Chronological Systems of Gujarat

Author(s): Bharati K Shelat
Publisher: Pranav Shelat
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/006798/1

Page #1

कसंवत् ŚARA SAMAशकसंवत् ऽARA SAMAश SAMVAT कलचुरिसंवत् KALACUASAMVAT कलचुनि संवत् दUPTA SAMVAT गुप्त संवत् QUPTA SAMVAT गु माँ SAMVATवलभी संवत् पUABHI SAMVAIवलमा संव सन् सामRISAN हिजरीसन् सामRISAN हिजरी संवत् डालसA SAMVAT सिंह संवत EMA SAMVAT विकस
संवत् उं
CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT DR. BHARATI K. SHELAT
VG HIJR जालमA SAMVAIसिंह
सवतKRAMA SAMRATविक्रम ATA SAMVAT शक संवत् SARA SAMVAT शक. PISAMRAT कलचुरिसंवत् KAURCURISAMVा कल संवत् दUPTA SAMVAT गुप्त संवत् दUTA SAMVAT SAMVAT वलभी संवत् पABHA SAMRATवलमी संवत् HLORISAN हिजरीसन् सामRISAN हिजरीसन् सागरांड VAT सिंह संवत् डालसA SAMVAT सिंह संवत् डालस 5 क्रमसंवत् AKRAMA SAMVाविक्रम संवत् पारRAMA
Jandication internationa

Page #2

THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
OF
GUJARAT (FROM EARLY TIMES UPTO 1304 A.D.)
Prof. BHARATI KIRTIKUMAR SHELAT
M.A., Ph.D., M A . (U.S.A,)
PRANAV SHELAT Paldi, Ahmedabad-380 007

Page #3

Published by Pranav K. Sholat C/6, Sabar Flats, Narayaonagar Road, Paldi, Ahmedadad-380 007 Gujarat, India
© Pranav K. Shelat
First edition : 1987
Price : Rs. 80-00
“The publication of this book was financially supported by the Indian Council of Historical Research, and the responsibility for the facts stated, opinions expressed or conclusions reached, is entirely that of the author and the Indian Council of Historical Research accepts no responsibility for them.”
Printed by Narendra D. Patel Umiya Printery, Naranpura Village, Abmedabad-380 013 Phone : 461627

Page #4

PRELUDE
The present region of Gujarat has preserved sumptuous dated material in the form of inscriptions coins and manuscripts. This material furnishes a valuable source evidence for the political and cultural history. Some of the records throw interesting light on various facets of the history of the country.
From the time of the Mauryas to the Solanki Period, a large number of dated inscriptions and coins are known in Gujarat. Thanks to the efforts of several distinguished scholars, these have been deciphered and published. As regards the dated manuscripts, not all have seen light of the day. A large number of them are preserved in museums, temples and public & private collections. It will take sufficient time to salvage some of these valuable documents.
In this country the idea of genealogy and chronology goes back to hoary antiquity. There are references in the Rgveda and other Vedic texts indicating that the idea of days, lunar months and the luni-solar year was known to the Vedic Aryans. The mathematical accounts in the Vedic literature contain useful material in this regard.
The knowledge of chronological recording developed in course of time. It became more precise in nature with the advancement in other branches of learning, such as geography and astronomy and in multifarious human activities.
From the Mauryan period to the Medieval times, the documentary history of Gujarat is available in an authentic form. During this long period, Gujarat (including Suråștra) witnessed various political ups and downs. In spite of it, the cultural development was not adversely affected in this region. Gujarat played a significant role in the economic stability of the country through the media

Page #5

of various industries, trade and commerce, both internal and external. This is eloquently proved by the archaeological and literary evidence and is also supported by the foreign accounts.
iv
The chronological systems adopted during different periods are a pointer to the fact that the rulers of Gujarat and the businesscommunity were alive to the changing situations and needs. It was, therefore, in the fitness of things that appropriate eras of reckoning were adopted by them from time to time. This adoptation was necessary on account of the existing political and cultural reasons.
The learned author of the present work has done immense service to the students of Indian history and culture by preparing a handy volume on the chronological systems in Gujarat. She has spared no pains in arranging the inscriptions and other records under various categories and highlighting their importance. The entire work has been planned in a scientific sequence. Details about certain records are not easily available to non-Gujarati scholars. These have also been incorporated in the present study.
I have no doubt that this work of Dr. Bharati K. Shelat will be widely appreciated and will serve its purpose adequately.
Sagar
15 December, 1986

K. D. BAJPAI
Retd. Tagore Professor and Head of the Department of Ancient Indian History, Culture and Archaeology, University of Sagar

Page #6

FOREWORD
Chronology is the backbone of history, dating not only events of political importance but also those of literary and cultural significance. The day, the month and the year marked the earliest natural units for measuring time. The adjustment of the system of lunar months to that of the solar year through the intercalation of the thirteenth month at certain intervals as early as the Vedic age indicates an early advancement in chronological calculations in India. But the system of dating outstanding events in regnal years of individual kings marred a continuous serial dating in centuries and millenia of years in the long span of Indian history. In course of time the problem was solved through the introduction of continued eras commemorating certain events of historical or cultural import. Indian chronology deals with a number of eras that came into vogue in different regions during different periods along with the variant systems of the commencement of their years and the completion of their mooths. The subject requires to be studied more and more intensively regionwise and periodwise.
Kumari Bharati K. Thaker (now Smt. Bharati K. Shelat) undertook to make an intensive study of the different chronological systems used in Gujarat during the successive periods in its ancient history, when she got herself registered as a Ph. D. student under my guidance in 1963. She spared no pains collecting all available dates from the epigraphic and literary sources, and in studying the different chronological systems discerned in them.
The outstanding results of her research may be summed up as follows:
The earliest era used in Gujarat was the Saka Era, which was in vogue here for about three centuries since its inception. The introduction of the so-called Kalacuri Era into South Gujarat during the Gupta Period popularised the system of Kārttikādi years

Page #7

in Gujarat. It led to the modification of the Gupta Era into the Valabhi Era, which remained in vogue in Gujarat for more than three centuries since the beginning of the Maitraka Period. The Post-Maitraka period marked the re-introduction of the Ŝaka Era into Gujarat from the Deccan where it had been in common use meanwhile. It popularised the system of Amanta months in Gujarat. But it was in the Solanki Period that the Vikrama Era came into common use in Gujarat and has been the regional era ever since then. Some eras like the Kalacuri, Gupta, Valabhi and Simha Eras got extinct in course of time, while the Ŝaka Era is confined to astrology and the National Calendar. It is the Vikrama Era that persisted popularly in Gujarat ever since the Solanki period, though it got introduced into this region to a small extent during the Maitraka period. The research scholar undertook a Herculean task in investigating into the chronological systems discerned in the numerous known dates of the Vikrama Era used in the different parts of the region during the Solanki period and pointed out the gradual predilection for Kārttikādi years and Amanta months adopted therein in course of time.
"
vi
The author also discussed the different systems used in the citation of Samvatsaras and intercalary months. The Kathika. Simha and Siddha-Hema-Kumāra Eras exist no more, while among the eras of foreign origin, the Hijri, Yazdagardi (Zoroastrian), Hebrew and Christian Eras remained in vogue among the followers of the respecive religious sects. In recent times the Christian Era has superceded regional eras in India. Nevertheless fasts, feasts and festivals of social and religious character are still observed according to the indigenous chronological systems that have been in vogue in the different regions since long. Let as hope this author or some other scholar undertakes to extend the subject of this research over the medieval and modern periods and link it with the present.
The author finalised the results of her research in 1968. but has not only incorporated revised theories in the body of the text but also appended study of the dates that came to light subsequently.

Page #8

vii
The Index of the given original dates along with their equivalents in the Christian Era will prove to be a valuable table for historical research pertaining to the available dates of ancient Gujarat. I congra. tulate the author Dr. Bharati K. Shelat for revising her research work persisteotly, supplementing two important Appendixes to it and making the work available to all through this publication. It will serve as a valuable reference-book on the subject.
Ahmedabad 25-1-1987
H. G. SHASTRI
Retd. Director B. J. Institute, Ahmedabad

Page #9

PREFACE
Chronology is the back-bone of history, political and cultural as well. Indian chronology is of hoary antiquity. In course of time it evolved into different systems for the calculation of days, months and years, the completion of months, the commencement of the year, the reckoning of diverse eras, the intercalations and suppressions of months and days etc. Different systems came into vogue in different parts of the country at different times. The prevalence of diverse systems in present India has a long history behind it.
The general features of ancient Indian chronology are well studied on the basis of epigraphic and literary records. A detailed study of its salient features requires a minute investigation into all available data. But the country is so spacious and its history is so extensive that the data must first be studied in groups regionally as well as chronologically. With this view I have aimed at collecting and examining all the available data supplied by the epigraphic and literary records of Gujarat. Here I have commenced with early times which coincide with the Mauryan period in the history of Gujarat and proceeded upto the end of the Solanki (or Caulukya) Period, which marks an outstanding landmark in the history of Gujarat, as it witnessed the end of Hindu rule and the establishment of Muslim rule in the region. On the whole it covers a long span of about 16 centuries (from circa 300 B.C. to 1304 A.C).
Certain systems of chronology are in vogue in Gujarat since long. While studying the dates of the early period, it is found that some of the present systems are comparatively of later origin, while some other systems that were in vogue in early times have ceased to exist in course of time. Different eras came into use in different periods. The systems of years and months, too, altered in course of time. A detailed study of the available dates collected from the epigraphic and literary records of the successive periods reveals not only an interesting history of the modifications in the chronological systems but also some landmarks for ascertaining particular systems for the dates pertaining to the respective periods.

Page #10

The study of the known key-dates yields ample information about the different eras, systems of years and months, intercalation, cycle of Jovian years, the Siddhānta followed et cetera.
The key-dates are examined variously in relation to the different modes and systems of years, systems of months and the probable Siddhānta followed. The historical account of the different systems of the successive periods reveals a gradual and ultimate transition to the common use of the Brāhma siddhānta, the Vikrama Era, the expired Kārttikādi year and the Amānta month.
But it was preceded by the successive prevalence of several other eras such as the Ŝaka Era, the Kalacuri Era, the Gupta Era and the Valabbi Era, Gujarat also witnessed the early use of the Pūrnimānta month and the Caitrādi year, the systems that exist here no more now. During the Caulukya Period it also adopted the simultaneous use of the Simha Era and the Hijri Era in limited spheres. It was during this period (942–1304 A. C.) that the Vikrama Era came into common use in this region; and it has happened to be the regional era in Gujarat ever since that period
In this study I have generally relied on dates given in the comtemporary records of the different periods, published in works, journals and collections, The sources of information are indicated either along with the dates or in the foot-notes. Necessary particulars about the sources are enumerated in the Bibliography.
I studied this subject for my research work undertaken for the Doctorate in 1963. I prepared my thesis under the guidance of Dr. Hariprasad G. Shastri at B. J. Institute of Learning and Research, Ahmedabad. I received U. G. C. scholarship for two years during the period of my research. I got the Doctorate from Gujarat University in 1969. The research work prepared at that time incorporated data published upto about 1965. A number of dates have come to light subsequently through the inscriptions and the catalogues of MSS published thereafter.
An investigation into the key-dates among them and its bearing on the results noted in the preceeding chapters have been supplemented in the form of Addenda in Appendix I.
In this publication I have omitted some technical details, such as a chronological account of the different theories suggested for

Page #11

the origin of the respective eras. I have also modified certain views in light of recently discovered facts and the revised theories based on them, as for instance, in the case of the origin of the Saka Era.
When I finalized the revised draft of my work, I realized that a chronological index of all the key-dates in the original eras along with their equivalent dates of the Christian Era would be a desideratum for ready reference by scholars working on the Ancient History and Culture of Gujarat. I have, therefore, prepared the index anew and incorporated it in Appendix II
A chart indicating the relative position of the epochs of the different eras used in Gujarat during the ancient period is also supplemented at the end of the work.
I should express sincere thanks to Dr. H. G. Shastri, for writing the Foreword of this book and also giving me active and constant guidance not only during the period of research work for the Doctorate but also during the subsequent process of giving it a revised and up-to-date form.
I also owe thanks to prof. K. D. Bajpai for going through the publication in advance and contributing his valuable prelude on it. I acknowledge my indebtedness to indian Council of Historical Research for awarding a grant-in-aid for the publication of this work.
X
I sincerely thank Dr. P. C. Parikh, the Director of B. J. Institute, Ahmedabad for giving some valuable suggestions for publication. I also thank my colleague Prof. R. T. Savalia for his active co-operation in getting the artistic bichrome illustration and the jacket of the publication.
I have great pleasure in acknowledging the responsive services of the libraries of B. J. Institute, Gujarat College, Gujarat Vidyapith and L. D. Instiute of Indology, Ahmedabad.
I hope that this publication on the Chronological Systems of Gujarat will prove to be interesting and illuminating to the students of Indian chronology, history and culture.
C/6, Sabar Flats, Narayannagar Road,
Paldi, Ahmedabad-380 007
V.S. 2043, Magha, śu. di. 4 February 2, 1987

Bharati K. Shelat Reader
B. J. Institute R. C. Road, Ahmedabad-9

Page #12

CONTENTS
Page
iii
V
Prelude Foreword Preface Contents Abbreviations
viii
xi
xiv
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTORY 1. Evolution of Chronology in Ancient India II. Sources of Investigation
18
CHAPTER II
THE MAURYAN PERIOD AND THE
INDO-GREEK PERIOD 1. The Mauryan period II. The Indo-Greek period CHAPTER III
THE PERIOD OF THE WESTERN KSATRAPAS Introduction 1. The Saka Era II. The Kathika Era
20
20
27
CHAPTER IV
THE GUPTA PERIOD Introduction 1. The Gupta Era II. The Kalacuri Era
30
S

Page #13

xii
CHAPTER V
THE MAITRAKA PERIOD
Introduction 1. The Valabhi Era II. The Kalacuri Era III. The Saka Era IV. The Vikrama Era
CHAPTER VI
THE POST-MAITRAKA PERIOD Introduction 1. The Valabbi Era II. The Gupta Era III. The Şaka Era IV. The Vikrama Era
CHAPTER VII
THE SOLANKI PERIOD Introduction 1. The Vikrama Era
Sārasvata Mandala (Dates nos. 1-137) Aştādaśasata Mandala excluding Mt. Abu region (Dates nos. 138-204)
205
CHAPTER VIII
THE SOLANKI PERIOD CONTD. North and North-East Gujarat (Dates nos. 205–253) Central Gujarat (Dates nos. 254–311) South Gujarat (Dates nos. 312–321) East Saurashtra (Dates no. 322-340) South Saurashtra (Dates nos. 341-381)
232
266
273
287

Page #14

xiii
311
313
316
323
325
330
342
345
Central Saurashtra (Dates nos. 382-383) West Saurashtra (Dates nos. 384-387) North Saurashtra (Dates nos 388-396) Kutch (Dates nos. 397–399) System of years and months-Samvatsaras
Intercalary months II. The Simha Era III. The Siddha-Hema-Kumāra Era IV. The Saka Era V. The Valabhi Era VI. The Hijri Era GENERAL SURVEY APPENDIX I-Daia Supplied by the Records published
Recently APPENDIX II-Original Dates with their Equivalents
in the Christian Era CHART BIBLIOGRAPHY
349
351
356
361
376
391
392

Page #15

ABBREVIATIONS
ABORI. AHD AHS. AIOC. AIU. APJLS. APRJLS. ARADBS.
ARWC. ASI. ASIR.
ASWI. BG. BJ.
Annals of Bhandaikar Oriental Research Institute Ancient History of the Deccan Ancient History of Saurashtra All-India Oriental Conference Age of Imperial Unity Arbudācala Prācīna Jain Lekh-Samgrah Arbudācala Pradakşiņā Jain Lekh-Samgrah Annual Reports of the Archaeological Department
of the Baroda State Archaeological Reports, Western Circle Archaeological Survey of India Annual Reports of the Archaeological Survey of
India Archaeological Survey of Western India Bombay Gazetteer Bhāratiya Jyotişa Bhāratīya Pracina Lipimālā Bhavnagar Prakrit Sanskrit Inscriptions Bhiladīyā Pārsvanāth Tirtha Bhorol Tirtha Catalogue of the Coins of the Andhra Dynasty etc. Chronology of Gujarat Coinage of the Gupta Empire Cambridge History of India Catalogue of Indian Coins in the British Museum Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Catalgoue of the Coins in the Indian Museum Catalogue of MSS in the Jain Bhandars at Patan Catalogue of Palm-leaf MSS in the Jain Bhandars,
Cambay Early History of the Deccan
BPL.
BPSI, BPT. BT.
CAD.
CG. CGE. CHI. CIC. CU. CIM. CMJBP. CPMJBC.
EHD.

Page #16

Xy
EHDY. EHI. EHIG. EHNI. EI.
EIA
GT. GVBU. HIG
IA.
IC. IE. JHQ. IIBS.
IK. TP.
JA. JAOS. JAH JASBNS.
Early History of the Deccan, Yazdani Early History of India by Smith Early History of India, Ghosh Early History of Northern India Epigraphia Indica Essays on Indian Antiquities Ghoghā Tīrtha Gujarāt Vijāpur Bșhad-Vrttānta Historical Inscriptions of Gujarat (Gujarat-nā
Aitihāsik Lekho) Indian Antiquary Indian Chronology Indian Epigraphy Indian Historical Quarterly Important Inscriptions from the Baroda State Inscriptions of Kathiawad Indian Palaeography Jourdal Asiatic Journal of American Oriental Society Journal of Ancient History Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal : Numis
matic Supplement Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal
Asiatic Society Journal of Bihar Orissa Research Society Journal of Departmental Letters, Calcutta Jain Dhātu Pratimă Lekh Saṁgrah Journal of Gujarat Research Society Journal, Indian Culture Journal of Indian History Jain Lekh-Sangrah Journal of the Numismatic Society of India Journal of the Oriental Institute Jain Pratimā Lekh-Samgrah Jain Pustak Prasasti Samgrah Journal of Royal Asiatic Society
JBBRAS.
JBORS. JDL. JDPLS. JGRS. JIC. JIH. JLS. JNSI. JOI. JPLS. JPPS. JRAS.

Page #17

xvi
JSP. JSSI. KT. Maha. MAR.
MG. NIA. NPP. PHAI. PIHC. PJLS. PLS. PO. RD. RKS. RLARBP.
Jain Satya Prakāsh Jain Sāhitya-no Samkşipta Itihas Kumbāriyājī Tīrtha Mahābhārata Annual Reports of the Mysore Archaeological
Department Maitraka-Kalin Gujarāt New Indian Antiquary Nāgari Pracāriņi Patrikā Political History of Ancient India Proceedings of Indian History Congress Prācipa Jain Lekh--Samgrah Prācīna Lekh-Samgrah Poona Orientalist The Ruins of Dabhoi or Darbhāvarī RK Samhita Revised List of Antiquarian Remains in the Bombay
Presidency Rādhanpur Pratimā Lekh-Samdoh Satapatha Brāhmaṇa Sanskrit Dvyāśraya Kävyamam Madhya-Kā]īn
Gujarat-ni Sāmåjik Sthiti Studies in the Historical and Cultural Geograyhy
and Ethnography of Gujarat Select Inscriptions Sri Prasasti Samgrah Taittiriya Brähmaņa Taittiriya Samhitā Viśveśvaranand Indological Journal
RPLS. Sata. Brā. SDKMGSS.
SHCGEG.
SI. Ŝri PS. Tai. Bra. Tai. S. VIJ

Page #18

I. INTRODUCTION
(i) Evolution of chronology in ancient India
It is known from references in the Vedic literature that Indian chronology in its primary stage has been in existence since more than 2,000 years before the Christian Era. The earliest traces of Indian chronology belong to the Vedic period. A method of distributing time into various periods such as days, fortnights, months and years, was adopted for the purposes of civil life. People had primary knowledge about days, lunar months and luni-solar years from the very beginning of the Vedic age and these divisions of time are intimately connected with the affairs of the people.
From the period of Ṛgveda people were knowing convenient parts of time - days, months and years. The months were lunar but the years were luni-solar1. Twelve lunar months, coincided into a solar year containing 365 days, formed a luni-solar year. At one place in Ṛgveda an intercalary month is mentioned2. From this it follows that an intercalary month was added to preserve the correspondence between a whole solar year and the twelve lunations. From the mention of the word väsara in Ṛksamhita3, it is certain that the term was used in the general sense of a day. A day was divided into five parts like Pratar, Sangava, Madh
1. Shivanath Zarakhandi, Bhāratīya Jyotiṣa (BJ), pp. 40, 43 2. Vedamāso dhṛtavrato dvādasa prajavataḥ vedā ya upajāyate, Rk Sa., 1,25,8
3. Rk Sa., 8,6,30

Page #19

yāhna, Aparāhna and Sāyan. References to nakşatras are also found in Ķgveda". Seers also had knowledge of eclipses. There is a reference to a solar eclipse at one place in Rksamhitã6.
In some of the Samhitās there are further references to intercalations and nakșatrass. The earliest mention of the word stu is seen in the Taittiriya Samhitão. The names of the months are seen at one placelo. The two systems of Pūrạimānta months (months ending with Pūrņimā) and Amānta months, (months ending with Amāyāsyā), were in existence during this time'l. Twelve months are expressed in their old names12. References to the solstices are found for the first time in these Samhitās13. The solar day, the solar year and the lunar month were put into use, but week-days still did not enter into practical use during this period. During the whole Vedic period the year commenced with the Madhu month of the Spring season!4.
In the Brahman literature, we come across more and more astronomical terms, which help us to understand detailed chronology. For the first time there is a mention of the two fortnights of the month, Pūrva 4. Taittirīya Brāhmana, 1, 5, 3 5. Řk. Sa., 10,85,2; Ķk Sa., 10, 85, 13 6. RK Sa., 5,40 7. Tai. Sa., 4,4,11; 114,14; Vājasaney? Sa., 7, 30; 22, 30, 31 8. Tai. Sa., 4,4,10; Atharva Samhita, 19, 7 9. Tai. Sa., 6,5,3. 10. Tai. Sa., 7, 4, 8 11. Tai. Sa., 1,6,7; 7,5,6,1 12. Ibid., 4,4,11; Vājasaneyi Sa., 7,30;22,31 13. Tai, Sa., 6,5,3 14. Shivanatha Zarkhandi : Bharatiya Jyotişa, p. 92

