. 1326, Sravana, su. di. 2, Soma V. 1326 current Caitradi : Friday, 13 July, A.C. 1268 V. 1326 expired Caitradi : Tuesday, 2 July, A.C. 1269 (or current Karttikndi). V. 1326 expired Karttikadi: Monday, 21 July, A.C. 1270 The tithi ended about 18 h. 8 m. after mean sunrise. 231. V. 1333-JPLS., No. 242 p. 129, A Ms of Anuyoga dvaracurni copied at Dhavalakkaka Sam. 1333, Caitra, su.di. 11, Budha For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #233
216 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1333 current Caitradi : Saturday, 9 March, A.C. 1275 V. 1333 expired Caitradi : Friday, 22 March, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1276 V. 1333 expired Karttikadi : Wednesday, 17 March, A.C. 1277 The tithi ended about 10 h. 27 m. after mean sunrise. B Dates in Dark Fortnights 1. Date in the months Karttika to Phalguna Dates in expired years Amanta Dates (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscriptions 232. V. 1005-EI., Vol. XIX p. 236. Harsol copper-plate inscription of Paramara King Siyaka II Sam. 1005, Magha. ba.di. 30, Budha V. 1005 current, - Purnimanta : Friday, 14 January, A.C. 948 Amanta : Saturday, 12 February, A.C. 948 V. 1005 expired, - Purnimanta : Tuesday, 2 January, A.C. 949 Amanta : Wednesday, 31 January, A.C. 949 The tithi ended about 22 h. 41 m. after mean sunrise. (ii) image inscription 233. V. 1285-JDPLS., Part i, No. 1412, Idar image inscription Sam. 1285, Phalguna, ba.di. 2, Ravi For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #234
217 THE SOLANKI PERIOD V. 1285 current, - Puraimanta : Tuesday, 25 January, A.C. 1228 Amanta : Wednesday, 23 February, A C. 1228 V. 1285 expired, - Purnimanta : Saturday, 13 January, A C. 1229 Amanta : Sunday, 11 February, A.C. 1229 The tithi ended about 23 h. 10 m. after mean sunrise. (iii) Prasastis 234. V. 1349-Puratativa, Vol. V, p. 261. n. 9, JPPS, No. 265, p. 133, A Ms of Jayarasibhatta's Tatvopaplava copied at Dhavalakkaka Sam 1349 Margasirsa, ba. di. 11, Sani V. 1349 current, - Puraimanta : Sunday, 18 November, A.C. 1291 Amanta : | Monday, 17 December, A C. 1291 Tuesday, 18 December, A.C. | 1291 V. 1349 expired, - Purnimanta : Thursday, 6 November, A.C. 1292 Amanta : Saturday, 6 December, A.C. 1292 The tithi ended about 4 h. 41 m. after mean sunrise. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #235
218 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT 2. Dates in the inonths Caitra to Asvina Dates in expired Karttikadi years (A) Purnimanta Dates image inscriptions 235. V. 1305-JSP., year 2, Vol. II, p. 65 Taranga image inscription Sam. 1305, Asadha, ba di. 7, Sukra V. 1305 current Caitradi, - Purnimanta : Tuesday, 28 May, A C. 1247 Amanta : Wednesday, 26 June, A.C. 1247 V. 1305 expired Caitradi, - (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta ; Monday, 15 June, A.C. 1248 Amanta : Tuesday, 14 July, A.C. 1248 V. 1305 expired Karttikadi, - Purnimania : Friday, 4 June, A.C. 1249 The tithi ended about 9 h. 44 m. after mean sunrise. Amanta ; S Saturday, 3 July, A.C. 1249 Sunday, 4 July, A.C. 1249 (B) Amanta Dates (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate instriptions 236. V. 1256-Puratan Brahmakshetrano Prachin-Arvachin Itihas, Appendix i., pp. 167 f Khedabrahma stone inscription Sam 1256, Vajsakha, ba.di. 1, Soma V. 1256 current Caitradi, - Purnimanta ; Wednesday, 25 March, A.C. 1198 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #236
219 THE SOLANKI PERIOD 219 Amanta ; Friday, 24 April, A.C. 1198 V. 1256 expired Caittradi, - (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Monday, 15 March, A.C. 1129 Amania : Tuesday, 13 April, A.C. 1199 V. 1256 expired Karttikadi, - Purnimanta : Sunday, 2 April, A.C. 1200 Amanta : Monday, 1 May, A-C. 1200 The tithi ended about 17 h. 53 m. after mean sunrise. (ii) image inscriptions 237. V. 1271-Puratattva, Vol. IV, p. 289, Vadali image inscription Sam. 1271, Asvina, ba.di. 30. Sani V. 1271 current Caitradi, - Puraimanta : Monday, 16 September, A.C. 1213 Amanta : Tuesday, 15 October, A.C. 1213 V. 1271 expired Caitradi, - (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Friday, 5 September, A.C. . 1214 Amanta : Sunday, 5 October, A.C. 1214 V. 1271 expired Karttikadi, - Purnimanta : Thursday, 24 September, A.C. Amanta ; Saturday, 24 October, A.C. 1215 The tithi ended about 5 h. 10 m. after mean sunrise. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #237
220 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT 238. V. 1346-JDPLS., Part i, No. 1275, p. 224. Ahmedabad image inscription Sam. 1346, Jyestha, ba.di. 1, Sukra V. 1346 current Caitradi, Purnimanta: Monday, 19 April, A.C. 1288 Amanta: Tuesday. 18 May, A.C. 1288 V. 1346 exired Caitradi, - (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta: Saturday, 7 May, A.C. 1289 Amanta Monday, 6 June, A.C. 1289 V. 1346 expired Karttikadi. Purnimanta Thursday, 27 April, A.C. 1290 Amanta Friday, 26 May, 1290 The tithi ended about 18 h. 36 m. after mean sunrise. - (d) A date which may be either a Purnimanta date of a current year or an Amanta date of an expired year image inscription 239. V. 1326-JDPLS., Part 1, No. 1413, Idar image V. 1326 current, inscription Sam. 1326, Magha, ba.di. 2, Ravi Purnimanta: Sunday, 23 December, A.C. 1268 The tithi enhed about 3 h. 44 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1326 expired, Purnimanta: Saturday, 11 January, A.C. 1270 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #238
A THE SOLANKI PERIOD Amanta Sunday, 9 February, A.C. 1270 The tithi ended about 16 h. 56 m. after mean sunrise. 2. Irregular Dates (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscriptions 240. V. 1264-Some Archaeological Finds in the Idar State, p. 45, Vadali stone inscription of Paramara King Dharavarsa. Sam. 1264, Caitra, su.di 13, Guru 221 V. 1264 current Caitradi: Friday, 24 March, A.C. 1206 V. 1264 expired Caitradi: Tuesday, 13 March, (or current Karttikadi) A.C. 1207 V. 1264 expired Karttikadi : Monday, 31 March, A.C. 1208 The given date would correspond to Thursday 23, March, A.C. 1206, if the tithi was ascribed to the week day on which it commenced, On this day it commenced about 10 h. 27 m. after mean sunrise. However, it is probable that some particular in the given date is erroneous. In that case either the year may be corrected into 1260 or the tithi may be corrected into 15. In the former case the day may correspond to Thursday, 27 March, A.C. 1203 according to the expired Caitradi system, and in the later case to Thursday, 15 March, A.C. 1207 according to the expired Caitradi system, 241. V. 1325-RLARBP., 238, Sathamba stone inscription Sam 1325, Asadha, su.di. 14, Sani V. 1325 current Caitradi: Wednesday, 6 July A.C. 1267 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #239
222 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1325 expired Caitradi : Monday, 25 June, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1268 V. 1325 expired Karttikadi : Friday, 14 June, A.C. 1269 As the given date does not hold good with respect to the week-day with any of the equivalent dates mentioned above, it is obvious that there must be an error in some particular or other. Presumably, su.di. may be corrected into ba di. In that case the given tithi would correspond to Saturday, 29 June, A.C. 1269. (ii) image inscriptions 242. V. 1042-JDPLS., Part I, No. 1460, Idar image inscription Sam. 1042, Vaisakha, su. di. 5, Soma V. 1042 current Caitradi : Wednesday, 9 April, A.C. 984 V, 1042 expired Caitradi : Sunday, 29 March, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 985 V. 1042 expired Karttikadi : Saturday, 17 April, A.C, 986 The given date does not tally with the given weekday by any of the systems mentioned above. It is, therefore, probable that there must be some error in recording or reading the date. Probabiy tithi 5 may be corrected into 6 or 7. In that case it would correspond to Monday, 30 March, A,C. 985 or Monday, 19 April, A.C. 986 respectively. 243. V. 1126-JSP., Year 2, Vol. p. 122, Mang image inscription Sam. 1126, Vaisakha, ba. di. 11, Sani For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #240
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 223 V. 1126 current Caitradi, Purnimanta : Tuesday, 1 April, A.C. 1068 Amanta : Wednesday, 30 April, A.C. 1068 V. 1126 expired Caitradi, (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Suppressed between sunrise on Saturday, 21 March, A.C. 1069 and sunrise on the next-day. Aman'. : Moriday, 20 April, A.C. 1069 V. 1126 expired Karttikadi, Purnimanta : Friday, April, A.C 1070 Amanta : Sunday 9 May, A.C. 1070 The given date would correspond to Saturday, 21 March, A.C. 1069. The given tithi coinmenced about 24 m. 51 se. before local sunrise on that day according to the Brahma Siddhanta'. 244. V. 1178-JDPLS., Part i, No. 773, p. 139, Adalaj image inscription Sam. 1178, Jyestha, ba.di. 9, Soma V. 1178 current Caitradi, - Purnimanta : Friday, 22 April, A.C. 1120 Amanta : Sunday, 23 May, A.C. 1120 1 According to the Surya Siddhanta it commenced about 59 m. 6 se. after local sunris: on the day. According to Karttikadi system the given day would correspond to Saturday 8 May, A.C. 1070, if he given tithi be ascribed to the week-day on which it commenced. It commenced about 8 h. 46 se. after mean sunrise on that day. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #241
224 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1978 expired Caitradi, (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta: Thursday, 12 May, A,C. 1121 Amanta Saturday, 11 June, A.C. 1121 V. 1178 expired Karttikadi, - Purnimanta: Tuesday, 2 May, A.C. 1122 Amania Wednesday, 31 May, A.C. 1122 The given tithi would correspond to Monday, 1 May, A.C. 1122, if it be taken as construed with the week-day on which it commenced. It commenced about 13 h. 6 m. after mean sunrise on that day. 245. V. 1284-JSP., Year 2, Vol. II, p. 67, Tarang image inscription Sam. 1284, Phalguna, su,di. 2, Ravi V. 1284 current : Friday, 19 February, A.C. 1227 V. 1284 expired: Wednesday, 9 February, A.C. 1228 It is obvious that some particular in the given date is incorrect. Probably, the correct tithi was su. di. 7 which would correspond to Sunday mentioned in the given date. In that case it would correspond to Sunday, 13 Febrnary, A.C. 1228. 246. V. 1299-HIG., No. 149, Roho image inscription Sam. 1299, Vaisakha, su. di. 13, Soma V. 1299 current Caitradi: Thursday, 25 April, A.C. 1241 V. 1299 expired Caitradi: suppressed between sun(or current rise on Monday, 14 April, Karttikadi) A.C. 1242 and sunrise on the next day. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #242
THI SOLANKI PERIOD 225 V. 1299 expired Kartikadi : Suppressed between sunrise on Sunday, 3 May, A.C. 1243 and sunrise on the next day. On the given date, the given tithi is found to have commenced about 2 h. 16 m. after local sunrise on Monday, 14 April, A,C. 1242 according to the Surya Siddhanta and about 44 m. 19 se. after local sunrise on that day according to the Brahma Siddhanta, In either case it seems to have been connected with the weekday on which it commenced. 247. V. 1311-JDPLS., Part i, No. 1300, p. 228, Ahmeda bad image inscription Sam. 1299, Vaisakha, su. di. 2, Sani V. 1311 current Caitradi, - Purnimanta : Tuesday, 18 March, A.C. 1253 Amanta : Thursday, 17 April, A.C. 1253 V. 1311 expired Caitradi, - (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Monday, 6 April, A.C. 1254 Amanta : Wednesday, 6 May, A.C. 1254 V. '1311 expired Karttikadi, - Purnimanta : Friday, 26 March, A.C. 1255 Amanta : Sunday, 25 April, A.C. 1255 The given tithi would correspond to Saturday, 24 April, A.C. 1255, if the tithi is taken as construed with the week-diy on which it commenced. It commenced about 9 h. 29 m. after mean sunrise on that day. It is 15 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #243
226 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT also possible that the given tithi is better read 1 instead of 2. In that case it well applies to the given week. day in a regular way. 248. V. 1318-JDPLS, Part i. No. 1474, p. 296, Idar image inscription Sam. 1318, Jyestha. ba. di. 8, Budha V, 1318 current Caitradi, - Purnimanta : Tuesday, 4 May, A.C. 1260 Amanta : Thursday, 3 June A.C. 1260 V. 1318 expired Caitradi, - (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Sunday, 24 April, A.C. 1261 Amanta : Monday, 23 May, A.C. 1261 V. 1319 expired Karttikadi, - Purnimanta : Saturday, 13 May, A.C. 1262 Amanta : Sunday, 11 June, A.C. 1262 The given day would correspond to Wednesday, 2 June, A.C. 1260. But the given tithi commenced 45 m. 10 se. after local sunrise on that day according to the Surya Siddhanta. However, on calculating according to the Brahma Siddhanta, the given tithi is found to have commenced 52 m. 32 se. before local sunrise on that day. It means that the given tithi fell on the given week-day according to the Brahma Siddhanta. 249. V. 1327-JDPLS., Part i. No. 1429, p. 248, Idar image inscription Sam. 1327, Magha, su. di. 5, Guru V. 1327 current : Tuesday, 28 January, A.C. 1270 V. 1327 expired : Saturday, 17 January, A.C. 1271 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #244
THE SOLANKI PERIOD The given date does not correspond to either of the dates mentioned abvoe. Hence, some particular must be wrong. Presumably, the tithi 5 may be corrected into 3. So that it may tally with the given week-day. In that case the modified date would correspond to Thursday, 15 January, A.C. 1271. (iii) Prasastis 250. V. 1199-JPPS No. 4, p. 5, A Ms of DevabhadraParsvanathacaritra copied carya's Asapalli. Sam. 1199, Asvina, ba. di. 6, Ravi V. 1199 current Caitradi V. 1199 expired Caitradi, 227 Purnimanta: Suppressed between sunrise on Sunday, 24 August, A.C. 1141 and sunrise on the next day. Amanta: Tuesday, 23 September, A.C. 1141 at (or current Karttikadi) Purnimaanta: Suppressed between sunrise on Saturday 12 September, A.C. 1142 and sunris eon the next day. Amanta Monday, 12 October, A.C. 1142 V. 1199 expired Karttikadi, Purnimanta Thursday, 2 September, A.C. 1143 Amanta; Suppressed between Sunrise on Friday, 1 October, A.C. 1143 and sunrise on the next day. According to the expired system the given day is proximate to Monday, 12 October, A.C. 1142. The For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #245
228 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT given tithi may have been ascribed to the previous week-day on which it commenced. But it commenced about 11 h. 38 m. after mean sunrise on that day. According to the current system the given day would fall on Sunday, 24 August, A.C. 1141. It commenced about 3 m. 14 se. before local sunrise on that day according to the Brahma Siddhanta? 251. V. 1301-Sri Ps , T.P. No. 31, A Ms of Hemacandra suri's Anuyogadvaravstii copied at Dhavalakka Sam. 1301. Asadha, su.di 12, Sakha V. 1301 current Caitradi : Tuesday, 30 June, A.C. 1243 V. 1301 expired Caitradi : Sunday, 19 June, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1244 V. 1301 expired Karttikadi : Asadha was intercalary, First Asadha, su, di, 12 - Thursday, 6 June, A.C. 1245 Second Asadha, su. di 12 = Saturday 8 July, A.C. 1245 Possibly, the given date corresponds to Friday, 7 July, A.C. 1245. In that case the tithi may be taken as ascribed to the week-day on which it commenced. It commenced about 6 h. after mean sunrise on that day. It is also possible that the tithi is misread 12 instead of 11. Accordingly, the modified tihi would be connected with the given week-day in a regular way. 2. According to the Surya Siddhanta it commenced about 1 h. 21 m. after local : unrise on that day. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #246
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 229 252. V. 1330-JPPS. No. 238, p. 129, A Ms. of Yogasastra diprakarana copied at Asapalli Sam. 1330, Asvins, su. di. 5 Guru V. 1330 current Caitradi : Thursday, 29 September, A.C. 1272 V. 1330 expired Caitradi : Monday, 18 September, (or current Karttikadi) A.C. 1273 V. 1330 expired Karttikadi : Friday, 7 September, A.C. 1274 The given tithi would correspond to Thursday, 6 September, A.C. 1274. It commenced about 1 h. 8 m. after true sunrise on that day acc rding to the surya Siddhanta, and the tithi may have been ascribed to the week-day on which it commenced. However, on calculating according to the Brahma Siddhanta the given tithi is found to have commenced about 20 m. 39 se. before true sunrise on that day. 253. V. 1347 JPPS., No. 15, pp. 17 f. A Ms. of Sukta ratnakara copied at Asapalli, Sam. 1347, Asadha, ba. di. 9, Guru V. 1347-current Caitradi, - Purntmanta : Monday, 13 June, A.C. 1289 Amanta : Tuesday, 12 July, A.C. 1289 V. 1347 expired Caitradi, - (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Saturday, 3 June, A.C. 1290 Amanta : Sunday, 2 July, A.C. 1290 V. 1347 expired Karttikadi, - Purnimanta : Suppressed between sunrise on Wednesday, 23 May, A.C. 1291 and sunrise on the next day. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #247
230 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT Amanta : Asadha was intercalary. First Asadha, ba.di. 9-Friday, 22 June, A.C. 1291 Second Asadha, ba.di. 9-Saturday, 21 July, A.C. 1291 The given tithi is found to be suppressed in the expired Karttikadi Parnimanta system according to the Bramha Siddhanta as well as the Surya Siddhanta. Hence, it may be applied to the expired Karttikadi Amanta system. Accordingly, the given day may be equated with Thursday, 21 June, A.C. 1291. The given tithi commenced 8 h. 17 m, after mean sunrise on that day, but the tithi seems to have been ascribed to the week-day on which it commenced. 3 Of the 49 dates given above, 43 dates are of definite character. Of these dates only two apply to the mode of current years. Total Dates applying to expired Years Dates applying to current years Nos : 212 and 248 Nos. 205 - 211 213-239. 243, 244, 246 and 250-253 Total 41 Number 3. The given tithi fell in first Asadha, which was intercalary. though it is not specified so in the inscription. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #248
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 231 Of the 43 definite dates 32 dates give indication about Karttikadi and Caitradi years. The results, tabulated below, indicate that the dates applying to Karttikadi years form a great majority. Dates applying to Dates applying to Total Karttikadi years Caitradi years Nos. 215 - 231, Nos. 212-214, 235 - 238 243, 244 246, 248 and 250 and 251 - 253 Total 26 * 32 Number Of the 43 definite dates only 13 dates are known as applying to Amanta or Purnimanta months. They may be tabulated as follows :Dates applying to Dates applying to Total Amanta months Purnimanta months Kartti- Cait- either Kartti- Cait- either kadi radi kadi radi 236 - 248 232-234 235 250 - 238, and 239 and 244 253 14 2 1 - 10 3 13 Here also the dates applying to Amanta months form a majority. Therein 5 Amanta dates and 2 Purnim. anta dates are coupled with Karttikadi years, while only 1 Amanta date and 1 Purnimanta date are coupled with Caitradi years. 243 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #249
CENTRAL GUJARAT Central Gujarat is represented by Kaira and Baroda District. Kaira District obviously formed the main part of Khetaka Mandala, while Baroda District may have been included in a Mandala to the South-East of the Mahi River. 1. Regular Dates A. Dates in bright fortnights 1. Dates in the months Karttika to Phalguna Dates in expired years Prasastis 254. V. 1251-JPPS. No. 111, p. 113, AMs, of Yoga sastravrtti copied at Darbhavati Sam 1251, Karttika, su. di. 12, Sukra, Revati naksatra, Siddha yoga V. 1251 current : Suppressed between sunrise on Sunday, 7 November, A.C. 1193 and sun rise on the next day. V. 1251 expired : Friday, 28 October, A.C. 1194 The tithi ended about 12 h. 8. m. atter mean sunrise. 2. Dates in the month Caitra to Asvina (a) Dates in current Caitradi years (i) stone, stone-pillar and copperplate inscriptions 255. V. 1311 HIG; No. 215, Dabhoi stone inscription of the time of King Visaladeva Sam. 1311, Jyestha, su, di. 15, Budha For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #250
1254 SOLANKI PERIOD 233 V. 1311 current Caitradi : Wednesday 14 May, A.C. 1253 The tithi ended at about 18 h. 36 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1311 expired Caitradi : Tuesday, 2 June, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) V. 1311 expired Karttikadi : Saturday, 22 May, A C. 1255 (ii) image inscriptions 256. V. 1205 JPLS; Part ii, No. 795, Cambay image inscription Sam. 1205, Jyestha, su. di. 3. Ravi V. 1204 current Caitradi : Sunday, 4 May, A.C. 1147 The tithi ended about 17 h. 24 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1205 expired Caitradi : Saturday, 22 May, A C. (or current Kartrikadi) 1148 V, 1205 expired Karttikadi : Suppressed between sunrise on Wednesday, 11 May, A.C. 1149 and sunrise on the next day (b) Dates in expired Caitradi (or current Karttikadi) years (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscription 257. V 1292 Khambhatano Prachin Jain Itihas, p. 207, No. 6, Nagara stone inscription Sam. 1292, Asadha, su. di. 7. Ravi V. 1292 current Caitradi : Monday, 5 June, A.C. 1234 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #251
234 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1292 expired Caitradi : Sunday, 24 June, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1235 The tithi ended at about 13 h. 5 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1292 expired Karttikadi : Thursday, 12 June A. C. 1236 (ii) image inscriptions 258. V. 1263-JPLS, Part ii, No. 601, Cambay image inscription. Sam 1263, Asalha, su, di. 10, Sani. V. 1263 current Caitradi : Monday, 27 June, A.C. 1205 V. 1263 expired Caitradi : Saturday, 17 June, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1206 The tithi ended at about 12 h. 51 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1262 expired Karttikadi : Asadha was intercalary. First Asadha, su. di. 10 - Thursday, 7 June A.C. 1207 Second Asadha, su. di. 10 - Friday, 6 July, A.C. 1207 (iii) Prasastis 259. V. 1295-JPPS, No. 176, p. 122, A Ms. of $advidh avasyakavivarana copied at stambhatirtha sam, 1295, Bhadrapada, su. di. 11, Ravi V. 1295 current Caitradi : Wednesday, 2 Septem ber, A.C. 1237 V. 1295 expired Caitradi : Sunday, 22 August, A C. (or current Karttikadi) : 1238 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #252
SOLANKI PERIOD 235 The tithi ended at about 23 h. 24 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1295 expired Karttiadi : Thursday, 11 August, A.C.1239 (Friday, 12 August, A.C. 1239 (c) Dates in expired Karttikadi years (i) image inscriptions 260. V. 1263-JPLS, Part ii, No. 927. Cambay image inscriptions Sam. 1263, Vaisakha, su. di. 6, Guru V. 1263 current Caitradi : Tuesday, 26 April, A C. 1205 V. 1263 expired Caitradi : Sunday, 16 April, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1206 V. 1263 expired Karttikadi : Thursday, 5 April, A.C. 1207 The tithi ended at about 12 h. 8 m. after mean sunrise 261. V. 1275-JPLS., Part ii, No. 555, Cambay image inscription. Sam. 1275, Jyestha, su. di. 13, Bhauma V. 1275 current Caitradi : Saturday, 20 May, A.C. 1217 V. 1275 expired Caitradi : Jyestha was intercalary. (or current Karttikadi) First Jyestha, su. dj. 13 = Thursday, 10 May, A.C. 1218 Second Jyestha, su. di. 13 = Friday, 8 June, A.C. 1218 V. 1275 expired Karttikadi : Tuesday, 28 May, A.C. 1219 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #253
236 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT The tithi ended at about 21 h. after mean sunrise. 262. V. 1261-JPLS., Part ii, No. 627, Cambay image incription Sam 1281, Vaisakha, su, di. 3, Sani V. 1281 current Caitradi : Wednesday, 5 April, A.C. 1223 V. 1281 expired Caitradi : Tuesday, 23 April A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1224 V. 1281 expired Karttikadi : Saturday, 12 April, A.C. 1225 The tithi ended at about 13 h. 48 m. after mean sunrise. * 263. V. 1291 JPLS., Part ii. No. 728, Cambay image inscription Sam. 1291, Vaisakha, su. di. 13, Budha V. 1291 current Caitradi : Suppressed between sun rise on Saturday, 23 April, A.C. 1233 and sunrise on the next day. V. 1291 expired Caitradi : Thurday 13 April, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1234 V. 1291 expired Karttikadi : Wednesday, May, A.C. 1235 The tithi ended at about 13 h. 34 m. after mean sunrise. 264. V. 1315-JPLS. Part ii, No. 735, p. 135, Cambay image inscription sam. 1315, Visakha, su. di. 11, Ravi V. 1315 current Caitradi : Thursday, 26 April, A.C. 1257 V. 1315 expired Caitradi : Monday, 15 April, A.C. (cr current Karttikadi) 1258 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #254
SOLANKI PERIOD 237 V. 1315 expired Karttikadi : Sunday, 4 May, A.C. 1259 The tithi ended about 19 h. 20 m. after mean sunrise. 265. V. 1331-JPLS; Part ii, No. 702, Cambay image inscription. Sam 133 [2], Vajsakha, su, di. 3, Ravi V. 1331 current Caitradi : Friday, 21 April, A C. 1273 V. 1331 expired Caitradi : Wednesday, 11 April, (ur current Karttikadi) A.C. 1274 V. 1331 expired Karttikadi : Sund iy, 31 March, A.C. 1275 The tithi ended at about 19 h. 48 m. afrer mean sunrise. 266. V. 1338-JPLS Part ii, No. 94, p. 16, Baroda image inscription Sam. 1338, Jyestha, su. di. 12, Budha V. 1338 current Caitradi : Monday, 13 May, A.C. 1280 V. 1338 expired Caitradi : Saturday, 31 May, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1281 V. 1338 expired Karttikadi : Wednesday, 20 May, A.C. 1282 The tithi ended at about 19 h. 20 after mean sunrise. 267. V. 1346-JPLS, Part ii, No. 733, p. 134, Cambay image inscription Sam. 1346, Vaisakha, su. di. 7, soma V. 1346 current Caitradi : Friday, 9 April, A.C. 1288 V. 1346 expired Caitradi : Thursday, 28 April, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1289 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #255
238 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1346 expired Karttikadi : Monday, 17 April, A.C. 1290 The tithi ended at about 16 h. 12 m. after mean .sunrise. (ii) Prasastis 268. V. 1293-JPPS, No. 170, p. 220, A Ms. of Haimavy. akaranapustika copied at Stambhatirtha Sam. 1293, Asvina, su. di. 15, Soma V. 1293 current Caitradi: Friday, 28 September, A.C. 1235 V. 1293 expired Caitradi: Tuesday, 16 September, (or current Karttikadi) A.C. 1236 V. 1293 expired Karttikndi : Monday, 5 October A.C. 1227 The tithi ended at about 19 h. 34 m. after mean sunrise. 269. V. 1294-JPPS. No. 172, p. 120, A Ms. of Nisthacurni (Dvittya Khanda) copied at Stambha. tirtha. Sam. 1294, Vaisakha, su. di. 3, Ravi V. 1294 current Caitradi: Thursday, 10 April, A.C. 1236 V. 1294 expired Caitradi : Monday, 30 March, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1237 V. 1294 exptred Karttikadi sunday, 18 April, A.C. 1238 The tithi ended at about 20 h. 27m. after mean sunrise. 270. V. 1305-JPPS, No. 200, p. 124, A Ms. of Vitaragastotra copied at Stambhatirtha. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #256
SOLANKI PERIOD 239 Sam. 1305, Sravana, su. di. [11], Budha Dhanistha naksatra, Sobhana yoga. V. 1305 current Caitradi : Monday, 15 July, A.C. 1247 V. 1305 expired Caitradi : Saturday, 1 August, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1248 V. 1305 expired Karttikadi : Wednesday, 21 July, A.C. 1249 The tithi ended at about 2 h. 27 m. after mean sunrise. 271. V. 1340-JPPS, No 251, p. 131, A Ms of Catuska vittisadhanika copied at Darbhavati Sam. 1340, Jyestha, su. di. 5, Ravi V. 1340 current Caitradi : Wednesday, 13 May, A.C. 1282 V. 1340 expired Caitradi : Monday, 3 May, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) V. 1340 expired Karttikadi : Sunday, 21 May A.C. 1283 1284 The tithi ended at about 7 h. 5 m. after mean sunrise. 272. V. 1357-GMJBP, No 172, p. 112, A Ms. of Syadyadamanjari copied at Stambhatirtha Sam. 1357, Asadha, su di. 1, Guru V. 1357 current Cailradi : Sunday, 31 May, A.C. 1299 V. 1357 expired Caitradi : Saturday, 18 June, A.C. !or current Karttikadi) 1300 V. 135? expired Karttikadi : Thursday, 8 June, A.C. 1301 The tithi ended at about 6 h. 51 m. after mean sunrise. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #257
240 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT B. Dates in dark fortnights : (i) Dates in the months Karttika to Phalguna Dates in expired years (A) Purnimanta Dates image inscriptions 273 V. [11]12-JPLS, Part ii, No. 1012, Cambay image inscription Sam. [11]12, Phalguna, ba. di. 1, Soma V. 1112 current, Purnimanta : Tuesday, 17 January, A.C. 1055 Amanta : Wednesday, 15 February, A.C. 1055 V. 1112 expired, - Purnimanta : Monday, 5 February, A.C. 1056 The tithi ended about 2 h. 32 m. after meam sunrise. Amanta : Tuesday, 5 March, A.C. 1056 (B) Amanta Dates image inscriptions ; 274. V. 1309-JPPS, Part ii, No. 429, Kaira image insc. ription Sam. 1309, Phalguna, ba. di. 5, Guru V, 1309 current, - Purnimanta : Friday, 2 February, A.C. 1252 Amanta : Saturday, 2 March, A.C. 1252 V. 1309 cxpired, - Purnimanta : Tuesday, 21 January, A.C. 1253 Amanta : Thursday, 20 February, A.C. 1253 The tithi ended about 5 h. 24 m. after mean sunrise. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #258
241 THE SOLANKI PERIOD 275. V. 1313-JPLS, Part ii, No. 25, 25, p. 5, Darapara image inscription Sam. 1313, Magha, ba. di. 5, Soma IV. 1313 current, - Purnimanta : Sunday, 19 December, A.C. 1255 Amanta : Tuesday, 18 January, A.C. 1256 V. 1313 expired, - Purnimanta : Saturday, 6 January, A.C. 1257 Amanta : Monday, February, A.C. 1257 The tithi ended about 9 h. 58 m. after mean sunrise. 2. Dates in the months Caitra to Asvina (a) Dates in current Caitradi years Amanta Dates Prasastis 276. V. 1315-JPPS, No. 218, p. 126, A Ms. of Haima vyakaranacatuskapustika copied at stambhatirtha Sam 1315, Caitra, ba. di. 4. Budha V. 1315 current Caitradi, - Purnimanta : Tuesday, 6 March, A.C. 1257 Amanta : Wednesday, 5 April, A.C. 1257 The tithi ended about 16 h. 15 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1315 expired Caitradi, - (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Saturday, 23 February, A.C. 1258 Amanta : Sunday, 24 March, A.C. 1258 16 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #259
242 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1315 expired Karttikadi, - Purnimanta : Suppressed between sunrise on Wednesday, 12 February, A.C. 1259 and sunrise on the next day. Amanta : Caitra was intercalary. First Caitra, ba.di. 4 = Friday, 14 March, A.C. 1259 Second Caitra, ba,di. 4 = Saturday, 12 April, A.C. 1259 As the given tithi is found to be suppressed in the expired Karttikadi according to the Surya Siddhanta, it would be tempting to apply it to the current Caitradi system, according to which the given tithi would fall on Wednesday, 4 April, A.C. 1257 But the given date well tallies in the expired system according to the Brahma Siddhanta, as it commenced 14 m. 40 se. before local sunrise on the given date, though it commenced about 1 h. 44 m. after local sunrise on that day. (b) Dates in expired Caitradi (or current Karttikadi) years (A) Purnimanta Dates stone, stone-pillar ard copper-plate inscriptions 277. V. 1165-PJLS., No. 449, p. 279, Cambay stone inscription Sam. 1165, Jyestha, ba.di 7, Soma V. 1165 current Caitradi, - Purnimanta : Tuesday, 16 April, A.C. 1107 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #260
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 243 Amanta : Jyestha was intercalary. First Jyestha, ba.di. 7 = Thursday, 16 May, A.C. 1107 Second Jyestha, ba di 7 - Friday, 14 June, A.C. 1107 V. 1165 expired Caitradi, - (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Monday, 4 May, A.C. 1108 The tithi ended about 5 h. 53 m. after mean sunrise. Amanta : Tuesday, 2 June, A.C. 1108 V. 1165 expired Kartrikadi, - Purnimanta : Friday, 23 April, A.C. 1109 Amanta : Saturday, 22 May, A.C. 1109 (B) Amanta Dates (i) image inscriptions 278. V. 1310-JPLS., Part ji, No. 865, Cambay image inscription Sam. 1310, Vaisakha, ba.di. 10, Guru V. 1310 current Caitradi, - Purnimanta : Friday, 5 April, A.C. 1252 Amanta : Suppressed between sunrise on Saturday, 4 May, A.C. 1252 and sunrise on the next day. V. 1310 expired Caitradi, - (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Wednesday, 26 March, A.C. 1253 Amanta : Thursday, 24 April, A.C. 1253 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #261
244 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT The tithi ended about 12 h. 51 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1310 expired Karttikadi, - Pulnimanta : Tuesday, 14 April, A.C. 1254 Amanta : Wednesday, 13 May, A.C. 1254 (ii) Prasastis 279. V. 1288-JPPS., No. 152, p. 118, A Ms. of Haima vyakarana-tippanaka copied at Vatakupaka Sam. 1288, Asadha, ba. di. 15, Bhauma V. 1288 current Caitradi, - Purnimanta : Wednesday, 12 June, A.C. 1230 Amanta : Tuesday, 11 July, A.C. 1230 V. 1288 expired Caitradi, - (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Monday, 2 June, A.C. 1231 Amanta : Tuesday, 1 July, A.C. 1231 The tithi ended about 10 h. 12 m. after mean sunrise, V. 1288 expired Karttikadi, - Purnimanta : Sunday, 20 June, A.C. 1232 Amanta : Monday, 19 July, A.C. 1232 . (C) Dates in expired Karttikadi years (A) Purnimanta Dates image inscriptions 280. V. 1309-JPLS., Part ii, No. 549, Cambay image inscription Sam. 1309, Caitra, ba. di. 5, Guru For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #262
245 THE SOLANKI PERIOD V. 1309 current Caitradi, - Purnimanta : Saturday, 12 March, A.C. 1251 Amanta : Wednesday, 12 April, A.C. 1251 V. 1309 expired Caitradi, - (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Saturday, 2 February, A.C. 1252 The tithi ended about 5 h. 24 m. after mean sunrise. Amanta : suppressed between sunrise on Sunday, 31 March, A.C. 1252 and sunrise on the next day. . V. 1309 expired Karttikadi, - Purnimanta : Thursday, 20 February, A.C. 1253 The tithi ended about 5 h. 24 m. after mean sunrise. Amanta : Friday, 21 March, A C. 1253 (B) Amanta Dates (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscriptions 281. V. 1344-TROD., p. 27, Dabhoi stone inscription of the time of King Sarangadeva Sam. 1344. Jyestha, ba. di. 4, Sukra V. 1344 current Caitradi, - Purnimanta : Monday, 13 May, A.C. 1286 Amanta : Tuesday, 11 June, A.C. 1286 V. 1344 expired Caitradi, - (or current Karttikadi). Purnimanta : Saturday, 3 May, A.C. 1287 Amanta : Monday, 1 June, A.C. 1287 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #263
246 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1344 expired Karttikadi, - Puraimanta : Wednesday, 21 April, A.C. 1288 Amanta : Friday, 21 May, A.C. 1288 The tithi ended about 0 h. 51 m. after mean sunrise. (ii) image inscriptions 282. V. 1287-JPLS., Part ii, No. 74, Baroda image inscription Sam. 1287 Caitra, ba. di. 1, Guru V. 1287 current Caitradi, - Purnimanta : Saturday, 10 February, A.C. 1229 Amanta : Monday, 12 March, A.C. 1229 V. 1287 expired Caitradi, - (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Friday, 1 March, A.C. 1230 Amantu : Sunday, 31 March, A.C. 1230 V. 1287 expired Karttikadi, - Purnimanta : Wednesday, 19 February, 1231 Amanta : Thursday, 20 March, A.C. 1231 The tithi ended about 17 h. 24 m. after mean sunrise. 283. V. 1330-JPLS., Partii, No. 127, p. 21, Baroda image inscription Sam. 1330, Caitra, ba. di. 7, Sani V. 1330 current Caitradi, - Purnimanta : Monday, 22 February, A.C. 1272 Amanta : Wednesday, 23 March, A.C. 1272 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #264
CHI SOLANKI PERIOD 247 V. 1330 expired Caitradi, - (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Sunday, 12 March, A.C. 1273 Amanta : Tuesday, 11 April, A.C. 1273 V. 1330 expired Karttikadi, - Purnimanta : Thursday, 1 March, A.C. 1274 Amanta : Saturday, 31 March, A.C. 1274 The tithi ended about 11 h. 39 m. after mean sunrise. 284. V. 1334-JPLS., Part II, No. 102, p. 17, Baroda image inscription Sam. 1344, Vaisakha, ba. di. 4, Guru V. 1334 current Caitradi, - Purnimanta : Saturday, 4 April, A.C. 1276 Amanta : Sunday, 3 May, A.C. 1276 V. 1334 expired Caitradi, - (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Wednesday, 24 March, A.C. 1277 Amanta : Friday, 23 April, A.C. 1277 V. 1334 expired Karttikadi, - . Purnimanta : Tuesday, 12 April, A.C. 1278 Amanta : Thursday, 12 May, A.C. 1278 The tithi ended about 0 h. 51 m. after mean sunrise. 285. V. 1338-JPLS., Part II, No. 169, Baroda image inscription Sam. 1338, Caitra, ba. di. 2, Sukra V. 1338 current Caitradi, - Purnimanta : Monday, 19 February, A.C. 1280 Amanta : Wednesday, 20 March, A.C. 1280 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #265
248 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1338 expired Caitradi, - (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Sunday, 9 March, A.C. 1281 Amanta : Monday, 7 April, A.C. 1281 V. 1338 expired Karttikadi, - Purnimanta : Thursday, 26 February, A.C. 1282 Amanta : Friday, 27 March, A.C. 1282 The tithi ended about 21 h. after mean sunrise. 286. V. 1349-JPLS., Part II, No. 760, Cambay image inscription Sam. 1349, Jyestha, ba. di. 6, Budha V. 1349 current Caitradi, -- Purnimanta : Saturday, 21 April, A.C. 1291 Amanta : Monday, 21 May, A.C. 1291 V. 1349 expired Caitradi, - (or current Karttikadi) - Purnimanta : Friday, 9 May, A.C. 1292 Amanta : Saturday, 7 June, A.C. 1292 V. 1349 expired Karttikadi, - Purnimanta : Tuesday, 26 April, A.C. 1293 Amanta : Wednesday, 27 May, A.C. 1293 Thursday, 28 May, A.C. 1293 The given tithi commenced before sunrise on Wednesday, 27 May, A.C. 1293 i.e. about 22 h. 12 m. after mean sunrise on Tuesday, 26 May, A.C. 1293. (iii) Prasastis 287. V. 1311-JPLS., No. 212, p. 125 A Ms of Avasya kaniryukti copied at Stambhatirtha Sam. 1311, Laukika Jyestha, ba. di. 15, Ravi For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #266
THE SOLANKI PERIOD V. 1311 current Caitradi, Purnimanta: Tuesday, 29 April, A.C. 1253 Amanta : Wednesday, 28 May, A.C. 1253 V. 1311 expired Caitradi, (or current Karttikadi) V. 1311 expired Karttikadi, Purnimanta: Monday, 18 May, A.C. 1254 Amanta: Tuesday, 16 June, A.C. 1254 - Purnimanta: Friday, 7 May, A.C. 1255 Amanta Sunday, 6 June, A.C. 1255 The tithi ended about 1 h. 20 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1210 current, ` (d) A date which may be either a Purnimanta date of a current year on an Amanta date of an expired year 288. V. 1210-PJLS., Part II, No. 188, Baroda image - inscription Sam 1210, Phalguna, ba. di. 2, Budha 249 V. 1210 expired, 31 Purnimanta : Wednesday, 14 January, A.C. 1153 The tithi ended about 4 h. 12 m. after mean sunrise. Thursday, 12 February, A.C. 1153 Amanta Purnimanta: Tuesday, 2 Eebruary, A.C. 1154 Amanta Wednesday, 3 March, A.C. 1154 The tithi ended about 16 h. 12 m. after mean sunrise. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #267
250 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT (e) A date which may be either a Purnimanta date of a current Caitradi year or an Amanta date of an expired Caitradi (or current Karttikadi) year image inscription 289. V. 1308-JPLS., Part II, No. 75, p. 13, Baroda image inscription. Sam. 1308, Vaisakha, ba. di 5, Guru V. 1308 current Caitradi, - Purnimanta : Thursday, 24 March, A.C. 1250 The tithi ended about 16 h. 27 m. after mean sunrise. Amanta : Friday, 22 April, A.C. 1250 V. 1308 expired Caitradi, - (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Wednesday, 12 April, A.C. 1251 Amanta : Thursday, 11 May, A.C. 1251 The tithi ended about 8 11. 32 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1308 expired Karttikadi, - Purnimanta : Suppressed between sunrise on Sunday, 31 March, A.C. 1252 and sunrise on the next day. Amanta : Tuesday, 30 April, A.C. 1252 (f) A date which may be either an Amanta dates of current Caitradi year or a Purnimanta date of an expired Karttikadi year. image inscription 290. V. 1314-JPPS., Part II, No. 892, Cambay image inscription Sam. 1314, Jyestha, ba. di. 12, Budha For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #268
THE SOLANKI PERIOD V. 1314 current Caitradi, - - Purnimanta: Sunday, 23 April, A.C. 1256 Amanta Jyestha, was intercalary. First Jyestha, ba. di. 12 = Tuesday, 23 May, A.C. 1256 Second Jyesth, ba di. 12 = Wednesday, 21, June A.C. 1256 The tithi ended about 7 h. 48 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1314 expired Caitradi, (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta: Saturday, 12 May, A.C. 1257 Amanta: Monday, 11 June, A.C. 1257 V. 1314 expired Karttikadi, Purnimanta Wednesday, 1 May, A.C. 1258 The tithi ended about 22 h. 27 m. after mean sunrise. Amanta Friday, 31 May, A.C. 1258 (g) Dates which may be either Purnimanta dates of expired Caitradi (or current Karttikadi) years or Amanta dates of expired Karttikadi years : image inscriptions V. 1328 current Caitradi, 251 - 291. V. 1329-JPLS., Part II, No. 929, p. 102, Cambay image inscription Sam. 1329, Vaisakha, ba. di. 9, Sukra : Purnimanta Sunday, 5 April, A.C. 1271 Amanta Suppressed between sunrise on Monday, 4 May, A.C. 1271 and sunrise on the next day. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #269
252 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1329 expired Caitradi, - (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Friday, 25 March, A.C. 1272 The tithi ended about 7 h. 20 m. after mean sunrise. Amanta : Saturday, 23 April, A.C. 1272 V. 1329 expired Karttikadi, - Purnimanta : Thursday, 13 April, A.C. 1273 Amanta : Friday, 12 May A.C. 1273 The tithi ended about 15 h. 15 m. after mean sunrise. 292. V. 1353-JPLS., Part ii, No. 907, Cambay image inscription Sam 1353, Vaisakha, ba. di. 10, Sukra V. 1353 current Caitradi, - Purnimanta : Sunday, 10 April, A.C. 1295 Amanta : Tuesday, 10 May, A.C. 1295 V. 1353 expired Caitradi, - (or current Karttikadi) Puraimanta : Friday, 30 March, A.C. 1296 The tithi ended about 4 h. 41 m. after mean sunrise. Amanta : Saturday, 28 April, A.C. 1296 V. 1353 expired Karttikadi, - Purnimanta : Thursday, 18 April, A.C. 1297 Amanta : Friday, 17 May, A.C. 1297 The tithi ended about 12 h. 22 m. after mean sunrise. 293. V. 1356-JPLS., Part ii, No. 543. Cambay image inscription Sam. 1356, Jyestha, ba. di. 8, Sani V. 1356 current Caitradi, - Purnimanta : Monday, 5 May, A.C. 1298 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #270
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 253 Amanta : Tuesday, 3 June, A.C. 1298 V. 1356 expired Caitradi, - (or current Kartrikadi) Purnimanta : Saturday, 25 April, A.C. 1299 The tithi ended about 1 h. 5 m. after mean sunrise, Amanta : Sunday, 24 May, A.C. 1299 V. 1356 expired Karttikadi, Purnimanta : Thursday, 12 May, A.C. 1300 Amanta : Saturday, 11 June, A.C. 1300 The tithi ended about 8 h. 3 m. after mean sunrise. 2. Irregular Dates (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscriptions 294. V. 1103-Proce. of Oriental Confe. Poona, p. 319 Tilak vada copper-plate inscription of the time of King Bhojadeva Sam. 1103, Marga, Soma-parvan, Soma Here Soma-Parvan probably means Purnima. Accordingly, the given date may be equated as follows: V. 1103 current : Wednesday, 27 November, A.C. 1045 V. 1103 expired : Sunday, 16 November, 1046 The given tithi ended about 12 h 50 m. after mean sunrise on Sunday, if the year was expired. It is, therefore, probable that the week-day must be read Saumye rather than Some and the date may be applied to the current year'. 1. The given date does not hold good even if Soma-parvan is taken to denote Amavasya. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #271
254 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT 295. V. 1231-1A., Vol. XVIII, p. 80, A copper-plate inscription of the time of Ajayapala Sam. 1231, Karttiku, su.' di. 13, Budha Sam 1231, Karttika, su. di. 11, Soma V. 1231 current : Saturday, 20 October, A.C. 1173 V. 1231 expired: Thursday, 10 October, A.C. 1174 V. 1232 expired: Wednesday, 29 October, A.C. 1175 The 13th tithi of the bright half ended 12 h. 7 m. after mean sunrise. Of the Second Date : Sam. 1231, Karttika, su, di 11, Soma V. 1231 current : Thursday, 18 October, A.C. 1173 V. 1231 expired : the 11th tihi of the bright half commenced on Monday, 7 October, A.C. 1174, 17 h. 21 m. after mean sunrise, and ended on Tuesday, 8 October, 14 h. 57 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1232 expired: Monday, 27 October, A. C. 1175 the 11th tithi of the bright half ended 16 h. 43 m. after menan sunrise. Here, either the tithis of both dates were joined the days on which they commenced, or the year 1231 has been put wrongly for 1232. And Prof. Kielhorn remarks that he would again decide in favour of the second alternative and accordingly takes Monday, 27 October and Wednesday, 29 October, A.C. 1175, as the true equivalents of the two dates; for in the second date a so-called current tithi would be altogether out of place, and in the case of the first date, too, no religious ceremony could have been performed during 2. It records a grant of land situated in the Narmada taua Man dalis. H. D, Sankaliya licates ji in Cenisol Gujarat (SHCGEG., p. 197). For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #272
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 255 the 11th tithi on Monday, 7 October, A.C. 1174 (when that tithi commenced as late as 17 h. 21 m. after sunrise); and I can find no reason why the ceremonies connected with the ekadasi should not have been performed on the day on which the tithi ended i.e. on Tuesday, 8 October, A.C. 1174 (Kielhorn IA., XIX, pp. 365 f.). (ii) image inscriptions 296. V. 1238 - Nadiyadno Itihas, p. 91, Nadiyad image inscription Sam. 1238, Vaisakha, su, di. 11, Guru V. 1238 current Caitradi : Tuesday, 8 April, A.C. 1180 V. 1238 expired Caitradi : Monday, 27 April, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1181 V. 1238 expired Karttikadi : Friday, 16 April, A.C. 1182 The given tithi would correspond to Thursday, 15 April, A.C. 1182, if it be taken as connected with the week-day on which it commenced. It commenced about 10 h. 56 m. after mean sunrise on that day. 297. V. 1270-JPLS., Part ij, No. 934, Cambay image inscription Sam. 1270, Magha, ba. di. 1, Guru V. 1270 current, - Purnimanta : Wednesday 9 January, A.C. 1213 Amanta : Suppressed beiween sunrise on Thur day 7 February, A.C. 1213 and sunrise on the next day. V. 1270 expired, - Purnimanta : Monday, 30 December, A.C. 1213 Anianta : Tuesday, 28 January, A.C. 1214 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #273
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT The given day corresponds to Thursday, 7 February, A.C. 1213. However, according to the Surya Siddhanta, the given tithi commenced about 11 m. 35 se. after local sunrise on Thursday. But the sunrise occurred about 1 h. 24 m. after the commencement of the given tithi according to the Brahma Siddhanta. This means that the sunrise took place during the given tihi, which would be ascribed to the entire day. 298. V. 1270-JPLS., Part ii, No. 932, Cambay image inscription Sam. 1270, Vaisakha, su.di. 6, Ravi V. 1270 current Caitradi: suppressed between sunrise on Sunday, 8 April, A.C. 1212 and sunrise on the next day. 256 V. 1270 expired Caitradi: Suppressed between sun(or current Karttikadi) rise on Saturday, 27 April, A.C. 1213 and sunrise on the next day. V. 1270 expired Karttikadi: Thursday, 17 April, A.C. 1214. According to to the reading given, the given date applies only to the current Caitradi system. On calculation it is found that the given tithi commenced about 42 m. 46 se. after local sunrise on Sunday according to the Surya Siddhanta, while it commenced about 21 m. 8 se. before sunrise on that day according to the Brahma Siddhanta. It means that the given date well applies to the Brahma Siddhanta.` 299 V. 1311-JPLS, Part ii, No. 1092, Cambay image inscription For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #274
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 257 Sam. 1311, Vaisakha, su. di. 3, soma V. .1311 current Caitradi: Wednesday, 2 April, A.C. 1253 V. 1311 expired Caitradi : Tuesday, 21 April, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1254 V. 1311 expired Karttikadi : Sunday, 11 April, A.C. 1255 Accoding to the reading given, the given date is proximate to Tuesday, 21 April, A.C. 1254. The given tithi commenced about 15 h 15 m. after mean sunrise on the previous day. It is possible that the tithi was ascribed to Monday on which it commenced. However, as the tithi commenced after sunset on that day it is also probable that the correct reading of the date may be either 'su. di 2, Soma' or 'su di. 3, Bhuma' 300. V. 1317-JDPLS., Part i, No. 23, Dabhoi image inscription Sam, 1317, Pausa, ba. di. 5, Guru V. 1317 current, - Purnimanta : Saturday, 6 December, A.C. 1259 Anranta : Monday, 5 January, A.C. 1260 V, 1317 expired, - Purnimanta ; Wednesday, 24 November, A.C. 1260 Amanta : Friday, 24 December, A.C 1260 The given date would correspond to Thursday, 23 December, A.C. 1260. In that case the tithi seems ascribed 10 the week-day on which it For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #275
258 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT cominenced. However, it may be noted that the tithi commenced on Thursday as late as 14 h. 17 m. after mean sunrise. 301. V. 1328-JPLS, Part ii, No. 554, p. 102, Cambay image inscription Sam. 1328, Vaisakha, su, di, 7, Soma V. 1328 current Caitradi : Tuesday, 29 April, A.C. 1270 V. 1328 expired Caitradi : Saturday, 18 April, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1271 V, 1328 expired Karttikadi : Wednesday, 6 April, A.C. 1272 The given tithi would fall on Monday, 28 April, A.C. 1270, i.e, on the given week-day, if it be taken as connected with the week-day on which it commenced. It commenced about 4 h. 26 m. after mean sunrise on Monday. It is also probable that the correct reading of the week.day may be 'Saumye' rather than 'Some'. In that case the tithi would apply to the expired Karttikadi system. 302. V. 1340-JPLS., Part ii, 459, p. 80, Matar image inscription Sam 1340. Vaisakha, ba. di. 10, Sukra V. 1340 current Caitradi, Purnimanta : Sunday, 5 April, A.C. 1282 Amanta : Monday, 4 May, A.C. 1282 V. 1340 expired Caitradi, (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Thursday, 25 March, A.C. 1283 Amanta : Saturday, 24 April, A.C. 1283 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #276
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 259 V. 1340 expired Karttikadi, Purnimanta : Wednesday, 12 April, A.C. 1284 Amanta : Thursday, 11 May, A.C. 1284 The given tithi would correspond to Friday 23 April, A.C. 1283, if it was ascribed to the weekday on which it commenced. It commenced about O h. 22 m. after mean sunrise on Friday, 303. V. 1344-JPLS., Part ii, No 23, p. 5, Darapara image inscription Sam. 1344, Magha, ba. di. 3, Guru V. 1344 current, Purnimanta : Saturday, 4 January, A.C. 1287 Amanta : Monday, 3 February, A.C. 1287 V. 1344 expired,Purnimanta : Wednesday, 24 December, A.C. 1287 Amanta : Friday, 23 January, A.C. 1288 The given date possibly corresponds to Thursday, 22 January, A.C. 1288. But the given tithi commenced about 9 b. 44 m. after mean sunrise on that day. It is, therefore, probable that the tithi 3 may be corrected into 2. In that case, it would get construed with the given week.day in a regular way. 304. V. 1352-JPLS., Part ii, No. 279, Miyagam image inscription Sam. 1352, Vaisakha, ba. di. 5, Soma V. 1352 current Caitradi,Purnimanta : Suppressed between sunrise on Wednesday, 17 March, A.C. 1294 and sunrise on the next day. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #277
260 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT Amanta : Friday, 16 April, A.C. 1294 V. 1352 expired Caitradi, (or current Karttikadi) Puraimanta : Suppressed between sunrise on Tuesday, 5 April, A.C. 1295 and Sunrise on the next day. Amanta : Thursday, 5 May, A.C. 1295 V. 1352 cxpired Karttikadi, Purnimanta : Sunday, 25 March. A.C. 1296 Amanta : Suppressed between sunrise on Monday 23 April, A.C. 1296 and sunrise on the next day. The given date corresponds to Monday, 23 April, A C. 1296. The 5th tithi commenced about 1 h. 11 m. ofter local sunrise on that day according to the Surya Siddhanta. But it commenced about 43 m. 42 se. before sunrise on that day according to the Brahma Siddhanta. Thus the tithi tallies with the week-day according to the Brahma Siddhanta. (ii) Prasastis 305. V. 1179-JPPS., No. 65, A Ms. of Karmastavatika copied at Vatapadraka Sam. 1179, Caitra, ba. di. 7, Bhauma V. 1179 current Caitradi,-. Purnimanta : Sunday, 13, March, A.C. 1121 Amanta : Monday, 11 April, A.C. 1121 V. 1179 expired Caitradi, (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Thursday, 2 March, A.C. 1122 Amanta : Saturday, 1 April, A.C. 1122 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #278
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 261 V. 1179 expired Karttikadi, Purnimanta : Monday, 19 February, A.C. 1123 Amanta : Wednesday, 21 March, A.C. 1123 The given tithi does not tally with the given week-day by any of the equivalent dates mentioned above. It is, therefore, taken as connected with the previous week.day on which it commenced. It commenced about 9 h. 29 m, after mean sunrise on Tuesday, 20 March, A.C. 1123. 306. V. 1204-JPPS., No. 61, p. 106, A Ms. of Samvega rangasala copied at Vatapadraka Sam. 1207, Jyestha, su. di. 10, Guru V. 1207 current Caitradi : Wednesday, 18 May, A.C. 1149 V. 1207 expired Caitradi : Monday, 8 May, (or current Karttikadi) A.C. 1150 V. 1207 expired Kartrikadi : Suppressed between sunrise on Saturday, 26 May, A.C. 1151 and sunrise on the next day. The given date does not tally with any of the equivalent dates mentioned above. Hence some particular in the given date must be erroneous. The given tithi 10 may be corrected into 13 in the expired Caitradi system and into 15 in the expired Karttikadi system. Accordingly, the given date would correspond to Thursday, 11 May, A.C. 1150 in the former case and to Thursday, 31 May, A.C. 1151 in the later case. 307. V. 1225-JPLS., No. 88, p. 110, A Ms. of Syadvadar atnakaravutarika copied at Vatapadraka Sam. 1225, Karttika, su. di. 7, Budha For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #279
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1225 current : Sunday, 22 October, A.C. 1167 V. 1225 expired: Thursday, 10 October, A.C. 1168 The given date would correspond to Wednesday, 9 October, A.C. 1168, if the given tithi was ascribed as construed with the week-day on which it commenced. It commenced about 6 h. 51 m. after mean sunrise on that day. 262 308. V. 1279-JPPS., No. 136, p. 116, A Ms. of Upadesamalavivarana copied at Vatapadraka Sam. 1279, Asadha, su. di. 6, Soma V. 1279 current Caitradi: Saturday, 26 June A.C. 1221 V. 1279 expired Caitradi: Thursday, 16 June, (or current Karttikadi) A.C. 1222 V. 1279 expired Karttikadi: Tuesday, 6 June, A.C. 1223 The given ithi does not tally with the given weekday according to any of the systems. It would correspond to Monday, 5 June, A.C. 1223, if it be taken as construed with the week-day on which it commenced. The given tithi commenced about 6 h. 32 m. after mean sunrise on Monday. 309. V. 1290-JPPS., No. 159, p. 119, A Ms of Dharmabhyudayamahakavya copied at Stambhatirtha Sam. 1290, Caitra, su. di. 11, Ravi V. 1290 current Caitradi: Saturday, 3 April, A.C. 1232 V. 1290 expired Caitradi : Wednesday, 23 March, (or current Karttikadi) A.C. 1233 V. 1290 expired Karttikadi : Monday, 13 March, A.C. 1234 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #280
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 263 The given date would apply to the given week-day, if it was ascribed to the week-day on which it commenced. It commenced about 4 h. 41 m. aftey mean sunrise on Sunday, 12 March, A.C. 1234. 310. V. 1313-Sri PS., Part ii, T. P. No. 2, p. 1, A Ms of Pancasika Sutravitti copied at Stam. bhatirtha Sam. 1313, Karttika, ba, di. 8, Soma V. 1313 current, Purnimanta : Saturday, 25 September, A.C. 1255 Amanta : Sunday, 24 October, A.C. 1255 V. 1313 expired, Purnimanta : Friday, 13 October, A.C. 1256 Amanta : Saturday, 11 November, A.C. 1256 The day does not tally according to the given reading. Some particular is obviously erroneous. In case the number of the tithi may be corrected into 4, the tithi would fall on the given week-day. Then it would correspond to Monday, 9 October, A.C. 1256. 311. V. 1343-JPPS., No. 255, p. 132, A Ms of Agami. kavastuvicarasara-vytti copied Vadapadra Sam. 1343, Vaisakha, su. di. [3], Budha V. 1343 current Caitradi : Monday, 9 April, A.C. 1285 V. 1343 expired Caitradi : Vaisakha was intercalary. (or current Kartrikadi) First Vaisakha, su. di. 3 = Friday, 29 March, A.C. 1286 Second Vaisakha, ba. di. 3=Sunday, 28 April, A.C. 1286 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #281
264 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1343 expired Karttikadi : Thursday, 17 April, A.C. 1287 The given date would correspond to Wednesday, 16 April, A.C. 1287, if it was connected with the week.day on which it commenced. However, as it commenced about 10 h. 55 m. after mean sunrise, it is probably that the tithi which is provisionally read 3 must be 2 instead. Accordingly, it would quite fit in with the given week-day. Out of the 58 key-dates, 52 dates are of definite character. These dates, tabulated below, indicate that the majority of them applied to expired years, those referring to current years being rare. Dates applying to Dates applyiug to. Total expired years current years Nos. 254, 257-275, 255, 256, 276, 297, 277 - 293, 296, 300, 298 and 301 302-305 and 307-309 Total No. 46 6 52 Of the 52 definite dates 39 dates indicate whether they apply to Karttikadi or Caitradi years. Here the ratio between the two is 2 : 1. They may be tabulated as follows : Dates applying to Dates applying to Total Karttikadi years Caitradi years Nos. 260-272, 280- 255-259, 276-279, 286, 289, 296, 304 288, 298, 301 and 305, 308 and 309 302 Total No. 26 - 13 - 39 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #282
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 265 Of 24 dates indicating the systems of months, 19 apply to Amanta months and 5 to Purnimanta months. Nine Amanta dates and 2 Purnimanta dates apply to Karttikadi years, while 5 Amanta dates and 1 Purnimanta date belong to Caitradi years. The dates may be tabulated as under : Total and Dates applying to Amanta Dates applying to months Purnimanta months Kartti- Cait- eigher | Kartti- Cait- either kadi radi kadi radi Nos. Nos. Nos. Nos. No. Nos. 280, 276, 274, 276, 289 277 273 286, 278, 287, 300 and 304 279, and 293 297 and 288 305 and 302 Total 9 No. Grand Total 303 24 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #283
SOUTH GUJARAT South Gujarat is represented by present Broach, Surat and Bulsar Districts. The known keydates of South Gujarat are only 10 in number. They are known from records of Broach and Surat Districts. A large part of South Gujarat comprised Lata Mannala in the Solanki Kingdom. 1. Regular Dates A. Dates in Bright Fortnights Dates in expired Karttikadi years : (i) image inscriptions 312. V. 1292-PLS., Part i. No 36, Katargam image inscription Sam. 1292, Jyestha, ba. di. 15, Guru V. 1292 curreent Caitradi : Sunday, 14 May, A.C. 1234 V. 1292 expired Caitradi, : Saturday, 2 June, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1235 V. 1292 expired Karttikadi : Thursday, 22 May, A.C. 1236 The tithi ended about 9 h. after mean sunrise. (ii) Prasastis 313. V. 1298-JPPS., No. 191, p. 123, A Ms of Hemacan drasuri's Desinamamala copied at Bhrgukaccha Sam. 1298, Asvina, su. di. 10, Ravi For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #284
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 267 V. 1298 current Caitradi : Thursday, 27 September, A.C. 1240 V. 1298 expired Caitradi : Monday, 16 September, (or current Karttikadi) A.C. 1241 V. 1298 expired Karttikadi : Sunday, 5 October, A.C. 1242 The tithi ended about 8 h. 3 m. after mean sunrise. B. Dates in Dark Fortnights 1. Dates in the months Kartika to Phalguna Vates in expired years (A) Purnimant Dates image inscription 314. V. 1215 - PLS., Part i, No. 17, Surat image ins cription Sam. 1215, Magha, ba. di. 4. Sukra V. 1215 current, - Purnimanta : Saturday, 21 December, A.C. 1157 Amanta : Monday, 20 January, A.C. 1158 V. 1215 expired, - Purnimanta : Friday, 9 January, A.C. 1159 The tithi ended about 18 h. 6 m. after mean sunrise. Amanta : Sunday, 8 February, A.C. 1159 (B) Amanta Dates Prasastis 315. V. 1292 - JPPS., No. 167, P. 120, A Ms of Upadesamala copied at Bhrgukaccha Sam. 1292, Karttika, ba.di. 14, Ravi For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #285
268 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1292 current, - Purnimanta : Monday, 23 October, A.C. 1234 Amanta : Tuesday, 21 November, A.C. 1234 V. 1292 expired, - Purnimanta : Friday, 12 October, A.C. 1235 Amanta : Sunday, 11 November, A.C. 1235 The tithi ended about 7 h. 5 m. after mean sunrise. 2. Dates in the months Caitra to Asvina Amanta Dates , Prasastis 316. V. 1157 - JPPS., p. 99, No. 8, A Ms of Nisttha sutracurni copied at Bhtgukaccha Sam. 1157, Asadha, ba. di. 6, Sukra V. 1157 current Caitradi, - . Purnimanta : Saturday, 11 June, A.C. 1099 Amanta : Monday, 11 July, A.C. 1099 * V. 1157 expired Caitradi, - (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Thursday, 31 May, A.C. 1100 Amanta : Friday, 29 June, A. C. 1100 The tithi ended about 14 h. 32 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1157 expired Karttikadi, - Purnimanta : Monday, 20 May, A. C. 1101 Amanta : Tuesday, 18 June, A.C. 1101 (C) Dates in expired Karttikadi years (B) Amanta Dates image inscriptions 317. V. 1350 - Kavi, Ghandhar, Jhagadiya, p. 19; JSP., For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #286
THE SOLANKI PERIOD V. 1350 current Caitradi, - year 5, Vol. XI, p. 391, Kavi image inscription Sam. 1350, Vaisakha, ba. di. 5, S'ukra V. 1350 expired Caitradi, Purnimanta: Tuesday, 8 April, A.C. 1292 Amanta: Thursday, 8 May, A.C. 1292 - (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta Saturday, 28 March, A.C. 1293 Amanta: Monday, 27 April, A.C. 1293 V. 1350 expired Karttikadi, * Purnimanta Suppressed between sunrise on Wednesday, 17 March, A.C. 1294 and sunrise on the next day. Amanta Friday, 16 April, A.C. 1294 The tithi ended about 11 h. 10 m. after mean sunrise. 318. V. 1357 - PLS., Part i, No. 52, Katargam image inscription V. 1357 current Caitradi, Sam 1357, Vaisakha, ba. di. 5, Sukra 269 Purnimanta: Monday, 23 March, A.C. 1299 Amanta Wednesday, 22 April, A.C. 1299 V. 1357 expired Caitradi, - - (or current Karttikadi) V. 1357 expired Karttikadi, Purnimanta Purnimanta Sunday, 10 April, A.C. 1300 Amanta: Monday, 9 May, A.C. 1300 -- Thursday, 30 March, A.C. 1301 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #287
270 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT Amanta : Friday, 28 April, A.C. 1301 Saturday, 29 April, A.C. 1301 The given tithi commenced before sunrise on Friday, 28 April, A.C. 1301, i.e. about 23 h. 53 m. after mean sunrise on Thursday, 27 April, A.C. 1301. 2. Irregular Dates (i) image inscriptions 319. V. 1311-JPLS., Part ii, No. 346, Broach image inscription Sam, 1311, Caitra, ba. di. 7, Budha V. 1311 current Caitradi, - Purnimanta : Saturday, 22 February, A.C. 1253 Amanta : Sunday, 23 March, A.C. 1253 V. 1311 expired Caitradi, - (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Friday, 13, March, A.C. 1254 Amanta : Saturday, 11 April, A.C. 1254 V. 1311 expired Karttikadi, - Purnimanta : Tuesday, 2 March, A.C. 1255 Amanta : Thursday, 1 April, A.C. 1255 The given date would apply to Wednesday, 31 March, A.C. 1255. According to the Surya Siddhanta, it commenced 35 m. 30 se. afier local sunrise on th't day, but according to the Brahma Siddhanta it commenced 1 h. 1 m. before local sunrise on that day. It would, therefore, be regularly ascribed to Wednesday according to the Brahma Siddhanta. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #288
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 271 (ii) Prasastis 320. V. 1247-JPPS., p. 112, No. 108, A Ms of Paryusana kalpa copied at Bhrgukaccha Sam. 1247, Asadha, su. di. 9 Budha V. 1247 current Caitradi : Saturday, 24 June, A.C. 1189 V. 1247 expired Caitradi. : suppressed between (or current Karttikadi) sunrise on Wednesday, 13 June, A.C. 1190 and suprise on the next day. V. 1247 expired Karttikadi : Tuesday, 2 July, A.C. 1191 The given tithi would correspond to Wednesday, 12 June, A.C. 1190 according to the Brahma Siddhanta. It commenced about 29 m. 8 se. before local sunrise on that day according to that Siddhanta! 321. V. 1292-JPPS., No. 164, p. 119, A Ms of Jitakal pasutra copied at Bhrgukaccha. Sam. 1292, Magha, su, di. 1, Guru V. 1292 current : Sunday, 21 January, A.C. 1235 V. 1292 expired : Friday, 11 January, A.C. 1236 The tithi commenced about 6 h. after mean sunrise on the previous day. All the known key-dates are of definite character. All of them apply to the mode of expired years. 1. It comm:nced about 1 h. 10 m. after it according to the Surya Siddhanta. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #289
272 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT Of the 10 dates, 7 dates indicate whether they apply to Karttikadi or Caitradi years. The dates, tabulated below, indicate the ratio 5:2 between Karttikadi and Caitradi dates. AL Dates applying to Dates applying to Total Kartrikadi years Caitradi years Nos. 312, 313, 317, Nos. 316 and 320 318 and 319 Total No. 5 2 7 Of the 10 known dates, 6 dates throw light on the systems of months, 5 of them belong to Amanta months, while only 1 applies to a Purnimanta month. 3 Amanta dates apply to Karttikadi years, 1 Amanta date applies to a Caitradi year and 1 Purnimanta date also applies to a Caitradi year. The dates may be tabulated as follows: -- Dates applying 10 Amanta. Dates applying to Total months Purnimanta months Karttikadi Cait- either Karttikadi Cait- either radi ios. No No. 317, 316 315 314 318 and 319 Total Grand 5 - T Total radi No No. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #290
SAURASHTRA Peninsular Gujarat i.e. the peninsula of Saurashtra is a very vast region, wherein different systems were possibly in vogue in different parts. East Saurashtra Saurashtra is generally divided into 5 parts. Among them East Saurashtra is now represented by the present Bhavnagar District. 1 Regular Dates A Dates in Bright fortnights 1. Dates in the months Karttika to Phalguna Dates in expired years (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscriptions 322. V. 1288- Sri Mahavira Jain Vidyalaya Suvarna Mahotsava Grantha, Part 1, p. 306, S'etrnjaya stone inscription Sam. 1288, Pausa, su. dj. 15, Sukra V. 1288 current : Saturday, 21 December, A.C. 1230 V. 1288 expired : Friday, 9 January, A.C. 1232 The tithi ended about 14 h. 17 m. after mean sunrise. 2. Dates in the months Caitra to Asvina Dates in expired Caitradi (or current Karttikadi) years stone, stone-pillar and copperplate inscriptions 18 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #291
274 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT 323. V. 1258-IK., No. 1, p. 686, Dudana stone inscription of the time of king Ksemasimha Sam. 1258, Vaisakha, su.di. 2. Sukra V. 1258 current Caitradi: Monday, 17 April, A.C. 1200 V. 1258 expired Caitradi: Friday, 6 April, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1201 The tithi ended about 15 h. 29 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1258 expired Karttikadi: Vaisakha was intercalary. First Vaisakha, su. di. 2 = Wednesday, 27 March A.C. 1202 Second Vaisakha su. di, 2 = Thursday, 25 April, A.C. 1202 (c) Dates in expired Karttikadi years image inscriptions 324. V. 1337-Sri Mahavira Jain Vidyalaya Suvarna Mahotsava Smarak Granth, part i, p. 112, Ghogha image inscption Sam 1337, Vaisakha, su. di. 2, Soma V. 1337 current Caitradi: Friday 14 April, A.C. 1279 V. 1337 expired Caitradi : Suppressed between Sun(or current Karttikadi) rise on Tuesday, 2 April, A C. 1280 and sunrise on the next day. V. 1337 expired Karttikadi : Monday 21 April, A.C. 1281 The tithi ended about 21 h. 29 m. after mean sunrise. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #292
275 THE SOLANKI PERIOD 325. V. 1344-Sri Mahavira Jain Vidyalaya Suvarna Mahotsava Smaraka Granth Part I, p. 112 Ghogha image inscription Sam. 1344, Jyestha, su, di, 10, Budha V. 1344 current Caitradi : Monday, 3 June, A.C. 1286 V. 1344 expired Caitradi: Saturday, 24 May, (or current Karttikadi) A.C. 1287 V. 1344 expired Karttikadi : Wednesday, 12 May, A.C. 1288 The tithi ended about 15 h. 15 m. after mean sunrise. B. Dates in Dark Fortnights 1. Dates in the months Karttika to Phalguna (B) Amanta Dates image inscriptions 326. V. 1064-JPLS., Vol. I, Part i. p. 105, S'atrunjaya image inscription Sam. 1064, Agrahayana (Margasirsa), ba. di. 2, Soma V. 1064 current, - Purnimanta : Sunday, 10 November, A.C. . 1006 Amanta : Monday, 9 December, A.C. 1006 The tithi ended about 16 h. 41 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1064 expired, - Purnimanta : Thursday, 30 October, A.C. 1007 Amanta : Saturday, 29 November, A.C. 1007 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #293
276 (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscriptions 327. V. 1315-RLARBP., p. 253, Shiyalbet stone inscription (of the time of King Visaladeva) Sam. 1315, Phalguna, ba. di. 7 S'ani... Anuradha naksatra V. 1315 current, - THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT (b) Dates in expired years Amanta Dates V. 1315 expired, , - Purnimanta: Sunday, 27 January A.C. 1258 Amanta: Tuesday, 26 February, A.C. 1258 Purnimanta: Friday, 17 January, A.C. 1259 Amanta Saturday, 15 February, A.C. 1259 The tithi ended about 17 h. 24 m. after mean sunrise. - (ii) image inscriptions 328. V. 1354-GT. p. 24, Ghogha image inscription Sam. 1354, Pausa, ba. di. 5, S'ani V. 1354 current, Purnimanta: Friday, 16 November, A.C. 1296 Amanta Sunday, 16 December, A.C. 12961 V. 1354 expried, Purnimanta : Thursday, 5 December, A.C. 1297 Saturday, 4 January, A.C. 1298 Amanta 1. According to the Surya Siddhanta preceding Margasirsa was intercalary and Pausa was suppressed. But according to the Brahma Siddhanta mean system Magha was an intercalary month and there was no suppressed month. Pausa was a natural month (Robert Sewell, The Siddhantas and the Indian Calendar, p. 580) For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #294
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 277 The tithi ended about 10 h. 27 m. after mean sunrise. 2. Dates in the months Caitra to Asvina (a) Dates of current Caitradi years (A) Purnimanta Dates (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscriptions 329. V. 1272 - RLARBP., p. 253, No. 44, Shiyalbet stonc inscription of the time of Mehara King Ranasimha Sam. 1272, Jyestha, ba. di. 2, Ravi V. 1272 current Caitradi, - - Puraimanta : Sunday, 27 April, A.C. 1214 The tithi ended about 17 h. 39 m. after mean sunrise. Amanta : Tuesday, 27 May. A C. 1214 V. 1272 expired Caitradi, - (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Friday, 17 April, A.C. 1215 Amanta : Saturday, 16 May, A.C. 1215 V. 1272 expired Karttikadi, - Purnimanta : Thursday, 5 May, A.C. 1216 Amanta : Friday, 3 June, A.C. 1216 (ii) image inscriptions 330. V. 1298-PLS. Part i, No. 37, Vala image inscription Sam. 1298, Vaisakhi, ba.di. 2, Ravi V. 1298 current Caitradi, - Puraimanta : Sunday, 11 March, A.C. 1240 The tithi ended about 14 h. 46 m. after mean sunrise. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #295
278 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT Amanta : Vaisakha was intercalary. First Vaisakha, ba. di. 2=Tuesday, 10 April, A.C. 1240 Second Vaisakha ba, di, 2=Wednesday, 9 May, A.C. 1240 V. 1298 expired Caitradi, - (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Saturday, 30 March, A.C. 1241 Amanta : Suppressed between sunrise on sunday, 28 April, A.C. 1241 and sunrise on Monday, 29 April, A.C. 1241 V. 1298 expired Karttikadi, - Purnimanta : Thursday, 20 March, A.C. 1242 Amanta : Friday, 18 April, A.C. 1242 The given tiihi corresponds to the given week-day according to the current Caitradi Parnimanta system. According to the expired Caitradi system, the given tithi is suppressed acc rding to the Surya Siddhanta. If the given tithi is a cribed to Sunday, according to this system, it shouid be taken as ascribed to the weekday on which it commenced. On Sunday, 28 April, A.C. 1241, the given tithi commenced about 1 h. 6 m. after local sunrise. (c) Dates in expired Karttikadi years (A) Purnimanta Dates image inscriptions 331. V. 1272-IK No. 4, p. 687, Mahuva image inscrip tion Sam. 1272, Jyestha, ba. di. 5, Ravi For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #296
THE SOLANKI PERIOD V. 1272 current Caitradi, - Purnimanta: Wednesday, 30 April, A.C. 1214 Amanta Friday, 30 May, A.C. 1214 V. 1272 expired Caitradi, V. 1272 expired Karttikadi, (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta: Monday, 20 April, A.C. 1215 Amanta: Tuesday, 19 May, A.C. 1215 Purnimanta: Sunday, 8 May A.C. 1216 The tithi ended at about 0 h. 22 h. after mean sunrise. Amanta: Monday, 6 June, A.C. 1216 (B) Amanta Dates (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper plate inscriptions 332. V. 1300-RLARBP., No. 253, Shiyalbet stone inscription (of the time of King Tribhuvanapala) Sam. 1300, Vaisakha, ba. di. 11, Budha V. 1300 current Caitradi, V. 1300 expired Caitradi, - - 279 Purnimanta: Friday, 28 March, A.C. 1242 Amanta Sunday, 27 April, AC. 1242 - V. 1300 expired Karttikadi, (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta Thursday, 16 April, A.C. 1243 Amanta Saturday, 16 May, A.C. 1243 www Purnimanta: Tuesday, 5 April, A.C. 1244 Amanta Wednesday, 4 May, A.C. 1244 The tithi ended about 11 h. 39 m. after mean sunrise. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #297
289 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT - (ii) image inscription 333. V. 1297-Sri Mahavira Jain Vidyalaya Suvarna Mahotsava Smaraka Granth, Part I, p. 112, - Ghogha image inscription Sam. 1297, Caitra, ba. di. 5, Bhauma V. 1297 current Caitradi, - Purnimanta : Thursday, 24 February, 1239 Amanta : Saturday, 26 March, A.C. 1239 V. 1297 expired Caitradi, - (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Suppressed between sunrise on Monday, 13 February, A.C. 1240 and sunrise on the next day. Amanta: Wednesday, 14 March, A.C. 1240 V. 1297 expired Karttikadi,Purnimanta : Suppressed between sunrise on Sunday, 3 March, A.C. 1241 and suprise on the next day.. Amanta : Tuesday, 2 April, A.C. 1241 The tithi ended at about 10 h. 12, m. after mean sunrise. (e) A date which may be either a Purnimanta date of an expired Caitradi (or a current Karttikadi) year or an amanta date of an expired Karttikadi year image inscription 334. V. 1329-Sri Mahavira Jain Vidyalaya Suvarna Mahost sava Smarak Granth, Part i, p. 112 Ghogha image inscription Sam. 1329, Vaisakha, ba. di. 9, Sukra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #298
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 281 V. 1329 current Caitradi, - Puraimanta : Sunday, 5 April, A,C 1271 Anianta : Suppressed between sunrise on Monday, 4 May, A.C. 1271 and Sunrise on the next day. V. 1329 expired Caitradi, - (or current Kartrikadi) Purrimanta : Friday, 25 March, A.C. 1272 The tithi ended about 7 h 20 m. after mean sunrise. Amanta : Saturday, 23 April, A.C. 1272 V. 1229 expired Karttikadi, - Purnimanta : Thursday, 13 April, A.C. 1273 Amanta : Friday, 12 May, A.C. 1273 The tithi ended about 15 h. 15 m. after mean sunrise. 2. Irregular Dates 335. V. 1112-EI, Vol. XXXIII, pp. 235 ff., Paliyad stono inscription of King Bhimadeva I Sam. 1112, Caitra, su. di. 15, Somagrahana parva V. 1112 current Caitradi : Saturday, 26 March, A.C. 1054 No lunar eclipse. V. 1112 expired Caitradi : Suppressed between (or current Karttikadi) sunrise on Wednesday, 15 March, A.C. 1055 and sunrise on the next day. No lunar eclipse. V. 1112 expired Karttikadi : Suppressed between sunrise on Tuesday, 2 April, A.C. 1056 and sunrise on the next day. Lunar eclipse. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #299
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT The reference to the occurrence of the lunar eclipse that the given date corresponds to Tuesday, 2 April, A.C. 1056. But according to the Surya Siddhanta. the Full Moon day was suppressed on that day'. However, on calculating according to the Brahma Siddhanta it is found that the Full Moon day commenced about 1 h. 52 m. before local sunrise on that day. It means that the date is quite regular according to the Brahma Siddhanta. 282 336. V. 1343 -RLARBP, p. No. 253, Shiyalbet stone inscription (of the time of king Sarangadeva) Sam. 1343, Magha, su. di. 10, Guru V. 1343 current: Monday, 7 January, A.C. 1286 V. 1343 expired: Saturday, 25 January, A.C. 1287 As the given date is untenable, some particular in it is obviously recorded or read erroneously. Presumably, the lunar day may be corrected into 14. Accordingly, the day would agree with Thursday and correspond to 30 January, A.C. 1289. 337. V. 1211-JLS. Part ii, No. 1788, Ganesar stone inscription Sam. 1211, Vaisakha, su. di. 14, Guru V. 1211 current Caitradi: Thursday, 9 April A.C. 1153 V. 1211 expired Caitradi : Wednesday, 28 April, (or current Karttikadi) A.C. 1154 V. 1211 expired Karttikadi: Monday, 18 April, A.C. 1155 1. The day commenced about 1 h. 6 m. after local sunrise. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #300
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 283 The given date does not correspond to any of the equivalent dates mentioned above. The year 1211 in the date is obviously wrong, as the inscription records Sukrtas by Mahamatya Vastupala whose appointment took place in V. S. 12772. The year may have been V.S. 1291. According to the system of expired Karttikadi years the correct ed date would correspond to Thursday, 3 May. A.C. 1235. 338. V. 1264 -IA., Vol. XI. 337. Timana copper-plate inscriptions of Mahera King Jagamalla Sam. 1264, Laukika Asadha, su. di. 2, Soma V. 1264 current Caitradi: Saturday, 10 June, A.C. 1206 V. 1264 expired Caitradi: Asadha was intercalary (or current Karttikadi) First Asadha, su di. 2: Wednesday, 30, May, A.C. 1207 Second Asadha, su. di. 2: Friday, 29 June, A.C. 1207 V. 1264 expired Karttikadi : Tuesday, 17 June, A.C. 1208 The given date may be taken as ascribed to Monday by associating it with the week-day on which it commenced. The given tithi commenced about 2 h. 46 m after mean sunrise, on Monday, 16 June, A.C. 1208. 2, Girnar inscription, No. 1, RLARBP, p. 328. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #301
284 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT On referring to the Photo-lithograph Kielhorn suggests to read 7 or perhaps 8 in place of 2 and equates the given day with 1 (i) Monday, 4 June, A C. 1207 according to the expired Caitradi system (ii) Monday, 23 June, A.C. 1208 according to the expired Karttikadi system (IA. Vol. XIX. p. 358, No. 164) (ii) image inscriptions 339. V. 1298-Sri Mahavira Jain Vidyalaya Suvarna Mahotsava Smarak Ganth, part I, p. 112, Ghogha image inscription sam. 1298, Vaisakh, u. di. 4, Sani V. 1298 current Caitradi: Vaisakha was intercalary. First Vasakha, su. di. 4 = Thursday, 29 March A.C. 1240 Second Vaisakha, su. di. = Friday, 27 April, A.C. 1240 V. 1298 expired Caitradi: Wednesday, 17 April, (or current Karttikadi) A C. 1241 V. 1298 expired Karttikadi: Sunday, 6 April. A.C. 1242 The given tithi would correspond to Saturday, 5 April, A.C. 1242, i.e. to the given weekday, if it be taken as connected with the week-day on which it commenced. It commenced about 4 h. 27 m. after mean sunrise. 340. V. 1346-Sri Mahavira Jain Vidyalaya Suvarna Mahotsava Smarak Granth, Part i, p. 114, Ghogha image inscription Sam. 1346, Caitra, su. di. 1, Bhauma For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #302
285 THE SOLANKI PERIOD V. 1346 current Caitradi : Friday, 5 March, A.C. 1288 V. 1346 expired Caitradi : Suppressed between (or current Karttikadi) : sunrise on Wednesday, 23 March, A.C. 1289 and Thursday, 24 March, A.C. 1289 V. 1346 expired Karttikadi : Monday, 13 March, A.C. 1290 ... As the given tithi does not tally with the given week-day according to any of the systems, it follows that some particular in it is recorded or read wrongly. Either the tithi should be corrected into 2 or the week-day should be corrected into 'Soma'. Accordingly, the tithi may be referred to the expired Karttikadi system and equated with either Monday, 13 March, A.C. 1290 or Tuesday, 14 March, A.C. 1290. As regards the systems of months 8 dates throw light on it. Of them 5 apply to Amanta months and 3 to Purnimanta months. 2 Amanta dates and 1 Purnimanta date belong to Karttikadi For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #303
286 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT years, while 2 Purnimanta dates apply to Caitradi years. The dates may be tabulated thus : Dates applying to Amanta months Kartti- Caitra- either kadi di Nos. Nos. 332 326- and 328 333 Dates applying to Total Purnimanta months Kartti- Caitra- either kadi di No. Nos. 331 329 and 330 Total No. 2 - 3 1 2 Grand Total 5 The dates mentioned above number 19. Of these 16 dates are of definite character. The analysis, tabulated below, indicates that all the dates excepting 1 apply to the mode of expired years. Dates applying to Dates applying to Total expired years current years Nos. 322, 325, No. 326 327, 335, 338 and 340 Total No. 15 16 Of the 16 definite daies 9 apply to Karttikadi years and 2 to Caitradi years, the remaining 5 dates yielding For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #304
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 287 no indication about the system of years. The dates may be tabulated as under : Total Dates applying to Dates applying to Karttikadi years Caitradi years Nos. 323, 325, 331 No. 329 and 333, 335, 338 and 339 330 Total No. 9 11 SOUTH SAURASHTRA South Saurashtra is mostly represented by present Junagadh District, which also includes some part of North-West Saurashtra. The largest number of dated records belong to this part of the peninsula. 1. Regular Dates A. Dates in Bright Fortnights 1. Dates in the months Karttika to Phalguna Dates in expired years (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscriptions 341. V. 1288-RLARBP, p. 341, Girnar stone inscription (of the time of King Bhimadeva II) Sam. 1288, Phalguna, su. di. 10, Budha V. 1288 current : Thursday, February, A.C. 1231 V. 1288 expired : Wednesday, 3 March, A.C. 1232 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #305
288 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT The tithi ended about 21 h. after mean sunrise. 342. V, 1343-HIG., No. 222, Devpatan stone inscrip tion (of the time of King Sarangadeva) Sam. 1343, Magha, su. di. 5, Soma V. 1343 current : Tuesday, 1 January, A.C. 1286 V. 1343 expired : Monday, 20 January, A.C. 1287 The tithi ended about 12 h. 51 m. after mean sunrise. (ii) image inscriptions 343. V. 1220 - JSP. Year 18, Vol. X, p. 191, Prabhas Patan image inscription Sam. 1220, Phalguna, su. di. 12, Guru V. 1220 current : Sunday, 17 February, A.C. 1163 V. 1220 expired : Thursday, 6 February A.C. 1164 The tithi ended about 21 h. 15 m. after mean sunrise. (iii) Prasastis 344 V. 1255 - JPPS., p. 113, No. 112, A Ms of Yogasastravivarana copied at Sripattana Sam. 1255, Margasirsa, su. di. 1, Ravi V. 1255 current : Wednesday, 12 November, A.C. 1197 V. 1255 expired : Sunday, 1 November A.C. 1198 The tithi ended about 20 h. 32 m. after mean sunrise. 345. V. 1318 - JPPS., p. 126, No. 220, A Ms of Bhagavatisutravitti copied at Vamanasthali, Sam, 1318, Pausa, su. di. 9, Sani V. 1318 current : Sunday, 12 December, A.C. 1260 V. 1318 expired : Saturday, 31 December A.C. 1261 The tithi ended about 20 h. 32 in, after mean sunrise. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #306
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 2. Dates in the months Caitra to Asvina Dates in expired Caitradi (or current Karttikadi) years stone, stone-pillar and copperplate inscriptions 346. V. 1215-RLARBP, p. 356, Girnar stone inscription (of the time of King Kumarapala) Sam. 1215, Caitra, su. di. 8, Ravi V. 1215 current Caitradi: Wednesday, 20 March, A.C. 1157 289 V. 1215 expired Caitradi: Sunday, 9 March, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1158 The tithi ended about 18 h. 51 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1215 expired Karttikadi: Saturday, 28 March, A.C. 1159 347. V. 1273 - HIG., No. 163, Veraval stone inscription (of the time of King Bhimadeva II) Sam 1273, Vaisakha, su. di, 4, Sukra V. 1273 current Caitradi: Sunday, 5 April, A.C. 1215 V. 1273 expired Caitradi: Friday, 22 April, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1216 The tithi ended about 20 h. 32 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1273 expired Karttikadi: Tuesday, 11 April, A.C. 1217 348. V. 1334 IK. No. 14, p. 693, Porbandar stone inscription (of the time of King Sarangadeva) Sam. 1334, Asvina, su. di. 14 (Ravi ?) 19 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #307
290 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1334 current Caitradi : Wednesday, 23 September A.C. 1276 V. 1334 expired Caitradi : Sunday, 12 September (or current Karttikadi) A.C. 1277 The tithi ended about 13 h. 20 m. after mean sunrise, V. 1334 expired Karttikadi : Saturday, 1 October, - A.C. 1278 (c) Dates in expired Karttikadi years (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscriptions 349. V. 1305 - RLARBP, p. 358, 'Girnar stone inscrip tion (of the time of King Visaladeva) Sam. 1305 Vaisakha, su, di, 3, Sani V, 1305 current Caitradi : Tuesday, 9 April, A.C. i 1247 V. 1305 expired Caitradi : Sunday, 29 March, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1248 V. 1305 expired Karttikadi : Saturday, 17 April, A C. 1249 The tithi ended about 12 h. 8 m. after mean sunrise. 350. V. 1350 - RLARBP., No. 33, Girnar stone inscri ption Sam, 1350, Vaisakha, su. di. 5, Sukra V. 1350 current Caitradi : Wednesday, 23 April, A.C. 1292 V, 1350 expired Caitradi : Suppressed between sun (or current Karttikadi) rise on Sunday, 12 April, A.C. 1293 and sunrise on the next day. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #308
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 291 V. 1350 expired Karttikadi : Friday, 2 April, A.C. 1294 The tithi ended about 13 h. 6 m, after mean sunrise. 351. V. 1355-IK. No. 17, p. 695, Somnath Patan stone inscription (of the time King Karna II) Sam. 1355, Asadha, su. di. 7, Sani V. 1355 current Caitradi : Friday, 28 June, A.C. 1297 V. 1355 expired Caitradi : Tuesday, 17 June, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1298 V. 1355 expired Karttikadi Saturday, 6 June, A.C. 1299 The tithi ended about 15 h. 58 m. after mean sunrise. (ii) image inscriptions 352. V. 1253-JLS., Part ii, No. 1785, Mangarol image inscription Sam. 1253, Asadha, su. di. 4, Sani V. 1253 current Caitradi : Tuesday, 13 June, A.C. 1195 V. 1253 expired Caitradi : Sunday, 2 June, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1196 V. 1253 expired Kartrikadi : Saturday, 21 June, A.C. 1197 The tithi ended about 2 h. 46 m. after mean sunrise. 353. V. 1309-Jain Satya Prakash, year 18, Vol. XVIII p. 191, Prabhas Patan image inscription Sam. 1309, Vaisakha, su.di. 3, Budha V. 1309 current Caitradi : Tuesday, 25 April, A.C. 1251 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #309
292 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1309 expired Caitradi : Saturday, 13 April, (or current Karttikadi) A.C. 1252 V. 1309 expired Karttikadi : Wednesday, 2 April, A.C. 1253 The tithi ended about 18 h. 8 m. after mean sunrise. 354. V. 1338-JLS., Part ii, No. 1791, Prabhas-Patan image inscription Sam. 1338, Vaisakha, su,di. (2), Sani V. 1338 current Caitradi : Suppressed between sunrise on Tuesday, 2 April, A.C. 1280 and sunrise on the next day. V. 1338 expired Caitradi : Monday, 21 April, (or current Karttikadi) A.C. 1281 V. 1338 expired Karttikadi : Saturday, 11 April, A.C. 1282 The tithi ended about 13 h. 34 m. after mean sunrise. 355. V. 1356-PJLS., No. 57, p. 72, Girnar image inscription Sam. 1356, Jyestha, su. di. 15, Sukra V. 1356 current Caitradi : Tuesday, 27 May, A.C. 1298 V. 1356 expired Caitradi : Saturday, 16 May, (or current Karttikadi) A.C. 1299 V. 1356 expired Karttikadi : Friday, 3 June, A.C. 1300 The tithi ended about 7 h. 34 m. after meau sunrise. (iii) Prasastis 356. V. 1319-JPPS., No. 223, p. 127, A Ms. of Naracandrasuri's Katharatnasagara copied at S'ripattana For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #310
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 293 Sam. 1319, Bhadrapada, su.di. 5, Sukra V. 1319 current Caitradi : Bhadrapada, was inter calary. First Bhadrapada, su. di. 5 - Tuesday, 2 August, A.C. 1261 Second Bhadrapada, su. di. 5 - Thursday, 1 September, A.C. 1261 - V. 1319 expired Caitradi : Monday, 21 August, (or current Karttikadi) A.C. 1262 V. 1319 expired Karttikadi : Friday, 10 August, A.C. 1263 The tithi ended about 21 h. 44 m. after mean sunrise. 357. V. 1334-JPPS., No. 245, p. 130, A Ms. of Upadesamaladiprakaranapustika copied at Devapattana Sam. 1334, Bhadrapada, su. di. 1, Sani V. 1334 current Caitradi : Wednesday, 12 August, A.C. 1276 V. 1334 expired Caitradi : Sunday, 1 August, (or current Karttikadi) A.C. 1277 V. 1334 expired Karttikadi : Saturday, 20 August, A.C. 1278 The tithi ended about 20 h. 46 m. after mean sunrise. B. Dates in Dark Fortnights 1. Dates in the months Karttika to Phalguna (a) Dates in current years Amanta Dates stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscriptions 358. V. 1234-TWI., Appe. No. XV-4, p. 578, Girnar stone inscription (of the time of Kumarapala) For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #311
294 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT Sam. 1234, Pausa, ba.di. 6, Guru V. 1234 current, - Purnimanta : Tuesday, 23 November, A.C. 1176 Amanta : Thursday, 23 December, A.C. 1176 The tithi ended about 11 h. 10 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1234 expired, - Purnimanta : Suppressed between sunrise on Monday, 12 December, A.C. 1177 and sunrise on the next day. Amanta : Wednesday, 11 January, A.C. 1178 (b) Dates in expired years (A) Purnimanta Dates stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscription 359. V. 1290-1K., No. 6, p. 688, Miyani stone-pillar inscription (of the time of King Bhimadeva II) Sam. 1290, Karttika, ba. di. 2, Guru V. 1290 current, - Purnimanta : Sunday, 3 October, A.C. 1232 Amanta : Monday, 1 November, A.C. 1232 V. 1290 expired, - Purnimanta : Thursday, 22 September, A.C. 1233 The tithi ended about 2 h. 32 m. after mean sunrise. Amanta : Friday, 21 October, A.C. 1233 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #312
THE SOLANKI PERIOD (B) Amanta Dates (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscription 360. V. 1262-IK., No. 3, p. 687, Ajak stone-pillar inscription (of the time of King Bhimadeva II) Sam. 1262, Phalguna, ba. di. 14, Sukra V. 1262 current, Purnimanta: Saturday, 19 February, A.C. 1205 Amanta Monday, 21 March, A.C. 1205 V. 1262 expired, Purnimanta Wednesday, 8 February, A.C. 1206 Amanta Friday, 10 March, A.C. 1206 The tithi ended about 6 h. 22 m. after mean sunrise. - 295 (ii) image inscription 361. V. 1343-Jain Satya Prakash, year 18, Vol. XVIII, p. 191, Prabhas patan image inscription Sam. 1343, Magha, ba. di. 1, Sani V. 1343 current, Purnimanta: Friday, 14 December, A.C. 1285 Amanta Sunday, 13 January, A.C. 1286 V. 1343 expired, Purnimanta: Thursday, 2 January, A.C. 1287 Amanta: Saturday, 1 February, A.C. 1287 The tithi ended about 3 h. after mean sunrise. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #313
296 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT (iii) Prasastis 362. V. 1334-PS., T.P. No. 4, P. 3, A Ms. of Munican drasuri's Satakatippanuka copied at Sripattana Sam. 1334, Dvitiya Phalguna, ba.di. 11, S'ani V. 1334 current, - Purnimanta : Sunday, 31 January, A C. 1277 Amanta : Monday, 1 March, A.C. 1277 V. 1334 expired, - Purnimanta : Thursday, 20 January, A.C. 1278 Amanta : Phalguna was intercalary. First, Phalguna, ba.di. 11=Saturday, 19 February, A.C. 1278 The tithi ended about 9 h.0 m. after mean sunrise. Second Phalguna, ba.di. 11=Sunday, 20 March, A.C. 1278 2. Dates in the months Caitra to Asvina (a) Dates in current Caitradi years Purnimanta Dates stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscription 363. V. 1202-BPSI., No. 158, Mangrol stone inscription (of the time of king Kumara pala) Sam. 1202, Asvina, ba.di. 13, Soma V. 1202 current Caitradi, - Purnimanta : Monday, 28 August, A.C. 1144 The tithi ended about 15 h.h. 44 m. after mean sunrise. Amanta : Wednesday, 27 September, A.C. 1144 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #314
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 297 V. 1202 expired Caitradi, - (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Sunday, 16 September, A.C. 1145 Amanta : Tuesday, 16 October, A.C. 1145 V. 1202 expired Karttikadi, - Puraimanta : Thursday, 5 September, A.C. 1146 Amanta ; Saturday, 5 October, A.C. 1146 (b) Dates in expired Caitradi (or current Karttikadi) years Amanta Dates image inscriptions 364. V. 1319-IK., No. 12, p. 692, Girnar image inscription Sam. 1319, Caitra. ba. di. 13, Bhauma V. 1319 current Caitradi, - Purnimanta : Monday, 28 February, A.C. 1261 Amanta : Wednesday, 30 March, A.C. 1261 V. 1319 expired Caitradi, - (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Suppressed between sunrise on Sunday, 19 March, A. C. 1262 and sunrise on the next day. Amanta : Tuesday, 18 April, A.C. 1262 The tithi ended about 6 h. 51 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1319 expired Karttikadi, - Purnimanta : Friday, 9 March, A.C. 1263 Amanta : Suppressed between sunrise on Saturday, 7 April, A.C. 1263 and sunrise on the next day. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #315
298 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT (c) Dates in expired Karttikadi years (A) Purnimanta Dates (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscriptions 365. V. 1289-RLARBP., p. 361, Girnar stone insctiption (of the time of King Bhima II) Sam. 1289', Asvina, ba. di. 15, Soma V. 1289 curren Caitradi, - Purnimanta : Friday, 29 August, A.C. 1231 Amanta : Asvina was intercalary. First Asvina, ba.di. 15 - Saturday, 27 Sept., A.C. 1231 Second Asvina, ba. di. 15 = Sunday, 26 October, AC, 1231 V. 1289 expired Caitradi, - (or current Karttikadi) Puraimanta : Thursday, 16 September, A.C. 1232 4manta : Friday, 15 October, A.C. 1232 V. 1269 expired Karttikadi, - Purnimanta : Monday, 5 September, A.C. 1233 The tithi ended about 22 h. 12 m. after mean sunrise Amanta : Wednesday 5, October, A.C. 1233 366. V. 1320-IA., Vol. 11. p. 241, Veraval copper-plate inscription of king Arjunadeva Sam. 1320, Asadha, ba. di. 13, Ravi 1. The year of this date is read 1288 in ASWI., Voi. II, p. 173. But as noticed by Kieihorn, the reading given above is more probable (IA., Vol. XIX, p. 359). For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #316
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 299 V. 1320 current Caitradi, - Purnimanta : Friday, 16 June, A.C. 1262 Amanta : Saturday, 15 July, A.C. 1262 V. 1320 expired Caitradi, - (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Tuesday, 5 June, A.C. 1263 Amanta : Suppresssed between suprise on Wednesday, 4 July, A.C. 1263 and sunrise on the next day. V. 1320 expired Karttikadi, Purnimanta : Sunday, 25 May, A.C. 1264 The tithi ended about 5 h. 53 m. after mean sunrise. Amanta : Asadha was intercaiary. First Asadha, ba, di. 13=Monday,23 June, A.C. 1264 Second Asadha, ba. di. 13=Tuesday, 22 July, A.C. 1264 367. V. 1333-RLARBP., 353, No. 10, Girnar stone pillar inscription of the time of king Sarangadeva) Sam 1333, Jyestha, ba. di. 14, Bhauma V. 1333 current Caitradi, - Purnimanta : Friday, 26 April, A.C. 1275 Amanta : Jyestha was intercalary. First Jyestha, ba. di. 14 = Saturday, 25 May, A.C. 1275 Second Jycstha, ba. di. 14 = Monday, 24 June, A.C. 1275 V. 1333 expired Caitradi, (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Thursday, 14 May, A.C. 1276 Amanta : Friday, 12 June, A.C. 1276 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #317
300 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1333 expired Karttikadi, Purnimanta : Monday, 3 May, A.C. 1277 Amanta : sTuesday, 1 June, A.C. 1277 Wednesday, 2 June, A.C. 1277 The 14th tithi commenced before sunrise on Tuesday, 1 June, A.C. 1277 and ended about O b. 36 m. after mean sunrise on Wednesday, 2 June, A.C. 1277. (ii) image inscriptions 368. V. 1322-Jain satya prakash, Year 18, Vol. XVIII p. 191, Prabhas patan image inscription Sam. 1322 Vaisakha, ba. di. 7, Budha V. 1322 current Caitradi, Purnimanta : Friday, 21 March, A.C. 1264 Amanta : Sunday, 20 April, A.C. 1264 V. 1322 expired Caitradi, - (or current Karitikadi) Purnimanta : Thursday, 9 April, A.C. 1265 Amanta : Saturday, 9 May, A.C. 1265 V. 1322 expired Karttikadi, - . Purnimanta : Monday, 29 March, A.C. 1266 Amanta : Wednesday, 28 April, A.C. 1266 The tithi ended about 8 h. 46 m. after mean sunrise. (iii) Prasastis 369. V 129)-JPPS., No. 160, 119, A Ms. of somadeva suri's Nitivak yamsta copied at Devapattan Sam. 1290, Prathama S'ravana, ba. di 10, Sani For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #318
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 301 V. 1290 expired Kartrikadi, Amanta : Sravana was intercalary. First Sravana, ba. di. 10 = Saturday, 22 July, A.C. 1234 Tht tithi ended about 8 h. 3 m. after mean sunrise. Second S'ravana, ba. di. 10 = Sunday 20 August, A.C. 1234 Monday, 21 August, A.C. 1234 (b) A date which may be either a Purnimanta date of a current Caitradi year or an Amanta date of an expired Caitradi (or current Karttikadi year. 370. V. 1343-Sri PS., T.P. No. 94, p. 59, A Ms. of Paccakkhanasaruvam copies at Sripattana Sam. 1343, Asvina, ba. di. 4, Bhauma V. 1343 current Caitradi,Purnimanta : S Monday, 20 August A.C. 1285 Tuesday, 21 August, A.C. 1285 The 4th tithi commenced before sunrise on Monday, 20 August, A.C. 1285 and ended about 0 h. 25 m. after mean sunrise on Tuesday, 20 August, A.C. 1285. Amanta : Wednesday, 19 September, A.C. 1285 V. 1343 expired Caitradi, (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Sunday, 8 September, A.C. 1286 Amanta : Tuesday, 8 October, A.C. 1286 The tithi ended about 11 h. 16 m. after mean sunrise. 1905 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #319
302 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1343 expired Karttikadi,Purnimania : Thursday, 28 August, A.C. 1287 Amanta : Saturday, 27 September, A.C. 1287 2. Irregular Dates (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscriptions 371. V. 1176-ABORI., Vol. VI, p. 170, Somnath patan stone inscription of King Aparaditya Sam. 1176, Caitra, su. di. 14, Ravi, Visva vasu Samvatsara V. 1176 current Caitradi : Caitra was intercalary. First Caitra, su, di. 14 = Friday, 8 March A.C. 1118 Second Caitra, su. di. 14 = Sunday, 7 April, A.C. 1118 V. 1176 expired Caitradi : Thursday, 27 March, (or current Karttikadi) A.C. 1119 V. 1176 expired Karttikadi : Tuesday, 16 March, A.C. 1120 The given tithi tallies with the given weekday according to the current Caitradi system. But on referring to tables of Samvatsaras, it is found that the given year does not apply to the given Samvatsara. The year is to be corrected into Caitradi, 1179 (Karttikadi 1178-1179). But the given week-day applies to the previous year i. e. 1178 Caitradi year. Anyhow some particular in the given date is erroneous. 372. V. 1256-1A., Vol. XI, p. 71, Girnar stone inscrip tion (of the time of King Bhimadeva II) Sam."[1]256, Jyestha, su. di. 13, S'ukra For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #320
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 303 V. 1256 current Caitradi : Wednesday, 20 May, A.C. 1198 V. 1256 expired Caitradi : Monday, 10 May, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1199 V. 1256 expired Karttikadi : Sunday, 28 May, A.C. 1200 As the given date does not hold good in relation to any of the cquivalent dates mentioned above, it is obvious that some particular in it is recorded or read wrongly. Presumably, the tithi 13 may be corrected into 11. Accordingly, it would correspond to Friday, 26 May, A.C. 1200. 373. V. 1262-1K. No. 2, p. 686, Visavad stone inscript. ion (of the time of king Bhimadeva II) Sam 1262, Magha, su. di. 10, Sukra V. 1262 current : Tuesday, 1 February, A.C. 1205 V. 1262 expired : Saturday, 21 January, A.C. 1206 The given date probably corresponds to Friday, 20 January, A.C. 1206, if it was construed with the week-day on which it commenced. It commenced about 12 h. 22 m. after mean sunrise on that day. 374. V. 1320-PO., Vol. II, No. 4, p. 227, Kantela stone inscription of King Arjunadeva V. 1320 current Caitradi : Tuesday, 23 May, A.C. 1262 V. 1320 expired Caitradi : Saturday, 12 May, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1263 V. 1320 expired Karttkadi : Thursday, 1 May, A.C. 1264 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #321
304 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT The given day is proximate to Thursday, 1 May, A.C. 1264. Probably it was connected with the previous week-day on which it commenced. It commenced about 11 h, 39 m. after mean sunrise on wednesday, 30 April, A.C. 1264. 375. V. 1335-RLARBP., p. 353, No. 9 B, Girnar stone pillar inscription (of the time of King Sarangadeva) Sam. 1335 Vaisakha, su. di. 8, Guru V. 1335 current Caitradi : Tuesday, 13 April, A.C. 1277 V, 1335 expired Caitradi : Sunday, 1 May, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1278 V. 1335 expired Karttikadi : Friday, 21 April, A.C. 1279 The given tithi ended about 3 h. 15 m. after mean sunrise on Friday, 21 April, A.C. 1279. On calculation it is found that the given tithi commenced about 1 h 03 m. 13 se, after local suprise on the previous day according to the Brahma Siddhanta and about 2 h. 37 m. 13 sec. after local sunrise, according to the Surya Siddhanta. This means that the given tithi is ascribed to Thursday on which it commenced. 376. V. 1339 - RLARBP., p. 352, No. 9 Girnar stone pillar inscription (of the time of King Sarangadeva) Sam. 1339, Jyestha, su.di. 8, Budha V. 1339 current Caitradi : Tuesday, 27 May, A.C. 1281 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #322
305 THE SOLANKI PERIOD V. 1339 expired' Caitradi : Saturday, 16 May, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1282 V. 1339 expired Karttikadi : Thursday, 6 May, A.C. 1283 The given day is proximate to Thursday, 6 May, A.C. 1283 on which the 8th tithi ended about 0 h. 50 m. after mean sunrise. On calculating the true moment of local sunrise, it is found to have ended 1 h. 25 m. after true sunrise according to the Surya Siddhanta but about 0 h. 19 m, before true sunrise on Thursday according to the Brahma Siddhanta. So the tithi seems to have been ascribed to Wednesday according to the Brahma siddhanta. 377. V. 1346-PO., Vol. III, No. 1, p. 28, Vanthali stone inscription of King Sarangadeva Sam. 1346, Vaisakba, ba. di. 6, Soma V. 1346 current Caitradi, - Purnimanta : Thursday, 25 March, A.C. 1288 Amanta : Friday, 23 April, A.C. 1288 V. 1346 expired Caitradi, - (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Wednesday, 14 April, A.C. 1289 Amanta : Thursday, 12 May, A.C. 1289 V. 1346 expired Karttikadi, - Purnimanta : Sunday, 2 April, A.C. 1290 Amanta : Tuesday, 2 May, A.C. 1290 The given tithi seems to have been ascribed to Monday, though it fell at sunrise on the next day, presumably by connecting it with the week-day on 20 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #323
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT which it commenced. It commenced about 6 h. after mean sunrise on Monday, 1 May, A.C. 12902. (ii) image inscriptions 378. V. 1289-Jain Satya Prakash, Vol. XVIII, pp. 162. & 191, Prabhas Patan image inscription Sam. 1289, Vaisakha, ba. di 12, Sukra V. 1289 current Caitradi, 306 Purnimanta: Tuesday, 1 April, A.C. 1231 Amanta Wednesday, 30 April, A.C. 1231 V. 1289 expired Caitradi, (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta Sunday, 18 April, A.C. 1232 Amanta: Tuesday, 18 May, A.C. 1232 V. 1289 expired Karttikadi, Purnimanta: Thursday. 7 April, A.C. 1233 Amanta Saturday, 7 May, A.C. 1233 The given date would correspond to Friday, 9 May, A.C. 1233, if it be taken as construed with the week-day on which it commenced. It commenced about 11 h. 39 m. after mean sunrise on that day. It is also probable that the tithi 12 2. In his list of the Inscriptions of Northern India (No. 624), Prof. D.R. Bhandarkar has equated the given date with Monday, 17th April, A.C. 1290. But this cannot hold good as that date corresponds to Vaisakha, su.di. 7. As Bhandarkar has cited exactly the same date of the epigraph, he seems to have mistaken 'ba.di. 6' for 'su.di. 6' through oversight. Diskelkar who edited the inscription also notes that the given tithi corresponds to Tuesday, 2 May, A.C. 1290, but it seems to have commenced on the previous day. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #324
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 307 can be better read 11. In that case it tallies with the given week-day in a regular way. 379. V. 1340-JLS., Part ii, No. 1792, Prabhas Patan image inscripton Sam. 1340, Jyestha, ba.di. 10, Sukra V. 1340 current Caitradi, Purnimanta: Monday, 4 May, A.C. 1282 Amanta Tuesday, 2 May, A.C. 1282 V. 1340 expired Caitradi, (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta: Saturday, 24 April, A.C. 1283 Amanta Sunday, 23 May, A.C. 1283 V. 1340 expired Karttikadi, Purnimanta: Thursday, 11 May, A.C. 1284 Amanta Saturday, 10 June, A.C. 1284 The given tithi preceded either Saturday, 24 April, A.C. 1283 or Saturday, 10 June, A.C. 1284. On the latter day it ended about 8 h. after mean sunrise, while on the former day it ended about 0 h. 51 m. after mean sunrise. On calculation the given tithi is found to have ended 3 h. 42 m. after true sunrise on the former day according to the Surya Siddhanta and 1 h. 26 m. after true sunrise to the Brahma Siddhanta. According to the latter Siddhanta the given tithi commenced 15 m. 32 se. before true sunrise on the previous day. It means that there were two Dasamis, the former one fall. ing at the sunrise on Friday, 23 April, A.C. 1283. However, if the date followed the Karttikadi Amanta system rather than the Caitradi Purnimanta For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #325
308 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT one, the given tithi must be taken as connected with the week-day on which it commenced as it commenced about 7 h. 48 m. after mean sunrise on that day. (iii) Prasastis 380. V. 1285-JPPS., No 143, P. 117, A Ms of Yogasastra copied at Devapattana Sam. 1285, Jyestha, su. di. 8, Guru V. 1285 current Caitradi : Tuesday, 25 May, A.C. 1227 V. 1285 expired Caitradi : Saturday, 13 May, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1228 V, 1285 expired Karttikadi : Jyestha was intercalary: First Jyestha, su. di. 3 = Wednesday, 2 May A.C. 1229 Second Jyestha, su. di. 8 = Friday, 1 June, A.C. 1229 The given day seems to have fallen on Thursday, 31 May, A.C. 1229. On calculation the given tithi is found to have commenced about 0 h. 50 m. after mean sunrise according to the Surya Siddhanta and 2 m. 31 se. after local sunrise according to the Brahma Siddhanta on that day. Hence, it seems to have been ascribed to Thursday, after it comm enced on that day. 381. V. 1335-JPPS., No 247, p. 130, A Ms of Hema candra's Dvyasraya Mahakavya copied at Sripattana Sam. 1335, Sravana, su. di. 15, Soma For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #326
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 309 V. 1335 current Caitradi : Friday, 16 July, A.C. 1277 * V. 1335 expired Caitradi, : Thursday, 4 August, (or current Karttikadi) A.C. 1278 V. 1335 expired Karttikadi : suppressed betwee sun rise on Monday, 24 July, A.C. 1279 and sunrise on Tuesday, 25 July, A.C. 1279. The given tithi commenced 35 h. 5 m. after local suprise according to the Surya Siddhanta and 1 h. 8 m. after local sunrise according to the Brahma Siddhanta. It ended 36 m. 34 se. after local sunrise on Tuesday according to the Surya Siddhanta and I h. 18 m. before local sunrise on Tuesday according to the Brahma Siddhanta, It means that the given tithi fell on Tuesday at sunrise according to the Surya Siddhanta but got suppressed on Monday according to the Brahma Siddhantas. Thus the given date should be taken as ascribed to Monday after it commenced on that day. of the 41 key-dates 38 dates are of definite character. These dates, excepting 2, apply to the mode of expired years. They may be tabulated as undes :Dates applying to | Dates applying to Total expired years I current years Nos. 341 - 357, Nos. 358 and 363 359 - 362, 364 - 370, 373 - 377 and 379- 381 Total 36 1 No. 3. The given tithi is shown suppressed on Monday in Pillai's Tables based on the Suya Siddhata as it ended shortly before mean suorise on monday. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #327
310 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT Twenty eight dates give indications about the systems of years. Twenty dates belong to Karttikadi years, while eight apply to Caitradi years. They may be thus tabulated : Total No. Dates applying to Karttikadi years Nos. 349-357, 365, 369, 374-377, 380 and 381 20 Grand total Dates applying to Dates applying to Amanta months Purnimanta months Total 4 No. As for the system of months, 15 dates throw light on it. The ratio between dates of Amanta months and those of Purnimanta months is 2: 1. The dates may be tabulated as below: Kartti- Caitr- either | Kartti- Caitr- either kadi adi kadi adi Nos. Nos. Nos. 367, 364 358, 369 and 360 and 370 and 377 362 Dates applying to Caitradi years I 10 Nos. 346-348, 363, 364, 370, 373 and 379 8 2 Nos. 365 and 366 2 Nos. No. 353 359 and 379 2 For Personal & Private Use Only Total 5 28 Total 15