Page #20

and Apara"5. From the context the Pūrva (former) seems to denote the bright fortnight, while the Apara (later) seems to stand for the dark fortnight. The word tithi is mentioned with reference to the rising and setting of the Moon16. Pūrnimā and Amāvāsyā were called the parvans17. Divisions of the day are given in some of the Brāhmanas18. Muhūrtas are also mentioned in Taittiriya Brāhmana''. The further divisions of the muhārtas into pratimuhūrtas were also determined20.
During the time of Vedānga Jyotișa, the calendar followed the mean system21. The months were lunar and they contained thirty days each. A month was generaliy divided into thirty parts and one part was called a tithi22
Necessarily an intercalary month was added as a result of the luni-solar year. The names of the twentyseven nakșatras were popular at that time23. The words samvatsara, varșa and abda were used in the sense of the year24. For the computation of seasons solar months also were involved25. Months were generally
15. Taittiriya Brāhmana, 2,2,3,1; 3,10,4,1 16. Shivanath Zarkhandi, Bhāratīya Jyotişa, p. 60 17. Ibid., p. 63. 18. Tai. Brā., 3,12,9,1; Satapatha Brā., 2,4,2,8 19. Tai. Brä., 3,10,9; 3,10,1; 3,10,1,1,2; 3,10,1,2; 3,10,1,3 20. Ibid., 3,10,9,9; 3,10,1,4 21. Gorakhanath, Bhāratīya Jyotişakā Itihās, p. 43 22. To adjust the phase of the Moon, a tithi was occasionally
dropped. 23. Sata. Brā., 2,1,2,11; Tai. Brä., 1,5,1 24. BJ..., p. 137 25. Ibid., p. 138

Page #21

Amānta26. With a reference to the solar and lunar months, the intercalations were introduced. The inferences to the Karanas are seen for the first time in Vedānga Jyotişa27. In the Atharva Jyotișa there oocur references to the seven planets28 in the order in which they are associated with the week-days at present. This enumeration and sequence may imply that they are here: in fact mentioned in relation to week-days29 but they are here associated with the karaņas of day-timeo.
Kalpasūtra works contain several references to chronology. The names of the twelve months are given according to the old system31. At one place in Asvalāyana Śrautasūtra there is a reference to seasons32. The seasons commenced with the Spring. The word tithi is not mentioned anywhere, but there occurs mention of certain particular tithis33. Some detailed information of nak satras is gathered from the references to the different naksatras34
In Paraskarasūtra, we get some information about the nakșatras35, but the Pāraskarasūtra, as well as the Āśvalāyanasūtra, contains no reference to intercalations, 26. Ibid., p. 139 27. Ātharvaņa-Jyotişam, 3,7,12 28. Atharvana-Jyotişam, 3,8,1 29. BJ., p. 141 30. Poona Orientalist, XII: 1 to 4, pp. 64 ff. 31. Āś. Srautasūtra, 4,12 32. Ibid., 4, 12 33. Āś. Gșhyasūtra, 2,3,1; 2,4,1; 3,5 34. Āś. Srautasūtra, 2,1; Āś. Gịhyasūtra, 2,10,3; 1,4; 1; 1,14, 35. Pāraskarasūtra, 2, 16

Page #22

tithis, week-days, yogas and karaņas. In one of the Sūtras36, the names of the Rāśis are also given.
Further in the third Vedānga, Nirukta, the divisional terms of time such as muhūrtas and ksanas are introduced37. Nirukta contains references to days, nights, fortnights, solstices etc38
As for references given in Pāṇini's Grammar, the word samvatsara in the sense of a year mentioned in the Vedic literature is also seen here in the same sense39. The names of the months are given as Caitrādi40. At one place the word muhūrta is givenol. Though there is not a single reference to tithi, it does not necessarily follow that this word in its original sense was not familiar at that time. Some names of the nakşatras have been found in the grammar of Pāṇini42.
In the Smộti literature occur a number of astronomical terms. In the Yājñavalkya Smộti, nine planets are enumerated43. The sequence of the first seven of them corresponds to that of the week-days. But from this sequence it is difficult to ascertain whether the planets are, here, represented in association with the karaņas of earlier times or the corresponding week-days of later times.
In the passage pertaining to Śrāddhakāla, given in 36. Minameşayor meşavřsabhayor vasantaḥ'.. Bodhāyanasūtra;
BI., p. 144 37. Nirukta, 2,25 38. Ibid., 14,9 39. Pāṇini's Grammar, 5,1,88; 7,3,16 -40. Ibid., 4,2,21 4 1. Ibid. 3,3,9 42. Ibid., 3,1,116; 1,2,61; 1,2,62 -43. Yājžavalkya Smộti, Ācārādhyāya, Verse No. 296

Page #23

6
the Yajnavalkya Smrti, there occurs the word Vṛddhi, but it cannot be ascertained whether the word here: denotes the particular yoga of that name." Nakṣatras muhurtas and tithis have also been mentioned45. Thus in the Smrti literature we come across many astronomical terms.
In the Mahabharata references to technical terms: of chronology are found to a large extent. The references indicate that the people of those times were aware of nakṣatras,46 seasons.47 solstices, lunar as well as solar months and tithis. The months were both Pūrṇimanta and Amanta.48 The days were divided into kāṣṭhās, kalās, muhurtas, lavas and kṣaṇas.49 Sometimes names of nakṣatras 50 are found. At one place the word Vāra occurs, but it is here used in the general sense of a day (not in the sense of a week-day51). Yogas, Karanas and Rasis are not mentioned at any place in the Mahabharata52. Descriptions of solar and lunar eclipses are found at many places.
Among the sources mentioned above, the Vedānga Jyotiṣa alone was a regular treatise on Jyotișa, all the other sources containing only incidental references to terms and topics of Jyotișa. To these references may be added references to early astronomers that flourished prior to the period of scientific Jyotișa in India.
44. BJ, p. 151 45. Yajnavalkya Smrti, 1, 180 46. Mahābhārata, Adiparvan, Adhyāya 71,34, 44,2
47. Ibid., 83, 7; 189,16.
48. Ibid., 84,96
49. Ibid., 160,7
50. Ibid., 49, 28, 21, 48
51. Ibid., 160,7
52. BJ, p. 161

Page #24

7
Vrddha Garga is the earliest among them53. In the Mahabharata (in its present form) he had already come to be regarded as the oldest astronomer54. He is dated earlier than Lagadha, the author of Yājūṣa Jyotiṣa55. Then come Garga and Parāśara56. In the absence of their works (which are now extinct), it is not possible to get any concrete idea of their contribution to Jyotiṣa.
Among the extant works on Jyotiṣa, the Aryabhatrya comes next to the Vedanga Jyotisșa. But from the Pañcasiddhantikā by Varāhamihira who was a junior contemporary of Aryabhata I, we learn that five different systems (Siddhantas) were already prevalent before his time. These Siddhantas treated by Varāhamihira are as follows: Paulisa, Romaka, Vāsiṣṭha, Saura and Paitāmaha.57
The scientific Indian astronomy is said to commence with Aryabhata I, whose work is known as Aryabhaṭiya. The work is dated S.E. 421 (499 A.C.). It represents a
53. P.C. Sengupta, "Hindu Astronomy", Cultural Heritage of India, Vol. III, p. 348
54. His name is found in Mahabharata at two places. Mbh., IX. 37, 14-17; XII. 59, 111
55. Cultural Heritage of India, Vol. III, p. 348
56. Names of some other astronomers occur in Bhattotpala's commentary on Bṛhatsamhita, but their periods cannot be fixed definitely.
57. Varāhamihira treats the Surya Siddhanta in detail and other Siddhantas in brief. The extant works on the five Siddhantas that are distinct from the old Siddhantas treated by Varahamihira are of later origin comparatively.

Page #25

scientific treatment of the subject, embellished by some original contribution of the author.5.
After Aryabhata I came Varāhmihira who flourished in about S.E.427 (505 A.C.). He has contributed several works to Jyotişa-Pañcasiddhāntikā, Vivāhapaļala, Byhajjātaka, Laghujātaka, Yātrā and Brhatsaṁhitā59. The contents of his Pañcasiddhāntikā are already given above. The other works are rather of astronomical character, and contain no data pertaining to chronology.
Then appear Śrişeņa and Vişnucandra6o, who were predecessors of Brahmagupta61 (550 $.E. = 628 A.C.). Their works are not available to-day.
The next astronomer is Brahmagupta. He wrote his Brāhmasphūța Siddhānta in Ś.E. 550 (628 A.C.) and Khandakhādyaka in S.E. 58762 (665 A.C.). The former work is also known as Brahmasiddhānta. Therein he seems to have improved upon Āryabhatiya. In Khandakhādyaka he has treated several topics of chronology63. Both his works were translated into Arabic64. His methods etc. have been accepted by all the subsequent famous astronomers like Bhāskarācārya65 (1150 A.C.) 58. P.C. Sengupta, "Hindu Astronomy", Cultural Heritage of India,
Vol. III, pp. 361ff. 59. BJ, p. 296 60. Srişeņa and Višņucandra flourished between 427 S.E. (505 A.C.)
and 550 $.E. (628 A.C.) (BJ, p. 299) 61. Brahmagupta's date is 550 S.E. (BJ., pp. 299-300) 62. BJ, pp. 300 f. 63. Ibid., pp. 307 ff... 64. Alberuni translated the works of Brahmagupta into Arabic
(BJ, p. 301) 65. Cultural Heritage of India, Vol. III, p. 372

Page #26

as also by the new redactions of the Siddhāntas (modern) which are held as revelations.
Lalla comes after Brahmagupta. There are different views about his date. Dr. Kern and Janardan Balaji Modak put him in S.E. 420 (498 A.C.) and Sudhakar Dvivedi holds that he lived in S.E. 421 (499 A.C.), while Sh. B. Dixit dates him round about S.E. 560 (638 A.C,)66. His famous work on Jyotişa is Dhīv;ddhidatantra. He wrote a muhūrtagrantha named Ratnakośa. Padmanābha, mentioned by Bhāskarācārya, is put by Colebrooke67 earlier than Śrīdhara dated not later than S.E.775 (853 A.C.) i.e. earlier than Ś.E. 775 (853 A.C.). Śrīdhara (not later than 853 A.C.) wrote a book on Pāțigaạita, which is named Trisatikā68.
Then appears Mahāvīra, the author of Sārasangraha. He is dated about Ś.E. 775 (853 A.C.). Then comes Balabhadra69 (S.E. 800=878 A.C.). Vitteśvara wrote his work Karanasāra in S.E. 82170 (899 A.C.). He was followed by Muñjāla? (S.E. 854 = 932 A.C.). His work 66. BJ, pp. 314 ff.
P.C. Senagupta, however, dates Lalla S. E. 670. Gorakha Prasad favours this view (Gorakha Prasad, Bhāratīya Jyotişakā
Itihasa, p. 180). 67. Ibid., p. 316 68. Ibid., p. 316 69. According to Alberuni, Balabhadra wrote each book on Ganita,
Samhitā and Jātaka and made commentaries on Khandakhādya
and Brhajjātaka (BJ, p. 318). 70. Op. cit., p. 318 71. Colebooke determined the dates of some astronomers according
to the astronomy of Ujjain. He wrote about Muñjāla's date of S.E. 854 (932A.C.) (Colebrookés Essays, p. 461., BJ, p. 319).

Page #27

10
Laghumānasa remained popular even as late as 1500 Ś.E.(A.C. 1578).
Aryabhața II, the author of Laghu Āryasiddhānta, is dated circa S.E. 87572 (953 A.C.).
Next comes Caturveda Pṛthūdakaswamin.73 Then Bhaṭṭotpala (circa 889 S.E.-967A.C.) wrote commentaries on the works of Varāhamihira, such as Yātrā, Bṛhajjātaka, Laghujātaka and Bṛhatsamhita. Karaṇatilaka was written by Vijayanandi in S.E. 888 (966 A.C.). Then Bhanubhaṭṭa Bhānarju (circa S.E. 900 = 978 A.C.) wrote a work entitled Rasayaṇatantra75.
Śrīpati lived in circa Ś.E. 961 (1039 A.C.). He wrote two Jātakagranthas named Siddhantasekhara and Dhikotidakarana, one Muhurtagrantha Ratnamālā and a Jātakagrantha Jātakapaddhati. In his work Dhikotidakaraṇa he discussed the topics of solar and lunar eclipses". Varuna (circa S.E. 962 = 1040 A.C.) wrote a commentary on Khaṇḍakhādya of Brahmagupta. Rājamrgānka has been written by Bhojarāja in S.E. 964(1042 A.C.). Karaṇakamalamārtaṇḍa is a Karaṇagrantha written by Daśabala (Ś.E. 980 = 1058 A.C.). This work 72. BJ., pp. 321 f.
73. Bhaskaracarya mentioned him at many places. From the reference of his name in the commentary on Khandakhadya by Varuna, he seems to have flourished sometime before S.E. 962 (1040 A.C.) (BJ, p. 325).
74. BJ., p. 327
75. Ibid., p. 329
76. According to Sudhakara Dvivedi he also wrote two Muhurtagranthas, named Ratnavali and Ratnasara (BJ, p. 330).
77. Though this work is not famous for the present there are two chapters on solar and lunar eclipses (BJ, p. 330).

Page #28

contains chapters on solar and lunar eclipses, tithiếuddhis etc. Karanaprakāśa was written by Brahmadeva on the basis of the work of Aryabhața I, in S.E. 1014 (1092 A.C). In this work he devotes a chapter to eclipses78.
Satānanda wrote a Karanagrantha Bhāsvatikaraña in S.E. 1021 (1099 A.C.). He wrote this work on the basis of Sūrya Siddhānta by Varāhamihira79. In one of Adhikāras he deals with eclipses 80. Maheśvara contributed his works round about S.E. 1030-40 (A.C. 1108-1118). From the reference of an inscription of his greatgrandson Anantadeva, it follows that he wrote a Karanagrantha Sekhara, a commentary on Laghujātaka and a Muhūrtagrantha Vịttaśatal. Someśvara III wrote Abhilasitārthacintāmaņi in which some topics of Jyotişa have been discussed82.
Then comes Bhāskarācārya, a great astronomer of India. Two works on mathematical Jyotişa viz. Siddhāntaśiromani and Karaṇakutūhala were written by him83. This Siddhāntaśiromani is dated Ś.E. 1072 (1150 A.C.). His Karaṇakutūhala includes Adhikāras on solar and lunar eclipses84. He is also known to have written a work named Bhāskaravivāhapațula85. 78. BJ., 336 79. Ibid, p. 338 80. Ibid., p. 339 81-82. Ibid. p. 341 83. Ibid., p. 342 84. Ibid., p. 349 85. Ibid., p. 351
Madhava, a commentator of Ratnamälä and other authors refer to a Muhurtagrantha- entitled Bhäskaravyavahāra. The title of the work implies that it might have been written by Bhāskarācārya (Ibid., p. 351).

Page #29

12 Vāvilālakoccannā (Ś.E. 1220 = 1298 A C.) of the Tailangana region wrote a karaṇagrantha86. Lastly, Keśava, a famous astronomer, composed Vivāhavındāvana, on which Gaṇeśadaivajña, wrote a commentary. According to Gaņeśadaivajña, Keśava also wrote Karanakanthirava. He is dated circa Ś.E. 116587 (1243 A.C.).
A number of other works were contributed to Jyotişa by several later authors like Keśava 1188 (S.E. 1418 = 1496 A.C.) and Ganesadaivajña89 (Ś.E. 1442 = 1520 A.C.), but their period falls subsequent to the lower limit of the period of our subject.
(ii) Sources of investigation into the chronological systems in ancient Gujarat
Among the sources of information about the chronological systems in ancient Gujarat, we find no regular work on Jyotişa, containing the terms and topics of chronology". All the other sources contain only incidental references to the chronological systems. So it is essential to collect and examine the data from incidental references in inscriptions and literature.
The epigraphic records bearing dates consist of stone inscriptions, copper-plate inscriptions, image 86. Ibid., p. 351
87. Ibid., p. 352 88. Ibid., p. 357
89. Ibid., p. 360 90. Varāhamihira, the author of Pañcasiddhāntikā was the inhabitant
Ujjain and Brahmagupta, a famous astronomer and the writer of Khandakhädya, lived in Bhillamāla (Bhinmal). Both these places though intimately connected with Gujarat lay outside the region of Gujarat in the modern sense of the term. Hence their works are not here regarded as pertaining to Gujarat.

Page #30

13
inscriptions, earthenware inscriptions" and coin legends92. They record dates about various events such as the construction of temples, forts, step-wells etc., victories of kings, glorification of patrons and donors, grants of land, installation of images, endowments of amounts, utensils etc., and issue of coins. The early epigraphs93 of Gujarat date as back as the Mauryan period,94 but they are dated simply in years which are found to be regnal years of the respective rulers. The subsequent dates in inscriptions are generally given in years of certain continuous eras. Though the names of the different eras are not specified in the records, they have been identifiable on the basis of comparative chronology95. Many of the later records specify the eras by their particular names. A few dates are expressed in terms of corresponding years of several eras. Many of the dates consist of years, months, fortnights and lunar days. The inclusion of the week-day in some of the records dated since the 8 th century, supplies a very helpful factor for determining the system of the commencement of the year as well as the completion of the lunar month. Some dates also contain references to seasons, parvans, 91. Vala Earthernware inscription of Guhasena dated (Valabhi) year
247 (565-66 A.C.) (IA Vol. XIV, p.75) 92. The coins of only certain early dynasties bear dates, while those
of the later dynasties are rare and undated. 93. The legends on the Harappan seals found in Gujarat are here
excluded, as the legends have not been still deciphered and as
the seals are assigned to proto-historic times. 94. The earliest epigraphic records of the historical period in Gujarat
belong to the reign of the Mauryan king Aśoka (cir.B.C. 273-232). 95. These dates commenced from the 2nd cent. A.C.

Page #31

intercalations, eclipses, samkrāntis and sometimes even muhārtas. These particulars supply various data about the chronological systems of the respective periods.
Comparatively dates begin to appear in literary records at a very later stage. These dates are generally found to be of three types : (1) dates of earlier events96 recorded in later works, (2) dates of the composition of the particular works, (3) dates of the copying of: manuscripts.
The known dates of the composition commence from the beginning of the 7th cent. A.C.97, while those of the copying appear from the end of the 11th cent. A.C.98. The earlier events recorded in the old literary works of Gujarat are found dated since the 1st cent. A.C99. 96. Some of these dates belong to events of the near past, while
some other dates refer to the events of the remote past. 97. Vide the date of S.E. 531 (609 A.C.) given in the palm-leaf
Ms. of Viseșāvas’yakabhașya by Jinabhadragani Kşamas'ramaņa
(B.J. Sändesara, Jain Agama Sāhityāmān Gujarāt. p. 75). 98. One of the earliest known extant manuscripts copied in Gujarat
seems to be that of Yogadrstisamuccaya copied at Anahilapāțaka in V.S. 1140 = 1083-84 A.C. (Jain Pustaka prasasti Sangraha.
P.I. p. 99). 99. The Harivansapurāņa (A.C. 783) by Jinasenasuri and the Mari
aviracariya (A.C. 1084) by Nemicandrācārya date the (reign of) Saka king 605 years after the death of Mahāvira, i.e. in A.C. 78.
In his Vicāraśreņi (circa A.C. 1310) Merutungasūri dates the commencement of the Vikrama era counted from that of Vikrama's reign 470 years after the commencement of the Vira era counted from Vira's death, i.e. in 57 B.C.
The date of the composition of this work falls slightly later than the lower limit of our period.

Page #32

15
*The data of the dates multiply profusely in the literary records of the Caulukya period (942-1304 A.C.).
Like the epigraphic records, the literary records also date events either in years only or in terms of years, months, fortnights and lunar days, which are sometimes also supplemented by week-days. These dates sometimes also contain references to intercalations, nakșatras, yogas, lagnas, muhūrtas etc.
The collection and critical study of the different particulars of the dates given in the old epigraphic and literary records of Gujarat throw light on the use of the different eras, different systems of the commencement of the year (such as Kārttikādi, Caitrādi and Aşādhādi), those of the completion of the month (Porņisānta and Amānta), those of the intercalation of the month (mean and true), the use of the different Siddhāntas etc.

Page #33

II. THE MAURYAN PERIOD
The Mauryan Period
The earliest period of documented history of Gujarat is the period of the Mauryan Rule. The Mauryan king Asoka (cir. B.C. 273-232) has left several epigraphic records in the different parts of the country. A version of the fourteen rock edicts is incised on a rock, lying on the way from Junagadh to Mt. Girnar.
The inscriptions of Asoka date certain events in the years counted from his coronation, i.e. in his regnal years'. Hence it follows that no regular and continuous era was used in the Mauryan records at least upto the reign of Asoka. But from the reading 'Muriya, kāla' in the Hathigumpha inscription of King Khāravela, of Orissa, Bhagawanlal Indrajiand Sten Konow4 established that the inscription virtually contains a reference to the Mauryan era”. This era was presu1. The years given in his fourteen rock edicts range from year 8 to
year 13 (D.C. Sircar, Select Inscriptions, Book I, Nos. 18, 13,
8.9,10-Rock edicts Nos. XIII, VIII, III, IV, V). 2. R.B. Pandey, Indian Palaeography, pp. 183 ff. 3. B.M. Barua, Old Brahmi Inscriptions in the Udayagiri Khandagiri
Caves, p. 4 4. ASI. AR, 1905-06, p. 166 5. Prinsep reads (-) riya; Cunningham (--]ya. Indraji and Sten
konow 'Muriya'. Jayaswal and Benarji also offer the reading Muriya. (B.M. Barua, Op. cit., p. 27). Smith also accepts the reading proposed by Bhagawanlal Indraji (EHI, 2nd ed., p. 187, f.n. 1), Jayaswal further assertained the existence of the Mauryan era (JBORS., Vol. III. p. 450).

Page #34

THE MAURYAN AND INDO-GREEK PERIODS
17
mably taken as founded by Candragupta Maurya (cir. 321–297 B. C.), the founder of the Mauryan dynasty in circa 321 B. C.
This view was criticised by Fleet who maintained that there was no reference to any era in this inscription. Luders followed Fleet and rejected the reading proposed by Indraji and Sten Konow. Muni Jinavijayaji? also accepted the reading Muriya-kāle. Barua8 read and interpreted the phrase in a different way. D. C. Sircaro also gives a different reading like Fleet. Both contended that there seems to be no reference to any Mauryan era or Maurya Kāla. Jf Candragupta Maurya founded an era of his dynasty, it is inexplicable why Aśoka Cated the events in his edicts in his regnal years instead cf the years of the Mauryan era. Moreover, no other instance of the epigraphical or literary use of the Maurya'n era is found. Under these circumstances there is no justification for holding the view that the Mauryans founded an era which was used after them.10
As remarked above the people of the Mauryan period seem to have dated events in regnal years of the Mauryan kings. The dates in the epigraphic records 6. El., Vol. X, p. 161 7. Muni Jinavijayaji, Prācin Jain Lekh Samgrah , p. 37 8. Barua formerly read (ved ulriya-nila in place of Muriya-Kāla.
(B. M. Barua, Old Brāhmi Inscriptions in Udayagiri and Khåndagiri Caves, p. 26), but later on corrected it into [ma]khiya kala
(Indian Historical Quarterly, Vol. XIV, p. 469, f.n. 136). 9. D. C. Sircar reads muskhi)ya-Kala (D. C. Sircar, Select Inscrip
jions, Vol. I, p. 210) 10. R. B. Pandey, Indian Palaeography, p. 187

Page #35

13
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
of this period are given only in years and contained no particulars about months, days etc. On this account we have no data for determining the systems of the commencement of the year and the completion of the month. The Indo-Greek Period
The next epigraphic records in Gujarat belong to the Indo-Greek period. The Periplus records that coins issued by Menander" (cir. 155–130 B. C.) and Apollodotus Il" (cir. 95–80 B. C.) were in circulation for centuries, in Barygaza which was known to be a trading centre.13 Their coins are found off and on. They bear legends but contain no dates. :: On the other hand some casket inscriptions of the time of King Menander, found at Shinkot in Bajaur territary in the North-West Frontier Province are dated.14 The dates of the inscriptions contain years, months and lunar days. The year used in these inscriptions is regnal. The months used here are purely Indian15 and not Macedonian or Greek ones, some of 11. A. K. Narain, The Indo Greeks, p. 181 12. Ibid., p. 181 13. The view that the coins of Menander and Apollodotus were
found to be in circulation at Barygaza was disproved by A. K. Narain, who suggested that these coins come from some outside area, probably from where the warlike nation of the Bactrians ruled, or it may be that the author of the Periplus had seen the coins of a certain Appollodotus and Menander, and noticed Similar coins in Barygaza not necessarily of their owo minting
(A. K. Narain, The Indo-Greeks, p. 68). 14. D. C. Sircar, Select Inscriptions, pp. 102 ff. 15. Kārttika and Vaišākha

Page #36

THI MAURYAN AND INDO-GREEK PERIODS
19
vhich are used in the inscriptions issued under the reigns of the Sakas and the Kuśāņas.16
As the lunar days are counted in a serial number even beyond the number fifteen, the months were probably solar. The years used in the inscriptions of the time of Menander cannot be assigned to the Seleucidian era'7 founded by Seleucus in. 312 B. C. or to the Buddha Nirvana Era which was counted from 483 B. C.18, even if the figures representing hundreds are dropped."9
As the dates of these inscriptions contain no other particulars, it is not possible to determine the systems of the years and the months. 16. R. B. Pandey, Indian Palaeography, pp. 192 f. 17. The first continuous ruoning era which came into general
circulation is that introduced to commemorate the foundation of Seleucus's dynasty. The initial point of the Seleucidian era has been fixed by Fynes Clinton to the 1st of October, 312 B.C. According to Ulugh Beg, this era started from 3rd October, 312 B. C. This era dates from the defeat of Nikanor, general of Aptigonus, by Seleucus who became the master of Babylon
(A. Cunningham, A Book of Indian Eras, p. 38). 18. According to Theravåda Buddhism, the Buddha's Parinirvāņa
occurred in 544 B. C. [P. V. Bapat (Gen. Ed.), 2500 years of
Buddhism, p. 5). 19. R. B. Pandey, Indian Palaeography, 192

Page #37

III THE PERIOD OF THE WESTERN KSATRAPAS
The next period in the history of Gujarat is the period of the Western Kṣatrapas. It begins with the reign of the Kṣatrapa kings of the Kṣaharāta family, who seem to have ruled over several regions including Gujarat prior to the establishment of the Kardamaka power in 78 A.C. The power of the Kṣaharāta Kings was lost to the Sātavāhana Kings of the Deccan. But Kṣatrapa kings of the Kardamaka Family shortly recovered the northern regions including Gujarat. Their dynasty held power at least upto cir. 306 A. C.2. It was succeeded by four small successive groups of kings, their relationship with the Kardamaka family being unknown. The power of the last group seems to have lasted upto about 400 A. C.3.
(i) The Saka Era
The sources of information about the dating system prevalent in the kingdom of the Western Ksatrapas are stone inscriptions and coin legends. The records of the Kṣaharāta Kṣatrapas are dated in years, months, fortnights and (lunar) days. The years mentioned in their known records range from year 41 to 46.5
1. Vide f. n. 23 below.
2. M. R. Majmudar, Chronology of Gujarat, p. 84
3. Vide f. n. 13 below.
4. M. R. Majmudar, op. cit., pp. 59 ff.
5. D. C. Sircar, Select Inscriptions, Book II, Nos. 58, 62
Only some stone inscriptions bear dates, while coins are found undated.

Page #38

THE PERIOD OF THE WESTERN KSATRAPAS
:
21
The stone inscriptions of the Kārdamaka Kșatrapas and their successors are dated from years 6 to 228.6 The dates of these inscriptions generally consist of years, months, fortnights, days and sometimes nakşatras? also. The coins of these Kșatrapas are generally dated. The dates given on these coins contain only the number of years which range at least from year 102 to at least year 3108 or 3129 or 32010. The years mentioned in the stone inscriptions as well as on the coins of these kings obviously belong to some continuous era. The inscriptions do not specify the name of this era. But on chronological grounds the era is identified with the Śaka era.
. When the unspecified era used in the records of the Western Kșatrapas was chronologically identified with the Saka era, early scholars were naturally tempted to ascribe its origin to the Western Kşatrapa King 6. G. V. Acharya, HIG., Part 1, Nos., 2 to 8 and 10.; Dr.
Shobhana Gokhle, 'Andhau Inscription of Caştana, “Saka' 11, JAH., Vol II, pp. 104 ff; Dr. V. V. Mirashi, 'Daulatpur Inscription of the Reign of Caştana : year 6', JOI., Vol. XXVIII
no. 2, pp. 34 ff. 7. D. C. Sircar, SI, Book II, No. 69 8. E. J. Rapson, CIC., p. 101 9. G. V. Acharya read this date on coins struck by Swāmi
Rudrasena III (JASB, Numismatic Supplement, No. XLVII, p. 96). But the reading is hardly acceptable as Rudrasena III was already succeeded by Simhasena in or before year 304. Pos
sibly, the coins may belong to Swāmī Rudrasena IV (ibid). 10. Recently the date on a coin of the last Kşatrapa King Rudra
simha III is read to be year 320 (Dr. Rasesh Jamindar, Kşatrapakälaum Gujarāt, p. 109, f.n. 61 & 62).

Page #39

22
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
Nahapāna or Cāșțana, who appeared to be of the Saka race".
Later tradition ascribes the origin of this era to the famous popular king Sālivāhana of the Deccan, but in view of chronological data given in early records, the majority of scholars identified this era with the era used in the records of the Kuşāņa King Kaniska I and his successors, ascribing the epoch of this era to 78 A. D.12
As regards the era used in the records of the Westen Kşatrapas and its origin, the following points also deserve special consideration : (i) During the early centuries the era was not intro
duced by any specific name. The year of the era was referred to simply as Varșa or Samvutsara.'3
The earliest association of the era with the Śakas can be traced to its 5th cent. in epigraphic records14 as well as in literary works.15 The use
of this name continued upto its 13th century. (ii) Later on the word Śaka came to be used in the 11. JBBRAS., Vol. IX, pp. 139 ff., BG., Vol. 1, part I. pp. 26 f.,
JRAS., 1913, pp. 966 ff., AHD., p. 35 12. Fergusson, JRAS, Vol. XII, pp. 259 ff. and others. Vide also
D. C. Sircar, Indian Epigraphy, pp 258. ff. 13. D. C. Sircar, IE., p. 259: 14. The earliest Saka date in the Cālukya records is 465 i.e. 543
A. €. (Ibid., p. 259, f.n.2). 15. Lokavibhāga by Simhasüri claims to have been composed in
Ś. E. 380 (458 A. C.) and associates the era with the Ŝikas (D. C. Sircar, IE., p. 259). But it is not certain whether the claim of the date can be accepted with respect to the work in the present form...

Page #40

THE PERIOD OF THE WESTERN KSATRAPAS
sense of an era and the era got associated with King Salivahana of the Deccan.16
23
The earliest association of the era with Salivahana can be traced to literary and epigraphic records of the 12th century". Accordingly, the era is at present known as Salivahana Saka.
(iii) This era is especially favourite with the astronomers and astrologers of India since long and is in vogue in the country even at present.18
From these factors it clearly appears that the current association of the era with Salivahana is of very late origin. In its early centuries beginning with at least the fifth (or possibly even the fourth) century, the era was explicitly ascribed to a Saka king or the Sakas 19.
The Jain tradition ascribes the commencement of the Saka era, to the conquest of Malwa by the Sakas. 16. The earliest association of the era with Salivahana is found in the Kannada work Udbhaṭakāvya by Somarāja composed in Ś. E. 1144 expired (1222 A C.) and the Tasgaon plates (S. E. 1172-1251 A. C.) of the Yadava king Kṛṣṇa (D. C. Sircar, IE., p. 262).
17. The earliest epigraphic records with dates in which the Ŝaka era is ascribed to King Salivahana belong to the 13th cent. A C. (D. C. Sircar, IE., p. 262).
18. In the modern period its use is common in the Deccan; it has now been adopted into the national calendar.
19. Sakan patira jyābhiṣeka Samvatsara (IA., Vol. X, p. 58), Sakanṛpatisamvatsara (IA, Vol. VI, p. 73), Sakan pasamvatsara (IA., Vol. XII, p. 16), Sakanṛapakāla (EI. Vol. III, p. 109), Saka Samvat (EI. Vol. I, p. 56), Šaka (L.IS.I.P., 63, No. 343), Saka (EI., Vol. I, p. 343).

Page #41

24 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT Generally this event is dated prior to the reign of Vikramāditya, but it is also possible that the Śakas occupied Malwa for a second time 135 years after they lost it to King Vikramāditya. Dr. R. B. Pandey identified the King of thes. Sakas with Castana of Ujjain20.
In view of the recently discovered dates of Cāșt ina, the dates in the records of the Kşaharāta Kșatrapas who flourished prior to the Kārdamaka Kşatrapas can no longer be ascribed to the Saka Era and are now taken to be regnal years.
Before the recent discovery of the inscriptions of Cāştana dated years 6 and 11, it was generally held that the dates 41 to 46 in the records of the Kșaharāta Kșatrapas and the dates 52 to 320 in those cit the Kārdamaka Kşatrapas belong to the Saka Era, and that the Western Kșatrapas, particularly Kșaharāta Kșatrapas, were originally subordinate to the Kuşāņa emperors of North India. It was also noticed that the Kuşāņa power extended as far as Malwa by this time. Morever, the Kuşāņa kings beginning with Kanişka I are known to have used one continuous era of their own, very probably that era also seems to have commenced in 78 A. C. It was, therefore, very plausibly held by the majority of modern scholars that the so-called Saka era was originated by the Kuşåna sovereign kaniska [ and that it was adopted by the Western Kşatrapas who were originally feudatories of the Kuşāņa sovereigns.
But the recent discovery of the Andhru Inscription of the time of Cāstana dated (Saka) year 112!.
20. R. B. Pandey, Indian Pālaeography, p. 186 21. Dr. Shobhana Gokhale, 'Andhau Inscription of Caştana, Saka
11, Journal of Ancient History, Vol. II, pp. 104 ff..

Page #42

THE PERIOD OF THE WESTERN KSATRAPAS
and the latest reading of the year 6 during the reign of Caṣṭana in the Daulatpur Inscription22 made it plausible to reconsider the common view23 entirely and to accept the view that the Saka era was orginated by King Caṣṭana probably of the Saka clan, whose dynasty put it into common use in Western India for a pretty long period of more than three centuries.
On several other grounds, Kaniska I is dated in the second century A. D. rather than the 1st century A. D. Moreover, it is now held doubtful whether the Western Kṣatrapas were Viceroys of the Kuṣāņa sovereigns. The Kanişka era is now, therefore, regarded to be distinct from the Saka era and the former probably started about a century later than the Saka era.24
25
The unspecification of the name of the era during its early centuries may be explained by assuming that the era was the only prevalent era in Western India and was, therefore, known simply as 'the era'. It may be further assumed that in course of time a specific name was attached to it when it had to be distingusihed from other eras that became prevalent by this time.
The specific mention of the name appears from the 5th cent. of this era. In North India its earliest known 22. Dr. V. V. Mirashi, 'Daulatpur Inscription of the Reign of Castana, year 6', JOI, Vol. XXVIII No., pp. 34 ff.
23. H G. Shastri and Rasesh Jamindar. "The Re-consideration of the Chronological Relation between Nahapana and Caṣṭana and the Origin of the Saka Era in the Light of the Recently Known Early Dates of Caṣṭana', JOI, Vol. XXIX, Nos. 1-2, pp. 59 ff.
24. See f. n. no. 21 above.

Page #43

26
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
reference occurs in Pancasiddhāntikā by Varāhamihira25, while in the Deccan it appears in the Badāmi Inscription of Pulakesin 126. From this time the Saka era is found to be pre-eminently in vogue in works on Jyotisa, and Ujjain was regarded to be the choice site of mean longitude, in these works.
According to the reckoning of the era as fixed by the early astronomers and corroborated by its current reckoning, the true epech of the Saka era is 77–78 A. C.27 The first current year of the era corresponds to the period from the 3rd March, 78 A. C. to the 20th February, 79 A. C.28 However, in Northern and Western India, the era is regulated by expired years." According to this system the period from the 3rd March, 78 A. C. to the 20th February, 79 A. C. marks the year zero of the Saka era, while the first (expired) year corresponds to the period from 21st February, 79 A.C. to the 10th March, 80 A.C. To obtain the (current) Christian year equivalent to the (expired) Saka year, we have, therefore, to add 78–79 to the latter 30 In the absence of determinative data it is not possible to asscertain whether the Šaka years used in Gujarat during the Kșatrapa period, were current or expired. 25. G. H. Ojha, Bharatiya Prācin Lipimālā, p. 171 26. D. C. Sircar, IE., p. 259, f. n. 2 27. JA., Vol. XVII, p. 208 28. Ibid., p. 208 29. The system of current years is preserved to the present day in
Madras State (Fleet, CII., Vol. III, p. 141). 30. From the 1st lunar day of the bright fortnight of the month
Caitra to the 31st of December we have to add 78 and from the 1st January to the 15th luonar day of the dark fortnight of Phälguna we have to add 79.

Page #44

THE PERIOD OF THE WESTERN KSATRAPAS
27
The Saka era commenced on the 1st lunar day of the bright fortnight of the month Caitra. The years of this era are Caitrādi all over India, but the system of months is different in North and South India. In North India the months are Pūrņimānta, but in South India the moths are Amānta.31 As the week-days are not expressed in the inscriptions of the Western Kșatrapas, we are unable to determine whether the system of months in the Saka era used in Gujarat during this period was Pūrņimānta or Amānta.
(ii) The Kathika Era
Archaeological excavations conducted at a mound near the village of Devni-Mori situated in the vicinity of Shāmalājī in Sabarkantha District, reveal the remains of an old Buddhist Stūpa.
In course of subsequent excavations a stone casket was unearthed from the interior of the drum at a depth of about 4 metres from the top. The main body of the casket bears an inscription which records an account of the construction of the stūpa and the installation of the casket therein. It clearly indicates that the great stūpa was erected during the reign of King Śrī Rudrasena on the 5th day of Bhadrapada in the year 127 of the Kathika Kings.32 This reference raises a new problem in
31. G. H. Ojha, Bhāratīya Pracin Lipimālā, p. 173. But in the
areas of the South where the solar months are used, the year
begins from the Meșasaņkrānti and the months are solar. 32. Sapta(pta)vinsatyadhike Kathika--nfpāņām Samāgarebdaśate Bha
(Bnā drapadapancamadine Nr parau Sri Rūdrasene ca (V. 2) (JOI., 1965, Vol. XIV, p. 336).

Page #45

28 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT the history of the region as well as in that of Indian chronology.
: It is not known who the Kathikas were. Nor it can be ascertained whether they were feudatories of the Ābhīras
It is suggested that the date of the record may be assigned to the Ābhīra era later known as Kalacuri?3 or Cedi era, though the king may be taken as belonging to the Kșatrapa Family.34 The year 127 of this record would accordingly correspond to 375-76 A. C. As for the Ksatrapa King, this date would fall during the reign of Rudrasena III, whose coins are dated from the (Saka) year 270 (348-49 A. C.) to the (Saka) year 301.35 (379-80 A. C.).
It is difficult to account for the unusual and sudden use of the Kathika era in a territory of the Kşatrapa kingdom. The use of the Kalacuri era in this northernmost part of Gujarat appears to be inexplicable in view of the fact that the Kalacuri era was
33. For the Kalacuri Era, vide the Gupta Period below.
34. K. V. Soundara Rajan, Journal of Gujarat Research Society,
Vol. XXV, p. 289., A. Ghosh, Archaeological Remains, Monuments and Museums. Part 1, p. 98 (Archaeological Survey of India, 1964); R. N. Mehta, JOI., Vol. XIV, pp. 410 ff.; Vol. XV, p. 69;, B N. Mukherjee, JOI, Vol. XVII, pp. 157 ff.
35. M. R. Majmudar, CG., pp. 86 ff.

Page #46

THE PERIOD OF THE WESTERN KSATRAPAS
introduced into Gujarat from the South and its use remained confined to South Gujarat.36
36. Shri Sankaranarayanan assigns the date to the 5th cent. A. C.
which makes it clear that the era cannot be identified with the Gupta era on the ground that the Kings are referred to as Kathikas and not as Guptas, and that the record contains no reference to the rule of the Gupta Empire (JOI., Vol. XV, p. 70). Here it may also be poioted out that unlike the earlier eras, the Gupta era was generally referred to by its specific name (Gupta-Käla).

Page #47

IV
THE GUPTA PERIOD
Shortly after the decline of the power of the Saka Kşatrapas in Western India, Gujarat passed under the sway of che Gupta empire, It was administered through governors during the reign of Kumāragupta I-Mahendrāditya (circa 414 A. C.-455 A. C.) and Skandagupta Kramāditya (455 A. C.-circa 467 A. C.). During the 5th century South Gujarat was under the sway of the Traikūţaka Kings. As for the chronological system or systems of this period, we find dates on coins and in stone inscriptions. (i) The Gupta Era
The Gupia emperors issued a special currency in silver for this province, in imitation of the silver coins of the Western Kșatrapas. On these coins the tradition of mentioning the year was retained, but the Śaka era was replaced by the Gupta era.'
The earliest silver coins of the Gupta period belong to Candragupta II, who conquered Malwa. The known date on his coins is read G. E. 90 (409-10 A. C.) or 90 + x = i.e. 91 to 94 (410-11 A, C. to 413-14 A. C.), since the king died in about G. E- 942 (413-14 A. C.). Kumāragupta I, the son and successor of Candragupta II, extended his power over Gujarat and issued the silver coinage in Madhya Desa (located in modern U. P.) as well. His successor Skandagupta continued 1. A. S. Altekar, The Coinage of the Gupta Empire, p. 151 2. R. N. Saletore, Life in the Gupta Age, p. 25

Page #48

THE GUPTA PERIOD
both these types of silver coins3. Among these, the sliver coins of Madhya Deśa yield several dates ranging upto G. E. 1484, while a few coins in Gujarat bear impressions of dates and even among the few dates that are impressed, only the digit of 100 is legible, and digits of the tens and the units being entirely legible.
31
The Gupta period in Gujarat has left only one inscription which belongs to Skandagupta and bears dates of G. E. 136, 137 and 138.5 The dates of his inscription contain only the year, the month and the day.
As regards the designation of the Gupta Era, there is no ancient authority whatever for connecting the name of the Guptas with it as the establishers of it. In fact the era used by the imperial Guptas of Magadha and their feudatories was called the year or the reckoning of the Guptas from about the middle of the 5th cent. A. C. i. e. more than a century after its start. In the earlier records it is treated as a regnal reckoning of particular kings without giving it any specific
6
3. One of the coins of Skandagupta (455 A. C.) which is found from Western India bears a date, but it is illegible, as it has the symbol for 100, but the digit following has been partly preserved (CGE., p. 252).
4. CGE, p. 279.
The silver coins of the Madhyadeśa of Budhagupta (476-77 A. C. to 494-95) are also found dated and these dates range upto 175 G. E. (494-95 A. C.). The date 180 G. E. (499-500 A. C.) on one of his coins is illegibly read as the so-called symbol for 80 is doubtful (IA., Vol. XVIII, p. 227).
5. D. C. Sircar, Select Insciptions, Book II, No. 25 6. J. F. Fleet, CII, Vol. III, pp. 29 f.

Page #49

32
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
name?. The earliest date of C. E. 618 (380 A. C.) is not specifically expressed in the Gupta Era. Further there is no specification of the era in the earlier records of the imperial Guptas. They simply mention particular years of the era as belonging to a particular monarch or to his reignto. It was later specifically attributed to the Guptas.11 The word Gupta-Kala seems to have been used in the sense of the Gupta Era like Saka-Kāla.
After the decline of the imperial Guptas especially in Western India their feudatories, the Maitrakas of
7. This is indeed the nature of all eras developed from the regnal
reckoning of a ruler continued by his successors (IE., p. 284). 8. Mathurā Pillar Inscription of Candragupta II (SI., Book III.
No. 9). 9. D. C. Sircar, Si., Book III, No. 10-12 10. Ibid., No. 15, Bilsad Stone Inscription of Kumāragup'a I, G.E.
96 (A. C. 415-16) 11. Bhandarkar's List Nos. 1281, 1283, 1285 (Saranath Stone inscription of the Time of Kumāragupta dated 154 G.E.-473 A. C)
As regards the phrase Guptasya Käläd in the Junagadh rock inscription of Skandagupta, the controversy arises about its meaning. Bhau Daji interpreted it as 'from the era of the Guptas' (JBBRAS., Vol. VI, p. 207), while Fleet rejected this interpretation and stated that the era had not been established by the Guptas por had it acquired the technical name of the 'Gupta era' (CII, Vol. III, p. 20). In the same way there occurs the word 'Gaupte' in the Morbi grant of Jaika. But here also it is interpreted simply as a protector and we are not suppo ed to have a clear information about the Gupta Era (CII., Vol. III, p. 21).
But the term seems to have been used specifically in this sense in the records of the Gupta kings (R. B. Pandey. Indian Palaeography, Part I, p. 211) and the Saindhava Kings (El., Vol. XXVI, pp. 185 ff.).