Page #328
CENTRAL SAURASHTRA Only two key-dayes belong to this part, which is represented by Rajkot District (and northern part of Amreli District) 1. Regular Dates Dates in Dark Fotnights Dates in the months Karttika to Phalguna Amanta Dates stone, stone pillar and copper - plate inscriptions 382. V. 1292-IK., No, 7, p. 689, Jesdan stone - pillar inscripton (of the time of king Bhimadeva II) Sam. 1292, Magha, ba. di. [7], [Sukra ?] V. 1292 current, Purnimanta: Saturday, 13 January, A.C. 1235 Amanta : Sunday, 11 February, A.C. 1235 V. 1292 expired, Purnimanta : Wednesday, 2J anuary, A.C. 1236 Amanta : Friday, 1 February, A.C. 1236 The tithi ended about 5 h. 24 m, after mean sunrise. 2. Irregular Dates Prasastis 383. V. 1284-JPPS., No. 79, p. 74, A Ms. of Jnanarn ava copied at Gomandala Sam. 1284, Vaisakha, su. di. lo, sukra V. 1284 current Caitradi:Thursday, 9 April, A.C. 1226 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #329
312 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1284 expired Caitradi : Tuesday, 27 April, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1227 V. 1284 expired Karttikadi : Saturday, 15 April, A.C. 1228 As the given date does not tally with any of the three dates, it may be suggested that the given date should be ascribed to Friday, 14 April, A.C. 1228 by assuming that the week-day was connected with the new tithi which commenced on it. The 10th tithi commenced 18 h. 51 m. after mean sunrise on Friday, 14 April, A.C. 1228. Of the two dates, both belong to the mode of expired years. One (No. 383) applies to the system of Karttikadi years, while the system is not known in the other date. As for the system of months, one date No. 382 belongs to the system of Amanta months, but it is not possible to know whether it was coupled with the Karttikadi year or the Caitradi year. The other date contains no indication about the system of its months. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #330
WEST SAURASHTRA West Saurashtra is mostly represented by the present Jamnagar Diatrict. It extends upto the Gulf of Kutch in north. 1. Regular Dates A. Dates in Bright Fortnights 1. Cates in the months Karttika to Phalguna (b) Dates in expired years 384. V. 1318-IK., No. 11, pp. 691 f. Ghumli image inscription Sam. 1318, Phalguna, su. di. 15, Bhauma, grahana parva V. 1318 current : Wednesday, 16 February, A.C. * 1261, no eclipse. V. 1318 expired : Tuesday, 7 March, A.C. 1262, Lunar eclipse The tithi ended about 16 h. 27 m. after mean sunrise. Dates in expired Karttikadi years stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscriptions 385. V. 1333-PO., Vol. III, No. i, p. 23, Amaran stone inscription of King Sarangadeva Sam. 1333, Jyestha, su. di. 5, Ravi V. 1333 current Caitradi : Jyestha was intercalary. First Jyestha su. di. 5 = Thursday, 2 May, A.C. 1275 Second Jyestha su. di. 5 = Friday, 31 May, A.C. 1275 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #331
314 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1333 expired Caitradi: Wednesday, 20 May, (or current Karttikadi) A.C. 1276 V. 1333 expired Karitikadi : Sunday, 9 May, A.C. 1277 The tithi ended about 13 h. 48 m. after mean sunrise. B. Dates in Dark Fortnights Dates in the months Karttika to Phalguna Dates in current years Amanta Dates stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscriptions 386. V. 1348-IK., No. 15, p. 694, Kansari stone pillar inscription of the time of King Sarangadeva Sam. 1348, Phalguna, ba.di. 11, Soma V. 1348 current, . Purnimanta: Saturday, 27 January, A. C. 1291 Amanta: Monday, 26 February, A.C. 1291 The tithi ended about 12 h. 22 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1348 expired, Purnimanta: Friday, 15 February, A. C. 1292 Amanta Sunday, 16 March, A.C. 1292 2. Irregular Dates stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscriptions 387. V. 1045-EI., Vol. XXXI, p. 11, Ghumli copper-plate inscription of Baskaladeva Sam. 1045, Vaisakha, nnu [su] di. 15, Soma V. 1045 current Caitradi: Saturday, 16 April, A.C. 987 V. 1045 expired Caitradi: Friday, 4 May, A.C. 988 (or current Karttikadi) For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #332
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 315 V. 1045 expired Karttikadi : Tuesday, 23, April, A.C. 989 Among the equivalent dates given above only the last one deserves consideration. The given date could possibly correspond to the day preceding It, on commending the tithi with the week-day on which it commenced, but the given tithi commenced as late as about 18 h. 36 m. after mean sunrise (i. e, about midnight) on the given week-day. It, therefore, appears that there is probably an error in some particular or other. Presumably, the tithi 15 may be corrected into 11. Accordingly, the given date would correspond to Monday, 30 April, A.C. 988. The known key-dates of West Saurashisa number only 4. Three of them are of definite character. Two (Nos. 384 and 385) of them apply to the mode of expired years, while one (No. 386) belongs to that of current years. One date (No. 385) belongs to the system of Karttikadi or Asadhadi years, while the system followed in the other date is not known. As the system of Asadhadi years was in vogue in Halar (Jamnagar District) since long, it is probable that the system followed in the date No. 385 applied to Asadhadi rather than Karttikadi year. But we cannot be definite on this point, unless and until we come across a date falling between Asadha and Karttika, One date (no. 386) applies to the system of Amanta months. but it is not known whether it was coupled with a Karttikadi year or a Caitradi year. The other date throws po light on the system of months. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #333
NORTH SAURASHTRA North Saurashtra is represented by the northern part of the present Rajkot District and the Surendrapagar District which extends in North-east. Many of the known records treated above belong to Wadhwan in Surendranagar District. 1. Regular Dates A. Dates in Bright Fortnights 1. Dates in months Karttika to Phalguna Dates in cxpired years image inscription 388 V. 1194-PLS., Part i, No. 7, wadhwan image ins cription. Sam. 1194, Magha, su.di. 6, Bhauma V. 1194 current : Wednesday, 30 December, A.C. 1136 V. 1194 expired : Tuesday, 18 January A.C. 1138 The tithi ended about 13 h. 20 m. after mean sunrise. 2. Dates in months Caitra to Asvina Dates in expired Karttikadi years image insriptions 389. V. 1249-PLS. Part I, No. 25, p. 8, Wadhwan image inscription Sam. 1249, Jyestha, su di. 10, Budha V. 1249 current Caitradi : Jyestha was intercalary. First Jyestha, su. di. 10 = Sunday, 5 May, A.C. 1191 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #334
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 317 = Second Jyestha, su. di. 10 Tuesday, 4 June, A C. 1191 V. 1249 expired Caitradi: Saturday, 23 May, A.C. 1192 (or current Karttikadi) V. 1249 expired Karttikadi: Wednesday, 12 May, A.C. 1193 The tithi ended ybout 14 h. 46 m after mean sunrise. B. Dates in Dark Fornights 1. Dates in the months Kart tika to Phalguna image inscriptions 390. V. 1243-PLS., Part i, No. 24. p. 1 Wadhwan image inscription Sam. 1243, Karttika, ba, di. 5, Bhuma V. 1243 current, Purnimanta: Tuesday, 15 October, A.C. 1185 The tithi ended about 9 h. 58 m. after mean sunrise. Amanta Wednesday, 13 November, A.C. 1185 V. 1243 expired. Purnimanta: Sunday, 5 October, A.C. 1186 Amanta: Monday. 3 November, A.C. 1186 2. Dates in the months Caitra to Asvina (a) Dates in expired Caitradi years (A) Purnimanta Dates image inscriptiors 391. V. 1207-PLS, Part i, No. 10, p. 4 Wadhwan image inscription Sam. 1207, Caitra, ba. di. 5, Sani For Personal & Private Use Only