Page #50

33
THE GUPTA PERIOD Valabhī in Saurashtra continued the use of this era, the earliest record of that family being the Bhamodra Mota plates of Dronasimha dated in the year 183.12 The continuous use of the era by Dronasimha's successsors for a few centuries made the era designated Valabhi Samvat13 in that region. In connection with this fact the tradition recorded by Alberuni is to be judged. He says ‘As regards the Gupta Kāla, people say that the Guptas were wicked, powerful people and that when they ceased to exist, this date was used as the epoch of an era. It seems that Valabhī was the last of them because the epoch of the Guptas falls like that of the Valabhī era 241 years later than the Saka Kāla.'!4 Here Alberuni is right when he says that the Gupta and the Valabhī eras are identical and that the said era started in A.C. 319. But his statement that the era started from the extermination of the Guptas is wrong as it is obvious that the Maitrakas of Valabhī did not start any new era but continued the use of the era of their sovereigns, the imperial Guptas.15
As regards the origin of the Gupta era, it is generally accepted that the era has been founded by Candragupta I, the first imperial monarch of the Gupta 12. Select Inscriptions, pp. 403 f. 13. El, Vol. IX, p. 6 14. Sachau, Alberuni's India, Part II, p. 7 15. This fact is also proved on the basis of the epigraphical evid
ences, such as the date of the Girnar rock inscription of Skandagupta dated in G.E. 136, 137 and 138 and the date of the Bhamodra Mota plates of Droņasimha dated (Valabhi) sam, 183, which is the earliest date of the Maitrakas (D.C. Sircar, IE, p. 286).

Page #51

34
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT dynasty and that the first year of this era was counted from the first regnal year of that king's accession16. The first two members of the early Gupta family, Śrī Gupta and Śrī Ghatotkaca who preceded Candragupta I had not the authority to establish an era, as they held only the feudatory rank of Mahārāja.17
As regards the epoch of the Gupta era, it is wellknown that the epoch of this era is ascribed to 319-20 A.C. equivalent to Saka 241. expired, and now it is universally accepted as the true and exact epoch.18 The years of this era are past years, whenever they are mentioned “Vartamāna' (current), they mean the year next to the expired year19. The zero (current) year of this era corresponds to the period from the 9th March, 319 A.C. to the 25th Feb., 320 A.C.20 and the first current year corresponds to the period from the 26th Feb., 320 A.C. to the 15th Mar., 321 A.C. To
16. D.C. Sircar states, 'It is not at all impossible that the era
started from the first regnal year of Sri Gupta, Gatotkacha or Samudragupta who were respectively the grandfather, father
and son of Chandragupta l' (IE, p. 287). 17. In the same way the era cannot have been established by any
member of the Maitraka family as the dynasty of the Maitrakas
started after circa samvat 250. (Fleet, CII, Vol. III, p. 130). 18. It is generally assumed that the well-known Gupta era com
menced on Feb. 26th, 320 A.C. [R. C. Majumdar (Gen. Ed.),
Classical Age, p. 4). 19. R. G. Bhandarkar, Early History of the Deccan, Appendix A;
R.B. Pandey, Indian Palaeography, p. 208; P. L. Gupta, Gupta
Sāmrajya, p. 200. 20. Fleet, CII, Vol. III. p. 127

Page #52

THE GUPTA PERIOD
obtain the Christian years equivalent to the Gupta year we have to add 319-20 A.C. to the latter.21
As for the scheme of the Gupta era, Fleet has shown that in North India the years of the Gupta era commenced with Caitra Su. di. 1 and the months ended with Purnima.2 22 As the week-day is not given in the Junagadh rock inscription of Skandagupta, we are unable to determine the system of years and months in the Gupta era used in Gujarat during this period. But its years were Caitrādi in North India in this period and they were so in Gujarat during the Post-Maitraka period. Again in North India the months were Pūrṇimānta and during the Maitraka period in Gujarat also the months were Pūrṇimānta. From this it is quite probable that the same system would be applied in the case of the Gupta era used during the Gupta period.
35
(ii) The Kalacuri Era
By this time another era was prevalent in South Gujarat. Only one date (year 207) of this era is found during this period. This date contains the year, the month, the fortnight and the lunar day.23 A number of
21. The equation between the Gupta era and the A.C. is 319 years from Caitra to Aśvina and 320 years from Kārttika to Phalguna.
22. Fleet, CII, Vol. III, p. 80
23. "Pardi copper-plate inscription of King Dahrasena" (V. V. Mirashi, CII, Vol. IV, No. 8)
2

Page #53

THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
inscriptions of the succeeding period in South Gujarat seem dated in this era.
24
36
In later times it got known as the Kalacuri or Cedi Era; but its original name remains unknown. On ascribing its origin to the Abhiras, Dr. Mirashi designates it as the Abhira Era for earlier times.25
Dr. Mirashi has discussed the problem of the Kalacuri-Cedi era at length.26 Therein he has established that the early dates of the Kalacuri era, found in Gujarat and its neighbourhood, must be ascribed to the epoch 248-49 A.C. and that the first current year of this era commenced on 25th September, 249 A.C. corresponding to the first day of the bright half of Amanta Kārttika.27 As for the origin of this era he has suggested that it seems to have commenced with the reign of the Abhīra king Īśvarasena, whose inscription dated year 9 is found at Nasik. Mirashi regards Iśvarasena as the founder of the Abhira dynasty and supposes that the era was apparently continued by his successors of whom as many as nine reigned 24. The era is not specified in the inscriptions, but it is identified with the Kalacuri-Cedi era of the later period.
The phrase Cediśasya Sam, occurs in the date 831 of No. 76, Cedi Samvat in the dates 919 and 933 of nos. 98 and 100 and Cedi-dista in the date 902 of No. 58. The expression Kalacuri Samvatsara is noticed in the dates 885, 893, 896, 898 and 910 of Nos. 122, 87, 88, 110, 95 respectively (CII, Vol. IV, P. II, p. 22, f. n. 2).
25. Dr. V. V. Mirashi, CII, Vol. IV, nos. 58, 87, 88, 95, 110 and 122 for Kalacuri Era; nos. 98 and 100 for Cedi Era.
26. CII, Vol. IV, Intro. pp. 1 to 30
27. Ibid., pp. 11 to 14

Page #54

37
THE GUPTA PERIOD according to the Purāņas. Of course, no inscriptions bearing any serial number, of the years used by his successors have yet come to light. Thus his assumption is not corroborated by any concrete evidence..
Dr. Mirashi also contends that this era used in south Gujarat, is identical with the Kalacuri or Cedi Era used in later inscriptions of North India and Chhattisgarh Division of Madhya Pradesh.
The early dates ascribable to this era in the inscriptions of Gujarat occur in the copper-plates of the Traikūţakas. The earliest known date falls in year 207 and belongs to king Dahrasena, the second known king of the Traikūțaka dynasty. It is, therefore, clear that the Traikūțakas probably adopted the era from some earlier dynasty.
The date contains no week-day and does not admit of verification for the system of the year and the month.
On chronological and palaeographical grounds certain inscriptions dated year 67 to 167 are ascribed to the Kalacuri era. These records belong to different dynasties that mostly ruled in Khandesh and in Madhya pradesh. But the assumption that they were feudatories of Abhīras is not substantiated by any concrete evidence. The origin of the Kalacuri era may, therefore, be regarded as lost to oblivion and we should wait for the discovery of the missing links. That may supply a clue for the solution of the problem.

Page #55

THE MAITRAKA PERIOD
Of all the states that arose out of the break-up of the Gupta empire in Western India, the Maitraka Kingdom of Valabhi proved to be the most powerful and the most durable one. The Maitrakas ruled over the whole of Gujarat (except the southern parts of Mainland Gujarat) and Western Malwa for a pretty long period of about three centuries. In South Gujarat we come across small kingdoms of several dynasties, some of which held power in North Lāța and some others in South Lāța successively. But this period is generally styled the Maitraka period as the Maitraka. Kingdom proved to be the most dominant and enduring kingdom during this period. Most of the records of this period are inscribed on copper plates and dated in detail. The other dated records are a few literary works and an earthernware inscription.3
(i) The Valabhī Era The dates in the Maitraka records generally consist of years, months, fortnights and lunar days. The months include intercalary months. A few dates also contain references to eclipses. The years of this era range from the year 183 to the year 447. The years obviously 1. H. G. Shastri, Maitraka-Kāļin Gujarāt, Appendix 1; M. R.
Majamudar, Chronology of Gujarat, pp. 141 ff. 2. Vide chapter V, Part jii below. 3. IA, Vol, XIV, p. 75 4. G. V. Acharya, HIG, Part i, Nos. 16 to 96

Page #56

THE MAITRAKA PERIOD
belong to some continuous era which is not specified therein.
As regards the identification of the unspecified era used in the Valabhi inscriptions several scholars discussed the problem and tried to identify this era with some of the different well-known eras of the ancient period.
39
Finally it is established that the dates in the Maitraka records belong to the Valabhi Era specified in some post-Maitraka inscriptions in Saurashtra and noticed by Alberuni in his 'History of India'.
J. F. Fleet established that like the Gupta era, the Valabhi era also must be referred to the epoch of 319-20 A.C. or thereabouts, brought to notice by Alberuni and substanciated by the Verawal Inscription of Valabhi Samvat 945, giving equivalent years in other three eras.5
H. G. Shastri examined the problem of the Valabhi era in detail and established that the unspecified era in the Maitraka records is identical with the Valabhi era mentioned in the later records of Saurashtra and propounded that the Valabhi era cannot be assigned to any of the Maitraka kings of Valabhi since even the first ruler Bhaṭārka cannot be dated at the time of its commencement. His sons reigned as late as circa Samvat 235 of the Valabhi era.' In that case the Maitrakas must have adopted some era that was already current
5. Fleet, CII, Vol. III, pp. 65 ff.
6. H. G. Shastri, 'Valabhi Era,' IHQ, Vol. XXIV, pp. 238 ff. 7. The reign of the last son is to be dated somewhere between Samvat 226 and Sam. 240.

Page #57

40
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
at the time of the rise of their power. Naturally it was the Gupta era which was current in Saurashtra during the Gupta period. But that era seems to have undergone modification in the system of the years soon after the decline of the Gupta power in Suraṣṭra. It is this modified era that received the new nomenclature 'Valabhi era'. The name 'Valabhi' evidently suggests that the modified system must have been adopted and propagated by the Valabhi Kingdom.
On the basis of a critical examination of the dates given in the Valabhi grants, H. G. shastri definitely established that the dates in the Valabhi grants as well as the dates of the Valabhi era given in the later records followed the scheme of Kārttikadi years and Pūrṇimānta months. The Kārttikadi year of the Valabhi era commenc. ed five lunations earlier than the corresponding Caitrādi year of the Gupta era.
As regards the intercalation of months he examined the three cases of intercalation critically and established that all the cases uniformly apply to the system of mean intercalation and that the months were named according to the Meṣādi rule.
Though the Maitraka records do not specify the name of the era used in their dates, it is quite probable that the unspecified era must have been identical with the Valabhi era mentioned in the later records. The years in the Maitraka records range from the year 183 to 447, while the years of the 'Valabhi era' range
8. The original era known as Gupta-Kāla retained its original name even when it was reintroduced into Western Sūrāṣṭra by the Saindhavas.

Page #58

1
THE MAITRAKA PERIOD
from 500 to 945. The earliest known use of “Valabhī Era' appears in year 500, i.e. shortly after the fall of the Maitraka kingdom, which is dated Vikrama Samvat 845, i.e. Valabhī Sam. 470. However, it is difficult to decide whether the era was actually known as the Valabhī era during the Maitraka period, but it is quite probable that the name of the era was so well-known that it could be left understood.
The epoch of the Valabhi era falls 241 years later than that of the Saka era (i.e. in 319 A.C.) according to Alberuni's statement, which is also corroborated by the date given in four eras in the Verawal inscription of Arjunadeva. The known records of the Maitraka kings, which are dated from year 183 to 447, may accordingly, be assigned to about 502 to 766 A.C.
As regards the scheme of the Valabhī Era, the dates in the Maitraka inscriptions do not include the week-day which would have been a very important factor for determining the exact scheme of the Valabhī era. A few dates afford the clue through two other factors, viz, eclipse and intercalation. The dates which provide these factors are as under :
(1) The Bantia copper edict of Dharasena Ilo records a solar elipse (Sūryoparāga) in the Vaišākha of (Valabhī) Sam. 254. So there must have been a solar eclipse in the Vaišākha of 573 A.C. or thereabout. According to Pillai's Tables 10 there is no solar eclipse in the (Amānta) Vaišākha of 572, 573 or 574 A.C. The year 573 A.C., 9. MG, Appandix I, No. 29. The year was read 257 by the editor
and was corrected into 254 by K. N. Dixit. 10. Pillai, Indian Chronology, p. 52

Page #59

THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT however, had a solar eclipse in the Pūrnimānta Vaišākha. This instance shows that the Valabhī kingdom followed the Pūrnimāntā system of months. 11
(ii) The Kaira grant of King Dharasena IV12 records Second Mārgasira in the (Valabhī) year 330. So Mārgasira must have been intercalated in 649 A.C. or thereabout. But the months Mārgasira and Pausa could hardly be intercalated in the true system of intercalations, as the lunar months are generally longer than the corresponding solar months in winter. It was only in the old system of mean intercalations that any month could be inter-- calated.13 The intercalation of Mārgasira, therefore, shows that the almanacs of Valabhī followed the old system of mean intercalations.14 The tables of mean intercalations15 mention intercalary Pausa in 648 A.C.16 The difference of one month in this case can be explained by the difference in the system of naming lunar months, for lunar months were named Caitrādi in two different ways, either according to the Minādi signs occurring at the commencement or according to the Meșādi signs occurring at their completion. Accordingly, the intercalary month that was named Paușa after the succeeding
11. JHQ, Vol. XXIV, pp. 238 f. 12. MG, Appendix I, No. 69; CG, p. 174 13. The mean lunar month is shorter than the mean solar month
in all seasons (IA, Vol. XV, p. 335). 14. Sripati's protest against the system of mean intercalations,
mentioned in his Siddhānta Sekhara (1030 A.C.) shows that the use of this system continued even as late as the time of Sripati
(Dixit, Bharatiya Jyotişa, p. 392) 15. Sewell-Dixit, Indian Calendar, Table I 16. Ibid., pp. 16 f.

Page #60

THE MAITRAKA PERIOD
43
month according to the new Minādi rule could be named Mārgasira after the preceeding month according to the old Meșādi rule. This means that the almanacs of Valabhi followed the old Meşādi rule for naming the lunar months.
(iii) The Vala grant of Śīlāditya III17 records "Second Āşādha'in (Valabhī) Sam. 343. So there must have been an intercalation of Aşādha in 662 or thereabout. The editor of the edict does not discuss the system of intercalation. There was an intercalary Āsādha in 662 A.C. according to the tables of true intercalation. But if Valabhī followed the system of mean intercalation as testified by Kaira grant of 330, this date also must apply to that system. The tables of mean intercalation mention intercalary Șrāvaņa in 662 A.C. which may be named Așādha according to the old Meşādi rule. Thus this date applies to the system of mean intercalation as well.18
(iv) The Jesar Copper edict of Sīlāditya III"9 records ‘Second Paușa’ in (Valabhī) Sam. 357. The intercalation of Paușa gives further evidence for the use of mean intercalation in the Valabhī kingdom. In the tables of mean intercalation this Pausa corresponds to intercalary Māgha of 675 A.C. which may be named Pausa according to the Meşādi rule.20
17. MG, Part I, Appendix I, No. 63; CG, p. 179 18. H. G. Shastri, 'The Valabhi Era' (IHQ, Vol. XXIV, p. 239), 19. MG, Appendix I, No. 71; CG, p. 183 20. H. G. Shastri, op. cit., p. 239

Page #61

-44
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
648
The above results may be summed up as follows : Month Valabhi Saka Differ- Vikarma Differ- Christian Diffreyearr yea ence year e nce year nce
(Kārttikādi) Mārgasira 330 570 240 705 375
318 Paușa 357 597 240 732 375 675 318 Vaišākha 254 495 241 629 375 573 319 Aşādha 343 584 241 718 375 662 319
These results when taken together clearly show that the Valabhī years were Kārttikādi like the Southern Vikrama years. For the difference of years is one year less in the first few months (from Kārttika to December) than in all the subsequent months of the year.21 As regards the system of months the date of the solar eclipse has already shown that the months of the year are purely Pūrņimānta. This conclusion is also corroborated by the study of the dates of Valabhi era given in the post-Maitraka period. 22
To ascertain whether the years of the Valabhi era were current or expired, it may be observed :
(1) The eclipse dated in the Vaišākha of the (Valabhī) year 254 applies to the expired year (Kārttikādi as well as Caitrādi) and not to the current year (Kārttikādi or Caitrādi)
(2) The intercalation of Mārgasira in the (Valabhī) year 330 tallies according to only the expired (Kārttikādi) year or the current Caitrādi year.
(3) The intercalation of Āsādha in the (Valabhi) year 343 fits in only according to the expired year (Kārttikādi as well as the Caitrādi) 21. [HQ, Vol. XXIV, pp. 239 f. 22. Vide Chapter VI below.

Page #62

THE MAITRAKA PERIOD
45.
(4) The intercalation of Paușa in the (Valabhī) year 357 applies to the expired Kārttikādi year as well as. the current Caitrādi year.
The results may be tabulated as follows : Dates expired expired current current 254 expired expired
Caitrādi Kārttikādi 330
expired current
Kārttikādi Caitrādi 343 expired expired
Caitrādi Kārttikādi 357
expired current
Kārttikādi Caitrādi From this it clearly follows that the Valabhī records apply uniformly in all cases only to the system of expired Kārttikādi years.
In the present state of our knowledge the chronology of the early Gupta kings of Magadha and the Maitraka kings of Valabhi seems well established and accordingly the unspecified era used in the Valabhī edicts seems identifiable with the Valabhi era used in later records and the Valabhi era seems to be but a continuation of the Gupta era that had been current in Gujarat during the preceding period, the only difference being in the system of its years.
(ii) The Kalacuri Era During this period the southern parts of mainland Gujarat were ruled over by several successive dynasties.23 23. Such as the Traikūtakas, the Kațaccuris, the Gurjaras, the
Sendrakas and the Cālukyas.

Page #63

--46
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
The records of these dynasties are dated in the years of an unspecified era which is found to be identical with the Kalacuri or Cedi era of later times. In the absence of its original name it is generally known as the Kalacuri era for the sake of convenience. The dates of this era range from the year 207 to the year 49024. The dates generally consist of years, months, fortnights and lunar days. A few dates also contain references to week-days eclipses and solar samkrāntis.
As we have seen above that the Gupta period left only one inscription of this era. But a number of dates of this era are found in the records of this period. The epoch and origin of this era are already discussed in the previous chapter.25
As for this period it supplies a few dates which contain some important factors, viz. samkrāntis and week-days that help us to determine the system of the Kalacuri era. The main sources are as follows :
(i) Navasari plates of Jayabhata III26 record a lunar eclipse on the 15th day of the bright half of Māgha in the year 45627. The name of the week-day is lost in the missing left-hand corner of the same plate and only the letters vāre can be read with certainty in the beginning of the preserved portion28. The akşara which 24. CII, Vol. IV, Part I, Nos. 9 to 30 25. See chapter IV, Part II. 26. CII, Vol. IV, Part 1, No. 21 27. The lunar eclipse is mentioned along with the tithi in line 30,
while the year is given in the last line along with the same
tithi (Ibid, pp. 86 f.). 28. Op line 43 (Ibid., No. 21)

Page #64

THE MAITRAKA PERIOD
preceded vā of vāre is also partially broken away, but what remains of it shows that it was ma and therefore the day was either Soma (Monday) or Bhauma (Tuesday).29
According to the epoch of 247-48 A.C. the date would fall in 704 A.C. if the year was current and in 705 A.C. if the year was expired. In 704 A.C. the tithi falls on Friday30 and in 705 A.C. it falls on Wednesday.31 Moreover, there was no lunar eclipse on the specified day in either year.
47
On applying the date to the epoch of 248-49 A.C. the date would fall either in 705 A.C. or 706 A.C. as the year 456 was current or expired. The date of 705 A.C. does not suit as noticed above, while the date corresponds to Tuesday, the 2nd Feb., 706 A.C., if the year is taken as expired. There was also a lunar eclipse on that day32.
The date gives no indication about the systems of years and months.
(ii) The Anjaneri plates of Jayabhața III33 record a Tula Samkrānti on the 11th day of the dark fortnight of Asvayuja in the year 460.34
29. Ibid., p. 84
30. Pillai, IC, Table X
31. CII, Vol. IV, P. I, intro. p. xi. The corresponding Christian date is 14th Janu., 705 A.C.
32. Ibid., p. xi
33. Ibid., No. 22
34. The Samkrānti is mentioned along with the tithi in line 30 and the year is given in the last line along with the same tithi.

Page #65

48
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT According to Kielhorn's final view of the epoch. of 247–48 A.C. the date would fall in 707 A.C. if the Kalacuri year 460 was current and in 708 A.C. if it was expired. But the Tulā Svmkrānti did not occur on the 11th tithi of the dark fortnight of Amānta Āśvina in either year35.
According to the epoch of 248-49 A.C. with the year commencing with Āśvina, the date would fall in 708 A.C. or 709 A.C., according as the year 460 was current or expired. The Tulā Samkrānti did not fall on the specified day in either year.36
But if the year be taken as Kārttikādi, the date would fall in 709 A.C. if the year was current and in 710 A.C. if the year was expired. As noticed above, 709 A.C. would not apply. But the date would regularly suit 710 A.C. as the Tulā Samkrānti fell on the specified. day in that year, corresponding to 23rd Sept., 710 A.C, if the month be taken as Amānta.37
(iii) Kavi Plate of Jayabhata IV38 records Karkataka Samkrānti of the sun on the 10th tithi of the bright fortnight of Āsādha which obviously belonged to the year 486 mentioned later on. The grant was recorded on Sunday, (the 10th or the 11th or) the
35. In 707 A.C. the Tulā Sankrānti fell on Amānta Aśvina va. di.
8 and in 708 A.C. on Äśyina su, di. 5 (CII, Vol. IV, pt. 1,
p. 91, f. n. 4). 36. In 709 A.C. Tulā Samkrānti fell on Aśvina Pūrnimā (ibid., f.n.5). 37. lbid., Intro. pp. xii, 91 f. 38. Ibid., no. 23

Page #66

THE MAITRAKA PERIOD
: 49
12th39 tithi of the bright fortnight of Aşādha in the year 486.
According to the epoch of 247–48 A.C. the date would fall in 734 A.C. if the year 486 was current and in 735 A.C. if it was expired. The specified samkrānti did not occur on Āşādha su. di. 10 in either year.40
According to the epoch of 248-49 A.C. the date would fall in 735 A.C., if the year was current and in 736 A.C. if the year was expired. The year 735 A C. would not suit as mentioned above. But on taking the year 486 as expired, it is found that the Karkațaka saņkrānti occurred exactly on the specified tithi (Aşādha su. di. 10) which corresponds to the 22nd June, 736 A.C. The week-day on that tithi, however, was Friday and not Sunday. From this it follows that the tithi given along with Sunday represents a different day on which the grant was recorded, the tithi mentioned along with the Karkataka rāśī representing the day on which the grant was made. Accordingly, the numerical figures of the tithi, which can be read 10, 11 or 12, must be taken as 12, that being the definite tithi which fell on Sunday. 39. The symbol for 10 is seen almost clearly, but it is difficult to
say whether the marks after that symbol are accidental scratches or intended to denote the unit 1 or 2. The tithi may, therefore, be the 10th, 11th or 12th. On referring the date to chronological tables, it is found that the 12th tithi suits Sunday in the
specified date. 40. It fell on the first day of the dark fortnight of the month
Aşādha in 734 A.C. and on the 13th tithi of the dark half of Aşādha in the year 735 A.C. (Pillai, IC, tables 11 and X).