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318 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT ... V. 1207 current Caitradi, Purnimanta : Tuesday, 1 March, A.C. 1149 The tithi ended about 15 h. 44 m. after mean sunrise. Amanta : Thursday, 31 March, A.C. 1149 V. 1207 expired Caitradi, Purnimanta : Friday, 18 February, A.C. 1150 Amanta : Monday, 20 March, A.C. 1150 V. 1207 expired Karttikadi, Purnimanta : Friday, 9 March, A.C. 1151 Amanta : Sunday, 8 April, A.C. 1151 The given date would correspond to saturday, 18 February, A.C. 1150 according to the expired Caitradi system and Saturday, 7 April, A.C. 1151 according to the Karttikadi system. The given tithi commenced about 55 m. 42 se. after local sunrise on the latter day according the Surya Siddhanta but 1 h. 51 m. before it according to the Brahma Siddhanta. (b) A date which may be either a Purrimanta date of an expired Caitradi (or current Karttikadi) year or an Amanta date of an expired Karttikadi year stone inscription 392. V. 1193-JBBRAS., Vol. XXV, p. 324; HIG. No. 144, Gala stone inscription of king siddharaja Sam, 1193, Vajsakha, ba, di. 14, Guru V. 1193 current Caitradi, Purnimanta : Sunday, 14 April, A.C. 1135 Amanta : Monday, 13 May, A.C. 1135 For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE SOLANKI PERIOD 319 V. 1193 expired Caitradi, (or current Karttikadi) Purnimanta : Thursday, 2 April, A C. 1136 The tithi ended about 5 h. 24 m. after mean sunrise, Amanta : Friday, 1 May, A.C. 1136 V. 1193, expired Karttikadi, Purnimanta : Tuesday, 20 April, A.C, 1137 Amanta : Thursday, 20 May, A.C. 1137 The tithi ended about 13 h. 34 m. after mean sunrise. 2. Irregular Dates (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscriptions 393. V. 1350-RLARBP. p. 241, Wadhwan stone inscription (of the time of king Sarangadeva) Sam. 1350, Karttika, ba. di. 8, Guru V. 1350 current, Purniinanta : Sunday, 5 October, A.C. 1292 4manta : Monday, 3 November, A.C. 1292 V. 1350 expired, - Purnimanta: Friday, 25 September, A.C. 1293 Amanta : Saturday, 24 October, A.C. 1293 The given date would correspond to Thursday, 24 september, A.C, 1293, by taking it as ascribed to Thursday on which it commenced according to the Surya Siddhanta, according to which it commenced about 3 h. 15 m. after mean sunrise on that day. However, on calculating according to the Brahma Siddhanta the given tithi is found to have commenced 1 h. 8 m. 45 se, after local sunrise on Thursday, and ended 0 h. 44 m. 20 se. before local sunrise For Personal & Private Use Only