Page #67

50 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
The examination of the cases mentioned above clearly indicates that all these dates apply to the epoch of 248-49 A.C.
As regards the system of the commencement of the year and the completion of the month, the results of the above cases may be tabulated as follows :
Kalacuri date Equivalent Difference Indicati
Christian in years ons if date
any 456, Māgha su. di. 2nd Feb.,706A.C. 250 year-expired
15 460, Āśvina va di. 23rd Sep.,710A C. 250 year-expired
Month
Amānta 486, Āsādha 22nd June, 736A.C. 250 Yearsu. di.(10, 11)
expired 12
From these results it follows that
(i) The years of this era, as indicated by the Gurjara Kings of South Gujarat, were counted as expired years in that region“.
(ii) As the difference in years indicates, the Kalacuri year did not begin with Caitra or any other month from Māgha to Aśvina. In other words it is found to have commenced in Kārttika, Mārgasira or Pausa, and 41. In the contemporary records of this period two dates apply.to
the system of current years (CII, Vol. IV, Part I, pp. xii-xiii) but both of them are from other regions, one being from Khandesh and the other from Maharasthra.

Page #68

"THF MAITRAKA PERIOD
51
since no Hindu year begins in Mārgasira or Paușa, it is quite probable that like the Valabhī year used in Gujarat during this period and the Vikrama year later adopted in Gujarat, the Kalacuri year also commenced on the 1st lunar day of the bright fortnight of Kārttika. This means that the years of this era were most probably Kārttikādi.
(iii) Among the three dates there is only one which fell in the dark fortnight. But it clearly indicates that the month was Amanta. Presumably all the Kalacuri dates in South Gujarat followed the system of Amānta months.
As the epoch for these dates is 248-49 A.C., the first day of the first current year of this era which fell on the 1st lunar day of the bright fortnight of Amānta Kārttika corresponds to the 25th Sept., 249 A.C.42. Therefore, to convert an expired Kalacuri year into the corresponding year of the Christian era, we have to add 249 when the date falls between Kārttika su. di.
1 and 31st December and 250, when the date falls between 1st January and Amānta Phālguna, ba. di. 15.
The Kalacuri era remained current in South Gujarat for about three centuries, the latest known date of that era being year 490 occurring in the Navsari plates of Avanijanāśraya Pulakesin. When the power of the early Cālukyas passed to the Rāșțrakūtas, the Kalacuri era was here given up for ever and replaced by the Saka era. The Kalacuri era got extinct also from Khandesh and Maharashtra by this time. Later on it got current 42. CII, Vol. IV, p. xjji.

Page #69

THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT in Vindhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh where it was introduced with the extension of the Kalacuri power.43
(iii) The Saka Era
The Śaka era which was in common use during the Kșatrapa period in Western India including Gujarat was replaced by the Gupta era in about 400 A.C. It seems to have been extinct for about two centuries. However, we come across a few dates given in the Saka era in the 7th and 8th centuries of the Christian era. The earliest known date among these appears in a palm-leaf manuscript of Viseșāvaśyaka Bhāşya by Jinabhadragani Kșamāśramana. 44 The date fell in the year 531 (609 A.C.). The next date of the Saka year 598 (676–77 A:C.) marks the year of the completion of the Nandisūtracūrņi by Jinadasagani Mahattara.45 The third known date of the Saka year 679 (757 A.C.) is recorded in the Antroli-Charoli copper plates of the Rāstrakūta king Kakka 11.46 The next known date of the Saka year 700 (779 A.C.) marks the completion
43. Ibid., pp. xi, xxvi ff. 44. Pamca Satā igitisā sagaṇivakālassa Vaţtamāṇassa;
To Cettapuņņimāe Budhadiņasātimmi nakkhatte (Bhāratīya Vidhyā, Vol. III, pp. 191 ff.; Malavania, Ganadha
ravāda, Introduction, pp. 32 f., H. G. Shastri, MG, p. 493) 45. Sakarājñaḥ pamcasu varşaśateşu vyatikrāteşu aştanavatiņu
nandyādhyayanacurņi samāptā (B. J. Sandesara, Jain Agama
Sahityaman Gujarat, p. 74, n. i.) 46. Sakanrpakālātita samvatsara sataşaţke ekonāśityadhike amkatopi
sam 679 āśvayuja śuddha tithi 7 (line 36-37); Visuvasamkrāntau (line 29) (JBBRAS, Vol. XVI. pp. 105 ff.)

Page #70

THE MAITRAKA PERIOD
.
53
of Kuvalayamālā by Uddyotanasūri.47 The last known Saka date of this period of the year 705 (783-84 A.C.) occurs as the date of the completion of Harivansa Purāņa by Jinasenasūri.48 Here it is interesting to note that all these dates are expressly ascribed to the Saka era generally represented as the era of the saka king49 or the Sakas50, while the name of the era was left unspecified in the Kșatrapa period. The earliest mention of the name ‘Saka Era’ in the records of Gujarat can thus be traced to the Maitraka period.51
On examining the five dates mentioned above, it is found that three of them (nos. 2, 4 and 5) give only the year and that the two other dates (Nos. 1 and 3) refer to the month, fortnight and lunar day along with the day of solar saikrānti in date No. 3 and nakșatra in date No. 1.
The Visuva samkrānti mentioned in the epigraphic record dated S.E. 679 is Tulā samkrānti which occurred on 23rd September, A C. 757. This date falls two days 47. Sagakāle voliņa varisāņa sachim sattahiṁ gaehim egadiņeņūņ.
chim raiyā avaraṇhavelāe. 26 (Jinavijayaji, 'Kuvalayamālā,'
Vasanta Rajata Mahotsava Smāraka Grantha p. 270) 48. Sākeşvabdaśateșu saptasu diśaṁ pancottareşūttarām (Harivan
sapurānam, sarga 66, verse 52) -49. Sakan;patisamvatsara, Sakanộpasamvatsara, Sakaprpakāla (R. B.
Pandey, IP., p. 191) .50. Saka Samvat, Saka, sāka (Ibid., p. 191) 51. The specific mention of ‘Saka Kāla' occurs in Pancasiddhāntikā
dated 505 A.C. (1-8) written by Varāhamikira in the adjoining region of Ujjain. His Bịhatsamhitā also contains references to Saka-nspa-kāla (BỊhatsaṁhită, cha. VIII, Verses Nos. 20, 21)

Page #71

THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
before the day on which the grant was issued.52 From this the year is found to be Caitrādi and expired, but we get no indication about the scheme of months as the lunar day given therein belongs to the bright fortnight.
54
It is only one date (No. 1) which consists of all the necessary data including the week-day. The given tithi (the full-moon day of Caitra of the Saka year 531) corresponds to 26th of March 609 A.C. the day falling on Wednesday. The year is found to be Caitrādi, but the years of the Saka era are invariably Caitrādi in all the states where lunar months are in vogue.53 As the lunar day belongs to the bright fortnight, it gives. no indication as to whether the months of the Saka era used in Gujarat during the Maitraka period were Amanta or Pūrṇimānta.54
As noticed above the Saka era was in vogue in Gujarat during the Kṣatrapa period (cir. 78 to 400 A.C.) but it remained extinct for about two centuries thereafter. It is again found to be in use to a small extent in Gujarat since the beginning of the 7th cent. A.C. This gives rise to an investigation into the circumstances. which led to the re-emergence of the Saka era in Gujarat during this period.
52. Tula samkrānți occurred several days after this day in S.E. 679 current (S.E. 678 expired).
53. In the areas of the South where solar months are in use, the year begins from the Mesa-Samkranti of the Sun (D.C. Sircar, IE. p. 266).
54. The months of the Saka era appear to be Purnimanta in North India and Amanta in South India (Ojha, PI., p. 173; D.C. Sircar, IE., p. 266).

Page #72

THE MAITRAKA PERIOD
Among the dates one (No. 3) belongs to a royal charter of the Rāstrakūța dynasty which originally rose to power in South India and used the Śaka era in almost all its records. But the Lāța branch of the Rāstrakūtas seems to have been established as late as cir 750 A.C.55 The known dates supplied by the literary sources, however, commenced with the Saka year 531 (609 A.C.). The earliest of these dates occurs in the Višeşāvaśyaka Bhāsya by Jinabhadragani Kşamāśramana who is identified with Jinabhadra Vācanācārya of Nivrti Kula.56 As this kula originated from Nivrti, a son of śreșthin Jinadatta of Surpāraka57, the origin of the use of the Saka era in the work of his descendant may be ascribed to Konkan. The association of the use of the Saka era with South India becomes more clear in the case of the Saka date given in the Harivansa Purāņa by Jinasenasūri, who belonged to the Punnāta Sangha of Karnataka and settled at Vardhamānapura in Saurashtra. The era commonly used in Karnatak was the saka era since the 6th cent. A.C. It is, however, difficult to account for the use of the Saka era in the works of Jinadāsagani Mahattara and Uddyotanasūri.58
D. C. Sircar indicates that the Jains gave special preference to the Saka era and explains the preference by the fact that the Sakas are represented as the
55. H G. Shastri, MG, Pt. II, p. 330 56. U. P. Shah, Akota Bronzes, p. 29 57. Malavaniya, Ganadharavāda intro, p. 31 58. The original place of Jinadāsagani Mahattara is not known.
But Uddyotanasūri seems to have belonged to North India. (Vasant Rajara Mahostsava Smāraka Grantha, pp. 267 ff)

Page #73

56 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT defenders of the Jain faith in their tradition recorded in works like Kālakācaryakathā59.
This view deserves special notice here as all the literary dates mentioned above occur in Jain works. But this assumption lacks in adequate evidence, since Saka dates can hardly be traced to the Jain works eomposed in the earlier centuries of the Saka era.
As far as the political history of Gujarat is concerned, it is clear that the era used by the Saka Ksatrapas, yielded place to the Gupta era and probably the Kalacuri era. Politically, the Saka era ceased to be in vogue in Gujarat from about 400 to about 750 A.C. The occurrence of its use in Jain works, seems to be incidental, in the sense that the Saka era was not adopted into the official records of the dynasties ruling over the regions associated with those works.
The Saka era thus seems to have been regularly re-introduced into Gujarat through the Rāştrakūtas who extended their power over Gujarat by the middle of the 8th cent. A.C. The Rāstrakūtas hailed from South India where the Saka era was in common use. They seem to have adopted it from the early Cālukyas, the earliest known date in whose records is Šaka year 465 given in the Badami Rock Inscription of Pulakesin 160. The early records of the Cālukya appear in the Bijapur District of the Mysore State. The era gradually spread northward with the extension of the Cālukya empire. For long they, however, dated their records in the Kalacuri era in the northern parts of their 59. D. C. Sircar, IE., p. 236 60. El., Vol. XXV, pp. 4 ff.

Page #74

"THE MAITRAKA PERIOD
empire including South Gujarat. The records of the Lāṭa branch of the Early Calukyas are accordingly dated in the Kalacuri era which was current there since long. The Raṣṭrakūtas, however, extended the use of the Saka era over Gujarat when they extended their power there.
\
The emergence of the Saka Era in South India can be traced from the 6th cent. A.C. The Kṣatrapas did not specify the name of this era, while the Early Calukyas specifically referred to it as the era of the Sakas or Saka Kings. From these facts Mirashi suggests that the Śaka era, though superseded in Northern Maharashtra when it passed under the power of the Sātavāhanas, seems to have obtained a foot-hold in the South and continued in use there till the 6th cent. AC. when it received the patronage of the Early Calukyas. As for the period from Saka 46 to Saka 465, he suggests that the era was used there by the Saka kings who ruled over the country where the Early Calukyas rose to power. From the evidence of the Puranic tradition and coins, he identifies these Saka kings with the Śaka king Māna of the Mahiṣa dynasty and his descendants. He also assumes that these Saka kings were probably descendants of Nahapana. According to Mirashi's view, the ancestors of the Saka king Māna appear to have moved to the south after Nahapana's defeat by Gautamiputra Satakarṇi; they must have continued to use the Saka era throughout their dominions, which seem to have comprised the southern portion of the former Hyderabad State (ancient Māhiṣaka) and the adjoining Kanarese District of Bijapur and Dharwad,

57

Page #75

58
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
and the era seems to have continued in use in that region even after the downfall of the Saka dynasty, as it had become the habitual reckoning of the people.61
In the present state of our knowledge Mirashi's view deserves special consideration as a very probable assumption. However the early use of the Saka Era. must be attributed to cāştana rather than Nahepāna. Anyhow, the official re-emergence of the Saka era in Gujarat took place through the Rāșțrakūtas of the South by the middle of the 8th cent. A.C., its use in the Jain works being incidental.
(iv) The Vikrama Era The Vikrama era is current in Western India including Gujarat since long. But the earliest use of this era in the records of Gujarat62 can be traced to the Haņsot plates of the Cāhamāna King Bhartņvaddha. 1163 which are dated in the year 813 of an unspecified 61. V. V. Mirashi, Studies in Indology, Vol. II, pp. 95 ff. 62. The legend on a pot-sherd found in layer 6 of Al in AM 8 in
the excavations at Amreli contains a date which is read “Sam. 300 (+) 40 (+) 4, Māgha, Sukla 2'. Palaeographically the editor ascribes the figures of the year to the Kastrapa period and refers the year to the Vikram era. Accordingly, he assigns the date of the incription on the Amreli pot-shed to January, 287 A.C. (S.R. Rao, Excavations at Amreli, p. 92, pl. XXVI A).
It seems likely that the correct year would be 244 rather than 344, so that the proposed year would well fit in between, the Saka year 185, on a Kşatrapa coin from layer 7 and the
Şaka year 28X on a Kşatrapa coin from layer 3. 63. EI, Vol. XII, pp. 197 ff.

Page #76

THE MAITRAKA PERIOD
59>
.era64. The Cāhamāna King officiated as a feudatory of Nāgāvaloka. Kielhorn,65 D. R. Bhandarkar66 and Sten. Konow67 discussed the identification of Nāgāvaloka and the era of this date. The latter two scholars have established that king Nāgāvaloka, the overlord of the Cāhamāna king, should be identified with Nāgabhata I of the imperial Pratīhāra dynasty and that the date. should be ascribed to the Vikrama era.
Traditionally the origin of the Vikrama Era is ascribed to King Vikrama or Vikramāditya of Ujjain, who is renowned as the destroyer of the Sakas.. According to the current reckoning, the Vikrama era. seems to have commenced in 58 B.C. However, it is. doubtful whether this era was associated with the name of Vikrama during its early centuries.
As for the specific references to this era as the Vikrama era, it should be made clear at the outset that the name of Vikrama is found associated with this era not earlier than the 9th cent.68
The earliest reliable known reference to the association of the era with the name of Vikrama occurs in
64. The year is expressed in words as well as in figures in lines.
35, 36. 65. EI. Vol. IX, pp. 62 and 251 66. IA, Vol. XL, p. 239 67. EI, Vol. XII, pp. 197.ff. 68. The Dhinki plates of king Jāikadeva (IA, Vol. XII, pp. 155 f.).:
are dated in the Vikrama year 794 (737 A.C.), but on the scrutiny of the details of the date and other particulars the plates are found to be spurious (IA, Vol. XVI, p. 198; XIX pp. 369 ff.)

Page #77

$60
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
the Dholapur Inscription of Cahamāna King Candamahasena, dated in the Vikrama year 898 which corresponds to 842 A.C.69
The traditional account about the establishment of this era by king Vikrama, therefore, hardly appears acceptable at its face value. Moreover, it is also difficult to identify this king Vikrama with any known eminent king of the 1st cent. B.C.
Some scholars like Dr. D.C. Sircar70 attributed the establishment of the Vikrama era to the Parthian ruler Vonones. In favour of his theory he opined that early Indian rulers used to date their records according to their regnal reckoning which fact points to the absence of any popular era in ancient India. The use of an era is first noticed in India in the records of ScythoParthians and the Kushans, who were responsible for its popularisation in this country. Moreover, the name of the month in the date of the Taxila Inscription of the year 78 is Parthian. It is, therefore, quite probable that the first year of the reign of Vonones, the earliest independent ruler of Drangiana, came to be regarded as the beginning of a new reckoning that was instituted to oust the imperial Parthian era of 248 B.C. As he seems to have flourished about the middle of the 1st cent. B.C., it is not unreasonable to place his accession in 58 B.C. which is the epoch of the earliest extant Indian reckoning of a historical character. It is thus possible that the Scytho-Parthian era starting from the
69. Bhandarkar's List, No. 27
70. D. C. Sircar, IE. pp. 256 f.

Page #78

THE MAITRAKA PERIOD
accession of Vonones about the middle of the 1st cent. B.C. is no other than the so-called Vikram Era of 58 B.C.71
The Mālavas originally lived in the Punjab and apparently submitted to the Greek and Scytho-Parthian conquerors of that land. Under foreign pressure they gradually migrated to Rajasthan and ruled over the district round Nagar (Mālava-nagar) in Jaipur StateIt was, therefore, the Mālavas who probably carried the Scytho-Parthian era of 58 B.C. from the Punjab to Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. The era came to be known in these regions as the reckoning associated with the Mālavas and with Kęta who seems to have been an illustrious leader of the Mālava tribe.
With the development of the legend of Vikramāditya Śakāri, the rival of the Saka era got about the 8th cent. A.C. associated with the name of Vikramāditya, the extirpator of the foreigners.
Dr. R. B. Pandeyr2 put forward his opinion that Vikramāditya was the leader of a republic and not an absolute monarch. Though he was mainly instrumental in the foundation of the era, in a republic state, the gana is more important than an individual leader. Under the circumstances the era was to be named after the Mālava-gana. The era was started to commemorate the victory of the Mālava republic against the barborous Sakas whose expulsion from India freed the country from foreign invasion and inaugurated an 71. Ibid, pp. 124 f. 72. R. B. Pandey, IP. pp. 198 ff.

Page #79

THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT era of peace and prosperity, which figuratively might be regarded as Krtayuga" (Goiden age).
The people of India enjoyed peace and prosperity for about 135 years from 57 B.C. At the end of this period the Sakas again started their invasions and occupied the whole of Sindhu, Surāṣtra and Avanti.
Nevertheless they survived the catastrophe as a people, carved out a new Mālava territory to the north-east of Avanti, cherished the hope of regaining Avanti and continued to call their era Krta for a few centuries more.
The Mālava people continued their struggle with the Sakas but owing to the disintegration of their power, they were not able to restore their dream of Krtayuga. "The name Krta was dropped from the era. As the Mālava-gana was alive, the era was still remembered as to commemorate the firm foundation of the Mālava republic in 57 B.C., when the Sakas were defeated. It came to be called the Mālava era, the era of the Mālava-gana, the Mālava people and the Mālava lords.
When the Gupta power was rising in the first half of the 4th cent. the Mālavas were still a powerful republic beyond the south-west horizon of the Gupta kingdom. Chandragupta II exterminated them. The Guptas had their own era starting from 319-20 A.C. But the ideal of freedom for which the Mālavas stood, still possessed the minds of the people in Malwa. They 73. Kția is not only a chronological division of time in Hindu
astronony but also a conceptual term denoting a virtuous and happy age. This is borne out by a verse found in the AitareyaBrāhmana (Ibid., p. 198).

Page #80

THE MAITRAKA PERIOD
63 continued to use the Mālava era inspite of the Gupta rule. The era of the Mālavas overlived Gupta imperialism and continued in the name of the Mālava gaņa.
But in course of time the conception of the republic was lost to oblivion and the memory of the Mālavagana entirely merged into the individual personality of its leader Vikramāditya. The era was now called after Vikramāditya who came to be regarded as a king when monarchy became the only form of government in India. The earliest known association of the name of Vikrama with this era is found in the Dhaulpur inscription of the year 89874
From this review it becomes clear that the era which has the epoch of 58 B.C. and which has been prevalent in Northern and Western India since long, is known as the Vikrama era (or the era of king Vikrama or Vikramāditya) at least from its 9th cent. It seems that the reckoning was as first known as the Krta era and was prevalent in Rajasthan and Malwa, and that subsequently it came to be known as the era of the Mālava-gana, the Mālava people or the Mālava lords or simply as the Mālava era.
Unfortunately, it is not possible to prove the historical existence of King Vikramāditya reigning at Ujjain about 57 B.C. except on the basis of the Jain traditions pertaining to Kālakācārya.
The assumption that it was' Chandragupta II alias Vikramāditya, whose name was subsequently associated with the Mālava era, hardly seems convincing as the 74. Vide f.n 8 above.

Page #81

64
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
use of the era does not figure at all under that name. even in Malwa during the Gupta regime.
Though the exact significance of the name Kęta in association with this era is not definitely explicable, it is clear that the era was formerly known as the era of the Mālava-gana and that the later name Vikrama denotes a popular king of Ujjain. Vikramāditya of the Gardabhilla dynasty may have been the leader of the Mālva-gaņa, which expelled the Sakas from Ujjain and the republican leader may have been mistaken as. a monarch in later times. Brāhmanical traditions about king Vikramāditya of Ujjain, also probably contributed to the popularity of King Vikrama. However, it is difficult to account for the conspicuous non-association of the name of Vikrama (even as a leader) for several centuries.
The Vikrama era is extensively used at present almost all over Northern India except Bengal as well as in Western India.
According to the reckoning which is current since long the epoch of the Vikrama era is 56-58 B.C.75 The first current year of the era corresponds to 57-56 B.C. Its years begain with Caitra Sukla in North India, 75. The first year of the Vikrama era is believed to have started
alier year 3044 of the Kali era, so that the Kali year 3045 corresponds to the Vikrama year 1.
The following tradition is cited in some modern Pancāngas ; .
Yudhisthiro Vikramaśālivāhanau tato nȚpaḥ syādvijayābhinandanaḥ 1 Tatas-tu Nāgārjunabhūpatiḥ kalau Kalkiḥ sadete Sakakarakāḥ smrtāh 11.
Prathama Indraprasthe Yudhisthiras-tasya Sakaḥ 3044 dvitīya: Ujjayinyāṁ Vikramastasya Sakaḥ 135 11.

Page #82

THE MAITRAKA PERIOD
65 but with Kārttika Sukla in Gujarat.76 The years of the era start seven months later in Gujarat than in North India."? In the North again the months are Pūrņimānta while they are Amānta in Gujarat. The corresponding year of the Christian era is obtained in Gujarat by subtracting 57 years from the year of the Vikrama era from Kārttika Śu. 1 to Dec. 31 and 56 years from Jan. 1 to Āśvina ba 15.
The Hansot plates are dated simply in year 813, but make no mention of the month, fortnight and day. They, however, contain a reference to the occurrence of the solar eclipse on the day of the grant. From the Tables of Pillai78 the eclipse seems to have taken place on the Amāvāsyā of Kārttika of the Vikrama year 813, corresponding to 28th of Oct. 756 A.C. if the year was Caitrādi or Kārttikādi and also on the Amāvāsyā of Vaišākha (corresponding to 23rd April, A.C. 757), if the year was Kārttikādi. As the eclipse took place in the dark half of the lunar month, the name of the month would have been helpful in deciding whether the month was counted Pūrnimānta or Amānta. 76. The years begin with Āsādha Sukla in some parts of Gujarat
and Rajasthan, and with Śrāvaņa Bahula in the Udayapur region of Rajasthan (Ojha, Bhāratiya Prācīna Lipimālā, pp.
169 f.) 77. Ojha, ibid., p. 169
D. C. Sircar observes that the years of the era now start seven months earlier in the South India than in the North India (IE., p. 258). The statement obviously seems erroneous and 'In the South India than in the North India' must be
corrected into 'In the North India than in the South India'. 78. Pillai, Indian Chronology, Table X.
160 f)

Page #83

66
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT In the absence of requisite particulars, the date throws no light on the systems of the years and the months prevalent here during this period.
The traditional accounts of the Cāvadā dynasty of North Gujarat date the foundation of its capital Anahiljapāțaka and the coronation of Vanarāja, the founder of the dynasty in a Vikrama year which falls within this period. But the date is given differently in the different sources of information. They are as follows : (i) V. S. 802 Māgha, ba. di. 7, Śani (R. K. Forbes,
Rās Mālā, Guj. trans., p. 41) (ii) V.S. 802, Caitra, śu. di. 2, Sukra (Patan Ganapati
Temple Umā-Maheśvara Image Inscription"9, Kānt
amālā, p. 157) (iii) V.S. 802, Vaišākha, su-di. 2, Soma. (Merutunga,
Prabandhacintāmaņi, p. 13) (iv) V.S. 802, Așādha, su-di. 3, Sani (Padma Purāņa,
Dharmāraṇya-Māhātmya, LXVI, 84) (v) V.S. 802, Śrāvana, su. 2, Soma (Forbes Sabhānā
Hastalikhita Granthoni Vigatavāra Yādi, p. 31) (vi) V.S. 821, Vaišākha, su. di. 2, Soma (Vicārașreni p. 9)
A scrutiny of these divergent dates indicates that many of them are untenable as the given tithi does not tally with the given week-day. The date No. iii holds good according to the Kārttikādi system and the date No. v according to the Caitrādi system.80 79. Palaeographically the inscription is of late origin. 80. R.C. Modi, got the dates verified by M. P. Khareghat, found
dates Nos, iii and iv tenable according to the Kārttikādi system and conjectured that the date no. iii marked the commencement of the religious ceremony of the foundation while the date No. iv. applied to its actual occupation by the people. (Kāntamālā. p. 157)

Page #84
THE MAITRAKA PERIOD Five of the six dates mentioned above date the events in V.S. 802, while the sixth one assigns them to V.S. 821. The latter date is unacceptable as the dates given in Vicarasreni have proved to be unreliable especially in the light of the date of Mularaja's accession recorded in the Sambhar inscription of Siddharaja Jayasimha. Though V.S. 802 is the most common traditional date, even that is now regarded to be unreliable, as Vanaraja is chronologically found to have flourished at least a century later. 82 If the traditional dates be taken as misascribed to the Vikrama era and assigned to the Saka era as suggested by H.G. Shastri, all the different dates of V.S. 802 are found to be untenable, when they are referred to the Tables of Tithis and week-days. These traditional dates, therefore, all seem to have been forged by mere surmise in later times.83 The Hansot plates of the Cahamana King Bhartrvaddha II represent the earliest known record in Gujarat, the date of which seems to belong to the Vikrama Era. Accordingly, the Vikrama era which has been common in Gujarat for several centuries appears since the year 813 (A.C. 756-57) by the end of the Maitraka period. 81. TA., Vol. LVII, p. 234. 82. K. M. Munshi, Glory that was Gurjara Desa, part III, pp. 67 ff; H. G. Shastri, 'The problem of the Chronology of the Cavada Kings', Proceedings and Transactions of the All India Oriental Conference, seventeenth Session, pp. 425, ff. 83. The earliest accounts are dated about V.S. 1285-1290, i.e. about 500 years later than the period assigned to Vanaraja. For Personal & Private Use Only

Page #85

68
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
The appearance of the Vikrama era in the record of Broach between the extensive region of the Valabhi era in the North and the West and the region of the Śaka era in the South by the middle of the 8th cent. A.C. seems to be sudden and unusual. It is traced to the influence of the imperial Pratihāras who reigned in North India and whose supremacy was acknowledged by the Cahamānas of Broach. Unfortunately the records of the early Pratihāras have not come to light, but the records of the succeeding Pratihāras are all dated in the Vikrama era and bear testimony to its common use in their kingdom.

Page #86

VI
THE POST-MAITRAKA PERIOD
The period that followed the fall of the Maitraka kingdom witnessed the ascendancy of several parallel powers in Gujarat. The Raṣṭrakūtas extended their power over the central and the northern parts of Mainland Gujarat, while the Pratihāras held supremacy over the local powers in Saurashtra. However, Saurashtra was divided into several kingdoms under the Saindhavas, the Calukyas and the Capas who seem to have acknowledged the supremacy of the Pratihāras. The north-western part of Mainland Gujarat was ruled over by the Cavaḍās, whose existence has not been proved by contemporary epigraphic evidence. But from literary traditions it is known that they were ruling over North Gujarat throughout this period.
(i) The Valabhi Era
The Valabhi era, which was in common use during the Maitraka period, now continued to a certain extent even after the fall of the Maitraka kingdom of Valabhi. Among the known epigraphic records of this period, this era appears in three records. They are as under :
(i) The Hilol plates of Mahāsāmanta Candrāditya, a feudatory of Rājādhirāja Kakka, are dated in the year 470 of an unspecified era'. Chronologically this Kakka is identified with the Rāṣṭrakūṭa king Kakkarāja II of the Gujarat branch and the year 470 is ascribed to the Valabhi era2. Accordingly, the year of the grant would correspond to 788-89 A.C.
1-2. Vallabh Vidyanagar Research Bulletin, Vol. I, issue i, 1957, pp. 34 ff; El. Vol. XXXIV, pp. 213 ff.

Page #87

70
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
(ii) The Devli grant issued by the Rāstrakūta king Govindarāja Prabhūtavarşa of the Gujarat branch, is dated in the Vālabhīya Samvat year 5003. This is the earliest known instance of the specific mention of the Valabhi era by its name. The year corresponds to 818-19 A.C.
(iii) The Unā plates of the Cālukya Mahāsāmanta Balavarman, a feudatory of Mahārājādhirāja Mahendrāyudhadeva, identified with the Pratihāra king Mahendrapāla, are dated in the Valabhī year 574 which corresponds to 892-93 A.C.'.
At the time of the Hilol plates, the Maitraka kingdom of Valabhī had shortly come to an end and the Rāştrakūta power seems to have extended over North Gujarat only a month or so before. It is, therefore, just likely that the Valabhi era which was in vogue in Gujarat for the last three centuries, continued to appear in the grant issued by Candrāditya, though he was a feudatory of the Rāstrakūtas, and that the name of the era was left unspecified as in the records of the Maitraka kings.
After about twenty years another branch of the Rāştrakūțas was established in Gujarat. The plates of Karkarāja Suvarṇavarşa of this branch are dated Saka 3. EI, Vol. XXXV, pp. 269 ff. 4. Prof. F. Kielhorn, El, Vol. IX, pp. 1 ff. 5. From the evidence of this grant it is inferred that the fall of
Valabhi took place in the beginning of the Karttikādi Vikrama year 846 (i.e. Valabhi year 470) and the Rastrakūta power extended over Northern Gujarat shortly before Mārgasira su. di. 7 of the Valabhi year 470 (Vallabh Vidyanagar Research Bulletin, Vol. I, issue i, p. 36).

Page #88

THE POST-MAITRAKA PERIOD
71
year 734 (812-13-A.C.) to year 7466 Śaka. (824-25 A.C.), while the plates of his brother Govindarāja Prabhūtavarşa are dated Śaka year 735 (813-14 A.C.) to saka year 7497 (827-28 A.C.). These kings held steady power over Mainland Gujarat and dated their records pertaining to it in the Saka era. However, the Devli plates which record a grant of land situated in Saurashtra form an exception and are dated in the Valabhi era which had been in common use there for a pretty long period of about three centuries. But as the Rāstrakūța records were usually dated in the saka era and as this record - is dated in the Valabhi era prevalent in Saurashtra, the year was expressly specified as a year of the Valabhi era.
The same circumstances account for the use of the Valabhĩ era, with its name specified, in the Unā plates of Balavarman.
Thus dates in the Valabhī era occur only in a few records of this period, but they clearly indicate that the name of the era got specified by this time.
As for the system of the year and the month, these dates do not yield any particulars for verification. The Devli plates do not mention even the month and the lunar days. The Hilol plates and the Unā plates
6. H. G. Shastri, Gujarātano Prācīna Itihāsa, p. 139. 7. Ibid., p. 140 8. They simply refer to a solar eclipse in the Valabhi year 500.
The year was probably Kärttikādi as in the Maitraka period. There were two solar eclipses in the Kārttikādi year 500-one io (Amānta) Paușa and the other in (Amānta) Aşādha. If the years were Caitrādi only the second eclipse would apply.

Page #89

72 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT give the months, the fortnights and the lunar days'. The Hilol plates mention even the weekday. It well tallies with the lunar day on ascribing the year to the Valabhī era and calculating according to the epoch of 317-18 A.C. But as the month falls between Kārttika and Phālguna and as the lunar day belongs to the bright fortnight, the date does not admit of verification about the commencement of the year and the completion of the month. Presumably the year continued to be Kārttikādi and the month to be Pūrņimānta as in the Maitraka period.
(ii) The Gupta Era The discovery of Saindhava Copper-plate grants from Saurashtra enables us to state definitely that the Gupta era also was in vogue in the western parts of Saurashtra during this period. The occurrence of the Gupta era in Western Saurashtra is ascribed to the Saindhavas who hailed from Sindh. Among the known epigraphic records of the Saindhava kings, the Gupta era appears in four of the six copper-plate grants from Ghumli and the Morbi copper plates of King Jajkalo. Out of the six Ghumli plates, the grant of
9. The date of the Hilol plates, Year 470 Mārgasira su. di. 7 Bhauma, corresponds to Tuesday, 11th Nov. 788 A.C.
The date of Unā plates, Valabhi year 574, Māgha su. di. 6 roughly corresponds to 28th Dec. 892 A.C. 10. 1A, Vol. II, pp. 257 ff.
The Dhinki plates issued by King Jāikadeva from Bhūmilikā (Ghumli) belong to the Saindhava dynasty but the record is dated in the Vikrama era and has proved to be a forged one (EI, Vol. XXVI, p. 189).

Page #90

"THE POST-MAITRAKA PERIOD
73
Mahāsāmanta Jāika I" is curiously left undated, while the dāte of the grant of King Rāņaka12 is not known as the second plate is missing.
The remaining plates are dated as follows :
(i) The Ghumli copper plates of the time of the Saindhava king Agguka II are dated in the year 513 of an unspecified era13, identified with the Gupta era. Accordingly, the (Gupta) year 513 corresponds to 832– 33 A.C.
(ii) The grant of Mahāsāmanta Śrī Rāņaka of a subordinate Saindhava branch is recorded in the year 555 of the Gupta-Kāla!“, which corresponds to 87475 A.C.
(iii) The grant of Mahāsāmantādhipati Agguka III is dated in the Gupta Samvat 56715, the corresponding Christian year of which is 886-87.
(iv) The Morbi copper plate of the Saindhava king Śrī Jāikadeva is dated in the Gupta year 58516, which corresponds to 904-05 A.C.
(v) The copper plates of Mahāsāmantādhipati Śrī Jāika II are dated in the G. Saṁ. 59617. The year corresponds to 915–16 A.C.
The uniform use of the Gupta era in the records of the Saindhava kings who hailed from Sindh and established their power in Western Saurashtra by the 11. EI, Vol. XXVI, pp. 203 ff. 12. Ibid., pp. 207 ff. 13-14-15. EI, Vol. XXVI, pp. 203, 217, 222. 16. IA, Vol. II, pp. 257 ff. 17. EI, Vol. XXVI, p. 226.

Page #91

74 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT end of the Maitraka period (during which the Valabhī era was in common use), clearly indicates that they must have adopted the Gupta era from Sindh, where the Gupta era presumably prevailed as in other yarts of North India.
Accordingly, the Gupta era which was introduced into Saurashtra during the Gupta period, but which got modified into the Valabhī era during the Maitraka period, thus, seems to have been re-introduced into Saurashtra under its original nomenclature during this period.
As for the system of the years and the months of the Gupta era used in the Saindhava records, the dates yield the following observations :
(i) The Ghumli grant of the time of Agguka II was made in year 513, on the 12th day (of an unspecified month) on the occasion of Uttarāyaṇa. The given particulars clearly indicate that the day fell in the dark fortnight of Amānta Pausa (or Pūrnimānta Māgha) and corresponds to the 22nd of Dec., 832 A.C.18
The difference of 319 years in December clearly indicates that the date applies not to the Kārttikādi Valabhī years but to the Caitrādi Gupta years. As the name of the month is not specified, it cannot be inferred whether the month was Pūrņimānta or Amānta.
(ii) The Ghumli grant of Rāņaka dated in the Gupta year 555 does not mention the month, the fortnight and the day of the grant. 18. H. G. Shastri, MG., pp. 233 ff.

Page #92

THE POST-MAITRAKA PERIOD
75; (iii) The grant of King Agguka III, dated in the Gupta year 567, makes mention of a lunar eclipse in the month Suci9, which corresponds to Aşādha or Jyestha. On referring the date to the Tables, it is found that the name Suci here applies to Jyeșthā as a lunar eclipse took place in that year on the full-moon day of Jyeștha and not of Āsādha. However, the date does not admit of verification regarding the system of the year, as the month would fall in the year 567, according to the Caitrādi system and the Kārttikādi system as well.
(iv) The Morbi plate of Jaika, dated year 585 Phālguna su-di. 5, refers to the grant made on the occasion of a solar eclipse in the Gupta year 585. On referring the date to the Tables, it is found that no solar eclipse took place in the Kārttikādi year 585, whereas a solar eclipse took place on the new-moon day of Pūrnimānta Mārgaśīra of the Caitrādi year 585, which corresponds to Nov. 10, 904 A.C.20.
(v) The grant of King Jaika II dated in the Gupta year 596 mentions the month, the fortnignt and the 19. The editor of this grant does not seem to have followed the
meaning of certain words given in the verse pertaining to the date. According to him the grant was made on a new-moon day, the month of which is not given, but the verse refers to the conjunction (Yoga) of the moon (Indu) with Rahu (Syarbhānu) and not with the Sun (Bhānu), and the word (Sucau) is to be taken as referring to the name of the month Suci (Jyeștha or (Așāṇha) rather than as an attribute of Indau. The verse thus really refers to a lunar eclipse, which took place on the full
moon day of Suci. 20. Vide Pillai's Table X.

Page #93

76
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT day, but the exact date cannot be verified in the absence of further details like the week-day.
From these observations it becomes clear that the dates given in the Saindhava grants apply to the original Gupta era, the years of which were Caitrādi and not to the modified Gupta era, known as the Valabhī era, the years of which were Kārttikādi. The available data do not admit of any verification about the system of months, but the months of these dates were most probably Pūrnimānta, as the months ended in Pūrņimā both in the Gupta era of North India and the Valabhī era of Gujarat.
The Saindhava kings who established their power in Western Saurashtra for about two centuries, thus continued the use of the Gupta era, which was current in North India. This deserves special notice in view of the fact that the early Saindhava kings were feudatories of the Maitrakas21 who used the Valabhī era, and that the later Saindhava kings seem to be feudatories of the Pratihāras who dated their records in the Vikrama era22. The Gupta era disappears in Gujarat - along with the end of the Saindhava dynasty.
(iii) The Saka Era Shortly after the fall of the Maitraka kingdom of Valabhī, the Rāșțrakūta king Karkka II in South Gujarat extended his power over Central Gujarat. But the Lāța branch soon lost its power in Gujarat.
In about 800 A.C. the Imperial Rāștrakūtas of the -21. A. S. Altekar, EI, Vol. XXVI, p. 187. 22. Ibid., pp. 191 f.

Page #94

THE POST-MAITRAKA PERIOD
Deccan occupied Gujarat and another Lața branch. was established under Indra, the younger brother of Govind III. Shortly after 888 A.C. it lost its power to the Imperial Rāṣṭrakūṭas, who held direct sway over Lāṭa upto about 930 A.C. The Paramāra kings in NorthEast Gujarat acknowledged the supremacy of the Rāṣṭrakūṭa emperors upto about 950 A.C. Thus the Rāṣṭrakūṭas. held sway over parts of Gujarat almost during the whole of this period.
77"
As noticed in the previous chapter the Rāṣṭrakūṭa kings dated their records in the Saka era23. Their known records found in the form of copper-plate grants range from the Saka year 730 (808 A.C.) to the Śaka year 852 (930 A.C.). These dates generally consist. of the year, the month, the fortnight and the lunarday. The number of year is generally mentioned in words. and/or sometimes in figures. It is expressly referred to the Sakanṛpakala24. The number of the lunar day is also given in words. The week-day is rarely given. The dates sometimes contain references to parvans, eclipses. and nakṣatras. The name of the Samvatsara is sometimes. given along with the number of the year.
The Wadhvan plates of the Capa king Dharaṇīvarāha are expressly dated in Śaka Samvat (year) 836. The use of the Saka era in the Capa kingdom of Wadhavan seems unusual especially in view of the fact that the 23. The use of the Valabhi era in the Devli grant of Govindaraja Prabhutavarṣa forms an exception. The occupation of Saurashtra by the Raṣṭrakūtas is not known from any other records. 24. In one instance the year is introduced as Saka Samvat-Kapadvanj grant of Kṛṣṇa II dated S.E. 832 (IE, Vol. I, pp. 52 ff.),

Page #95

THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
Capa king acknowledged the supremacy of the Pratihāra king Mahipaladeva. For the era used in the Pratihāra empire is found to be the Vikrama era. The use of the Saka era in this kingdom perhaps implies the cultural bearing of the adjoining region of Mainland Gujarat where the Saka era was current under the regime of the Rāṣṭrakūtas.
78
The Saka dates in literary records are found in a few Jain works of this period. These dates range from the Saka year 77225 (850 A.C.) to the Saka year 853 (931 A.C.). They are given in words. They generally consist of the year, the month, the fortnight and the lunar day. The era is generally introduced as Śakanṛpakāla and sometimes as Saka Kāla. Sometimes the name of the Samvatsara is also mentioned.
25. This date occurs in Silanka's țikā on Acārāngasūtra (Muni Jinavijaya, Introduction to Jitakalpasūtra, p. 12). Some other Mss date the commentary Saka year 784 (Ibid., p. 11) or S.E. 798 (IA, Vol. XV, p. 188).
Another Ms, however, gives the date as year 772 of the Gupta era. (Ibid, p. 188, Acārāngasūtra tīkā published by Agamodaya Samiti, p. 317). But here the word 'Gupta' obviously seems to be a misnomer for 'Saka'. For it is not possible to date Śiļāñka as late as in the 11th Cent. A.C. According to the Saka dates given above the commentetor seems to have flourished in 9th Cent. A.C. Muni Jinavijayaji proposes to date him about one century prior to it.
The Gupta era seems to have already been extinct by this time. The error of misrepresenting a current era as some exinct era also occurs in a few cases in the case of the Vikrama era. (For instance vide, H. G. Shastri. "The Date of the Fall of Valabh' IHQ, Vol. XXIII, pp. 248 f., also vide section iv, of this chapter and chapter VII below).

Page #96

THF POST-MAITRAKA PERIOD
The epoch and origin of this era are already discussed above.
As regards the system of its years, the years of the Saka era are always Caitrādi and the year usually commences with Caitra Śu.26
As regards the system of months, it may be noted that only one of the known Saka dates of this period contains the week-day, which falling in the bright fortnight, throws no light on the system of the completion of months. However, two other factors enable us to determine the system. All the three known dates of solar eclipses tally with the names of the corresponding months according to the Amānta and not the Pūrņimānta system of months. Similarly the date mentioned as marking the so called commencement of the Uttarāyana in a grant of the Saka year 789 (867 A.C.) also falls within the specified month only according to the Amânia system. This leads us to the conclusion that the months used in the saka dates of this period were usually Amânta. The change-over from the Pūrụimānta system to the Amānta system in Gujarat appears for the first time in the Saka dates of the post-Maitraka period. Presumably' it owes its origin to the Deccan from where the saka era got introduced into Gujarat through the Rāșțrakūța kings.
The mention of the name of the Samvatsara along with the number of the year appears in the known records of Gujarat, for the first time during this period. These appellations belong to a cycle of sixty Bārhaspatya (Jovian) years. But there are a number of different :26. Ojha, Bhāratīya Prācīna Lipimālā, p. 173.

Page #97

80
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
moyes of citation of Jovian years27. The general practice is that the name of the samvatsara current at the commencement of the year (solar or lunar) is attached to the whole of that year notwithstanding that the Jovian Samvatsara may have been succeeded by the next one before the end of that year. Occasionally, however, the Samvatsara named on a particular day is found to be the Jovian year that was actually current on that day. The mention of Vyaya (20) on Vaišākha, su. 15 in Saka year 730 and that of Sarvajit (21) on the Amāvāsyā of Srāvana of the same year, evidently signify that the calendar used in Gujarat during the post-Maitraka period followed the latter practice i.e. the practice of citing the saṁvatsara that was actually current on the specified day.
The different schools of Indian chronology differed slightly with regard to the length of the Samvatsara as well as that of the sidereal solar year. In the absence of specific data it should hardly be possible to determine which of these schools was followed by the calendar used in the dates given in the records of this period. In the known records of this period we come across six cases of Samvatsaras-five in epigraphic records and one in literary records. In order to determine the probable school or schools of chronology followed in these dates, it will be worth attempting to calculate the commencement of the given Samvatsara according to the different schools which would have been prevalent by this time and to examine whether it fits in with
27. Pillai, Indian Chronology, pp. 39 f.