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320 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT on the next day. It means that the given tithi was suppressed and is here ascribed to the week-day on which it commenced. (ii) image inscriptions 394. V. 1208-PLS., part i, No. 11, p. 4, Wadhwan image inscription Sam. 1208, Jyestha, su. di. 2 Budha V. 1208 current Caitradi: Sunday, 30 April, A.C. 1150 V. 1208 expired Caitradi: Saturday, 19 May, A.C. (or current Karttikadi) 1151 V. 1208 expired Karttikadi : Thursday, 8 May A.C. 1152 The given date is proximate to Thursday. 8 May, A.C. 1152. 'The given tithi may have been ascribed to the previous week-day on which it commenced. But as it commenced about 8 h. 45 m. after mean sunrise on that day, it is probable that the tithi 2 is recorded or read wrongly and may be corrected into 1. It would then correspond to Wednesday, in regular course. 395. V. 1228-PLS., part i. No. 21, Wadhwan image inscription Sam. 1228, Phalguna, ba, di. 5, Bhauma V. 1228 current, Purnimanta: Thursday, 28 January, A.C. 11 1 Amanta Friday, 26 February, A C. 1171 V. 1228 expired, Purnimanta: Monday, 17 January, A.C. 1172 Amanta : Wednesday, 16 February, A.C. 1172 For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE SOLANKI PERIOD The given date is proximate to Wednesday, 16 February, A.C. 1172. The given tithi may have been construed with the previous week-day on which it commenced. But it commenced about 8 h. after mean sunrise on that day. Hence it is probable that the true week-day may have been Saumya instead of Bhauma. In that case the given tithi would tally with the given week-day in a regular way. Alternatively, it may also be suggested that the true week-day may be Soma rather than Bhauma. In that case the date may apply to the Purnimanta system and correspond to Monday, 17 January, A.C. 1172. 396. V. 1273-PLS., Part I, No. 32, p. 9, Wadhwan image inscription Sam. 1273, Karttika, ba. di. 5, Soma 321 V. 1273 current, Purnimanta : Wednesday, 14 October, A.C. 1215 Amanta Friday, 13 November, A.C. 1215 V. 1273 expired, Purnimanta: Sunday, October, A.C. 1216 Amanta: Tuesday, 1 November, A.C. 1216 1 The given date would correspond to Monday, 31 October, A.C. 1216 if the given tithi was construed with the week-day on which it commenced. But as it commenced as late as about 11 h. 24 m. after mean sunrise, it is probable that the true week-day was Bhauma instead of Soma. 21 For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT Of the 9 definite dates, 4 dates (Nos. 388, 389, 392 and 393) belong to the mode of expired years, while 2 dates (Nos. 390 and 391) are of current years. 322 As regards the system of years, 1 date (No. 389) applies to the system of Karttikadi years, while the other date (No. 391) applies to the system of Caitradi years. Three dates throw light on the system of months. All of them (Nos. 390, 391, 393) apply to the system of Purnimanta months. One (No. 391) of them is coupled with a Caitradi year. The association of the other two dates (Nos. 390, 393) with Karttikadi or Caitradi years is not known. For Personal & Private Use Only

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KUTCH Kutch is a geographical part by itself. Only a few records bearing key-dates are available from this district. 1. Regular Dates A. Dates in Bright Fortnights 1. Dates in the months Karttika to Phalguna Dates in expired years stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscriptions 397. V. 1322-IA., Vol, XXI, p. 276, Khokhra stone inscription of king Sarangadeva Sam. 1332 Margasirsa, su. di. 11, Sapi V. 1332 current : Sunday, 11 November, A.C. 1274 V. 1332 expired : Saturday, 30 November, A.C. 1275 The tithi ended about 18h. 51m. after mean sunrise. 2. Date in the months Asadha to Asvina Dates in expired Caitradi (or current Karttikadi) or expired Asadhadi years (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscriptions 398. V. 1195-ARWC, II, Appendix No. 56 Bhadresvara stone inscription (of the time of King Jayasimha) Sam. 1195, Asadha, su, di. 10, Ravi V. 1195 current Caitradi : Wednesday, 30 June, (or current Asadhadi year) A.C. 1137 For Personal & Private Use Only

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324 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT v. 1195 expired Caitradi : Sunday, 19 June, (or expired A sadhadi) A.C. 1138 (or current Karttikadi years) The tithi ended about 20 h. 3 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1195 expired Asadhadi : Friday. 9 June, A.C. 1139 (or expired Karttikadi years) 399. V. 1328-PO., Vol. III, No. 1, p. 20, Rav stone incription (of the time of King Arjunadeva) Sam. 1328, Sravana, su.di. 2, Sukra V. 1328 current Caitradi : Monday, 21 July, A.C. (or current Asalhadi) 1270 V. 1328 expired Caitradi : Friday, 10 July, A.C. 1271 (or expired Asadhadi) (or current Karttikadi) The tithi ended about 19 h. 20 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1328 expired Asadhadi : Thursday, 28 July, A.C. (or expired Karttikadi) 1272 The known key-dates of this district number only three. They all belong to the mode of expired years. As regards the system of years it may be noted that the people of Kutch have been following the system of Asadhadi years since long. One (No. 397) of the three dates throws no light on the system of years, while the two others (Nos. 398 and 399) apply to Asadhadi years'. The dates contain no indications about the system of months. 1. These dates can apply to Caitradi years as well. But the local practice followed in Kutch since long favours the other alternative, viz. the system of Asadhadi years. For Personal & Private Use Only

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SOLANKI PERIOD 325 Systems of Years and Months The above results give certain indications about the prevalence of different systems of years and months in Gujarat during the Solanki period. Indian chronology generally follows the mode of expired years. However, we come across a few dates in current years. Similarly the dates indicate preponderance of Karttikadi years over Caitradi ones. The dates in Kutch and probably Western Saurashtra as well indicate the probability of Asadhadi years in place of Karttikadi ones. Likewise the dates given above indicate preponderance of the system of Amanta months over that of Purnimanta months. The results may be tabulated in different parts as follows : Name of the Region Mode of System of System of expired Karttikadi Amanta year year month Sarasvata Mandala 64% Astadasasata Mandala 88% 66.7% 37.5% (excluding Mt. Abu region) North and North-East Gujarat 81% Central Gujarat 88% 67% 79% South Gujarat 832 East Saurashtra South Saurashtra 92% Central Saurashtra 100% West Saurashtra 67% 100% 100% North Saurashtra 50% Kutch 100% 100%3 Entire Gujarat 77% 61% 2-3. Probably Asadhadi in place of Karttikadi. 67% 95% 77% 100% 94% 6799 100% 100 67% 0% 89%. For Personal & Private Use Only

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326 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT The above results indicate a preponderance of expired years upto about 90% on the whole. Out of the dates that throw light on the different systems of years, 77% apply to Karttikadi years (including Asadhadi years) on the whole, the system of Asadhadi years probably appearing in all key-dates in Kutch and West Saurashtra. As regards the system of months, the known keydates in Astadasasata Mandala excluding region of Mt. Abu has a preponderant proportion of the Purnimanta system, while the known key-dates in North Saurashtra all belong to the system of Purnimanta months. The key-dates in all the other parts of Gujarat indicate the preponderance of Amanta dates above 60 per cent. The percentage comes to 61 on adding North Saurashtra and the region of the relevant part of Astadasasata Mandala. Samvatsaras Two dates of the Vikrama era contain the names of the corresponding Samvatsaras. One (No. 207) refers to Sobhana Samvatsara in Karttika of Sam. 1354. On referring the Samvatsara to the Tables of sixty years cycles in Pillai's Indian Ephemeris, it is found that the given Samvatsara does not apply to the southern cycle, while it falls proximate in the northern cycle On calculating according to the method given in Pillai's Indian Chronology, we actually arrive at the given samvatsara on the given date. 4 The year 1297 A C. is mentioned against Subhakrt which immediately precedes the given samvatsara. For Personal & Private Use Only

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SOLANKI PERIOD 327 The other date (No. 371) refers to Visvavasu samvatsara in Caitra of Sam. 1176. But on referring the Samvatsara to the Tables of sixty years' cycle mentioned above, it is found that the samvatsara given against 1118 A.C. is Plava in the northern cycle. The number of the year is, therefore, to be corrected into Caitradi V.S. 1179 (1122-23 A.C.). Calculation also conforms it. The Northern cycle is that of real Jovian years. As the Vikrama era seems to have been introduced in Gujarat from North India, it is natural that the Samvatsaras cited along with the Vikrama years reflect the northern cycle of samvatsaras. Inter-calary Months As observed in Chapter V, different systems were in vogue for intercalary months. Of the known keydates of the Solanki Period, 7 dates contain references to intercalary months-two to Prathama months and five to Dvitlya months. Five of these dates apply to the given intercalary months both according to (i) Brahma Siddhanta true systein and/or Siddhanta Siromani and (ii) the Surya Siddhanta (and the first Arya Siddhanta)-true system". The remaining two dates, do not apply to the former system. On finding the dates equivalent to the given dates, 9 of the given dates are found to be applying to intercalary months, though the given particulars contain no reference to ito. Of these, 6 dates quite tally according 5. Vide the Table below. 6. Vide the table below. For Personal & Private Use Only

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328 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT to the Brahma Siddhanta-Siddhantu S'iromani system, as they indicate no intercalation in the given months according to this system. The remaining 3 dates all apply to nija months and it is, therefore, probable that the reference to intercalation was left understood as it actually occured in the preceding month. The observations about dates of both types may be tabulated as follows : Sr. Date Year Month According According to No. No. (V.S.) given to the Br. Si. the Surya Si. and/or (or First Siddhanta Arya Si.) Siromani 1 30 1218 Dvitiya Nija Asadha Nija Asadha Asadha 2 198 1221 Vaisakha Vaisakha Adhika Vaisakha 79 1274 Prathama Adhika Adhika Jyestha Jyestha 37 1285 Jyestha Nija Jyestha Jyestha 5 365 1290 Prathama Adhika Adhika Sravana Sravana Sravana 6 45 1296 Vaisakha Vaisakha Nija Vaisakha 7 220 1298 Bhadrapada Bhadrapada Nija Bhadrapada 8 80 1298 Dvitiya Adhika Bhadrapada Asvina Nija 380 For Personal & Private Use Only

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SOLANKI PERIOD Sr. Date Year Month No. No. (V.S.) given 9 251 1301 Asadha 223 1304 Dviiiya Jyestha 27 1305 Jyestha 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 87 1314 Dvitiya Caitra 362 1334 Dvitiya Phalguna 253 1347 Asadha According to the Br. si. and/or Siddhanta Siromani Nija Asadha Nija Jyestha Nija Jyestha Nija Caitra Caitra Asadha 43 1350 Jyestha Jycstha 53 1354 Margasirsa Margasirsa For Personal & Private Use Only According to the Surya si. (or First Arya Si.) Nija Asadha 329 Nija Jyestha Nija Jyestha The total impression left by the above table is that intercalation in the Solanki Period was generally calculated according to the Brahma Siddhanta and/or Siddhanta Siromani-true system. In 11 out of 16 cases mentioned above the mention or non-mention of intercalation quite tallies according to this system In the case of three dates the reference to intercalations seems to have been left understood as the dates belonged to nija months. Nija Caitra Adhika Phalguna Adhika Asadha Nija Jyestha Adhika Margasirsa

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330 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT Only two dates form an exception to the prevalence of this system. Nos. 8 and 13 apply to the Surya Siddhanta rather than the Brahma Siddhanta? conversely 6 dates apply to the Brahma Siddhanta rather than the Surya Siddhanta. Chronologically this system seems to have been prevalent at least from V.S. 1218 to V. S. 13549. (ii) The Simha Era Some recordslo of the Caulukya kings are dated in the Simha era. They are all found from Sorath, represented by Junagadh District in Saurashra. The name of the era is specifically mentioned in these dates. The dates of these records range from Simha Sam. 32 to Simha Sam. 151". The years are given in figures. The dates also contain months, fortnights, lunar days and week. days. These dates in the Simha era also given in some other era or eras like the Vikrama era and / or Valabhi era. 7. No. 8 occurs in a MS copied in North Gujarat and No. 13, in a MS copied in South Saurashtra. In the case of No. 13. however, tlie equivalent given date falls in Adhika Phalguna, where is the given date belongs to Dviriya Phalguna. 8. Nos. 2, 6, 7, 14, 15, and 16 9. The known dites contain no references to intercalations prior to V. S. 1218. 10. Bhandarkar's List, Nos. 1461, 1463, 1465, 1466; G. V. Acharya, HIG. Nos. 145. 154, 162, 21? 11. These inscriptions are as follows :(i) The Mangrol stone inscription of the time of Kumarapala dated V.S. 1202 and Simha Samvat 32 For Personal & Private Use Only

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SOLANKI PERIOD 331 Four other dates given in an unspecified era are also ascribed not justifiably to the Simha era. They are as follows : (i) The date of the copper-plate edict of the Caulukya King Bhimdeva, dated Sam. 9312, has been referred to the Simha era by Fleet13 who inferred that the edict belonged to Vikrama Sam. 1262-63 (Simha Sam. 93) and identified King Bhimadeva with Bhimadeva II (circa V.S. 1235 to 1298).14 But on scrutiny of the particulars of the edict, it is found that the Lekhaka and the Dutaka mentioned in this edict are (ii) Prabhas Patan inscription dated Valabhi Sam. 850 and Simha year 60 The inscription is introduced as located in the Bhutnath Temple at Junagadh, but that location really belongs to another inscription which belonged to Vamanasthali, while this inscription belonged to Prabhas Patan and is preserved at Watson Museum, Rajkot. (H. P. Shastri 'Parama Mahesvara Raja Kumarapala' Forbes Gujarati Sabha Traimasika, Vol. IV, p. 27, N. 17). The date was read Val. Sam 850 by the edi!or. As suggested by H.P. Shastri it would be Val. Sam. 855 (Ibid., p 28, n. 18). As noticed by H. G. Shastri, the real reading on the epigraph is Val. Sam. 855. (iii) Royal Asiatic Society copper-plate inscription of the time of Bhimadeva 1- dated V. S. 1266 and Simha year 96 (iv) Somanath Patan stone inscription of the time of Arjundeva. dated A. H. 662, Vikrama Sam 1320, Val. Sam. 965 and Simha year 151. 12. Bhandarkar's List, No. 1464; G. V. Acharya, HIGI, No. 152 13. 1A., Vol. XVIII, pp. 108-9 For Personal & Private Use Only

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332 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT identical with those mentioned in the Radhanpur edict 15 and the Prince of Wales Museum edict 16 of the Caulukya King Bhimadeva 1, both dated V.S. 1086. Similarly the Donee and the Lekhaka of this edict are the same as those mentioned in the Bhadreshwar edict of Bhimadeva I, dated V.S. 111717. The year mentioned in this edict, therefore, cannot be referred to the Simha era which commenced in about V.S. 1170. The year obviously falls during the reign of Bhimadeva 1, V.S. 1080 to 112218. The numerical figures given in the edict should, therefore, be referred to the Vikrama era by taking the figures of the hundreds left understood?'. The complete number of the year is accordingly 1093; and the year belongs to the Vikrama era which was commonly used in the Caulukyan edicts. In this context it may also be noted that the era used in all the other Caulukyan records pertaining to Kutch is the Vikrama era, the Simha era occurring not even in a single one of them. (ii) Another date, recorded in the Atru inscription of the time of King Jayasimhadeva, was possibly 14. A. K. Majmudar, Chaulukyas of Gujar it, P. 138 15. Bhandrkar's List, No. 117; G. V. Acharya, HIG., No. 139 16. JBBRAS Vol. XV, supplementary issue, 'Origin of Bombay', p. 49 17. A. V. Pandya, 'Some newly discovered inscriptions from Gujara', Vallabh Vidyanagar Research Bulletin. Vol. I, Issue 2, pp. 4 ff. 18. A. K. Majumdar, op. cit., p. 43 19. G. H. Ojha, BPL.. p. 182, f.n. 6 This observation was made by Hultzsch (IA, Vol. XIX, p. 253) and Pandit G. H. Ozha on the basis of the comparison of this edict with the Radhanpur Page #350
SOLANKI PERIOD 333 referred to the Simha era20. According to this probability it was suggested to identify the king with the Caulukya King Siddharaja Jayasimha. On further study it was, however, suggested that the year 14 given in this inscription must be better taken as V.S. (13)14, and the king must be identified with King Jayasimha II, (whose other known inscriptions are dated V.S. 1311 and 1312)al of the Paramara dynasty of Malwa, who held sway over the Kota region from the 11th to the 13th century.22 (iii) The date of Sevadi inscription of the time of Katudeva is read sam. 31 by D. R. Bhandarkar, who identified the king with the Cahamana King Katukaraja of Nadol by ascribing the year to the Simha era and equating it with V.S. 120023. Pandit G.H. Ojha doubted the correctness of the reading of the year and contended that the year cannot be attributed to the Simha era as that the era occurs nowhere in the records of the Cahamanas of Nadol. He proposed that if the year be really 31, it must be V.S. (12)31.24 The identificati in of the King Katudeva with the Cahamana King Katukaraja * of Nadol seems quite 20. The inscription was noticed by D R Bhanda kar (PRAS. WC., 1904-5, p. 48), who also suggested the possibility of some other Jayasimha, but remarked that the latter cannot be earlier than the Caulukya King Siddhasaja Jayasimha as palaeographically the record cannot be dated b:fore the twelfth century. 21. Bhandarkar's List, Nos. 556, 551 22. D. R. Bhandarkar, PRAS.WC., 1905-06, p. 56, No. 2111 23. El., Vol. XI, pp. 34, 69 24. G. H. Ojha, BPL., p. 182, f. n. 6 For Personal & Private Use Only

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334 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT probable as the inscription belongs to a place which was included in the Cahamana kingdom of Nadol at least from V.S. 117625 to 121326. But the reading of the year is quite untenable, as the known record of Katuka is dated V.S. 117227, those of Kayapala are dated V.S. 118928 to 120229 and those of Kelhana are dated V.S. 122030 to 123631 and, therefore, the date of Katudeva's record can be neither V.S. 1200 (which falls within the reign of Kayapala) nor V.S. 1231 (which falls within the reign of Kelhana). As Ojha remarks, the inscription is in a very bad state of preservation, and the reading cannot be taken as warranted32. As the reign of Katukaraja can be dated between V.S. 116733 and V.S. 117834 at the most, it is probable that the date of Sevadi inscription of Katudeva may better be read (11)71 rather than (12)31. In this context it may also be observed that the records of both the Kota region and the Jodhpur region in Rajasthan are usually dated in the Vikrama era and that no dates are given in the Simha era in any of these records. 25. Bhandarkar's List No. 182 26. Ibid., No. 289 27. Ibid., No. 189 28. Ibid., No. 226 29. Ibid., No. 267 30. Ibid, No. 318 31. Ibid , Nos. 384, 85 32. Ojha, op.cit., p. 182, f.. n. 6 33. RLARBP., p. 357 34. Ibid., Kielhorn, 14., Vol. XXII, p. 109 For Personal & Private Use Only

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SOLANKI PERIOD (iv) A Girnar image inscription is dated Sam. 5835. The name of the era is not specified here. But the year is referred to the Simha era and the date is equated to the 13th March, 1172 A.C. which fell in the V.S. 122836. The main basis for assuming that the year 58 refers to the Simha era seems to be that the practice of omitting the figures for the centuries during this period was not known to Kielhorn and others. 335 But as shown above, the practice of omitting figures of hundreds was already in vogue during this period. Moreover, the dates given in the Simha era in all other records are specifically referred to that era therein. and the year of the Simha era is invariably mentioned along with the Vikrama or Valabhi era in all those records. The consideration of these two factors in this date strongly goes against the assumption for referring the date to the Simha era. The use of the Simha era is found to have been confined to Sorath (Junagadh District) and the Girnar record belongs to that region. But for the non-specification of the Simha era the date could have been referred to that era. The week-day given in the date also tallies with the lunar day. Nevertheless the non-specification of the Simha era goes in favour of referring the year 58 to the Vikrama era by taking the figures of hundreds omitted. However, unless and until Pancanacanda, whose image bears this inscription, can be identified, it is hardly possible to 35 Bhandarkar's List, No. 1462; RLARBP., p, 357 36. Kielhorn, op cit., p. 109 For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT determine the century of the Vikrama year. The scrutiny of the lunar day and the week-day gives rise to the proba bility of (10)58 and (12)58 according to the Purnimanta system and that of (10)58 and (11)58 according to the Amanta system37. Under these circumstances, the omitted century of the year cannot be determined though the date quite seems to belong to the Vikrama era. 336 As regards the epoch of the Simha era, it can be well inferred from the equations supplied by all the known dates of the Simha era, given along with the corresponding years of the Vikrama era and/or the Valabhi era. The equations between the Simha years and the corresponding Vikrama and Valabhi years are as follows: No. Simha Vikrama Difference Valabh Diff. vear year 1202 123 4 year 32 60 96 1170 1266 1170 151 [1320 Karttikadi] [1169] 1321 Caitradi] 1170 855 944 For Personal & Private Use Only 795 From this it follows that the Simha era commenced 794-95 years after the Valabhi era and 1170-71 years after the Caitradi Vikram era. In other words it commenced in 1113-14 A.C. 794 As for the scheme of its years Kielhorn examined the three dates of the simha years 32, 96 and 151 and concluded that the three dates show that the sima year was not a Karttikadi year, but they leave it uncertain whether it began with Caitra or Asadha. 37. Pillai, IC., Table X

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SOLANKI PERIOD 337 Assuming that the year given in the Girnar Inscrip-. tion dated San. 58, belongs to the Simha era, Kielhorn finds that the Simha year commenced with Asadha rather than Caitra38. But as established above, the date of this inscription applies not to the Simha era but to the Vikrama era, the figures of the hundreds being left understood. As regards the years of the Simha era, the equations between the Simha years and the corresponding Valabhi and Vikrama years in all the four known dates may be examined anew. The equations between the Simha years and the corresponding Valabhi years are as follows : year 795 Month Simha Vikrama Difference year 60 855 Asadha 151 945 794 From this it follows that the difference is 794 in Asadha and 795 in some other months. This makes it clear that the Simha year could not be Karttikadi for otherwise it would yield a uniform difference in relation 10 the corresponding Valabhi year which was invariably Karttikadi39. 38. Kielhorn, IA., Vol. XXII, p. 109 Shri G. H. Ojha (BPL., p. 184) and Shri D. C. Sircar (1E, p. 305), too, hold that the year of the Simba Era commenced with Asadha, su. di. 1. They cite no authority for it, but that seems to have been based on that of Kielhorn. 39. Vide chapter V, Part I, above. 22 For Personal & Private Use Only

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333 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT year 1170 The equations between the Simha years and the corresponding Vikrama years are as follows : Month Simha Vikrama Difference year Asvina 32 1202 1170 Margsirsa 96 ; 1266 Asadha 151 [13207 [1169] 1321 1170 As here the difference is 1169 in Asadha and 1170 in Asvina, and as it is established that the given Vikrama year in Asadha is Karttikadi 40 it follows that the Vikrama year in Asvina must be Caitradi. Similarly the Vikrama year in Margsirsa, may be Caitradi, for the difference remains the same as in Asvina and as the Simha year could not be Karttikadi as indicated above. This further implies that the Simha year could be either Caitradi or Asadhadi. But in the absence of any date falling between Caitra and Asadha, it does not enable us to decide whether the Simha year was Caitradi or Asadhadi. Further, the verification of the week-day with the lunar day yields the following results : Given Simha Date Corresponding Christian date Sam, 32, Asvina, ba. di. October 15, A. C. 1145 13, Monday Sam. 96, Margsirsa, su. di. November 12, A. C. 1209 14, Thursday Sam. 151, Asadha, ba. di. May 25, A. C. 1264 13, Sunday 40. Fleet., CII, Vol. II, p. 87 For Personal & Private Use Only

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339 THE SOLANKI PERIOD As the difference remains uniform, it follows that the Simha year commenced with some month between Margsirsa, su. di. and Asadha, ba. di. It means that the Simba year could be either Caitradi or Asadhadi, but in the present state of our knowledge, it is not possible to decide in favour of either. As for the system of months, it may be noted that out of the four known dates of the Simha era, only two contain sufficient data for the purpose, as the date of the Simha year 60 comprises only the year and the date of the Simha year 96 belongs to the bright half of the lunar month. In the date of the Simha year 32, the given week-day corresponds to the lunar day41 according to the Amanta system of months, while in the date of the Simha year 151, the lunar day fits in with the given week-day62 according to the Purnimanta system. Thus the available data which are meagre, leave it uncertain whether the months of the Simha era were Purnimanta or Amanta. However, the year must have commenced with the bright half of the first month, which could be either Caitra or Asadha. Accordingly, the year 0 of the Simha era should be taken as having commenced on Thursday, the 20th March, 1113 A. C., and ended on Sunday, the 8th March, 1114 A. C. in case the year be Caitradi; alternatively if the year be Asadhadi, it should be taken as having commenced on Monday, the 16th June, 1113 A. C. and ended on Friday, the 5th June, 1114 A. C. Thus the epoch of the Simha era may be put at present alternatively as shown above. 41. Monday, 15th Octo., A. C. 1145 42. Sunday, 25th May, A. C. 1264 For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT As regards the origin of the Simha era, the epigraphic records give no hint. 340 The following points can be deduced definitely: (i) The era was specifically and invariably named the Simha era. (ii) The Simha era commenced in 1113-14 A. C. (iii) The era occurs only in the records pertaining to Sorath i. e. the Southern part of Saurashtra. (iv) The Simha era is always mentioned along with some other era well-known to the people. (v) The known dates given in the Simha era range from year 32 to year 151. On examining the contents of the records dated in the Simha era, it is found that all these records refer to the sway of the then reigning kings of the Caulukya dynasty at Anahillapataka. From the limited provenance of the records dated in the Simha era, it may appear possible that the era was started by the local king of Saurashtra and continued by his successors. But the history of the Cudasama kings of Sorath indicates that no local king was powerful enough to start a new era of his own after the conquest of Saurashtra by the mighty sovereign Jayasimhadeva Siddharaja. Moreover the records dated in the Simha Era contain not even a single reference to any king of the local dynasty. If it be assumed that the Simha era was started by the local king of Sorath, it is inexplicable that the local governors of the Caulukya kingdom would continue the use of the era, newly established by the Cudasama king subjugated by Siddharaja shortly For Personal & Private Use Only

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SOLANKI PERIOD 311 thereafter. Thus it appears almost certain that the Simha era was established by the Caulukya conqueror of Sorath rather than by the local king of the Culasama dynasty. This conclusion is confronted by one difficulty. It is obviously difficult to explain why the use of the Simha era remained confined to Sorath, if it was established by the Caulukya emperor Jayasimhadeva. Presumably, the Simha era was started by Jayasimhadeva to commemorate his conquest of Sorath and intended to be used especially in the newly conquered territory along with the Vikrama era which was commonly used in the Caulukya kingdom since long. In the concluding verse of the Sanskrit Dvyasraya Kavya43 Hemacandra remarks that King Kumara pala was inspired to start his own era by making the Earth (i, e. his kingdom) free from debt. A similar reference is made by Jayasimhasuri in his Kumarapala-Bhupala Carita (V.S. 1301) in relation to King Simhavikrama represe. ted as an early ancestor of the Caulukya King Mularaja 144. Candraprabhasuri, too, makes a similar reference for King Vikramaditya in his Prabhavakacarita.45 These references seem to imply that the king had to free his kingdom from debt before starting an era of his own.46 King Jayasimha is said to have freed the earth (i.e. his kingdom) from debt by means of Svarnasiddhi, attained 43. XX, 102 44. I, 21 45. Jivadevasuriprabundha, verse 71 46. For the arrears of the previous era were not carried forward into the accounts of the new era (R. C. Modi SDKMGSS. p. 75). For Personal & Private Use Only

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342 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT through Siddharasa and become Siddharaja.47 Perhaps the king started his era by freeing only the newly conquered territory of Sorath and hence its use was confined to that Mandala of his empire. The name "Simha' applied to the new era would obviously be taken as the significant name-ending of 'Jayasimha'. (iii) The Siddha-Hema-Kumara Era * The Sanskrit Dvyasraya Kavya by Acarya Hemacandra ends with a hint that King Kumarapala would start an era of his own.48 We come across no dates given in an era named Kumarapala Samvat, but there occur two references to Siddha-Hema-Kumara Samvat, which may probably be the same as the era started by Kumarapala. One reference to Siddha-Hema-Kumara Samvat is made by Hemacandra as an example of a samvat (era) in his commentary on Abhidhanacintamani.49 The date given in an image inscription on Mount Satrnjaya dated year 4 of Siddha-Hema-Kumara Samvat50 supplies a concrete example of a date given in this era. These two references testify that an era of this name was certainly in vogue during the time of Hemacandra and Kumarapala. 47. Dvyasraya, XV, 50; Vadnanar Prasasti of the time of Kumara pala, V.S. 1208 (El., Vol. I, pp. 293 ff. ) 48, Ksmapsnyikaranat-pravartaya Nijam Samvatsaram ca. (XX. 102) 49. Samvad-Varse.. yatha Vikrama samvat, Siddha-Hema Kumara samvad-iti (vi. 171). 50. Punyavijayaji, "Siddha-Hema-Kumara Samvat', Jain Satya Prakash, year 8, Vol. IX, rp. 259 ff. For Personal & Private Use Only

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SOLANKI PERIOD As the name of Kumarapala is associated with this era, it cannot be identified with the Simha era, which seems to have been started by Jayasimha, since the Simha era commenced in V.S. 1170, whereas Kumarapala acceded to the throne in V.S. 1199. Nor is it possible that the era was originally the Siddha-Hema era and that the name of Kumarapala was supplemented to it at a later stage, since the date given in year 4 of this era is expressly ascribed to 'Siddha-Hema-Kumara Samvat'. It is obvious that the name of Kumarapala could not have been associated with the era before V.S. 1199 and that the era could, therefore, not have commenced before V.S 1196, because no epoch-making event is known to have taken place during the last four years of the reign of Jayasimhadeva51. 343 Similarly the era must have commenced not later than V.S. 1229, the year of the demise of Acarya Hemacandra who makes a reference to this era in his commentary. Thus the commencements of the SiddhaHema-Kumara Samvat falls between V.S. 1199 and 1229 i.e. almost during the reign of King Kumarapala who died shortly after Hemacandra in V.S. 1229. In view of the central position of Hema in the name of the era, it may appear that the era probably commemorated Acarya Hemacandra who served as a connecting link between Siddharaja and Kumarapala. But no outstanding event connected with the life of Hemacandra is dated between V.S. 1199 and 1229. 51. Even the attainment of the status of Suri or Acarya by Hemacandra dates as early as V. S. 1166. For Personal & Private Use Only

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344 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT As noted above, this era is probably the same as the era hinted in the concluding verse of Sanskrit Dvyasraya. The last five cantos of this work pertaining to the life of Kumarapala are found to have been composed after V.S. 121652. On assuming that Hemacandra refers to the outstanding events of the king's career in chronological sequence, it seems that the era was started by Kumara. pala not from the year of his accession to the throne (V.S. 1199), but at some later stage of his career, The next outstanding event of his reign appears to that of the king's adopting Jainism which is dated V-S. 121653. The specific reference to the Siddha-Hema-Kumara Samvat in Hemacandra's commentary on AbhidhanaCintamani, too, does not go against this probability, as the commentary is found to have been composed dur. ing the last years of the author's life. The occurrence of the specific mention of this era in a work of Acarya Hemacandra as well as that in an inscription on a Jain image obviously favours the probability of its association with Jainism. The insertion of the names 'Siddha 52. R.C. Parikh, Kavyanusasana, Intro., p. cccxxix 53. Jinamandana, Kumarapalaprabandha, p. 67, Shri RC. Modi proposed that this event must be dated V.S 1226 rather than V.S. 1216. Sanskrit Dvyasraya Kavyamau Madhyakalin Gujaratant Samajik Sthiti, Appendix cha., p. 83. Curiously Kumarapala is represented as 'Paramasravaka' in a MS dated V.S. 1221, but as 'Umapativaralabdhaprasada' in MSS. Jated upto V.S 1225. but the verification of the date in 'Siddha-Hema-Kumara Samvat 4' indicates the probability of V.S. 1216 rather than V.S. 1226, as the epoch of the era. For Personal & Private Use Only

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SOLANKI PERIOD Hema' along with that of King Kumarapala indicates the latter's devotion to Acarya Hemacandra, who had great regard for Siddhraja as well. Unfortunately, the date given in the Siddha-HemaKumara Samvat contains no reference to any other era of known epoch, say, for example, the Vikrama era. In the present state of our knowledge we have no adequate data for determining the definite epoch of this era with full certainty. However, it seems quite probable that the era was started by Kumarapala in V.S. 1216. The verification of the date given in this era does not defy this probability. 345 As regards the system of the year and the month, there is only one date, but it admits of verification with respect to both. The date Vaisakha, ba.di. 2, Guru corresponds to Thursday, March 12, A.C. 116454. It indicates that the year of this era is expired55 Karttikadi and that the month is Purnimanta. As the event of Kumarapala's aopting Jainism is dated Sam, 1216, Marga, su. di. 256, the era was then probably counted from the Karttika that preceded it. (iv) The Saka Era The know epigraphic records of the Caulukya period are rarely dated in the Saka era. The dates of these records given in the Saka era are very few in number. We come across only six dates of the copper-plate inscriptions of South Gujarat, two of which belong to 54. Indian Ephemeris, Vol. III, p. 330; Pillai, IC., p. 88 55. V.S. 1216 in this context, too, is found to be Karttikadi 56. Jinamandana, op. cit., p. 67 For Personal & Private Use Only

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346 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT the Caulukya Kings of Lata, one to a Mandalesvara of Nagasarika Visaya and three to Mandalesvaras of Samyana Mandala. These records are as under: (i) A copper-plate inscription of Mahamandalesvara Camundaraja, who governed the Samyana (Sanjan) Mandala on behalf of the Silahara king of North konkan, is found from Cincan 57 in the Thana District of the Maharashtra State. This grant was issued on Amavasya of the month Bhadrapada of Saka year 956. No other particulars have been given here. The date corresponds to Sunday, 15 Sept., 1034 A.C. (ii) Another copper-plate grant of Mahamandalesvara Vijjaladeva58 is also found from Cincani. It is dated S.E.979. The month, the fortnight and the lunar day are not given here. The grant is made on the parvan of Magha Sankranti. The date corresponds to Saturday, 22nd Janu., 1048 A.C. (iii) The copper-plate grant of the Caulukya King Trilocanapala of Lata59 is dated Tuesday, the 15th lunar day of the dark half of Pausa, S.E. 972, the name of the Samvatsara being Vikrta. The grant was made on the occasion of the solar eclipse. The date corresponds to 15th Janu., 1051 A.C. (i) A copper-plate grant of Mahamandlesvara Vijjaranaka of Samyana (Sanjan) Mandala, found from 57. Buddhi Prakash, year 109, Part III, pp. 64 f.; EI., Vol XXXII, pp. 63 ff. 58. Ibid., pp. 69,75; EI; Vol. XXXII, pp.68 ff. 59 IA., Vol. XII, pp. 196 ff.; G. V. Acharya, HIG., No. 239 60. Buddhi Prakash, year 109, Part III, pp. 66, fi., El., Vol. XXXII, pp. 71 ff. For Personal & Private Use Only

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SOLANKI PERIOD 347 the same place Cincani, is dated Saturday, the 15th day of the dark-half of the month Karttika, S.E. 976, which is represented as Vijaya Samvatsara in the record. The grant is made on the occasion of the solar eclipse. The date corresponds to Saturday, 13 November, 1053 A.C. * (v) The Navsari copper-plate inscription of Durlabharaja 1, Mahamandalesvara of the Caulukya King Kanadeva is dated the 11th day of the bright half of the month Margasirsa, S.E. 996. This grant is incomplete. Another copper-plate grant dated in the Vikrama era has been found along with this grant. The latter is dated one month earlier than this grant. The date corresponds to Tuesday, 2nd Dec., 1074 A.C. or thereabout. (vi) The Sanjan plates of King Trivikramapala 2, son of King Trilocanapala of Lata, are dated the 6th lunar day of the bright half of the month Sravana, S.E. 999. The date corresponds to Saturday, 29th July, 1077 A.C. Of the six dates mentioned above, two afford some clue for the system of the months followed therein. The years of the Saka era were (and are) invariably Caitradi. The dates nos. ii and iii fall in the dark half of the lunar month. Both the dates mark solar eclipses and on referring to the tables, it is found that the solar eclipses took place on the specified days only if the months mentioned in the dates be taken to be Amanta. The mention of the week-day in the date ii. corroborates this inference. 62. Vallabh Vidyanagar Research Bulletin, Vol. 1, 2 no. 4 For Personal & Private Use Only

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348 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT The specification of the name of the Samvatsara along with the Saka year in the dates Nos. iii and iv throws light on the prevalent system of naming the Samvatsara during this period. On referring to tables it is noticed that the given names of the Samvatsaras tally with the corresponding Saka years according to the so-called Jupiter's cycle used to this day in Southern India, which is in fact merely a cycle of sixty solar years63. The cycle of real Jovian years, which has been in use in Northern India, does not apply to these dates. This is in contrast to the system of Samvatsaras noticed in connection with Vikrama years during this period. But this is quite natural in the case of the Saka era, which had great bearing of South India by this time. All the Saka dates cited above occur in the epigraphic records of Lata (South Gujarat). Excepting no. v, the dates belong to the records issued by feudatories or governors of the kings of the South. The date no. ii occurs in a grant issued by the Caulukya King Trilocanapala who appears to be a feudatory of the later Caulukya Kingdom of the Deccan, and the date no. iii is given in a grant issued by a local governor of the Silahara kingdom of North Konkan. The modification in the system of naming Samvatsaras in South Gujarat 63. Pillai, IC.. p. 38 The same applies to the Samvatsara Citrabhanu mentioned along with the Saka year 964 in the Gandevi stone inscription of the Kadamba King Sastha II (A. S. Gadre, IIBS, No. VIII, pp. 64 ff.) For Personal & Private Use Only