Page #98

THE POST-MAITRAKA PERIOD
81
the given dates. Among the different schools of chronology the following seem to be the principal schools that may have been prevalent in Western India during this period :
(1) The original Sürya Siddhānta, (ii) The first Ārya Siddhānta and (iii) The Brahma Siddhānta. In his Bịhatsamhitā Varāhamihira also deals with the Jovian years and explains how to arrive at the Jovian samvatsara in a Saka year and the commencement of the Samvatsara28
The Saka years in the given dates may have been either expired or current. First we may calculate the position of the Jovian samvatsaras on the given dates No. Given date Given
Samvatsara arrived at Samvat- Original The first The Brah-Br. Sam.
sara Sürya Si. Arya Si. ma Si. rule 1 S.E. 730* Vyaya Sarvajit Sarvajit Sarva jit Sarva
Vai. śu. 15 (20) (21) (21) (21) jit (21) 2 S.E. 730* Sarvajit Sarva- Sarva- Sarva- Sarva
Srā.ba.30 (21) dhārī(22) dhāri(22) dhāri(22) dhārī(22) 3 S.E. 735, Nandana Vijaya Vijaya Vijaya Vijaya
Pau. śu. 7 (26) (27) (27) (27) (27) 4 Ś.E. 793 Nandana Nanda- Nanda- Nanda- Nanda
Paușa (26) na (26) na (26) na (26) na (26) 5 ŚE 836 Yuva Yuva Dhātri Dhātri Yuva
Phā,śu. 7 (9) (9) (10) (10) (9) 6 S.E. 853 Khara Nanda- Nanda- Nanda- NandaJye,su. 10 (25) na (26) na (26) na (26) na (26)
Vijaya Vijaya Vijaya Vijaya (27) (27) (27) (27)
28. Varāhamihira, Brhatsamhita, VIII, 20-22 * The first two dates belong to the Deccan and may be left out
for consideration of the system in Gujarat.

Page #99

82
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
according to the different systems mentioned above on assuming that the Saka years given here are expired. The results may be summed up as under : *** Among the six cases noted above, the given Samvatsara corresponds to the samvatsara arrived at on all the four calculations, only in the case no. 4. In cases nos. 1, 2 and 3, the samvatsara arrived at on these calculations uniformly corresponds, not to the given Samvatsara, but to the succeeding one.29 Analo. gically the samvatsara arrived at in the case no. 6 must be Nandana (26) succeeding Khara (25) the given samvatsara.30 In case no. 5 the samvatsara arrived at on calculations based on the original Sürya Siddhānta and the BỊhatsamhità rule corresponds to the given samvatsara whereas the Samvatsara arrived at on calculations based on the first Arya Siddhanta and the Brahma Siddhānta corresponds to the saṁvatsara succeeding the given one. Thus if the given Saka years be expired, the Jovian Samvatsara in the given dates tallies only in one or two cases out of six ones.
Let us then assume that the given Sakı years are current. The results arrived at on the calculation of 29. Calculated according to the methods and Table in Indian
Chronography by Sewell. 30. The given date comprises only the year; the month, the fortnight
and the tithi, are not specified. As remarked above, the calculations of the samvatsara imply that the date of the record fell somewhere during the first 8 or 9 months.
The Vikrama year 989 given in this date along with the Saka year 853 obviously seems to be erroneous. It must be 987 or 988.

Page #100

THE POST-MAITRAKA PERIOD
the position of the Jovian samvatsaras on the given dates, may accordingly, be tabulated as follows :
No. Given date Given
Samvat
sara
1 S.E. 730
Vyaya
Vai.su. 15 (20)
(26)
Yuva
Phā.,śu. 7
(9)
6 S.E. 853 Khara
Jye.,su. 10 (25)

Original Surya Si.
Vyaya (20)
Samvatsara arrived at
The first The Brah- Br. Sam. Arya Si.
ma
Si.
rule
2 Ś.E. 730 Sarvajit Sarvajit Sarvajit Sarvajit Sarvajit (21) (21) (21)
Śrā.,va.30 (21)
(21)
3 S.E. 735 Nanda- NandaPau., śu. 7 na (26) na (26)
Nanda- Nanda- Nandana (26)
na (26) na (26)
4 S.E. 793 Nandana Khara Pausa
(25)
5 S.E. 836
Bhava
(8)
Khara
Khara
(25)
(25)
Nanda- Nanda
na (26)
83
Vyaya
Vyaya
Vyaya (20) (20) (20)
Khara
(25)
Yuva
(9)
Khara
(25)
Bhava
(8)
Khara
Khara
(25)
(25) Nanda- Nanda
na (26) na (26) na (26)
Khara
(25)
Yuva
(9)
As noticed above here also the samvatsara mentioned in relation to Saka year, 853 seems to be falling in the former part of the S'aka year. Accordingly, the Jovian Samvatsara mentioned in the given dates fully tallies with that arrived at in accordance with the calculations made according to all the four systems in 4 cases out of 6 ones. In the case of no. 5 the given samvatsara tallies with that arrived at according to the
31. Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 6

Page #101

84
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARA I
first Arya Siddhānta and the Brahma Siddhanta. According to the original Sūrya Siddhānta and the BỊhatsarhitā rule the samvatsara arrived at corresponds, not to the given samvatsara but to that preceding it. The same is the case with the samvatsara given in relation to Saka year 793, wherein the samvatsara arrived at corresponds to the preceding samvatsara according to all the four systems.
It is obvious that the Samvatsara given in relation to S.E. 793 falls one year earlier in comparison to the other samvatsaras in case the Saka years are taken to be expired or current. It should also be noted that the samvatsara Nandana which fell in Saka year 735 (no. 3) could not recur at the interval of 58 years in S. E. 793. It, therefore, seems clear that the S'aka Era 793, if given correctly32 must be taken as expired, while all the other S'aka years must be taken as current. In other words the Saka year 793 must be treated as expired and equated with 794 current, or it is also probable that the true year intended to be given was 794 and not 793.3 3 32. The actual expression given in the record reads S'akan pakālā
titasamvatsaraśateșu saptasu navarrtayatyadhikeșu. The last Pāda is obviously incorrect. The editor has suggested to correct it into Navarryuttaratryadhikeșu (EI, Vol. XVIII, p. 250, f. n. 20). But the phraseology would not correspond to that given in the other records of the Raştrakūtas. In accordance with the usual phraseology given in the Rastrakūta records, the number 93 should have been expressed as Trinavatyadhikeşu: The record is full of inaccuracies and it is, therefore, not unlikely that the scribe committed some error in this phrase too. Presumably
the intended phrase was to be Caturnavaryadhike$u. 33. Vide No. 10 above.

Page #102

THE POST-MAITRAKA PERIOD
85
Accordingly, it appears that the samvatsaras given in the dates mentioned above would fit in if the S'aka years be taken to be current rather than expired. The samvatsara mentioned in relation to S'aka 836 would then tally according to the first Arya Siddhānta and the Brahmu Siddhānta, but not according to the original Sürya Siddhānta and the Brhatsamhitā rule. Hence it may be inferred that the calendar followed by these records was probably based on either the First Arya Siddhānta or the Brahma Siddhānta.
As the former is used in Kerala and Madras States, 34 while the latter was followed till recently in Gujarat and parts of Rajasthan35, it follows that the Brahma Şiddhānta prevailed in Gujarat during this period,
(iv) The Vikrama Era
The known epigraphic records of the post-Maitraka period hardly give dates in the Vikrama Era. Exceptionally the Una plates of the Cālukya King Avanivarman II, a feudatory of the Pratihāra sovereign Mahendrapāla, are dated in the year 956 which though unspecified, obviously seems to belong to the Vikrama Era.36
Among literary works of this period, Byhatkathākoša by Harişena is specficially dated in the year 989 of the Vikrama Era along with the year 853 of the Saka Era.37 As the samvatsara Khara tallies with the Saka year, 34-35. V. B. Ketkar, Indian and Foreign Chronology, p. 42 36. Kielhorn, EI, Vol. IX, p. 2 37. Bịhatkathākoşa of Harişeņa, edi. by A. N. Upadhye, p. 355

Page #103

86
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
the number of the corresponding Vikrama year seems to be corrected into 988.38
The year 962 given for the completion of Upamitibhavaprapañcākathā, seems to belong to the Vikrama Era, though the era is left unspecified therein.39
The Prasasti of Candrakevalicarita dates the composition of the work in the year 598 of an unspecified era. Mironow assigns the year to the Gupta era and the year would accordingly correspond to the V. E. 974 (917 A.C.). This year well fits in with the (Vikrama) year 962 given in the Upamitibhavaprapañcākathā. But it seems very doubtful that the Gupta Era was in such common use as late as the 10th cent. A.C. and that it was, therefore, left unspecified. It is, therefore, probable that there is some clerical or scribal error in the verse containing the date. Presumably the reading Vasvankeșumite varse40, may be corrected into Vasvisvankamite varse. The number of the year would accordingly be corrected into 958. If both the works mentioned above belong to one and the same Siddharși, it is hardly possible that the dates in the two works may be given in two different eras, and that both of them may be left unspecified. In view of the eras prevalent in Western India during this period, it is the Vikrama Era rather than the Gupta Era, that would be, common enough to be left unspecified.
38. Accordingly, 'Navāsťanavakeśveșu' should be corrected into Așță
stanavakeśveşu'. 39. Upamnitibhavaprapancākathū of Siddharşisuri, Nirnayasagara
edition, p. 776 40. M. D. Desai, JSSI, p. 185, f. n. 181

Page #104

THE POST-MAITRAKA PERIOD
.
87
Among these four dates, two comprise only years. The two other dates contain the month, the fortnight and the lunar day also. But one of them gives no week-day, while the other also gives the weekday and the Nakstra." On referring this date to the Tables, "2 it is found that the lunar day falls on the given week-day according to the Kärttikādi system and not the Caitrādi system, of years. As the lunar day belongs to the bright fortnight, the date does not help us to determine whether the month was Pūrņimānta or Amānta. Though the work was published in Bhillamāla, the use of the Kārttikādi system of years implies its close association with Gujarat where the system was in common use in the Kalacuri and Valabhi era during the Maitraka period.
The adoption of the Vikrama Era in these records seems to be rather uncommon among the dates of this period. Probably its use was adopted from the adjoining region of Rajasthan which had close bearing, political as well as cultural, on Gujarat during the post-Maitraka period.
The traditional accounts of the Cāvadā dynasty contain some dates which fall within this period. They range frorn the V.E. 861 to 998.43 Many of the dates 41. Tyeșthe Sitapañcamyam Punarvasu Gurudine' Upamitibhàvapra
påñcākathā of Siddharşi (JSȘI., p. 182, f. n. 184) 42. Pillai IC, Table X 43. Vide the table given in Råmlal Cunilal Modi Lekhasumgraha, Part I, p. 43.
The Vicāraśreni uniformly dates all the events 19 years later, the total period ranging from 821 to 1017. But the Sambhar Inscription of Siddharāja Jayasimha (1 A., Vol. LVII, p. 234) has firmly establised that Mülarāja founded his dynasty in V.E.998. This year also marks the end of the Cāvadā dynasty.

Page #105

88
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
given in the Prabandhacintāmaņi contain particulars about the months, fortnights, lunar days and week-days in addition to years.
A critical examination of these dates clearly indicates that the particulars do not tally in most of the cases. As remarked above, these traditional dates hardly have any historical basis; they are probably fabricated conjecturally in later times. Even, if the initial year 862 be ascribed to the S'aka Era instead of the Vikrama Era, it is not possible to treat all the subsequent dates accordingly because the year 998 marking the lower limit of the Cāvadā rule, definitely belongs to the Vikrama Era.45
These doubtful dates given in later traditions, therefore, deserve no consideration for determining the chronolgical systems of this period.
44. Vide pages 191 f. above. 45. Vide D. 11 above.

Page #106

VII THE SOLAN (I PERIOD
The period that follows the post-Maitraka period in the history of Gujarat is the Solanki period. The Solanki (Caulukya) kings, including those of the Vāghelā branch, ruled over the region of Gujarat for about three centuries, and a half i. e. from V.S. 998 (A.C. 942) to V.S. 1360 (A.C. 1304)". Mūlarāja I, the first ruler of the Solanki dynasty, gained power by overthrowing the Cāpotkața dynasty. The dynasty founded by him continued to rule in the region of Gujarat upto A.C. 12442. The power of this dynasty then passed to Rāņaka Vīsaladeva, who belonged to the Vāghelā (Vyāghrapalli: ya) branch of the Solanki lineage. His dynastry held sway over Gujarat upto A.C. 13043, when King Karnadeva of this dynasty finally lost all his power to the Khalji sultanate of Delhi.
Dated records of this period have come forth in a large number both from epigraphic and literary sources. The former sources mostly consist of stone inscriptions, stone-pillar inscriptions, copper-plate inscriptions and image inscriptions, while the literary sources abound in Puşpikās and prasastis. The traditional 1. A. K. Majumdar, Cauluk yas of Gujarat, p. 4; R. N. Mehta, "Karņa
Vāghelā : The Last Väghelā King of Gujarat', “Svädhyāy”,
Vol. XIX, pp. 173 ff. 2. Ibid., p. 168; D. K Shastri, Gujaräino Madhyakālın Rājput
Itihäs, pp. 458 f. 3. A. K. Majumdar, ibid., p. 189

Page #107

90
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
dates especially the lunar days, weekdays and nakșatras given in posterior works like Prabandhas can hardly be taken as historical, unless and until they are confirmed by reliable sources.
Among the eras used in Gujarat during this period, the Vikram Era is found to be of most common use, while new eras like the Simha Era and the Hijrī Era also appear in a few Sanskrit records of this period. The usage of mentioning the week-day along with the lunar days gets well established by this time.
(i) The Vikrama Era As noticed above, the use of the Vikrama Era was adopted in Gujarat during the last part of the Maitraka period and continued during the post.Mait4. The nakşatras given in these dates are mostly found incongruent
with the corresponding tithis, for instance, (1) Sam. 993, Așadha śu. di. 15, Aśvini, (ii) Sam. 150. (1052?). Śrāvana, śu. di. 11, Puş ya, (iii) Sam. 1120, Chaitra, ba. 7, Hasta, (iv) Sam. 1150, Pauşa, ba. di. 3, Śravana, (v) Sam. 1199, Kārttika, [ba?] di. 2, Hasta.
The nomenclature given in the results arrived at after additions of numbers of years, months and days to the specfic dates of the commencement of individual reigns clearly indicates that the dates given in the Prabandhas are named according to the system of Kārttikädi years and Amänta months, which is current in Gujarat since long. The following calculations would make this observation clcar. Sam.
1078 Jyestha śu.di. 12 add years
42, months 10, days Sam 1120 Caitra
ba. di. add years
months 8, Sam 1150 Pausa
ba. di. 2
29,
days
25

Page #108

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
91
raka period under the influence of the Pratihāra suzerains. But its use remained absolutely limited, as the eras commonly used in Gujarat, were the Valabhī Era in Western and Northern Gujarat and the Kalacuri Era in Southern Gujarat in the Maitraka period and the Gupta and the Valabhi Eras in Saurashtra and the Saka Era in Mainland Gujarat in the post-Maitraka period. It is especially in the Solanki period that the Vikrama Era, which is current in Gujarat for several centuries, came into common use in this region. As no epigraphic records of the Cāvaļā dynasty have come forth, it is hardly possible to determine the era used in its kingdom. Hence it seems quite likely that the credit of making the Vikrama Era widely prevalent in Gujarat goes to the Solanki dynasty. The probability of the association of Mūlarāja I's ancestors with GurjaraDeśa in South Rajasthan which was under the sway of the Pratihāras5 corroborates the above assumption.
Almost all the epigraphic records of the Solanki dynasty along with the Vāghelā lineage are dated in the Vikrama Era and even most of the literary records of this period are dated in this era.
The known records of this period abound in numbers, but here also chronological data are supplied by epigraphic sources to a much larger extent than by literary sources. Among the epigraphic records, stone inscriptions form a great majority in comparison to copper-plate inscriptions, image-inscriptions contribute a far larger number to this score. The literary data are mainly available in the Puspikās and Praśastis. The 5. D. K. Shastri, op. cit., pp. 139 ff.

Page #109

THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT dates gathered from these records range from V. S. 1005 (A.C. 949) to V.S. 1360 (A.C. 1304). They consist of the year, the month, the fortnight, the lunar day and the week-day in most of the cases. A few dates also contain references to eclipses and intercalations. The dates given in the literary records sometimes also include nakṣatras and yogas. Some dates of the Vikrama Era also mention the name of the Samvatsara along with the number of the year.
92
The epoch and origin of the Vikrama Era are already discussed in Chapter V.
As regards the scheme of years and months, the material bearing on it was very meagre in the case of of the Maitraka and the post-Maitraka periods, while the dates of the Solanki period abound in data pertaining to it. However, the findings from the different data prove to be amazingly divergent.
It would, therefore, be necessary to classify the key-dates territorially and chronologically.
First are taken the key-dates obtained from the Sarasvata Mandala, which formed the home province of the Caulukya kingdom. Next is taken the Aṣṭādaśasata Mandala, excluding the region of Mt. Abu and
6. According to the identification of the known places in its different Pathakas (vide H. D. Sankalia, Studies in the Historical and Cultural Geography and Ethnography of Gujarat, p. 42.), the Sarasvata Mandala seems to have covered almost the whole of the Mahesana District, the south-east part of the Banaskantha District and the north-east part of the Ahmedabad District in modern terms.

Page #110

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
93
located in North-West Gujarat. The places which are located in the territory to the East of the Sārasvata Mandala are treated under North and North-East Gujarat'. Central Gujarat formed the Khetaka Mandala and South Gujarat the Lāța Mandala. The peninsula of Saurashtra comprised the Saurāșțra Mandala of the Caulukya kingdom. But as it covers a very extensive area it is here divided into East Saurashtra, South Saurashtra, Central Saurashtra. West Saurashtra and North Saurashtra. Last comes Kutch, which formed the Kaccha Mandala. The remaining Mandalas which lie outside the boundaries of modern Gujarat, such as Satyapura Mandala, Bhillamāla Mandala, Avanti Mandala and Medapāța Mandala are not taken into consideration here, as they would not necessarily reflect chronological systems which prevailed in Gujarat.
The key-dates are next classified chronologically. On the basis of the given particulars especially of the week-day and sometimes eclipse and rarely intercalation, the dates are examined according to different systems by giving the equivalent Christian dates and their weekdays. In many cases dates would tally according to some system or other. Such dates are arranged in different groups under Regular Dates.' Those dates which do not tally according to any of the systems are similarly arranged under 'Irregular Dates.' 7. A. K. Majumdar, op. cit., p. 209
The Mandala seems to have included Kumbhariya, Radhanpur, Tharād etc. and extended as far as the Banas River on
the south-west (H. D. Sankaliya, op. cit., p. 143). 8. The year may be current or expired, Caitrādi or Kārtrikādi
or sometimes Aşādhādi, the month may be Pūrnimānta or Ainānta.

Page #111

94
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
The dates in each group are again sub-divided sourcewise, namely under (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscriptions, (ii) image inscriptions and (iii) Prasastis.
The equivalent dates are generally taken from the Tables given in Indian Ephemeris by Pillai. In Indian chronology the lunar day is generally ascribed to the week-day on which it ends, as it is connected with that week-day at the time of sunrise. In the case of the equivalent date which well corresponds to the given one, the ending moment of the given tithi will also be given. This moment is generally derived from the fraction of the day given in Pillai's Tables in relation to mean sunrise.
When in some cases the given tithi does not tally with the given week-day, the moment of the commence ment of the tithi is derived from the ending moment of the tithi of the previous day and taken into consideration, as sometimes the given tithi is construed with the week-day on which it commences.
When the given date falls short of equivalence by a day or so and the ending or commencing moment of the given tithi fails very proximate to sunrise which marks the upper or lower limit of a civil day, the results given in Tables based on mean sunrise have to be revised and modified on the basis of local and true sunrise.
Similarly the results given on the basis of the Surya Siddhanta sometimes fall short of verification by some minutes or an hour or so. So they be revised and modified on the basis of the Brahma
have to

Page #112

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
95
Siddhānta which was commonly prevalent in Gujarat by this time.
When a given tithi does not correspond to any of the equivalent dates completely, not falls proximate to it, follows that some particular in it is recorded or read incorrectly. As the facsimiles or photographs of the original record are hardly available, correction in some certain particular of the date is suggested through surmise as a probability.
The individual key-dates may be given and examined as follows :
SĀRASVATA MANDALA
1. Regular Dates A. Dates in Bright Fortnights 1. Dates in the months Kārttika to Phālguna
(a) Dates in current years (i) store, stone pillar and copper-plate inscriptions 1. V. 1217-G. V. Acharya, Historical Inscriptions of
Gujarat, No. 241, Palanpur stone inscription
Saṁ, 1217, Kārttika, śu. di. 10, [śu]kra V. 1217 current : Friday, 23 October, A.C. 1159 The given tithi ended about 18 h. 36 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1217 expired : Tuesday, 11 October, A.C. 1160
(b) Dates in expired years (i) stone, stone pillar and copper-plate inscrip
tions 2. V. 1280 - IA, Vol. VI, p. 196, Kadi copper-plate
inscription of Jayantasimha Saṁ. 1280, Pausa, śu. di. 3, Bhauma

Page #113

96
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
V. 1280 current: Wednesday, 7 December, A.C. 1222 V. 1280 expired: Tuesday, 26th December, A.C. 1223 The given tithi ended about 15 h. 15 m. after mean sunrise.
3. V. 1282-G. V. Acharya, HIG, No. 246, Palanpur stone inscription
Sam. 1282, Paușa, śu. di. 4, Sukra
V. 1282 current: Sunday, 15 December, A.C. 1224 V. 1282 expired: Friday, 5 December, A.C. 1225 The given tithi ended about 8 h. 30 m. after mean sunrise.
4. V. 1283-IA.. Vol. VI, p. 199., Kadi copper-plate inscription of of King Bhimadeva II Sam 1283, Laukika Kārttika, śu. di. 15, Guru
V. 1283 current Friday, 17 October, A.C. 1225 V. 1283 expired: Thursday, 5 November, A.C. 1226 The given tithi ended about 19 h. after mean sunrise.
(ii) image inscriptions
5. V. 1244-JPLS., No. 335, Palanpur image inscription
Sam. 1244. Magha. śu. di. 10, Soma
V. 1244 current: Wednesday, 21 January, A.C. 1187 V. 1244 expired: Monday, 11 January, A.C. 1188 The given tithi ended about 4 h. 27 m. after mean sunrise.