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SOLANKI PERIOD 349 during this period may, therefore, be ascribed to the political impact of the southern kingdoms. (v) The Valabhi Era It is known from epigraphic sources that the Valabhi era, which was in vogue to a certain extent during the Post-Maitraka period, continued to have been used during this period also. The known epigraphic records dated in this era during this period are as under : (i) Prabhas-Patan inscription of the time of Kumarapala 4 is dated Val. E. 850. The other particulars of the date are not legible excepting the first two letters of the name of the month, which have been read 'Asam. The inscripton also refers to the occurrence of a religious rite on the occasion of a lunar eclipse, which took place on or before the date of the grant. If the date of the grant really belongs to Asadha as may be inferred from 'Asa-?, the eclipse seems to have taken place on the full-moon day of Caitra of the Valabhi year 150. Both the dates would fall in 1169 A.C. (ii) Prabhas-Patan 65 (now Watson Museum, Rajkot) inscription of the time of King Kumarapala is dated Valabhi sam. 85566 and Simha sam. 60. The date contains no other particulars. The year corresponds to 1173-74 A.C. (iii) The inscription found from the Kamanatha Temple in Ghelana67 near Mangrol (Junagadh District) 64. Located in the loca Bhadrakali Temple (G. V. Acharya, HiG., No. 155) 65-66 Vide chapter VII, Part II, f. n. no 2. 67. Diskalkur, IK., No. 5 For Personal & Private Use Only

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350 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT is dated Valabhi Sam. 911. The names of the month and the fortnight are not fully legible68. (iv) An inscription engraved on the pedestal of an image has been found from the Harsat Mata Temple at Prabhas-Patan69 (Junagadh District). The date given in this inscription is Phalguna, su. di. 2, Sauma, Val. Sam. 927. The equivalent Christian date corresponds to Monday, 19th February, A. C. 1246. (v) The Verawal inscription of King Arjunadeva? dated in four different eras, viz. Valabhi Era 945, A.H. 662, V.S. 1320 and Simha Era 151. According to the chronological tables, the date tallies with the 5th May, 1264 AC. All the dates in the above-mentioned inscriptions clearly indicate that the name of the era continued to be specified as the Valabhi era in this period. As for the system of the year and the month, the date no. ii does not contain any particulars for verification. The dates nos. i and iii contain some particulars, 68. The names are read [Bhadrapada ?] and su, (IK., No. 5), but the readings do not appear definite. The initial letter of the name of the fortnight seems to be 'ba' rather than 'su'. The equivalent Christian date given by Diskalkar does not tally according to the Karttikadi system. (Vide n. 9 below.) 69. G. V. Acharya, HIG., No. 250 A 70. The week-day is 'Sauma'. It can be taken as either 'Soma' (Monday) or 'Saumya' (wednesday). (Vide Fleet, CII., Vol. III, Intro., p 91.) If the valabhi year 927 be taken as Caitradi, the lunar day falls on Friday, while if the year be taken as Karttikadi, it falls on Monday. Hence the week-day must be taken to be Soma. 71. IA., Vol. XI, pp. 241 ff. For Personal & Private Use Only

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IHE SOLANKI PERIOD 351 but they are not legible completely and definitely72. The date no. iv tallies according to the systein of Karttikadi years, but it throws no light on the system of the month as it falls in the bright half. The system of the year and the month are both indicated by the date no, v which fits in only accordIng to the system of Karttikadi years and that of Purnimanta months.73 Thus the dates given in the Valabhai era are found to have continued the system of Karttikadi years and Purnimanta monihs during this period. It should be noted here that the use of the Valabhi era seems to have come to an end by the end of this period, as no further records dated in this era are found after the end of the Caulukyan period. (vi) The Hijri Era Only one Sanskrit record dated in the Hijri era has been found during this period. It is the Verawal stone-inscription of the time of King Arjunadeva, 72. In the case of no. i, the particulars of the fortnight, the lunar day and the wiek-day (if any) are entirely missing. In the date no. iii, the names of the month and the fortnight are read [Bhadrapada) and 'su! The day corresponds to 14th August, 1230 A.C. which however, falls on wednesday and not Friday, as mentioned in the date. Nor does the date tally even if the fortnight is read 'ba' as it, then falls on Tuesday. The continuity of the Karttikadi Purnimanta system conformed by the date no. v precludes the consideration of the Caitradi or Amanta system in the case of this date. 73. Fleet, CII., Vol. III, Intro., p. 90 For Personal & Private Use Only

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352 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT dated A.H. 662.74 Therein the era is introduced as that of 'Bodhakara-Rasula-Mahammada. Obviously it means the Hijri Era. This is the earliest known Sanskrit record in the Hijri era, found in Gujarat. The inscription is about the maintenance of a mosque erected by a Muslim sailor in the realm of the . Caulukya Ring Arjunedeva. The date of the record is given in four different eras among which the Hijri era naturally figures as the first and foremost one. The month and the day given, however, belong to the Indian tradition, Several contemporary inscriptions in Arabic and Persian, are also dated in the Hijri era.75 The era is commonly known as the Hijri era. It originated in Arabia. The name of the era is derived from the Arabic root 'Hijr' (to be separated or to leave). The reckoning of this era is believed to have started from the time of the flight of Muhammad, the 74, IA, Vol. XI, p. 241 75. The earliest known dates A. H. 416-19 (1027-28 A.C.) in this era all over India are found in the legend of the bilingual coins issued by Mahmud of Ghazni from Mohmudpur (Lahore) (Ojba, BPL., p. 191). In the Sanskrit legend the era is called the Tajikya-sanyut, i. e. the era of the Tajika (Arabic) people (D. C. Sircar, lE., p. 309) Many dates of Arabic inscriptions of the Rajput period from Gujarat are found to have been given in the Hijri era. (Z. A. Desai, Gujarat Itihas Sandarbh Suci, vol. VI, nos, 2-27). But in most of the inscriptions the name of the era is not specified. Only in a few instances the name is specifically given as for example in an epigraph, dated A. H. 683 (1284 A.C.), from Cambay (El. Arabic and Persian Supplement, 1961, pp. 17 f.) For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE SOLANKI PERIOD great founder of Islam from Mecca to Medina. The Prophet actually commenced his departure from the cave near Mecca on the ninth day of the month Rabia I, corresponding to the 22nd Sept., 622 A.C. But it seems that when an era was started from the year commemorating the departure of the Prophet, the year was naturally counted from the first day of the first month Muharram among the lunar months that were current there since long. This day corresponds to Thursday76, the 2nd lunar day of the bright half of Sravana, V.S. 67877 i.e. 15th July, 622 A.C. Accordingly, the commencement of the Hijri Era does not actually coincide with the very day of the flight, but preceeds it by sixty-eight days.78 353 It is now established that the Hijri Era was originally luni-solar and not purely lunar. Upto the last year of the life of the Prophet i.e. A.H. 10 (632 A.C) a thirteenth month was intercalated whenever necessary. Astronomically such intercalations were necessary 3 times in 8 years or 7 times in 19 years. But as the Arabs were not well-conversant with astronomical calculations, the system of intercalation caused great confusion79. This led to the abandonment of that system. Henceforth, the Hijri year uniformly consisted of twelve lunar months, 76. Friday according to the Arab reckoning 77. V.S. 679 according to the Caitradi system 78. Encyclopaedia Britanica, Vol. VI, p. 317 79. According to this view the epoch of the Hijri Era should be dated March 19, 622 A.C. (i.e. Caitra, su di. 2), as 4 intercalary months were inserted between the new year day of A.H. 1 and that of A.H. 11. 23 For Personal & Private Use Only

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354 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT At the accession of the second Caliph Omar (63444 A.C.), Abu Musa Ashari, governor of Yaman, made a representation that he could not follow the definite date of his despatches dated the month of Shabana. Hence the Caliph summoned the learned, he was advised to use the era of the Jews or the era of the Persians. But as there were intercalations in both and their skill in calculation was slight, he did not accept either, but adopted the era of the Hijra80. This event probably took place in the Hijri year 1781. The days in Arabia are counted from the sunset of one day to that of the next one, and the months are reckoned from the sight of one new crescent moon after sunset to that of the next one. As the mean length of a lunar month of the synodical type is 29 d. 12 h. 44 m. and 2 s.,82 some of the months consist of 30 days and some others 29 days. For the sake of conveniece the lengths of the months are, however, fixed by a rule rather than observation and the months are accordingly taken to be of 29 and 30 days alternately. But as the mean synodical month is about 44 minutes longer than 29 days, I day is added to the last month each in 11 out of every 30 years. If after dividing the Hijri year by 30, the remainder is 2, 5, 7, 10, 13, 16, 18, 21, 24, 26 or 29, then it is a leap year i e. a year in which the last month has one day more83. 80. Ain-i-Akbari Of Abul Fazl trans. by Colonel H.S. Jarrett, Vol. II, p. 27 81. D. C. Sircar, IE., p. 306 82. Report of the Calendar Reform Committee, p. 182 83. Ibid., p. 180 For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE SOLANKI PERIOD 355 The synodical lunar year is shorter than the solar year by about 11 days. The former has no link with solar months and seasons. The Hijri Era, therefore, runs farther than the luni-solar Vikrama Era and the solar Christian Era, Accordingly, the differences between the year of the Hijri Era and the corresponding years of the Vikraina Era and the Christian Era go on decreasing in course of time. The first year of the Hijri Era commenced 621 years after that of the Christian Era, while the difference between the Hijri year 662 given in the Verawal Inscription and the corresponding year 1264 A.C. comes to be 602; similarly the first year of the Hijri Era falls 677 years later than that of the Vikrama Era, while the difference between 662 A.H. and V.S. 1320 in the date of the epigraph is 658. Thus no constant figure can be given for the difference between the years of the lunar Hijri Era and those of the solar Christian Era or the luni-solar Vikrama Era84, As noted above, the date given in the Sanskrit record of A.H. 662 does not contain the month and day of the Hijri Era. But the mention of the Hijri year along with the Vikrama year and the month, fortnight and lunar day pertaining to the latter, has proved especially helpful in ascertaining the Karttikadi system of the Vikrama year85. 84. However, some complex metho:'s are devised for finding out the Christian equivalent of a given Hijri year and the Hijri equivalent of a given Christian year. For details vide D.C. Sircar, IE, p. 309. 85. Vide p. 532 above. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #373
356 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT GENERAL SURVEY The compilation and examination of the known dates pertaining to Gujarat from the Mauryan period to the Solanki period afford many hints about the different systems that prevailed in Gujarat during the different periods. The use of definite eras in place of systems of regral years commenced in Gujarat with the Saka Era in the Ksatrapa period. It yielded place to the Gupta Era which was modified into the Valabhi Era and was commonly used in the greater part of Gujarat throughout the Maitraka period. In South Gujarat, the Kalachuri Era was in vogue by this time. The post-Maitraka period witnessed the simultaneous prevalence of several eras including the Gupta and Valabhi Eras of the previous period. By this time the Saka Era got introduced by the Rastrakutas who hailed from the south, while the Vikrama era became rather familiar under the influence of the imperial Pratiharas. The credit of giving an universal adoption to the Vikrama era in Gujarat where it is current as the * regional era till to-day goes to the Solanki kingdom. Among the old eras the Valabhi era and the Saka Era survived to some extent, while new eras like the Simha era commenced and ended during this period. The Hijri era also appears during this period. But taken as a whole, it was the Vikrama Samvat that has held the ground in Gujarat for all practical purposes till present times?. 1. R. K. Trivedi, Fairs and Festivals of Gujarat, p. 48 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #374
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 357 As regards the mode of years that of expired years was generally followed in Gujarat as in other parts of the country. The years of the Saka Era and the Gupta Era were Caitradi. But the years of the Kalachuri Era were Karttikadi. In the Maitraka period the Gupta Era was modified into the Valabhi Era by turning its years from Caitradi into Karttikadi. The years of the Vikrama Era were also Caitradi in North India from where it seems to have been introduced into Gujarat. But here its years also were generally turned into Karttikadi though Caitradi years also are met with not infrequently. As noticed above the use of Karttikadi years in the dates of the Vikrama Era in the Solanki period is found to have been preponderant, its use being about 72 per cent in the known key-dates. A cursory perusal of the known dates of later times indicates a gradually increasing predilection for the system of Karttikadi years in Gujarai?. The system of Karttikadi years has now met with almost a universal adoption in Gujarat for a pretty long period of centuries. The commencement of the Karttikadi year coincides with the end of the Monsoon and the beginning of the Winter. It probably commemorates the happy period of the harvest. In Gujarat the Old Year ends with the joyous festivals of Diwali (Dipawali) and the New Year day of the Vikrama era is celebrated throughout the region by all sections of 2. The perusal of the regular dates of the two centuries following the end of the Solanki period, for example, yeilds a percentage of 74 agaiost that of 72 in the Solanki period. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #375
358 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT the people. Businessmen of Gujarat bid adieu to the Old Year by closing its Account Books and welcome the coming year by inaugurating those of the New Year. With the increasing impact of the Western culture, new generations hardly recollect the Vikrama years, months and tithis, but the popular festivals of Diwali and the New Year day (of the Karttikadi Vikrama Era) are celebrated by the young as well as the old with full fervour. The local system of Asadhadi years is prevalent in Kutch and Halar (West Saurashtra), but is losing its ground in course of time. As regards the system of months, no indications are available for the dates of the Saka Era used in the Ksatrapa period. The months of the Gupta Era adopted in Gujarat were probably Purnimanta. The months continued to be Purnimanta even in its modified form known as the Valabhi Era. But the prevalence of the Kalacuri Era in South Gujarat introduced the system of Amanta months, its earliest known reference being traced to the Gupta period. In course of time the Purnimanta system got gradually abandoned in favour of the Amanta system The dates of the Saka Era which now got introduced here from the Deccan were adapted to the system of Amanta months. In the Solanki Period this system began to attain preponderance even in the dates of the Vikrama Era which was originally adopted here from North India which followed the system of Purnimanta months. In subsequent centuries the system For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #376
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 359 of Amanta months received an increasing predilection 3 and modern Gujarat follows the system entirely and exclusively for a pretty long period of centuries. The last day of the dark fortnight invariably marks the 30th (i. e. last) day of the lunar montb. The New Year commences with the bright fortnight even in the regions following the system of Purnimanta months. In the system of Caitradi years coupled with Purnimanta months the new year commences with the bright fortnight of Caitra, though the month actually commences with the dark fortnight. Consequently the first fortnight of Caitra is left construed with the Old Year, while the second fortnight of Caitra marks the first fortnight of the New Year. A similar position is noticed therein in the case of intercalary months, as the second and third fortnights belong to the actual intercalary month, while the first and fourth fortnights are related to the Nija month. Thus the system of Amanta months has certain advantages over that of Puraimanta months. Anyhow the former system is at present 'exclusively prevalent in Gujarat. As for the different Siddhantas, it is found that the chronologists of Gujarat held predilection for the Brahma Siddhanta for several centuries, at least from 3. A cursory perusal of the regular dates of the two censuries succeeding the Solanki period, for example, indicates a percentage of 67 for Amanta dates against that of 64 in the Solanki period. 4. The last day is often numbered 0. The date No. 237 of the Solapki period supplies an early reference to this usage. . For Personal & Private Use Only

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360 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT the Maitraka period to the Solanki period. In calculating intercalation of months, they followed the mean system in the early period, but adopted the true system later on. The Surya Siddhanta seems to have begun to get a footing in the Solanki period, but it took some centuries for replacing the Brahma Siddhanta on a large scale. The popularity of the Brahma Siddhanta in Gujarat seems quite natural in view of the fact that Gujarat was closely associated with South Rajasthan in several spheres of cultural life * The common use of the Vikrama Era, the wide prevalence of the system of Karttikadi years and Amanta months and the popularity of the Brahma Siddhanta, thus, constitutes the outstanding characteristics descerned in the different chronological systems that prevailed in Gujarat in the different periods. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #378
APPENDIX I Data Supplied by the Records Published Recently During the last two decades, several ancient inscriptions in Gujarat have come to light and been published. The recently published catalogues of manuscripts contain only a few dates covered by the period under review. The dates supplied by these newly found sources of information are examined here periodwise and it is also noticed how far the data deduced from these dates affect the conclusions drawn in the preceding chapters. The unnoticed inscriptions of the Kardamaka Ksatrapa kings do not contain any key-dates.' . About 15 copper-plate inscriptions of the Maitraka 1. 'Andhau Inscription of Mahaksatrapa Rudradaman, dated (Saka) year 62 or 72', JOI., Vol, XI, no. 3 (1962), pp. 237 f.; 'Vandha Inscription of Mahaksatrapa Rudrasimha, (Saka) year 110', Sambodhi, Vol. III, no. 4, pp. 74 f.; 'Andhau Inscription of Mahaksatrapa Rudrasimha, dated (Saka) year 114', Sambodhi, Vol. III, no. 2-3, pp. 45 ff.; no. IV, pp. 73 ff. Three copper-plates beginning with the time of Huna King Toramana have been discovered recently from Sanjeli in NorthEast Gujarat, but they are dated in regnal years (R. N. Mehta and A. M. Thakkar, M. S. University Copper-plates of the time of Toramana, Vadodara, 1978, pp. 14 ff.) For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #379
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT kings of Valabhi dated in the Valabhi Era also do not contain any key-dates.2 A recently discovered M. S. University Copper-plate Grant of Gurjara King Dadda Prasantaraga3 is dated in (Kelacuri) Sam. 399, Phalguna, ba. di. 15. It also refers to a solar eclipse. According to the epoch of A.C. 248-249, the date would fall in A.C. 649, considering the year as expired. As the given date mentions a solar eclipse, it admits of verification. The given date would correspond 2. 'Copper-plate inscriptions of Dhruvasena I, (Valabhi) Sam. 207 and 209', JOI., Vol. XII, no. 1 (1962), pp 51 ff.; Svadhyay, Vol. III, no. 1 (1965), pp 19 ff.; 'Gunada Copper-plates of Dharasena II, (Valabhi) Sam. 217', JOI., Vol. XXII. pp 79-83; 'Ambalas Grant of Siladitya I, (Val.) Sam; 290,' Svadhyay, Vol VIII, pp. 178-184, ff; Grant of Dharasena III. (Val) Sam. 305', Buddhi Prakash, Vol. 97. pp. 131 f.; JUB, Vol XIX, part 4, pp. 1-6; 'Grant of Dhruvasena 11, (Val.) Sam.313', Samipya, Vol. I. Part II, pp. 77ff.; 'Malila Grant of Dharasena II(Val.) Sam 323', Buddhi Prakash, Vol. 107, pp. 231 ff.; JOI., Vol. X, pp. 123 ff; 'Vadnagar Grant of Siladitya III, (Val.), Sam. 367,' Svadhyay, Vol. XV, pp. 202 ff.; 'Kunkavav grant of Siladitya IV, (Val.) 376', 'Buddhi Prakash, Vol 105, pp. 9 ff.; 'Vadnagar Copper-plites of Siladitya IV, (Val.) 384(?), JOI., Vol. XVII, pp 59 ff., 181 ff; 'Sihor Grant of Siladit IV, (Val) Sam. 387', Buddhi Prakash, Vol. 103, pp. 9 ff., 73 ff, 102 ff.; 'Vadnagar Plates of Siladit a V (circa. A.D. 722)', JOI., \Vol. XVII, pp. 61 ff., 186 ff; 'Asodar Plates of Siladitya VI, (Val.) Sam. 421', Svadhyay, Vol. XVI, pp. 440 ff.; Asodar Plates of Siladitya JV, (Val.) 425',..Vidyapith, Vol XVII, P. IV, pp. 1 ff.; 3. M S. University Copper-plates of Dadda Prasantaraga, (Kalacuri) Sam 399, Svadhyay, Vol. XIV (Jan., 1977), pp. 172 ff. Dr. R. N. Mehta, the editor, equates the date with 29 Feb., A.C. 648 according to the epoch of 247-248 A.C. and the Amanta system of months. a 362 For Personal & Private Use Only

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APPENDIX I 363 to Tuesday, 17 February, A.C. 649 according to Purnimanta system of months. There occurred a solar eclipse on that day. Three copper-plate inscriptions of the Maitraka Kings are dated in years 380-400 of the saka Era." But on palaeographical, chronological and genealogical grounds, the plates have proved to be forged ones. The same is the case with the three grants ascribed to the Gurjara King Dadda II of Nandipuri dated in years 400-417 of the S'aka Erab. 1. The Ambalas plates of Saindhava king Ahivarman are dated in Gupta (Val.) year 404. The date does not admit of verification because of insufficient data. Four new copper-plaie inscriptions? of Rastrakuta kings during the post-Maitraka period are dated in the Saka Era. 4. Pandavaniya Copper-plates of Maitraka King Gubasena I, Saka year 380', Svadhyay, Vol. XI (Aug, 1974), pp. 332 ff.; 'BBRAS'. Copper-plates of Dharasena II, Saka year 400, HiG., Part 1, no. 50; 'Copper-plate Inscription of Dharasena II, S'aka year 400', Manibhai Dwivedi, Puratan Duksina Gujarat, Nava sari, 1940, pp. 194 f. 5. Umeta Copper-plates of Didda II, Saka year 400', HIG., Part II, no. 114; 'Bagumra Copper-plates of Dadda II, Saka year 415', Ibid., no. 115.; 'Ilav Copper-plates of Dadda II, Saka year 417', Ibid., no. 116 6. JOI., Vol. XIX (March, 1970), pp. 279 ff. 7. Magodi Plates of Karkaraja Suvarnavarsa, (Saka) year 736' JOI., Vol. XX, pp. 271 ff.; 'Tarasadi plates of Amoghavarsa 1, Saka year 772,' JOI., Vol. XX, pp. 155 ff.; Cincani plates of Indraraja III, Saka year 848;' Buddhi Prakash, Vol. 108, pp. 313 ff. and 'Cincani plates of Krsnaraja III (A.D, 939-968)', Buddhi Prakash, Vol. 108, pp. 347 ff. For Personal & Private Use Only

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364 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT There is a mention of a lunar eclipse in Magodi Copper-plates of Karkaraja Suvarnavarsa, dated Saka 736, Mahavaisakha parvan. The date well fits in according to the Caitradi system and corresponds to 8 April, A.C. 814. There is a mention of Vyaya Samvatsara in the Cincani plates of Rastrakuta king Indra III, dated Saka 848, Vaisakha, su.di: 3, Soma. The Samvatsara Vyaya well fits in with the southern cycle. The given date corresponds to Monday, 17 April, A.C. 926 according to the Caitradi years. The other two dates do not admit . of verification because of insufficient data. The key-dates of the recently discovered Caulukya records dated in Vikrama Era8 are classified territorially and chronologically on the same lines as followed in chapter VII above. The individual key-dates may be given and exam. ined as follows : SARASVATA MANDALA * I. Regular Dates A. Dates in Bright Fortnights 1. Date in the months Karttika to Phalguna Date in expired years Copper-plate inscription 8. Hijri dates are met with in several Arabic and Persian inscriptions dated upto 1304 A.D. (Vide Z. A. Desai, Gujarat lihas Sandarbh Suci, Part VI, nos. 1-27). They gen:rally follow the usual system of years and mooihs used in the Hijri era. For Personal & Private Use Only

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APPENDIX I 1. V. 1261-JOI., Vol. XIX (Sept-Dec., 1949), pp. 114 ff., Kamana copper-plates of King Bhimadeva II Sam. 1261, Laukika Pausa, su., di. 2, Sani V. 1261 expired : Saturday, 25 December, A.C. 1204 2. Date in the months Caitra to Asvina Date in expired Karttikadt years Copper-plate inscription 2. V. 1069-Svadhyay, Vadnagar Copper-plate inscription of Mahasamanta Krsnaraja Sam. 1069 Sravana, su. di. 15, Somagrahana V. 1069 expired Karttikadi: Saturday, 25 July, A. C. 1013, a Lunar eclipse B. Dates in Dark Fortnights 2. Date in the months Caitra to Asvina Date in expired Kartt kadi years Amanta Dates Stone inscription 365 3. V. 1305-Svadhyay, Vol. VI (Jan. 1969), pp. 229 f., Davad Palia inscription Sam. 1305, Asvina, ba. di. 10, Ravi V. 1305 expired Karttikadi, Amanta: Sunday, 3 October, A.C. 1249 II Irregular Date 4. V. 1217-Svadhyay, Vol. VI (Jan., 1969), pp. 229 f. Davad image inscription Sam. 1217, Asvina, su. di. 11, Soma For Personal & Private Use Only

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366 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1217 expired Caitradi : Tuesday, 13 September, (or current Karttikadi) A. C. 1160 V. 1217 expired Karttikadi : Sunday, 1 October A. C. 1161 The given date does not correspond to any of the dates mentioned above. If there be an error in recording or reading the date, the given tithi should be corrected in to 10 or 12. According to this assumption the given date would correspond to Monday 12 September, A. C. 1160 according to expried Caitradi system and to Monday, 2 October, A. C. 1161 according to expired Karttikadi system respectively. Of the four dates of this region, three dates are of definite character. They all apply to the mode of expired years. Among the three definite dates, two dates (nos. 2 & 3) give indications about the system of years. Both of them apply to the system of expired Karitikadi years. As for the system of months only one date (no. 3) falls in the dark fortnight. It applies to the Amanta system of months. Thus the results of the newly added dates corroborate the system of Karttikadi years and Amanta months reflected in the majority of the inscriptions noticed in the earlier chapter. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #384
APPENDIX I 367 CENTRAL GUJARAT Regular Dates A. Dates in Bright Fortnights Dates in the months Caitra to Asvina Dates in expired Caitradi years Image inscriptions 5. V. 1292-Svadhyay, Vol. XI (Jan., 1974), pp. 218 ff., Khambhat image inscription Sam. 1292, Asadha, su. di. 7, Ravi : V. 1292 Caitradi : Sunday, 24 June, A. C. 1235 6. V. 1325-Svadhyay, Vo!. VI (April, 19691, pp. 370 ff., Mahisa image inscription Sam. 1325, Asvina, su. di. 8, Sani V. 1325 Caitradi : Saturday, 15 September, A. C. 1268 B. Dates in Dark Fortnights Dates in the months Caitra to asvina Amanta Dates Dates in expired Karttikadi years Stone inscription 7. V. 1360-Svadhyay, Vol. XIX (Jan., 1982), pp. 173 ff., Sampla Stone Inscription of King Karnadeva Sam. 1360, Bhadrapada, ba.di. [2 Bhau]ma V. 1360 expired Karttikadi,Amanta : Tuesday, 18 August, A. C. 1304 Prasasti 8. V. 1274-Jain Gurjar Kavio, Vol. I, pp. 77 f., A MS of Amarakirti's Chakkammuvaeso composed at Godhara For Personal & Private Use Only

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368. THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT Sam. 1274, Bhadrasada. ba. di. 14, Guru V. 1274 expired Karttikadi,Amanta: Thursday, 20 September, A.C. 1218 All the four dates are of definite character. They all apply to the mode of expired years. Among them two (nos. 5 & 6) apply to the Caitradi system of years, while two dates (nos. 7 & 8) apply to the Karttikadi system. As for the system of months, two dates (nos. 7 & 8) falling in the dark fortnight, apply to the Amanta system, Thus the results of these dates do not affect the overall results regarding the system of years. As for the system of months, the proportion is increased to a small extent. SOUTH SAURASHTRA I Regular Dates A. Dates in Bright Fortnights 1. Dates in the months Karttika to Phalguna b. Dates in expired years Image inscriptions 9. V. 1303 - Shri Shatrunjay Giriraj Darshan, no. 103, Satrunjay image inscription Sam 1303, Pra. Magha, su.di. 14, So. (ma*] As there is no intercalary month according to any of the Siddhantas prevalent, the word 'pra'. before the word 'Magha' would not mean Prathama. For Personal & Private Use Only

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APPENDIX I 369 V. 1303 expired: Monday, 21 January, A.C. 1247 10. V. 1342-Shri Shatrunjay Giriraj Darshan, no. 152, Satrunjay image inscription Sam. 1342, Magha, su.di. 8, Sukra V. 1342 expired : Friday, 4 January, A C. 1286 11. V. 1354-Shri Shatrunjay Giriraj Darshan, no, 102, Satrunjay image inscription Sam 1354, Karttika, su.di. 15, Guru V. 1354 expired: Thursday, 31 October, A.C. 1297 2. Dates in the months Caitra to Asvina (a) Dates in expired Caitradi (or current Karttikadi) years image inscriptions 12. V. 1226-Shri Shatrunjay Giriraj Darshan, no. 457, Satrunjay image inscription Sam. 1226, Asadha, su. di. 9, Guru . v. 1226 expired Caitradi : Thursday, 5 June, (or 'current Karttikadi) A.C. 1169 13. V. 1338-Pathik, year 9, issues 8-9 (May-June 1970), Junagadh Museum image inscription Sam 1338, Vaisakha, su. di. 3, Ravi V. 1338 expired Karttikadi : Sunday, 12 April, A.C. 1282 B. Dates in Dark Fortnights 1. 'Dates in the months Karttika to Phalguna Dates in expired years Amanta Dates image inscriptions 24 For Personal & Private Use Only

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370 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT 14. V. 1313-Svadhyay, Vol. I (August, 1964), pp. 429 ff., Junagadh Museum palia inscription Sam. 1313, Phalguna, ba, di, 13, Guru V. 1313 expired - Amanta : Thursday, 15 March, A.C. 1257 2. Dates in the months Caitra to Asvina Dates in expired Karttikadi years Amanta Dates image inscription 15. V. 1305-Svadhyay, Vol. XVII (Octo., 1979), pp. 46 ff., Ajara image inscription Sam. 1305, Jyestha, ba. di. 8, Sani V. 1305 expired Karttikadi, Amanta : Saturday, 5 June, A.C. 1249 II. Irregular Dates image inscriptions 16. V. 1230-Svadhyay, Vol. I (Aug., 1964), pp. 429 ff., Junagadh Museum palia inscription Sam. 1230, Asvina, su. di. 14, Ravi V. 1230 expired Caitradi : (or current Karttikadi) Saturday 22 September, A.C. 1173 V. 1230 expired Karttikadi : Wednesday, 11 Sep tember, A.C. 1174 As the given tithi does not tally with the given week-day according to any of the systems, it follows that some particular in it is recorded or read wrongly. The tithi should be corrected into 10. Accordingly, the tithi may be referred to the expired Karttikadi years and equated with Sunday, 8 September, A.C. 1174. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #388
APPENDIX I 371 17. V. 1309-Shri Shatrunjay Giriraj Darshan, no. 104, Satrunjay image inscription Sam. 1309, Jyestha, va, di, 2, Soma V. 1309 expired Caitradi, Purnimanta : Saturday, 27 April, A.C. 1252 Amanta : Sunday, 26 May, A.C. 1252 V, 1309 expired Karttikadi, Purnimanta : Thursday, 17 April, A.C. 1253 Amanta : Friday, 16 May, A.C. 1253 As the given tithi does not tally with the given week-day according to any of the systems, it follows that some particular in it is recorded or read wrongly. The tithi should be corrected into 5. Accordingly, the tithi may be referred to the expired Karttikadi Amanta system and equated with Monday, 19 May, A.C. 1253. 18. V. 1314-Shri Shatrunjay Giriraj Darshan, no. 407, Satrunjay image inscription Sam. 1314, Vaisakha, su, di. 3, Sukra V. 1314 expired Caitradi : Wednesday, 18 April, A.C. 1257 V. 1314 expired Karttikadi : Monday, 8 April, A.C. 1258 The date does not tally according to the given reading. Some particular is obviously erroneous. In case the number of tithi may be corrected into 5, the tithi would fall on the given week-day according to the expired Caitradi system. Then it would correspond to 20 April, A.C. 1257. 19. V. 1315-Shri Shatrunjay Giriraj Darshan, no. 244. Satrunjay image inscription Sam 1315, Phalguna, su. di. 2, Ravi For Personal & Private Use Only

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THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1315 expired: Monday, 27 Jan., A.C. 1259 The given date would apply to the given week-day, if it was ascribed to the week-day on which it commenced. It commenced about 2 h. 50 m. after mean sunrise on Sunday, 26 January, A. C. 1259. 20. V. 1335-Shri Shatrunjay Giriraj Darshan, no. 277, Satrunjay image inscription Sam. 1335, Vaisakha, su, di. 4, Soma 372 V. 1335 expired Caitradi: Wednesday, 27 April, A. C. 1278 V. 1335 expired Karttikadt: Sunday, 16 April, A. C. 1279 As the given date does not correspond to any of the dates mentioned above, it is obvious that some particular in it is wrongly recorded or read. The tithi may, therefore, be corrected into 5 or the week-day may be corrected into 'Saumya'. The former would apply to the Karttikadi system and correspond to Monday, 17 April, A. C. 1279, while the latter would apply to the Caitradi system and correspond to Wednesday, 27 April, A. C. 1278. Accordingly, the modified tithi or the week-day would correspond to the given week-day. 21. V. 1343-Svadhyay, Vol. I (August, 1964), pp. 429 ff., Uparkot image inscription Sam. 1343, Magha, ba. di. 2, Sani V. 1343 expired, Purnimanta: Friday, 3 January, A.C. 1287 Amanta Sunday, 2 February, A.C. 1287 The given date may be taken as ascribed to Saturday by associating it with the week-day on which it For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #390
APPENDIX I 373 commenced. The given tithi commenced about 2 h. 50 m. after mean sunrise on Saturday, 1 February, A.C. 1287. Of 13 newly discovered dates, seven dates are of definite character. They all apply to the mode of expired. years. Of the seven definite dates, three dates (nos. 12, 13 & 15) give indications about the system of years. Two dates (nos. 13 and 15) belong to Karttikadi years, while one date (no. '12) applies to Caitradi years. - As for the system of months, only two dates (nos. 14 and 15) throw light on it. Both of them apply to the Amanta system of months. Thus there is a slight increase of percentage in the system of years and months with the inclusion of these new dates. KUTCH 1. Regular Dates A. Date in Bright Fortnights Date in the month Caitra to Jyestha Date in expired Asadhadi or expired Karttikadi years image inscription 22. V. 1304-Bhadreshvara Vasai Mahatirtha, pp. 156 f., Bhadresvara image inscription Sam. 1304, Vaisakha, su. di. 7, Guru V. 1304 expired Asadhadi : Thursday, 2 April, (or expired Karttikadi) A.C. 1248 B. Date in Dark Fortnights Amanta Date Date in the month Caitra te Jyestha Date in expired Asadhadi or expired karttikadi years For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #391
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT 23. V. 1117-EI., Vol XXXVII, P. I, pp. 35 ff., Bhadresvara copper-plate inscription of King Bhimadeva I Sam. 1117, Jyestha, ba. di. 15, Suryagrahana V. 1117 expired Asadhadi: (or expired Karttikadr) Amanta : Wednesday, 20 June, A. C. 1061 II Irregular Dates stone-pillar and palia inscriptions 24. V. 1319-Pathik, year 9, issue 12 (Sept., 1970), p. 58 Bhadresvara palia inscription Sam. 1319, Magha, su. di. 5, Soma 374 V. 1319 expired: Tuesday, 16 January, A. C. 1263 The given tithi would correspond to Monday, 15 January, A. C. 1263, i. e. to the given week-day, if it be taken as connected with the week-day on which it commenced. It commenced about 4 h. 45 m. after mean sunrise. 25. V. 1330-Bhadreshvara Vasai Mahatirth, pp. 159 f., Bhadresvara stone-pillar inscription Sam. 1330, Asadha, su. di. 4, Ravi V. 1330 expired Caitradi (or current Karttikadi): Tuesday, 20 June, A. C. 1273 V. 1330 expired Karttikadi: Saturday, 9 June, A. C. 1274 The given date does not correspond to either of the dates mentioned above. Hence, some particular must be wrong. Presumably, the tithi may be corrected into 5. So that it may tally with the given week-day according to the expired Karttikadi system. In that case the modified date would correspond to Sunday, 10 June, A. C. 1274. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #392
APPENDIX 1 375 Of the four more key-dates of this district two (nos. 22 & 23) dates are of definite character. Both of them apply to the inode of expired years. Both these dates (nos. 22 of 23) apply to the system of expired Asadhadi or Karttikadi years. Of these two dates, only one date (no. 23) throws light on the system of months. It applies to the Amanta system Thus the result of these newly discovered dates hardly affect the former result of the region except the system of months. There was not any former date which could give the clue for the system of months. In these newly added dates, there is only one date (i. e. 100%) which applies to the Amanta system of months. Bhutia-Vasana copper-plate grant' of Caulukya King Jayasimba II is dated in V. S. 1274, Asvayuja. But as the date recorded on the first plate is incomplete and as the second plate containing the remaining particulars is missing, it does not admit of verification. Thus the newly found key-dates generally conform to the conclusions drawn in the preceeding chapter, only a few of them affecting the results adversely and that, too, to a very small extent. 1. Samipya, Vol. I, No. 2 (July, 1984), pp. 63 ff. i For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #393
APPENDIX II Original Dates with their Equivalents Vikrama Era Given Date Equivalent Christian Page no. Date V. 1005. Magha, ba. di. 30, Budha 31 Jan., A. C. 949 216 V. 1042, Vaisakha, su. di. 5, Soma 31 March, A. C. 985 222 119 April, A. C. 986 V. 1043, Magha, ba. di. 15, Ravi : 2 Jan., A. C. 987 113 Suryagrahana V. 1045, Vaisakha nnu [su). di. 15, 22 April, A. C. 989 315 Soma V. 1064, Agrahayana (Margasirsa), 9 Dec. A. C. 1006 275 ba. di. 2, Soma V. 1067, Jyestha, su. di. 1, Ravi 6 May, A. C. 1011 209 V. 1069. Sravana, su. di. 15, 25 July, A. C. 1013 365 Somagrahana V. 1103, Marga, Soma Parva, Soma 27 Nove., A.C. 1045 253 V. (11]12. Phalguna, ba..di. I, Soma 5 Feb., A. C. 1056 240 V. 1112, Caitra, su. di. 15, 2 April, A. C. 1056 281 Somagrahana Parva V. 1117, Jyestha, ba. di. 15, 20 June, A. C. 1061 373 Suryagrahana V. 1118, Phalguna, su. di, 9, Soma 20 Feb., A. C. 1062 195 V. 1126, Vaisakha, ba. di. 11, Sani 21 March, A. C. 1069 ( 145 223 V. 1130, Pausa, su. di. 15, Guru 27 Dece., A. C 1072 195 V. 1140, Pausa, ba. di. 14, Soma 8 Jan., A. C. 1084 136 V. 1140, Vaisakha, ba. di. 7, Ravi 31 March, A. C. 1084 188 V. 1142, Phalguna, su. di. 7, Ravi 22 Feb., A. C. 1086 174 V. 1145, Vaisakha, ba. di 1, Sani f11 March, A. C. 1088 192 (28 April, A. C. 1089 * V. 1145, Magba, ba. di. 6, Guru 5 Jan., A. C. 1089: 196 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #394
APPENDIX II V. 1145. Jyestha, ba. di. 8. Ravi V. 1148. Vaisakha, su. di. 15, Soma, Somagrahana V. 1148, Asadha, su di. 7. Budha V. 1156, Asadha, su. di. 15, Soma V. 1157, Asadha, ba. di. 6, Sukra V. 1164, Caitra, su. di. 4, Soma V. 1164, Phalguna su. di. 7. Guru V. 1165, Jyestha, ba. di. 7, Soma V. 1174, Magha. su. di. 12, Ravi V. 1176, Margasirsa, su. di. 13, Brhaspati V. 1176 (8), Caitra, su. di. 14, Ravi V. 1177, Jyestha, ba. di. 4, Soma V. 1178, Jyestha, ba. di. 9, Soma V. 1179, Caitra. ba. di. 7, Bhauma V. 1181, Karttika, su di. 15, Sukra V. 1184. Caitra, su. di. 15, Soma V. 1184, Magha, su. di. 11, Ravi V. 1185, Jyestha, su. di. 12, Sukra V. 1186, Asvina, su. di. 3, Soma V. 1188, Phalguna, su. di. 2, Sukra V. 1191 Phalguna, ba. di. 1, Sani V. 1191, Phalguna, su. di 2. Soma V. 1193, Phalguna, ba. di. 7, Bhauma V. 1193, Vaisakha, ba. di. 14, Guru V. 1194, Magha, su. di. 6, Bhauma V. 1195, Asadha, su. di. 10. Ravi V. 1198, Vaisakha, ba. di. 5, Budha V. 1199, Asvina, ba. di. 6, Ravi V. 1202, Asvina, ba. di. 13, Soma V. 1204, Magha, ba. di. 5, Sukra 6 May, A. C. 1089 5 May, A. C. 1091 26 June, A. C. 1091 4 July, A. C. 1099 29 June, A. C. 1100 4 March, A. C. 1107, 18 March, A. C. 1108 20 Feb., A. C. 1108 4 May. A. C. 1108 6 Jan., A C. 1118 13 Nove, A. C 1119 3 April, A. C. 1121 19 April, A. C. 1120 6 June, A. C. 1121 1 May, A. C. 1122 20 March, A. C. 1123 24 Octo., A. C. 1124 28 March, A. C. 1127 15 Jan, A. C. 1128 31 May. A. C. 1129 18 Sept., A. C. 1129 19 Feb., A C. 1132 13 Jan., A. C. 1134 1134 29 Jan., A. C. 25 Feb A. C 1136 2 April A. C. 1136 120 May, A. C. 1137 1138 1138 1142 18 Jan., A. C 19 June, A. C. 18 March, A. C f11 Octo., A. C. 1142 24 Aug., A. C. 1141 28 Aug., A. C. 1144 24 Jan, A. C. 1147 For Personal & Private Use Only 377 188 101 193 137 268 157 196 243 98 175 302 193 224 261 173 137 99 157 158 145 128 173 138 318 316 322 135 227 296 183

Page #395
378 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT 233 183 197 179 177 318 261 320 158 139 146 249 V. 1205, Jyestha, su. di. 3, Ravi 4 May, A. C. 1147 V. 1204, Phalguna, ba. di. II, Kuja 17 Feb., A. C. 1148 V. 1204, Vaisakha, su. di. 3, Guru 22 April, A. C. 1148 V. 1204, Jyestha, su. di. 9, Bhauma 17 May, A.C. 1149 V. 1206, Jyestha. su. di. 9, Mangala 17 May, A. C. 1149 V. 1207, Jyestha, ba. di. 12, Budha 26 April, A. C. 1150 (13 June, d. C. 1151 V. 1207, Caitra, ba. di 5, Sani 7 April, A, C. 1151 V. 1207, Jyestha, su. di. 10, Guru Sil May, A. C. 1150 131 May, A. C. 1151 V. 1208, Phalguna, su. di. 10, Ravi 17 Feb., A. C. 1152 V. 1208, Jyestha, su. di 2. Budha 7 May, A C. 1152 V. 1208, Jyestha, su. di. 6. Ravi 11 May, A C. 1152 V. 1208, Asvina, su di. (5), Guru 5 Sept., A. C. 1152 V. 1210, Magha, su. di. 8, Guru 12 Jan., A. C. 1154. 123, Jad., A. C. 1154 V. 1210, Phalguna, ba. di. 2, Budha (14 Jan., A. C. 153 13 March, A. C. 1154 V. 1211, Vaisakha, ba. di. 2, Budha 20 April, A. C. 1155 V. 1214, Phalguna, ba. di. 7, Sukra 21 Feb., A. C. 1158 17 Feb, AC 1158 V. 1215, Caitra, su. di. 8, Ravi 9 March, A. C. 1158 V. 1215, Asvina, su. di. 14, Budha 8 Octo, A. C. 1158 V. 1215, Magha, ba. di. 4. Sukra 9 Jan., A. C. 1159 V. 1215, Vajsakha, su. di. 3, Budha 22 April, A.C. 1159 V. 1215, Vaisakha, ba. di. 4, Sukra 8 May, A. C. 1159 V. 1217, Karttika, su. di. 10, [su]kra 23 Octo., A. C. 1159 V. 1217, As,ipa, su. di. 11, Soma 12 Sept., A. C. 1160 1 2 Octo., A. C. 1161 V: 1218, Dvi., Asadha su. di. 5, Guru 29 June, A. C. 1161 V. 1219, Jyestha, su. di. 3, Sani 19 May, A. C. 1162 V. 1220, Phalguna, su. di. 12, Guru 6 Feb., A. C. 1164 V. 1221, Vaisakha, su. di. 10, Sukra 3 April, A. C. 1164 V. 1220, Jyestha, su. di. 9, Ravi 31 May, A. C. 1164 V. 1221, Jyestha su. di. 9, Sukra 21 May, A. C. 1165 147 197 289 103 267 210 123 95 366 103 102 288 198 198 108 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #396
APPENDIX II 379 173. 262 V. 1223, Magha, su. di. 11. Guru 2 Feb., A. C. 1167 V. 1225, Karttika, su. di. 7, Budha 9 Octo., A. C. 1168 V. 1225, Pausa, su. di. 5. Sani. 21 Duc., A. C. 1168 159 V. 1226, Asadha, su di. 9, Guru 5 June, A. C. 1169 369 V. 1227, Margasirsa, su. di. 11, Sani 21 Nov. A. C. 1170 99 V. 1228, Sravana, su. di. 8, Sona 5 July, A C. 1171 104 V. 1228, Asvina, su. di. 15, Budha 15 Sept., A. C. 1171 104 V. 1228, Phalguna, bi. di. 5, Bhauma 15 Feb., A. C 1172 320 V. 1229, Vaisakha, su. di, 3, Soma 16 April, A. C 1173 160 V. 1230, Asvina, su. di. 14, Ravi 8 Sept., A. C. 1174 370 V. 1231, Caitra, ba. di. 11, Guru 20 March A. C. 1175 122 V. 1231, Karttika, su. di, 11, Soma 27 Octo., A. C. 1175 254 V. 1231, Karttika, su. di. 13, Budha 29 Octo. A. C. 1175 254 V. 1232, Caitra, su. di 11, Soma 22 March., A. C. 1176 140 V..1234, Pausa, ba, di. 6, Guru 23 Dec., A. C. 1176 293 V. 1235, Phalguna, su. di. 3, Ravi || Feb., A. C. 1179 175 V. 1235, Vaisakha, (su. ?) di. 3, Budha 11 April, A. C. 1179 147 V, 1235, Vaisakha, (ba?) di. 3, Budba 25 April A. C. 1179 147 V. 1236. Phalguna, ba. di. 3, Guru 17 Jan., A. C. 1180 184 V. 1238, Magha, su, di. 3, Sani 9 Jan., A. C. 1182 175 V. 1238, Vaisakha, su. di. 11, Guru 15 April, A. C. 1182 255 V. 1238, Vaisakha, su. di. 6, Sukra 29 April, A. C. 1183 180 V. 1240, Jyestha, su. di. 10, Soma 21 May, A. C. 1184 210 V. 1241, Vaisakha su. (ba.) di. 10, 26 April, A. C. 1185 148 Sukra V. 1243, Karttika, ba. di. 5. Bhuma 15 Octo., A. C. 1185 317 V. 1244, Magha, su. di. 10, Soma 11 Jan., A C. 1188 V. 1244, Phalguna, su. di. 3, Budha 17 Feb , A. C. 118 199 V. 1246, Sravana, ba. di. 6, Guru 16 June, A.C. 1188 (17 June, A. C. 1188 V. 1247, Asadha, su. di. 9, Budha 12 June, A. C 1190 271 V 1248, Vaisakha, su. di. 2, Budha 15 April, A. C. 1192 105 V. 1248, Sravana, su. di. 9. Soma 20 July, A.C. 1192 214 V. 1249, Jyestha, su, di. 14, Budha 12 May A. C. 1193 317 V. 1251, Karttika, su. di. 12, Sukra 28 Octo., A. C. 1194 232 V. 1252, Magha, ba. di. 5, Sukra 22 Dec., A. C. 1195 149. 96 1188 117 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #397
380 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT 102 V. 1253. Asadha, su. di. 4. Sani 21 June, A. C. 1197 **** *291 V. 1256, Bhadrapida, ba. di. 15, 4 Aug, A. C. 1198 116 Bhauma V. 1255, Karttika, ba. di. 11. Budha 28 Octo., A C. 1198 114 V. 1255, Margasirsa, su. di, 1, Ravi I Nov., A. C. 1198 288 V. 1256, Vaisakha, ba. di. 1, Soma 1 May, A. C. 1200 279 V. (1)256, Jyestha, su. di. 13, Sukra 26 May, A. C. 1200 302 V. 1257, Asadha, su. di. 9, Guru 22 Jupe, A. C. 1200 V. 1258, Vaisakha, su. di. 2, Sukra 6 April, A. C. 1201 274 V. 1258, Jyestha, $u. di. 9, Ravi 13 May, A. C. 1201 208 V. 1258, Sravana, su. di. 7, Soma 9 July, A.C. 1201 104 V. 1258, Pausa, ba. di. 5, Ravi 16 Dec., A. C. 1201 114 V. 1259, Asadha, su. di. 2, s'ani 22 June, A. C. 1202 199 V. 1259, Karitika, su. di. 1, S'ukra 18 Octo, A. C. 1202 206 V. 1261, Laukika Pausa, su di. 2. 25 Dec. A. C. 1204 365 S'ani *V. 1261, Jyestba, su di. 2, Ravi 22 May, A. C. 1205 5 105 | 180 V. 1261, Asadha, ba. di. 8, S'ani 11 June, A C. 1205 120 V. 1262, Magha, su. di. 10, S'ukra 26 Jan., A. C. 1206 303 V. !262, Phalguna. ba. di. 14, S'ukra 10 March, A. C. 1206 295 V. 1264, Caitra, su. di. 1?, Guru (23 March, A. C. 1206 221 315 March. A. C. 1207 (27 March, A. C. 1203 V. 1263, Asadha, su. di. 10, S'ani 17. June, A. C. 1206 234 V. 1263, S'rayana, su. di. 2, Ravi 9 July, A. C. 1206 101 V. 1263, Vaisakha, su. di. 6, 5 April, A. C. 1207 180 Guru V. 1264, Laukika Asadha, su. di. 2, Soma 16 June, A. C. 1208 283 V..1265, Vaisakha, su. di. 7, Soma 13 April, A. C. 1209 : 178 V. 1266, Phalguna, su. di. 10, Budha 5 Feb., A.C. 1210 127 V. 1270, Vaisakha, su. di. 6, Ravi 8 April, A. C. 1212 256 V 1270, Magha, ba. di. 5, Guru 7 Feb, A C. 1213 255 V. 1272, Jyestha, ba. di. 2, Ravi 27 April, A. C. 1214 277 V. 1271, Asvina, ba. di. 30, s'ani 24 Octo., A. C. 1215 219 V. 1273, Vaisakha, su. di. 4. S'ukra 22 April, A. C. 1216 289 V. 1272, Jyestha, ba. di. 5, Ravi 8 May, A. C. 1216 279 235 For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #398
APPENDIX II V. 1273, Karttika, ba. di. 5, Soma V. 1274, Margasirsa, ba. di. 8. Guru V. 1274, Phalguna, su di. 5, Gura V. 1274, Prathama Jyestha, ba. di. 7, S'ukra V. 1274. Bhadrapada, ba. di. 14, Guru V. 1275, Vaisakha, su. di. S'ukra V. 1275, Jyestha, su. di. 13, Bhauma V. 1276 Asadha, su. di. 2. S'ani V. 1276, Magha, su. di. 13 Ravi V. 1276, Phalguna, su. di. 2, S'ani V. 1279. Asadha, su. di. 6, Soma V. 1280, Pausa, su. di. 3, Bhauma V. 1281, Vaisakha, su di, 3, S'ani V. 1282. Pausa, su. di. 4, S'ukra V. 1285, Phalguna, su di. 2, Ravi V. 1283, Karttika, su. di. 15, Guru V. 1283, Margasirsa, su. di. 3, Bhauma 31 Octo.. A. C. 1216 23 Nov., A. C. 1217 1 Feb., A C. 1218 18 May, A. C. 1218 20 Sept., A. C. 1218 19 April, A. C. 1219 28 May, A. C. 1219 15 June, A. C. 1219 19 Jan., A. C. 1220 8 Feb., A. C. 1220 5 June, A. C. 1223 26 Dec., A, C. 1223 12 April, A. C. 1225 5 Dec., A. C. 1225 28 Jan., A. C. 1226 5 Nov., A. C. 1226 24 Nov., A. C. 1226 381 For Personal & Private Use Only 321 115 97 127 368 224 312 13 Feb., A. C. 1228 14 April, A. C 1228 23 March, A. C. 1229 150 11 Feb., A. C. 1229 217 106 308 105 V. 1284, Phalguna, su. di. 2, Ravi V. 1284, Vaisakha, su. di. 10, S'ukra V. 1285, Caitra. ba, di. 12, S'ukraV. 1285, Phalguna, ba. di. 2, Ravi V. 1285, Jyestha. su. di. 3, Ravi V. 1285, Jyestha, su. di. 8, Guru V. 1286, S'ravana, su. di. 3, Budha V. 1286, Caitra, su. di. 12, Budha V. 1287, Caitra, ba. di. 1. Guru V. 1289, Vaisakha, ba. di. 1. Guru V. 1288, Asadha, ba. di. 15, Bhauma V. 1288, Pausa, su. di. 15, Sukra V. 1288, Phalguna, su. di. 10, Budha V. 1288, Jyestha, su. di. 13, Budha V. 1288, Bhadrapada, su. di. 1, Soma 18 Aug., A. C. 1232 27 May, A. C. 1229 31 May, A. C. 1229 25 July, A. C. 1229 27 March, A. C. 1230 20 March, A. C. 1231 20 March, A. C 1231 117 I July, A. C. 1231 181 246 9 Jan., A. C. 1232 3 March, A. C. 1232 2 June, A. C. 1232 211 235 177 173 149 262 96 236 96 206 96 174 244 273 287 106 141

Page #399
382. THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1290, Magha, ba. di. I, Guru 30 D:c , A. C. 1232 112 V. 1289, Magha, ba di 6, Bhauma 1 Feb., A. C. 1233 160 V. 1289, Vaisakha, ba. di 12, Sukra 6 May, A. C. 1233 306 V. 1289, Asvina, ba di. 15, Soma 5 S-pt., A. C. 1233 298 V. 1290, Karttika, ha. di. 2, Guru 22 Sept., A. C. 1233' 294 V. 1290, Caitra, su. di. 11, Ravi : 12 March, A. C. 1234 -263 V. 1290, Prathama Sravana, ba. di. 22 July, A. C. 1234 300 10, Sani V. 1291, Magha, su. di. 5, Guru 25 Jan., A. C. 1235 176 V. 121(9)1, Vaisakha, su. di. 14, . 3 May, A C. 1235 283 Guru V. 1291, Vajsakha. su di. 13, Bhdha 14 May. A. C. 1235 236 V. 1292. Jyestha, su. di. 8. s'ani 26 May, A. C. 1235 151 V 1292. Asadha, siv. di. 7, Ravi 24 June, A. C. 1235 234 V. 1292, Karttika, ha. di. 1. Ravi 11 Nove., A. C. 1235 268 V. 1292, Magha, su, di, 1, Guru 10 Jan., A. C. 1236 271 V. 1292, Magha, bu, di. (7). 1 Feb., A. C 1236 311 [S'ukra ?) V. 1292, Jyestha, ba. di. 15, Guru 22 May, A. C. 1236 267 V. 1293, Asvina, su. di. 15, Soma 5 Octo., A. C. 1237 238 V. 1294. Vajsakha, su. di. 3. Ravi! 18 April, A. C. 1238 238 V. 1295, Bhadrapada, su. di. II, 22 Aug., A. C. 1238 234 Ravi V. 1295, Asvina, ba. di. 2, Ravi 26 Sept., A. C. 1238 162 V. 1296, Margasirsa, ha. di. 14, Ravi 7 Nove., A. C. 1238 111 V. 1296, Margasirsa, su. di 14, Guru 22 Nove., A. C. 1238 142 V. 1(2)95, Pausa, ba di. 6, Guru 30 Dec., A. C. 1238 132 V. 1295. Caitra, sw. di. 2, Mangala 8 March. A. C. 1239 161 V. 1296, Vaisakha, su. di. 3, Guru 26 April, A. C. 1240 109 V. 1298, Phalguna, si. di 3. Guru 14 Feb., A. C. 1241 162 V. 1297, Caitra, ba. di. 5, Soma 1 April, A. C. 1241. 152 V: 1298, Vaisakha, ba dj. 2, March, A. C. 1240 277 Ravi (28 April, A. C. 1241 V. 1297, Caitra, ba. Ji. 5. Bbauma 2 April, 1. C. 1241 280 V. 1298, Karitika, su. di. 10, Budha 16 Octo., A. C. 124199 V. 1298, Margasirsa, su. di. 13, 18 Nuve., A. C. 1241 99 Soma For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #400
APPENDIX II 383 1153 V. 1298, Vaisakha, su. di. 4. S'ani 5 April, A. C. 1242 284 V. 1299, Vaisakha, su. di. 13, Soma 14 April, A. C. 1242 225 V. 1298, Vaisakha, ba. di. 3, S'ani 19 April, A. C. 1242 124 V. 1298, Bhadrapada su. di. 1, Guru 28 Aug., A. C. 1242 211 V. 1298, Dvi, Bhadrapada, ba. di. 7, 18 Sept., A. C. 1242 128 Guru V. 1298, asvina, su. di. 10, Ravi 5 Octo., A. C. 1242 267 V. 1299, Magha, su. di. 5, Soma 26 Jan., A. C. 1243 206 V. 1299, Caitra, su. di. 6, Soma $30 March, A. C. 1243 143 128 March, A. C. 1243 V. 1300, Vaisakha, ba. di. 11, Budha 4 May, A. C. 1244 279 V. 1300, Jyestha, su. di. 5, 12 May, A. G. 1244 5152 Guru V. 1301, Asalha, su. di. 10, S'ukra 17 June, A. C. 1244 209 V. 1301, Phalguna, ba. di. 1, S'ani 14. Jan., A. C. 1245 163 V. 1301, Phalguna, su. di, 4, Guru 2 Feb., A. C. 1245 176 V. 1301, Phalguna, ba. di. 13, s'ani 25 Feb.. A. C. 1245 163 V. 1301, Vaisakha, su. di. 9, S'ukra 7 April, A. C. 1245 107 V. 1301, Asadha su. di. 12, 7 July, A. C. 1245 228 Sakha (Sukra) V. 1302, Jyestha, ba. di. 2, Guru 3 May, A. C. 1246 153 V. 1303, Margasirsa, ba. di. 12, Guru 6 Dec., A. C. 1246 115 V. 1303, Magha, su. di. 14, Solma*) 21 Jan., A. C. 1247 369 V. 1303, Caitra, su. di. 2, Ravi 24 March, A. C. 1247 212 V. 1303, Vaisakha, su. di. 4, Budha 10 April, A. C. 1247 212 V. 1304. Vaisakha, su. di. 13, Sukra 19 April, A. C. 1247 178 V. 1304, Vaisakha, su. di. 7, Guru 2 April, A. C. 1248 373 V. 1304, Dvitiya Jyestha, su. di. 9, June, A. C. 1248 213 Soma V. 1305, Jyestha, su. di. 15, Ravi 7 June, A. C. 1248 102 V. 1305, Vaisakha, su. di. 3, Sani 17 April, A. C. 1249 290 V. 1305, Jyestha, su. di. 11, Soina 24 May, A. C. 1249 213 V. 1305, Asadha, ba. di. 7, 4 June, A. C. 1249 1120 Sukra 1218 V. 1305, Jyestha, ba. di. 8, S'ani 5 June, A. C. 1249 370 V. 1305, S'ravana, su. di. [11], Budha 21 July, A. C. 1249 239 For Personal & Private Use Only

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384 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1305, Asvina, ba. di. 10, Ravi. 3 Octo. A. C. 1249 365 V. 1306, Magha, su. di. 1, Guru 6 Jan., A. C. 1250 164 V. 1308, Vaisakha, ba. di. 5, Guru 24 March, A. C. 1250 250 (11 May A. C. 1251 V. 1309, Vaisakha, su. di. 3 Guru 11 April, A. C. 125' 154 V. 1309, Phalguna, su. di. 13, Budha 12 Feb., A. C. 1253 176 V. 1307, Phaiguna, ba. di. 5, Guru 20 Feb., A. C. 1253 240 V. 1309, Caitra, ba. di. 5, Guru 20 Feb., A. C. 1253 245 V. 1309, Vaisakha, su. di. 3, Budha 2 April, A. C. 1253 251 V. 1310, Vaisakha, ba. di. 10, Guru 24 April, A. C. 1253 243 V. 1309, Jyestha, su. di. 1', Budha 30 April, A. C. 1253 215 V. 1311, Jyestha, su. di. 15, Budha 14 May, A. C. 1253 233 V. 1309, Jycstha, ba. di. 2, Soma 19 May, A. C. 1253291 V. 1310, Caitra, ba. di. 2, Soma . (17 Feb., A. C. 1253191 16 April, A. C. 1254 V. 1310, Caira, ha. di. 13, Guru (27 Feb., A. C. 1253 133 16 April, A. C. 1254 V. 1310, Magha, su. di. 13, Ravi Si Feb., A. C. 1254 100 2 Feb., A. C. 1251 V. 1310, Vaisakha, ba. di. 5, Guru 9 April, A. C. 1254 186 V. 1311, Vaisakha, su. di. 3, Soma 20 April, A. G. 1254 V. 1311, Caitra, ba. di. 7, Budha 31 March, A C. 1255 270 V. 1311, Vaisakha, su. di. 2, Sani 24 April, A. C. 1255 225 V. 1311, Laukika Jyestha, ba. di. 521 June, A. C. 1256 251 * 12, Budha 11 May, A. C. 1258 V. 1313, Karitika, ba. di. 8, Soma 9 Octo., A. C. 1256 263 V. 1313, Pausa, su. di. 7, Soma 25 Dec., A. C. 1256 207 V. 1313, Magha, ba. di. 5, Soma 5 Feb., A. C. 1257 241 V. 1313, Phalguna, ba. di. 13, Guru 15 March, A. C. 1257 370 V. 1313. Caiua, su, di. 8. Ravi 25 March, A. C. 1257 109 1215 V. 1315, Caira, ba. di. 4, Budha 5 April, A. C: 1257 241 V. 1314, Vajsakha, su. di. 3, S'ukra 20 April, A. C. 1257 371 V. 1313, Caitra, ba. di 10, Soma 12 May A. C. 1257 187 V. 1315, Jyestha, ba. di. 11, Ravi 10 June, A. C. 1257 185 V. 1316, Magha, ba. di. 2, Soma : 18 Dec., A. C. 1258 200 257 For Personal & Private Use Only

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APPENDIX II V. 1315, Phalguna, su. di. 2, Ravi V. 1315, Phalguna. su. di. 4, Budha V. 1315. Phalguna, ba. di. 7, S'ani V. 1315, Dvitiya Caitra, su. di. 6, Soma V. 1315, Vaisakha, su. di. 11, Ravi V. 1315, Vaisakha, ba. di. 7, Guru V. 1316, Vaisakha, ba. di. 11, S'ukra V. 1318, Jyestha. ba. di. 8, Budha V. 1318, S'ravana, ba. di. 13, Guru V. 1317, Pausa, ba. di. 5, Guru V. 1317, Laukika Jyestha, ba. di. 4, Guru V. 1318, Pausa, su. di. 9, S'ani V. 1318, Phalguna, su. di. 15, Bhauma V. 1319, Caitra, ba. di. 13, Bhauma V. 1318, Jyestha, su. di. 13, Guru V. 1319, Magha, su. di. 5, Soma V. 1320, Magha, su. di. 5, S'ani V. 1320, Phalguna, su. di, 2, S'ukra V. 1320, Jyestha, su. di. 4. Budha V. 1320, Asadha, ba. di. 13. Ravi V. 1321, Sravana, ba. di. 13, Guru V. 1322, Vaisakha, ba. di. 7, Budha V. 1324, Vaisakha ba. dl. 5, Budha V. 1326, Caitra, ba. di. 12, S'ukra V. 1325, Asvina, su, di, 8 Sani V. 1326, Magha, ba. di. 2, Ravi V. 1326, Magha, ba. di. 2, Ravi V. 1325, Magha, ba. di. 9, Soma V. 1325. Phalguna, su. di. 4, Budha V. 1325, Phalguna, su. di. 8, Soma V. 1325, Jyestha, ba. di. 11, S'ani V. 1325, Asadha, su. di. 14, S'ani 25 26 Jan., A. C. 1259 29 Jan., A. C. 1259 15 Feb., A. C. 1259 31 March, A. C. 1259 4 May, A. C. 1259 15 May, A. C. 1259 A. C. 1260 7 May, 2 June, A. C. 1260 8 July, A. C. 1260 23 Dec., A. C. 1260 19 May, A. C. 1261 31 Dec., A. C. 1261 7 March, A. C. 1262 18 April, A. C. 1262 1 June., 15 Jan., A. C. 1262 A. C. 1263 A. C. 1264 5 Jan., 1 Feb., A. C. 1264 30 April, A. C. 1264 25 May, A. C. 1264 21 Aug.. A. C. 1264 28 April. A. C. 1266 16 March, A. C. 1267 A. C. 1269 A. C. 1269 23 Dec. A. C. 1268 28 Jan.. 6 Feb., 11 Feb., A. C. 1269 18 May., A. C. 1269 29 June., A. C. 1269 385 For Personal & Private Use Only 372 97 276 132 237 124 125 226 201 257 122 200 374 207 97 303 298 186 300 118 (12 March, A. C. 1268 (130 1 March, A. C. 1269 131 15 Sept., A. C. 1268 367 23 Dec.. A. C. 1268 (191 220 220 115 98 98 125 222 288 313 297

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386 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1326, Margasirsa, su. di. 4, Guru 28 Nove., A. C. 1269 164 V. 1328, Vaisakha, su. di. 7, Soma S28 April, A.C. 1270 258 16 April, A. C. 1272 V. 1326, S'ravana, su. di. 2, Soma 21 July, A.C. 1270 215 V. 1327, Pausa, su. di. 10, Bhauna 23 Dec., A. C. 1270 100 V. 1327. Magha, su. di. 5, Guru 15 Jan.. A. C. 1271 227 V. 1327, Magha, su. di. 9, Budha 21 Jan., A. C. 1271 100 V. 1327, Vaisakha, su. di. 2, Soma 13 April, A. C. 1271 181 V. 1327, Bhadrapada, ba. di. 2, Ravi 23 Aug, A. C. 1171 128 V. 1328, Sravana, su. di. 2, Sukra 10 Ju!y, A. C. 1271 322 V. 1329, Vaisakha, ba. di. 9, Sukra 525 March, A. C. 1272 [252 112 May, A.C. 1273 1281 V. 1330, Vajsakha, su. di. 14, Budha 13 April, A. C. 1272 100 V. 1330, Asvina, su. di. 5, Guru 29 Sept., A. C. 1272 208 V. 1330, Caitra, su. di. 7, Sani 26 March, A. C. 1273 154 V. 1331, Vaisakha, su. di. 15, Budha 3 May, A. C. 1273 5131 177 V. 1331, Asadha, su. di. 14, Guru 30 June, A. C. 1273 194 125 May, A. C. 1276 V. 1330, Caitra, ba. di. 7, Sani 31 March, A. C. 1274 ,,126 247 V. 1330, Vaisakha, su. di. 9, Soma, 16 April, A. C. 1274 107. V. 1331, Vaisakha, su. di. 9, Soma 16 April, A. C. 1274 103 V. 1327, Vaisakha, su. di. 5, Guru 16 April, A. C. 1274 110 V. 1330, Asadha, su. di. 4, Ravi 10 June, A. C. 1274 374 V. 1330, Asvina, su. di. 5, Guru 6 Sept., A. C. 1274 229 V. 1331, Vaisakha, sci. di. 3, Ravi 31 March, A. C. 1275 237 V. 1332, Margasirsa, su. di. 11, Sani 30 Nove., A. C. 1275 323 V. 1333, Caitra, su. di. 11, Budha 17 March, A. C. 1277 216 V. 1334, Radha (Vaisakha), su. di. 10, 18 April, A. C. 1277 202 Ravi 18 May, A. C. 1278 V. 1333, Jyestha, su. di. 5, Rivi 9 May, A. C. 1277 314 V. 1333, Jyestha, ba. di. 14, Bhauma June, A. C. 1277 300 V. 1334, Asvina, su. di. 14, (Ravi ?) 12 Sept., A. C. 1277 290 V. 1334, Dyitiya Phalguna, ba. di. 19 Feb., A. C. 1278 296 11, S'ani For Personal & Private Use Only

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APPENDIX JI 387 24 oma V. 1334, Vaisakha, ba. di. 5, Budha 13 April, A. C. 1278 121 V. 1334, Jyestha, ba. di. 2, Soma 9 May, A. C. 1278 155 V. 1334, Vajsakha, ba. di. 4, Guru 12 May, A. C. 1278 247 V. 1334, Jyestha, su. di. 3, Budha 27 May, A. C. 1278 155 V. 1334, Bhadrapada, su. di. 1, Sani 20 Aug., A. C. 1278 293 V. 1335, Margsirsa, ba. di. 13, Soma 14 Nove., A. C. 1278 184 V. 1335, Magha, su. di. 13, S'ukra 27 Jan., A. C. 1279 176 V. 1335, Caitra, ba. di. 5, Ravi 2 April, A. C. 1279 156 V. 1335, Vajsakha su. di. 4, Soma 517 April, A. C. 1279 372 127 April, A. C. 1278 V. 1335, Vaisakha, su. di. 8, Guru 20 April, A. C. 1279 304 V. 1335, S'ravana, su. di. 15, Soma 24 July, A. C. 1279 309 V. 1336, Jyestha, su. di. 5, Ravi 5 May, A. C. 1280 110 V. 1338, Jyestha, ba. di. 2, s'ukra 17 May, A. C. 1280 134 V, 1337, Vaisakha, su, di. 2, Soma 21 April, A. C. 1281 274 V. 1337, Vaisakha, su, di. 5, Guru 24 April. A. C. 1281 110 V. 1338, Phalguna, su. di. Soma 16 Feb., A. C. 1282 98 V. 1338, Caitra, ba. di. 2, S'ukra 27 March, A. C. 1282 248 V. 1338, Vaisakha, su. di. (2), S'ani 11 April, A. C. 1282 292 V. 1338, Vaisakha, su. di. 3, Ravi 12 April, A. C. 1282 369 V. 1338, Jvestha, su. di. 12, Budha 20 May, A. C. 1282 237 V. 1338, Jyestha, su. di. 14, S'ukra 22 May, A. C. 1282 179 V. 1339, Vajsakha, su. di. 11, Sukra 9 April, A.C. 1283 107 V. 1339, Jyestha, su. di. 8, Budha 5 May, A. C. 1283 304 V. 1340, Vaisakha, ba. di. 10, Sukra. 23 April, A. C. 1283 259 V. 1340, Jyestha, ha. di. 10, Sukra 123 April, A. C. 1283 307 19 June, A. C. 1284 V. 1340. Jyestha, su. di. 5, Ravi 21 May, A, C. 1284 239 V. 1343, asvina, ba. di. 4, Bhauma 521 Aug., A. C. 1285 301 18 Octo., A. C. 1286 V. 1342, Magha, su. di. 8, S'ukra 4 Jan., A. C. 1286 369 V. 1343, Laukika Karttika, 20 Octo., A. C. 1286 165 su, di. 2, Ravi V. 1343, Magha, su. di. 5, Sonia 20 Jan., A. C. 1287 288 V. 1343, Magha, su di. 12, Soma 27 Jan., A. C. 1287 207 V. 1343, Magha, ba. di. 1, S'ani 1 Feb., A. C. 1287 295 V. 1343, Magha, ba. di. 2, s'ani ,, ,, in 372 For Personal & Private Use Only

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388 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1343, Vaisakha, su. di. [3], Budha V. 1344, Magha, ba. di. 3, Guru V. 1344, Jyestha, su. di. 10. (Budha) 16 April, 22 Jan., 12 May, A.C. 1287 264 A. C. 1288 259 A. C. 1288 (108 181 275 V. 1344, Jyestha, ba. di. 4, S'ukra 21 May, A. C. 1288 126 246 V. 1343. Magha, su di. 10, Guru 30 Jan, A C 1289282 V. 1346, Phalguna, su. di. 1, Ravi 12 Feb., A. C 1290 174 V. 1346, Caitra, su. di. 1, Bhauma 14 March, A. C. 1290 285 V. 1346, Vaisakha, su. di 7, Soma 17 April, A. C. 1290 238 V. 1346, Vajsakha, ba. di. 6, Soma 1 May. A. C 1290 305 V. 1346, Jyestha, su. di. 15, Guru 25 May, A. C. !290 111 V. 1346, Jyestha, ba. di. 1, S'ukra 26 May, A. C. 1290 220 V. 1348, Phalguna, ba di. 11, Soma 26 Feb.. A. C. 1291 314 V. 1347, Vaisakha, ba. di 5, S'ukra 20 April. A. C. 1291 190 V. 1347, Asadha, ba. di. 9, Guru 21 June, A. C. 1291 230 V. 1348, Asadba, su. di. 3, Ravi 29 June, A. C. 1292 144 V. 1349, Margasirsa, ba. di. 11, Sani 6 Dec, A. C. 1292 217 V. 1349, Caitra, ba. di 6, Ravi 29 March, A. C. 1293 s127 1135 V, 1349, Jyestha, su di. 14, Budha 20 May, A. C. 1293 214 V. 1349, Jyestha, ba. di. 6, Budha 27 May, A. C. 1293 248 V. 1350, Karttika, ba. di. 8, Guru 24 Sept, A. C. 1293 319 V. 1350, Vaisakha, su. di. 5, Sukra 2 April, A. C. 1294 290 V. 1350, Vaisakha, ba. di. 5, S'ukra 16 April, A. C. 1294 269 V. 1350, Jyestha, su. di 2, S'ukra 18 May, A. C. 1294 108 V. 1352, Phalguna, su. di. 10, Budha 15 Feb., A. C. 1296 98 V. 1353, Vaisakha, ba. di. 9, Guru (29 March A. C. 1296 130 116 May, A.C. 1297 V. 1353, Vaisakha, ba. di. 10, Sukra 530 March, A. C. 1296 252 (17 May, A. C. 1297 V. 1352, Vajsakha, ba. di. 5, Soma 23 April, A. C. 1296 260 V. 1354, Margasirsa, ba. di. I, Soma 12 Nov., A. C. 1296 112 V. 1354, Karttika, su. di. 11, Ravi 27 Octo., A. C. 1297 206 V, 1354, Karttika, su. di. 15, Guru 31 Octo., A. C. 1297 369 V. 1354, Pausa, ba. di. 5, Sani 4 Jan., A. C. 1298 276 For Personal & Private Use Only

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APPENDIX II 389 V. 1354, Vaisakha, su. di. 2, Soma 14 April, A. C. 1298 210 V. 1354, Jyestha, ba. di. 5, Sukra 2 May, A. C. 1298 189 V. 1354, Jyestha, su. di. 13, Ravi 25 May, A. C. 1298 182 V. 1355, Vaisakha, su. di. 12, Soma 13 April, A. C. 1299 182 V, 1355, Asadha, su. di. 7, Sani 6 June, A. C. 1299 291 V. 1356, Vaisakha, ba. di. 12, Ravi 17 April, A. C. 1300 121 V. 1356, Jyestha, ba. di. 8, Sapi 25 April, A C. 1299 253 11 June, A. C. 1300 V. 1356, Jyestha, su di. 15, Sukra 3 Jude, A. C. 1300 5214 292 V. 1357, Vaisakha, ba. di. 1, Guru 30 March, A.C. 1301 190 V. 1357, Vaisakha, ba. di. 5, S'ukra 28 April, A.C. 1301 270 V. 1357, Asadha, sudi, I, Guru 8 June, A.C. 1301 239 V. 1360, Bhadrapada, ba. di. 18 Aug., A. C. 1304 367 [2, Bhau]ma Saka Era Saka 531, Caitra, su. di. 15, Budha 26 March, A. C. 609 54 Saka 679, Asvavuja, suddha 7, Visuva 25 Sept, A. C. 757 53 Samkranti Saka 736, Maha Vaisakha Parva 8 April, A. C. 814 364 Somagrahana Saka 848, Vaisakha, su. di. 3, Soma, 17 April, A. C. 926 364 Vyaya samvatsara Saka 956, Bhadrapada, ba. di. 15 15 Sept., A. C. 1034 346 Saka 972, Pausa, ba. di. 15, Bhauma * 15 Jan., A. C. 1051 346 Suryagrahana Saka 976, Karttika, ba. di. 15, Vijaya' 13 Nov., A. C. 1053 347 Samvatsara Saka 979, Magha Samvatsara 22 Jan., A. C. 1048 346 S'aka 996, Margasiisa, su. di. 11 2 Dec., A. C. 1074 347 S'aka 999, S'ravana, su. di. 6 29 July, A C. 1077 347 Kalacuri Era K. 207, Vaisakha, su. di. 13 23 April, A C. 457 37 K. 399, Phalguna, ba di. 15, Surya- 17 Feb., A, C. 649 363 grahana For Personal & Private Use Only

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390 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT K. 456, Magha, su. di. 15 2 Feb., A. C. 706 K. 460, Asvina, ba. di. 11 23 Sept, A. C. 710 50 K. 486, Asadha, su. di 12 22 June, A. C. 736 50 Gupta Era G. 513, ...12, Uttarayana 22 Dec., A. C. 832 74 G. 555 A C. 874-75 63 G. 567, S'uci, Candragrahana A.C. 886-87 73 G. 585, Phalguna, su. di. 5 10 Nove., A. C. 904 75 G. 596 A.C. 915-16 73 Valabhi Era Val. 254, Vaisakha, Suryoparaga Cir. A. C 573 41 Val. 330, Dvi. Margasira Cir. A. C 648 42 Val. 343 Dvi. Asadha A. C. 662 43 Val. 357, Dvi. Pausa Cir. A. C. 675 Val. 470 Cir. A. C. 788-89 69 Val. 500 Cir. A. C. 818-19 70 Val. 574 A.C. 892493 70 Val. 927, Phalguna, su di. 2, Soma 19 Feb., A. C. 1246 350 Val. 945, Asadha, ba. di. 14, Ravi 25 May, A. C. 1264 350 3 Simha Era Sim. 32, Asvina, ba. di. 13, Soma 15 Octo., A. C. 1145 338 Sim. 60 A. C. 1173-74 338 Sim. 96, Margasirsa, su. di. 14, Guru 12 Nov., A. C. 1209 338 Sim. 151, Asadha, ba. di. 13, Ravi 25. May, A. C. 1264 338 Siddha-Hema-Kumara Era Si. He. Ku. Sam. 4, Vaisakha, ba. di. 2, 12 March, A. C. 1164 345 Guru 43 For Personal & Private Use Only

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CHART A Chart indicating the Relative Position of the Epochs of Eras used in Gujarat during the Ancient Period 57 B.C.VIKRAMA 78 A.C. SAKA 249-50 A. C.-KALACURI 318 A. C.-VAL ABHI 319 A. C.- -GUPTA 622 A.C.-HIJRI 1113-14 A.CSIMHA 1204 A.C.SIDDHA HEMA-KUMARA For Personal & Private Use Only 391

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392 RK Samhita Atharva Samhita Taittiriya Samhita THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT Vajansantya Samhita Satapatha Brahmana Taittiriya Brahmana Atharvana Jyotisam Asvalayana Srautasutra Avsalayana Grhyasutra Paraskara Grhya Sutra Ed. by Gopal Shastri nene, Benares, 1926 Ed. and Trans by Prabhashankar Jayashankar Pathak, Bombay, 1924 Jain Dhatu Pratima Lekh-Samgraha, Part I, Bombay, V. S. 1973 Jivadevasuriprabandha (Prabhavakacarita) Descriptive Catalogue of MSS. in the Jain Bhandars at Patan, Vol. I, Baroda, 1937 Brhatkathakosa (Ed. Upadhye, A. N.) Bombay, 1943 Padmapuranantargata Dharmaranya Buddhisagarsuri (Ed.) Chandraprabhasuri Dalal, C. D. (Ed.) Harisena Hemacandracarya Jayasimhasuri Jinamandanagani Jinasenasuri BIBLIOGRAPHY (A) Works Sanskrit Ed. by F. Max Muller, (Se. ed.), 1890-92 Ed. R. Roth and W.D. Whitney, Berlin, 1856 Ed. by A Weber, Berlin, 1871-72 with the of Madhava, Calcutta, commentary 1854-59 Ed. with Mahidhara's comm. by A. Weber, London, 1852 Ed. by A. Weber, London, 1885 Ed. by R. Mitra, Calcutta, 1855-70 Abhidhanacintamani, Ed. by Babu Rama and Vidyakara Misra, Calcutta, 1807 -Dvyasraya Maha Kavya (Ed. Abhayatilakagani and Kathvate, A. V.) Parts I, II, Bombay, 1915, 1921 Kumarapala-Bhupala Carita (Ed. Muni. Ksantivijayagani), Bombay, 1926 Kumarapalaprabandha (Ed. Muni Caturvijayaji), Bhavnagar, 1915 Harivansapuranam (Ed. Darbarilal), Bombay For Personal & Private Use Only

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BIBLIOGRAPHY Merutungacarya Muni Jayantavijayaji (Ed.) ww 35 "" ww Arbudacal Pradaksina Jain-Lekh Sandoh, Part V, Bhavnagar, V. S. 2005 Jain Pustak Prasasti Samgrah, Bombay, 1943 Pracin Jain Lekh-Samgrah, Part II, Bhavnagar, 1921 Punyavijayaji (Ed.) Catalogue of Palm-leaf MSS. in the Shanti. nath Jain Bhandar, Cambay, Part I, Baroda, 1961 Jinavijayaji (Ed.) Jinavijayaji (Ed.) Nahar Puranachand (Ed.) Panini Vidyavijayaji (Ed.) Pracin Lekh-Samgrah, Part I. Bhavnagar, 1936 Peter Peterson (Ed.) Varahamihira Vyasa Shah, Amritlal M.(Ed.) Sri Prasasti-Samgraha, Ahmedabad, V.S. 1993 Upamitibhavaprapancakatha, Nirnayasagar Siddharsisuri Yasodevasuri Yajnavalkya Yaska Prabandhacintamani (Ed. Muni. Jinavijayaji), Calcutta, 1933 -Vicarasreni or Sthaviravali (Jain Sahitya Samsodhak. Vol. II, Nos. 3-4, Ed. Jinavijayaji), 1925 Abu L'-Fazl Allami 393 Jain Lekh-Samgrah. Parts I, II and III, Benares. 1918, 1927, 1929 Paninis Grammar (Paninisutram or Astadhyaji), Vinayasagar Press, Fir. edi., 1930 A Collection of Prakrit and Sanskrit Inscriptions, Archaelogical Department, Bhavnagar Press, 1918 Brnatsamhita. (Ed, Sudhakar Dvivedi) Benaras, 1897 Maha-Bharata-Adiparva (Ed. Sukthankar Vishnu S.), Critical Edition, Poona, 1933 S'ri Paksikasutram, 1949-50 Yajnavalkya Smrti, Anandasrama-Mudranalay, Poona, 1904 Nirukta (Nirnnayasagar Press), Bombay, 1930 Arabic-Persian Ain-l-Akbari (Tra. H. Blochmann) Se. edition, Delhi, 1965 For Personal & Private Use Only

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1958 394 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT English Aiyer, Velandai Gopal Chronology of Ancient India, Madras, 1901 Astekar, A. C. The Coinage of the Gupta Empire, Banaras, 1957 Bapat, P. V., 2500 Years of Buddhism, New Delhi, 1956 (Gen. Ed.) Barua, B. M. Old Brahmi Inscriptions in the Udayagiri Khandagiri Caves, Calcutta, 1929. Bhandarkar, D. R. A list of Inscriptions of Northern India (Published in El., Vols. XIX, XX, XXI) Bhattacharya Haridas, Cultural Heritage of India, Vol. III (Ed.) Calcutta, 1953 Chattopadhyaya, Early History of Northern India, Calcutta, Sudhakar --The Sakas in India, Calcutta, 1955 Chowdhary, S. N. and Excavations at Devni Mori, Baroda, 1966 Mehta, R. N. Cunningham, A. Bhilsa Topes --- A Book of lodian Eras, Calcutta, . 1883 Dikshit, Sh. B. and Indian Calendar, London, 1896 Sewell, Robert Diskelkar, D. B. Inscriptions of Kathiawad (Reprinted from New Indian Antiquary, Vols. I, II, III), Bombay, 1938-41 Edgerton, Franklin Vikrama's Adventures, Part I, London, 1926 Encyclopedia Britanica, Vol. VI, 11th edition, Cambridge, 1910 Fleet, J. F. Corpus Inscriptionum Iodicarum, Vol. III (Inscriptions of the Early Gupta Kings and their successors), Calcutta, 1888 Gadre, A.S. Important Inscriptions from the Baroda Siate, Baroda, 1943 Cazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Vol. 1, Part I, Bombay, 1896 For Personal & Private Use Only

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BIBLIOGRAPHY 395 Ghosh, A. Archaeological Remains, Monuments and Museums (Archaeogical Survey of India), 1964 Ghosh, N. N. Early History of India, Allahabad, 1939 Inamdar, P.A. Some Archaeological Finds in the Idar State, Himatnagar, 1936 Jayaswal, K. P. History of India, 150. A. D, to 350 A. D. Lahorc, 1933 Ketkar, Venkatesh In iian and forcign Chronology, Bombay, Bapuji 1923 Kielhorn A list of Inscriptions of the Southern India (published in El Vols. V, VI, VII). Majmudar, M R. (Ed.) Chronology of Gujarat (Vol 1), Baroda, 1960 Majumdar, A. K. Chaulukyas of Gujarat, Bombay, 1956 Majumdar, R. C., Age of Imperial Unity (Th: History and (Gen. Ed.) Culture of Indian People, Vol. 11) Bombay, 1954 -- Classical Age (The History and Culture of Indian People, Vol. UI), Bombay, 1954 Mchta, R. N. and Excavations at Devni Mori, Baroda, 1966 Chawdhary, S N. Mehta, R. N. and M. S. University Copper-Plates of the time Thakkar, A. M. of Toramana, Vadodara, 1978 Mirashi, V. V. Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol. IV (Inscriptions of the Kalacuri-Chedi Era) Parts I. JI, Ootacamund, 1955 : - Studies in Indology, Vol. II, Nagpur, 1961 Munshi, K M. Glory that was Gurjar Desa, Part III, Bombay, 1944 Narain, A. K. The Indo-Greeks, Oxford, 1957 Nilakanta Sastri, Comprehensive History of India, Vol. I, K.A. (The Mauryas and the Satavahanas, 325 B. C.-A. D. 300), Calcutta, 1957 For Personal & Private Use Only

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398 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT Pandey, R. B. Parikh, R. C. Indian Palaeography. Part I, Banaras, 1952 -Vikramaditya of Ujjain, Banaras, 1951 Kavyanusasana, Vol. II, (1st edition) (Intro duction 10 the History of Gujarat as a Background to the Life and times of Hemacandra), Bombay, 1938 Indian Chronology, Madras, 1911 Pillai, L. D. Swamikannu Rao, S. R. Rapson, E. J. Raychaudhari, Hemchandra -An Indian Ephemeris, Vols. I 10 VI (Reprint New Delhi), 1984 Excavations at Amreli, Baroda, 1966 Cambridge History of India, Vol. 1, Cambridge. 1922 -Catalogue of the Coins of the Andhra Dynasty, the Western Ksatrapas, the Traikutaka Dynasty and the Bodhi Dynasty (Catalogue of Indian coins in the British Museum, Vol. IV), London, 1908 Political History of Ancient India, Calcutta, 1932 Report of Calendar Reform Committee, Government of India, New Delhi, 1955 Alberuni's India, Vols. I, II, London, 1910 Life in the Gupta Age, Bombay, 1943 Studies in the Historical and Cultural Geography and Ethnography of Gujarat, Poona, 1949 The Ruins of Dabhoi or Darbhavati in Baroda State, Baroda, 1940 Indian Calendar, London, 1896 Sachau, E. C., (Ed.) Saletore, R. N. Sankalia, H. D Sastri, Hiranonda Sewell, Robert and Dikshit, Sh. B. Sewell, Robert Todian Chronography, London, 1912 The Siddhantas and the Indian Calendar. Calcutta, 1924 For Personal & Private Use Only

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BIBLIOGRAPHY 397 Shah, U. P. Shastri, H. 6 Sircar, D. C. . (Ed.) Smith, V. A. Tod, James Trivedi. R. K. Virji K. J, Dikshit. Sh. B. Akota Bronzes, Bombay, 1959 Data supplied by the Sanskrit Inscriptions of the Valabhi Kingdom (Unpublished), Ahmedabad, 1947 Indian Epigraphy, Dclhi, 1965 Select Inscriptions hearing on India (A History and Civilization), Vol. I, Calcutta, 1942 Early History of India, (4th Edition), ()xford, 1932 Travels in Western India, London, 1839 Fairs and Festivals of Gujarat, (Census of India), Vol. V, Part VII-B, Gujarat, Ahmedabad, 1961 Ancient History of Saurashtra, Bombay, 1955 Hindi Bharaiiya Jyotisa (Hindi Trans. by Zara khandi Shivanath), Lakhanau, 1957 Bharatiya Jyotisaka Itihas, Lakhanau, 1956 Viranirvana Samvat Aur Jain Kalaganana, Jalor, 1931 Bharatiya Pracina Lipimala (The Palaeo graphy of India), 3rd edition. Delhi, 1959 Gupia Samrajya, Varanasi, 1970 Gujarati Gujarat-na Aitihasik Lekho (Historical. Inscriptions of Gujarat), Part I, II, III, Bombay, 1933, 1935, 1942 Pracin Gurjar Kavya-Samgraha, Baroda, 1920 Jain Gurjar Kavio, Bombay, 1926 -Jain Sahityano Samksipta Itihas, Bombay, 1933 Bhadreshwar Vasai Mahatirtha, Ahmedabad, 1977 Gorakhnath Muni, Kalyanavijanji Ojha, G. H. Gupta, P. L. Acharya, G. V. (Ed.) Dalal, C. D. (Ed.) Desai, M. 1). Desai, Ratilal D. For Personal & Private Use Only

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398 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT Desai, Z. A. Gujarat Itihas Sandarbha Suci, Part VI Ahmedabad, 1972 Dwivedi, Manibhai Puratan Daksina Gujarat, Navasari, 1940 Jamindar, R.C. Ksatrap-Kalanun Gujarat, Ahmedabad, 1975 Jain, A B. Forbes Sabhana Hastalikhit Granthoni Yaci, Bombay, 1923 Jote, Ratnamanjrav Khambhatno Itihas, Ahmedabad. 1935 Bhimrav Kanchansagar Suri (Ed.) Shatrunjay Giriraj Darshan, Kapadvanj, 1979 Malavania, Dalsukh Ganadharavadi. Prastavana, Ahmedabad, 1952 Mehta, R N. (Trans.) Rasamala (Guj. Trans). Vol. I. 3rd edition, Bombay, 1922 Modi, R.C. Sanskrit Dvyasraya Kavyamam Madhyakalin Gujarat-ni Samajik Sthiti, Ahmedabad, 1942 Muni, Jinavijayji Jitakalpasutra, Prastavana, Ahmedabad, 1926 Muni, Vishalvijayaji Bhiladiya Parsvanatha Tirtha, Bhavnagar, 1960 - Bhorol Tirihar Bhavnagar, 1954 -Car Jain Tirtho (Matar, Sojitra, Kheda and Dholka), Bhavnagar, 1956 --Ghoga Tirtha, Bhavnagar, 1958 - Kavi, Gandhar, Jhagadia, (Trana Tirtho), Bhavnagar, 1957 -Kumbharlyaji Tirtha, Bhavnagar, 1961 Muni Vishal Radhar pur Pratima Lekha-Samdoha, Vijayji (Ed.) Bhavnagar. 1960 Nawab, Sarabhai and Jain-Tirtha-Surva-Samgrah, Vol. I, Part I, Shah, A. P. (Ed) Ahmedabad, 1953 Ojha, V. G. Bhavnagar Pracina S'odha-Samgrah, Bhavnagar, 1887 Sandesara, B. J. Jain Agam Sahityamam Gujarat, Ahmedabad, 1952 For Personal & Private Use Only

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BIBLIOGRAPHY Shah, A. P. Nawab, Sarabhai, (Ed.) Shah, Purusottama B. (Ed.) Shastri, D. K. Shastri, G. J. Jain Tirtha Sarva Samgrah, Vol. I, Ahmedabad, 1953 Ramlal Cunilal Modi Lekha-Samgrah, Patan, 1953 Gujaratno Madh akalin Itihas, Parts I, II (Rev. Edition), Ahmedabad, 1953 Puratan Brahma Kstetrano Pracin Arvacin Itihas, Vadali, 1938 Shastri, H. G. Maitraka-Kalin Gujarat, Ahmedabad, 1955 Nadiyadno Itihas, Ahmedabad, 1949 Thaker, Shantilal (B) Journals, Proceedings. Commemorative Volumes etc. Rajput 399 English Annals of Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona Annual Reports of the Archaeological Department of the Baroda State, Baroda Annual Reports of the Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi, 1905-06 Annual Reports of the Mysore Archaeological Department, Mysore Bharatiya Vidya. Vol. III, Bombay, 1941-42 Centenary Review of Asiatic Society of Bengal. Calcutta Epigraphia Indica, Vol. III 1901-2; Vol. IX, 1907-08; Vol X, 1909-10; Vol. XI. 1911-12; Vol. XII, 1913-14; Vol. XVIII, 1927-28; Vol. XXVI, 1941-42; Vol. XXXIV, 1962- Vol. XXXV, 1963; Vol. XXXVII, 1965. Bombay Indian Antiquary, Bombay Epigraphia Indica, Arabic and Persian Supplement. 1961 Indian Culture, Calcutta Indian Historical Quarterly, Vol XXII, 1946; Vol. XXIII, 1947, Calcutta Journal of the American Oriental Society Journal of Ancient Indian History, Vol. II, Calcutta, 1968-69 For Personal & Private Use Only

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400 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Numismatic Suppliment. No. XLVII Journal of Bihar Orissa Research Society, Patna, Vol. III Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol XX, Bombay, 1898 Journal of the Bombay Historical Society, Bombay Journal of the Department of Letters, Calcutta Journal of Gujarat Research Society. Vol. XXV, Bombay Journal of Indian History, Calcutta Journal of Oriental Institute, Vol. X, 1973; Vol. XI, XII, 1962-63; Vol. XVII, 1968, Vol XIX, 1970; Vol. XX, 1971; Vol. XXII, 1972-73; Vol XIVIII, 1978-79; Bombay Nagpur University Journal Journal of Royal Asistic Society, Vol. XII, London Lalitakala, New Delhi New Indian Antiquary, Bombay Numismetic Chronicles Poona Orientalist, Vol., XII, Poona Proceding of the All-India Oriental Conference, Seventeenth Session, Ahmedabad, 1953 Proceedings of the International Oriental Congress. Vienna Vallabh Vidyanagar Research Bulletin, Vol, I, issue I, Vallabh Vidyanagar, 1957 Report of the Calendar Reform Committee, New Delhi, 1925 Revised List of Antiquarian Remains in the Bombay Presidency, Vikrama Volume, Ujjain, 1948 Visvesvaranand Indological Journal Hindi Nagari Pracarini Patrika, Banaras Kishor Vikramanka, Part VI Vikrama Smrti Granth, Gwalior. 1945 Gurarati Buddhi Prakash, Vol. 97, 1950; Vol. 103, 1956; Vol. 105, 1958; Vol. 107, 1960; Vol. 108, 1961, Ahmedabad For Personal & Private Use Only

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BIBLIOGRAPHY 401 Forbes Gujarati Sabha Traimasjka, Vol. IV, 1939, Bombay Jain Satya Prakash, Vol. IX, year 8, 1942-43, Ahmedabad Pathik, Year 9, Issue 19, Sept., 1970, Ahmedabad Puratattva, Ahmedabad Sri Mahavira Jain Vidyalaya, Suvarna Mahotsava Smarak Grantb, Bombay, 1968 Vasanta Rajat Mahotsav Smarak Granth, Ahmedabad, 1927 Vidyapitha Dvaimasik, Vol. XVII, 1979, Ahmedabad Svadhyay, Vol. I, 1964; III, 1965; VI, 1969; VIII, 1971; X. 1973; XI, 1974; XIV, 1976; XV, 1977-78; XVI, 1978; XVII, 1979; XIX, 1982; XV, 1983, Baroda Sambodhi, Vol. III, 1974-75, Abmedabad Samipya, Vol. I, Ahmedabad, 1984 For Personal & Private Use Only

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ERRATA Page Line Incorrect 44 years...yea... Svinkranti Correct year...year... Samkranti 48 56 60 64 74 4 7 13 23 4 23-25 emposed which fact begain 79 yarts its origin to the Deccan... moyes expried 80 1 103 24 1118 128 19 128 9 180 16 197 Phalguua A. C. 1669 1357 165 composed which in fact... began parts Its orgin to the influence of Kalacuri months of the Maitraka period modes expired Phalguna A. C. 1269 1327 163 V. 1214 does not 17..11 183...182 6...11..17 Delete V. 1914 200 203 11, 13 24, 25 29, 30 3 204 does note 16..10 182...181 5...10..16 but that... Rajasthan A. C, 1926 1233 A. C. 1243 1159 206 18 208 Last A. C. 1296 1243 1245 1158 6 209 210 15 For Personal & Private Use Only

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APPENDIX II 403 Page Line Incorrect Correct 219 5 1129 1199 220 26 ephed ended 225 14 1299 1311 236 2 V. 1261 V 1281 238 14 1227 1237 251 27 V. 1328 V. 1329 254 7, 11. V. 1232 V. 1231 265 12 276 275 287 5, 6 323... 331, 333, 335 324... 331, 335 298 19V . 1269 V. 1289 310 21, 23 367...and 367-...3329 V. 1322 V. 1323 Wherever 'su.' is printed, should be read as 'su.' For Personal & Private Use Only

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Regarding this book The learned author of the present work has done immense service to the students of Indian history and culture by preparing a handy volume on chronological systems in Gujarat. She has spared no pains in arranging the inscriptions and other records under various categories and highlighting their importance. The entire work has been planned in a scientific sequence. Details about certain records are not easily available to non-Gujarati scholars. These have been incorporated in the present study. - Prof. K. D. Bajpai lacuri saMva GUPTA SAU rasAvalabhI sa sin sAgarA SIMHA SAU esAvikrama SAKA SAN kalacuri saMta hmTm The research scholar undertook a Herculean task in investigating into the chronological systems discerned in the numerous known dates of the Vikrama Era used in the different parts of the rcgion during the Solanki Period and pointed out the gradual predilection for Kartrikadi years and Amanta months adopted the ein course of time. The author has also discussed the different systems used in the citation of samvatsaras and intercalary months.... The author has not only incorporated revised theories in the body of the text, but also appended study of the dates that came to light subsequently... The work will serve as a valuable reference book on the subject. -Dr. H. G. Shastri Torell valabhI saMvata HIRISAN siMha saMvat DIKRAMA For Personal & Private Use Only