Page #114

THE SOLANKI PERIOD 6. V. 1274 - PJLS, No. 552, Palanpur image inscrip
tion
Sam. 1274, Phālguna, śu. di. 5, Guru V. 1274 current: Sunday, 12 February, A.C. 1217 V. 1274 expired: Thursday, 1 February, A.C. 1218
The given tithi ended about 22 h. after mean sunrise. 7. V. 1287 - JDPLS, Part i. No. 258, Patan image
inscription
Saṁ. 1287, Phālguna, śu. di. 10, Guru V. 1287 current: Sunday, 24 February, A.C. 1230 V. 1287 expired: Thursday, 13 February, A.C. 1231
The tithi ended about 20 h. 15 m. after mean sunrise. 8. V. 1315 - JTSS, Vol I, Part I, p. 32, Palanpur
image inscription :
Sam. 1315, Phālguna, śu. di, 4, Budha V. 1315 current : Saturday, 9 February, A.C 1258 V. 1315 expired : Wednesday, 29 January, A.C. 1259
The tithi ended about 9 h. after mean sunrise. 9. V. 1320 - JLS, Part II, No. 2098, p. 281, Disa ima
ge inscription
Sam. 1320, Phālguna, śu. di. 2, Sukra V. 1320 current : Sunday, 11 February, AC 1263 V. 1320 expired : Friday, 1 February, A.C. 1264 The tithi ended about 11 h. 40 m. after mean
sunrise. 10. V. 1325 - JTSS, Part I. p. 34, Palanpur image
inscription
Sam. 1325, Phālguna, śu. di. 4, Budha V. 1325 current : Saturday, 18 February, A.C. 1265

Page #115

98
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1325 expired: Wednesday, 6 February, A.C. 1269
The tithi ended about 21 h. after mean sunrise. 11. V. 1325 - JDPLS, Part I, No. 190, Unjha image
inscription
Sam. 1325, Phālguna, śu. di. 8, Soma V. 1325 current: Thursday, 23 February, A.C. 1268 V. 1325 expired : Monday, 11 February, A.C. 1269 The tithi ended about 5 h 10 m. after mean
sunrise. 12. V. 1338 - JDPLS, Part I. No. 380, Patan image
inscription
Sam. 1338, Phālguna, śu. di. 7, Soma V. 1338 current: Wednesday, 26 February, A.C. 1281 V. 1338 expired: Monday, 16 February, A.C. 1282
The tithi ended about 8 h. 30 m, after mean sunrise. 13. V. 1352-PILS, No. 549, Palanpur image inscription
Sam. 1352, Phālguna, śu. di. 10, Budha V. 1352 current : Saturday, 26 February, A.C. 1295 V. 1352 expired : Wednesday, 15 February, A.C. 1296 The tithi ended about 11 h. 10 m. after mean sunrise.
(iii) Praśastis 14. V. 1174 - purātattva, Vol. I, pp. 62 f., The work
Niśithacūrņivinśakoddeśakāvyākhyā composed probably in Gujarat
Sam. 1174, Māgha, sudi. 12, Ravi V. 1174 current: Wednesday, 17 January, A.C. 1117 V. 1174 expired: Sunday, 6 January, A.C. 1118 The tithi ended about 15 h. 15 m. after mean
sunrise.

Page #116

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
15. V. 1184 CPSJBC No. 12-(8), p. 25. A Ms of Abhayadevasuri's Anuttaraupapätikadaśāngasutra-Vṛtti copied at Anahilapāṭaka.
Sam. 1184, Magha, śu. di. 11, Ravi V. 1184 current: Wednesday, 26 January, A.C. 1127 V. 1184 expired: Sunday, 15 January, A.C. 1128 The tithi ended about 3 h. 44 m. after mean sunrise. 16. V. 1227-JPPS, No. 91, p. 110, A Ms. of s'ilācārya's Mahāpurisacariya donated at Aṇahilapā
99
ṭaka.
Sam. 1227, Märgaśīrṣa, śu. di. 11, Sani V. 1227 current: Tuesday, 2 December, A.C. 1169 V. 1227 expired : Saturday, 21 November, A.C. 1170 The tithi ended about 5 h. 39 m. after mean sunrise. 17. V. 1298-JPPS, No. 186. p. 122, CMJBP, No. 144, p. 98
Sam. 1298, Kārttika, śu. di. 10, Budha V. 1298 current: Saturday, 27 October, A.C. 1240 V. 1298 expired: Wednesday, 16 October, A.C. 1241 The tithi ended about 2 h. 15 m. after mean sunrise. 18. V. 1298 CPSJBC, No. 10, pp. 19 f., A Ms of Abhayadeva-Suriś Bhagavattsutra-Vrtti copied at Vijapura
Sam. 1298, Mārgaśīrṣa, śu. di. 13, Soma V. 1298 current: Thursday, 29 November, A.C. 1240 V. 1298 expired: Monday, 18 November, A.C. 1241 The tithi ended about 3 h. 15 m. after mean sunrise. 19. V. 1310-JPPS, No. 211, p. 125, A Ms of Uttaradhyayanasūtravṛtti copied at Prahladanapura Sam. 1310, Māgha, śu. di., 13, Ravi

Page #117

100
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
V. 1310 current : Tuesday, 14 January, A.C. 1253 V. 1310 expired: Sunday, 1 February, A.C. 1254
Monday, 2 February, A.C. 1254 The 13th tithi commenced before sunrise on Sunday,
1 February, A.C. 1254 and ended about o h. 36 m. after mean sunrise on Monday, 2 Febru
ary, A.C. 1254. 20. V. 1327-CPSJBC, No. 4, p. 7, A Ms of Śīlankācār
ya's Ācārāngasūtraţikā copied at Gambhutā,
Sam. 1327, Pausa, su, di. 10, Bhauma. V. 1327 current : Friday, 3 January, A.C. 1270 V. 1327 Expired: Tuesday, 23 December, A.C. 1270
The tithi ended about 17 h. 10 m. after mean sunrise. 21. V. 1327-Śrı Pākṣika Sūtram, p. 145, Yaśodevasūriś
Pākṣika Sūtra composed at Aṇhilapāțaka.
Saṁ. 1327, Māgha, śu. di. 9, Budha V. 1327 current : Saturday, 1 February, A.C. 1270 V. 1327 expired : Wednesday, 21 January, A.C.1271 The tithi ended about 8 h. 32 m. after mean sunrise. 2. Dates in the Months Caitra to Āśvina (a) Dates in Current Caitrādi years
image Inscriptions 22. V. 1330-PJLS, No. 525. Patan image inscription.
Sam. 1330, Vaišākha, śu. di. 14, Budha V. 1330 current Caitrādi : Wednesday, 13 April,
. A.C. 1272 The tithi ended about 20 h. after mean sunrise. V. 1330 expired Caitrādi : Tuesday, 2 May, A.C. (or current Kārttikādi)
1273

Page #118

101
THE SOLANKI PERIOD V. 1330 expired Kārttikādi : Saturday, 21 April,
A.C. 1274 (b) Dates in expired Caitrādi
or
Current Kārttikādi Years (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate Inscriptions 23. V. 1148-HIG., No. 143, Sūnak copper-plate inscri
ption of King Karņa I Saṁ. 1148, Vaišākha, śu. di. 15, Soma....
Somagrahana, V. 1148 current Caitrādi : Tuesday, 16 April, A.C.
1090; No eclipse. V. 1148 expired Caitrādi : Monday, 5 May, A.C.
(or current Kārttikādi) 1091, a lunar eclipse The tithi ended about 20 h. 32 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1148 expired Kārttikādi : Saturday, 24 April, A.C.
1092, a lunar eclipse. 24. V. [12]63,-IA, Vol. VI, p. 194, Kadi copper-plate
inscription of King Bhimadeva II
Sam. [12] 63, Śrāvaņa śu. di. 2, Ravi V. 1263 current Caitrādi : Tuesday, 19 July, A.C.1205 V. '1263 expired Caitrādi : Sunday, 9 July, A.C. 1406
(or current Kärttikādi) The tithi ended about 14 h. after mean sunrise. V. 1263 expired Kārttikādi : Saturday, 28 July,
A.C. 1207 (ii) Image Inscriptions 25. V. 1219-JDPLS, Part 1, No. 75, Gambhu image
inscription. Sam. 1219, Jyeștha, śu. di. 3, Sani.

Page #119

102 - THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1219 current Caitrādi : Sunday, 30 April, A. C.
1161 V. 1219 expired Caitrādi : Saturday, 19 May, A.C.
(or current Kārttikādi) 1162 The tithi ended about 2 h. 17 m. after mean sunrise V. 1219 expired Kārttikādi : Wednesday, 8 May,
A C. 1163 26. V. 1257-JTSS, Part I, p. 68, Mehsana image
inscription
Sam. 1257, Aşādha śu. di. 9, Guru V. 1257 current Caitrādi : Āsādha was intercalary
First Aşādha, su.di. 9 -Friday, 4 June, A.C.1199
Second Aşādha, su. di. 9
-Sunday, 4 July, A.C.1199 V. 1257 expired Caitrādi : Thursday, 22 June,
(or current Kārttikādi) A.C. 1200 The tithi ended about 19 h. 20 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1257 expired Kärttikādi : Monday, 11 June,
A.C. 1201 27. V. 1305-JDPLS, Part I, No. 330, Patan image ins
cription
Saṁ. 1305, Jyestha, śu. di. 15, Ravi V. 1305 current Caitrādi : Tuesday, 21 May, A.C.
1247 V. 1305 expired Caitrādi : Jyeștha was intercalary
(or current Kārttikādi) First Jyeștha, śu.di. 15-Saturday, 9 May, A.C. 1248 Second Jyeștha, śu. di. 15-Sunday, 7 June, A.C 1248 The tithi ended about 19 h. 50 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1305 expired Kārttikādi : Thursday, 27 May,
A.C. 1249

Page #120

103
THF SOLANKI PERIOD 28. V. 1331-PJLS, No. 556, Palanpur image inscription
Saṁ. 1331, Vaiśākha, śu. di. 9, Soma V. 1331 current Caitrādi : Thursday, 27 April, A.C.
1273
V. 1331 expired Caitrādi : Monday, 16 April,
(or current Kārttikādi) A.C. 1274 The tithi ended about 15 h. 15 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1331 expired Kārttikādi : Saturday, 6 April, A.C.
1275
(iii) Praśastis : 29. V. 1215-JPPS, No. 74, p. 108, A Ms of Kavyaprakāśa
copied at Aṇahilapāțaka.
Sam. 1215 A[ A ]śvina, śu, di., 14 Budha V, 1215 current Caitrādi : Thursday, 19 September,
A.C. 1157 V. 1215 expired Caitrādi : Wednesday, 8 October,
(or current Kārttikādi) A.C. 1158 The tithi ended about 15 h. 58 m. after mean sunrise. V, 1251 expired Kārttikādi : Monday, 28 September,
A.C. 1159 30. V, 1218-JPPS, No. 79, 109, A Ms of Kalpacūrņi
copied at Anahilapāțaka.
Saṁ, 1218, Dvi. Așādha, śu, di, 5, Guru V, 1218 expried Caitrādi : Aşādha was intercalary
(or current Kārttikādi) First Aşādha, su, di. 5-Wednesday, 31 May, A.C. 1161 Second Așāụba, su. di. 5-Thursday, 29 June,
.A.C. 1161 The tithi ended about 16 h. 41 m. after mean sunrise.

Page #121

104 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT 31. V. 1228-JPPS, No. 93, p. 110, Ms of Yogaśāst
ravitarāga-Stotra copied at Aşahilapāțaka
Sam. 1228, Śrāvaņa, su, di, 1, Soma V. 1228 current Caitrādi : Thursday, 16 July, A.C.
1170
V. 1228 expired Caitrādi : Monday, 5 July, A.C. (or current Kārttikādi)
1171 The tithi ended about 22 h. 27 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1228 expired Kārttikādi : Sunday, 23 July, A.C.
1172 32. V, 1228-JPPS, No, 94, p. 111, A Ms of Pārsvaganiś
Srāvakapratikramaņasūtravịtti copied at Aņahilapāțaka
Sam. 1228, Āśvina śu. di. 15, Budha V. 1228 current Caitrādi : Saturday, 26 September,
A.C. 1170 V. 1228 expired Caitrādi : Wednesday, 15 September, (or current Kārttikādi)
A.C. 1171 The tithi ended about 23 h. 24 m, after mean sunrise. V. 1228 expired Kārttikādi : Tuesday, 3 October,
A.C. 1172 33. V. 1258-JPPS, No. 117, p. 114, A Ms of Prakarana
pustikā copied at Aşahilapāțaka
Sam. 1258, Srāvaņa, su, di. 7, Soma. V, 1258 current Caitrādi : Thursday, 20 July, A.C.
1200 V. 1258 expired Caitrādi : Monday, 9 July, A.C.
(or current Kārttikādi ) The tithi ended about 10 h. 40 m, after mean sunrise.
1201

Page #122

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
105 V. 1258 expired Kārttikādi : Sunday, 28 July, A.C.
1202 34. V. 1286-JPPS, No. 147, p. 117, A Ms of kathāratna
kośa copied at Prahlādanapura.
Sam. 1286, Srāvaņa, śu. di. 3, Budha V, 1286 current Caitrādi : Thursday, 6 July, A.C.1228 V. 1286 expired Caitrādi : Wednesday, 25 July, A.C (or current Kārttikādi)
1229 The tithi ended about 0 h, 8 m, after mean sunrise. V. 1286 expired Kārtrikādi : Sunday, 14 July, A.C.
1230
(c) Dates in expired Kārttikādi Years
(i) Image Inscriptions 35. V. 1248-JDPLS, No. 262, Patan Image inscription.
Saṁ. 1248, Vaišākha, śu. di. 2, Budha V. 1248 current Caitrādi : Sunday, 8 April, A.C, 1190 V. 1248 expired Caitrādi : Thursday, 28 March, (or current Kārttikādi)
A.C. 1191 V. 1248 expired Kārttikādi : Wednesday, 15 April,
A.C. 1192 The tithi ended about 16 h. 56 m. after mean
sunrise. 36. V. 1261-BT, p. 19, Bhorol image inscription
Sam. 1261, Jyeștha, śu. di. 2, Ravi V. 1261 current Caitrādi : Wednesday, 14 May,
A.C. 1203 V. 1261 expired Caitrādi : Monday, 3 May, A.C. (or current Kārttikādi)
1204 V. 1261 expired Kārttikādi : Sunday, 22 May,
A.C. 1205

Page #123

106 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
The tithi ended about 7 h 20 m. after mean sunrise. 37. V. 1285-PLS, No. 34, Linch image inscription.
Sam. 1285, Jyesta(stha) Su. di. 3, Ravi V. 1285 current Caitrādi : Wednesday, 19 May,
A.C. 1227 V. 1285 expired Caitrādi : Monday, 8 May, A.C. (or current Kārttikādi)
1228 V. 1285 expired Kārttikādi; Jyeștha was intercalary
First Jyeștha, śu. di. 3-Friday, 27 April, A.C. 1229 Second Jyeștha, śu. di. 3–Sunday, 27 May,
A.C. 1229 The tithi ended about 4 h. 12 m. after mean sunrise. 38. V. 1288-JDLPS, No. 354, Patan image inscription
Saṁ, 1288, Jyeștha śu. di 13, Budha V. 1288 current Caitrādi : Sunday, 26 May, A.C.
1230
V. 1288 expired Caitrādi : Thursday, 15 May, A.C. (or current Kārttikādi)
1231 V. 1288 expired Kārttikādi : Wednesday, 2 June,
A.C. 1232 The tithi ended about 14 h. 30 m. after mean
sunrise. 39. V. 1301-PJLS, No. 519, Patan image inscription
Sam. 1301, Vaišākha, su. di. 9, Sukra V. 1301 current Caitrādi : Thursday, 30 April, A.C.
1243 V. 1301 expired Caitrādi : Monday, 18 April, A.C. (or current Kārttikādi)
1244

Page #124

107
THE SOLANKI PERIOD V. 1301 expired Kārttikādi : Friday, 7 April, A C.
1245 The tithi ended about 8 h. 17 m. after mean sunrise. . 40 V. 1330-PJLS, No. 520, Patan image inscription.
Sam 1330, Vaišākha, śu. di. 9, Soma V. 1330 current Caitrādi : Friday, 6, April, A.C. 1272 V. 1330 expired Caitrādi : Tursday, 27 April, A.C. (or current Kārttikādi)
1273 V. 1330 expired Kārttikādi : Monday, 16 April,
A.C. 1274 The tithi ended about 15 h. 15 m. after mean sunrise. 41. V. 1339-JDPLS, Part i, No 568, Vadnagar image
inscription Sam. 1339, Vaišākha, su, di. 11, Śukra
Wednesday, 30 April, A.C. V. 1339 current Cairtrādi: -
J 1281
Thursday, 1 May, A.C.
1 1281 V. 1339 expired Cairtrādi : Monday, 20 April, A.C. (or current Kārttikādi)
1282 V. 1339 expired Kārttikādi : Friday, 9 April, A.C.
1283 The tithi ended about 18 h. 40 m. after mean
sunrise. 42. V. 1344-JTSS, Part I, p. 37, Bhiladiya image insc
ription.
Saṁ 1344, Jyeștha, su.di. 10 (Budha] V. 1344 current Cairtrādi : Monday, 3 June, A.C.
1286 V. 1344 expired Caitrādi : Saturday, 24 May, A.C. (or current Kārttikādi)
1287

Page #125

1293
108 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V 1344 expired Kārttikādi : Wednesday, 12 May,
A.C. 1288 The tithi ended about 15, h. 15 m. after mean
sunrise. 43. V. 1350-JDPLS, Part I, No. 245, Patan image
inscription.
Sam. 1350, Jyestha, śu. di. 2, Sukra V. 1350 current Caitrādi : Monday, 19 May, A.C.
1292 V. 1350 expired Caitrādi : Saturday, 9 May, A.C.
(or current Kārttikādi) V. 1350 expired Kārttikādi : Jyeștha was intercalary
First Jyeștha, su. di. 2-Thursday, 29 April, A.C. 1294 Second Jyeștha, śu. di. 2-Friday, 18 May,
A.C. 1294 The tithi ended about 12 h. 8 m. afier mean sunrise.
(iii) Prasastis; 44. V. 1221-JPPS, No. 83, p. 109, the Mss of Inātād
harma-kathā and Ratnacūďakathā copied at Anahilapāțaka
Sam. 1221, Jyestha, śu. di. 9, Sukra V. 1221 current Caitrādi : Tuesday, 14 May, A.C.
1163 V. 1221 expired Caitrādi : Monday, 1 June, A.C.
(or current Kārttikādi) V. 1221 expired Kārttikādi : Friday, 21 May, A.C.
1165. The tithi ended about 10 h. 4 m. after mean
sunrise.
1164

Page #126

109
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 45. V. 1296-JPPS, No. 180, p. 122, A Ms of Pākși
kasūtracūrņivịtti copied at Vijāpura
Saṁ. 1296, Vaišākha, śu. di. 3, Guru V. 1296 current Caitrādi : Sunday, 18 April, A.C.
1238 V. 1296 expired Caitrādi : Friday, 8 April, A.C. (or current Kārttikādi)
1239 V. 1296 expired Kārttikādi : Vaišākha was interca
lary. First Vaišākha. su. di. 3-Wednesday, 28 March, A.C. 1240 Second Vaišākha su. di. 3-Thursday, 26
April, A.C. 1240 The tithi ended about 13 h. 5 m. after mean sunrise. 46. V. 1313-JPPS, No. 12, p. 15, A Ms of Jnānapañca
mipustikā copied at Prahlādanapura.
Sam. 1313, Caitra, Su di. 8 Ravi V. 1313 current Caitrādi : Wednesday, 17 March,
A C. 1255 V. 1313 expired Caitrādi : Monday, 6 March, (or current Kārttikādi)
A.C. 1256 V. 1313 expired Kārttikādi : Sunday, 25 March,
. A C. 1257 The tithi ended about 1 h. 5 m. after mean sunrise. 47. V. 1327 JPPS, No 231. p 128, A Ms of Abhidhā
nacintāmanināmamālā copied at Anahilapātaka
Sam. 1327, Vaišākha, śu.di. 5, Guru V. 1327 current Caitrādi : Monday, 8 April, A.C.
1269 V. 1327 expired Caitrādi : Sunday, 27 April, A.C. (or current Kārttikādi)
1270

Page #127

110
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1327 expired Kārttikādi : Thursday, 16 April,
A.C. 1274 The tithi ended about 3 h. after mean sunrise. 48. V. 1336 JPPS, No. 248, p. 130, A Ms of Kalpasūtra
copied at Aşahilapura
Saṁ. 1336, Jyestha, śu. di. 5, Ravi V. 1336 current Caitrādi : Saturday, 28 May,
A.C. 1278 V. 1336 expired Caitrādi : Wednesday, 17 May, (or current Kārtrikādi)
A C. 1279 V. 1336 expired Kārttikādi : Sunday, 5 May, A.C.
1280 The tithi ended about 13 h. 50 m. after mean
sunrise. 49. V. 1337-CMJBP, No. 111, p. 74, A Ms of Hema
candra's Abhidhānacintāmaņināmamālāțikā copied at Aşahilapāțaka
Sam. 1337, Vajśākha, śu.di. 5, Guru V. 1337 current Caitrādi : Monday, 17 April, A.C.
1279 V. 1337 expired Caitrādi : Friday, 5 April, A.C. (or current Kārttikādi)
1280 V. 1337 expired Kārtrikādi : Thursday, 24 April,
A.C. 1281 The tithi ended about 19 h. 5 m. after mean sunrise. 50. V. 1346-JPPS, No. 264, p. 133, A Ms of Sthānanga
sūtraţikā copied at Vijāpura
Saṁ. 1346, Jyestha, śu.di. 15, Guru V. 1346 current Caitrādi : Monday, 17 May, A.C.
1288

Page #128

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
111 V. 1346 expired Caitrādi : Sunday, 5 June, A.C. (or current Kārttikādi)
1289 V. 1346 expired Kārttikādi : Thursday, 25 May,
A.C. 1290 The tithi ended about 18 h. 20 m. after mean
sunrise.
B. Dates in Dark Fortnights 1. Dates in the Months Kārttika to Phālguua
(a) Dates in Current Years
(A) Pūrnmánta Dates (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper plate Inscriptions 51. V. 1296-IA, Vol. VI p. 206, Kadi Copper-plate
inscription of King Bhimadeva II
Sam. 1296, Mārgaśīrșa, ba. di. 14, Ravi V. 1296 current,
Pūrnimānta: Sunday, 7 November, A.C.1238 The tithi ended about 6 h 35 m. after mean
sunrise.
Amānta : Tuesday, 7 December, A.C. 1238 V. 1296 expired,
Pūrnimānta : Thursday, 27 October, A.C. 1239. Amānta : Saturday, 26 November, A.C. 1239
(iiPraśastis 52. V. 1290-CPSJB, No. 88, 25, p. 139, A Ms of Pra
tyākhyāna-Devayandanaka-Vandanaka-Sūtras copied at Vijāpura. Sam. 1290, Māgha, ba. di. 1, Guru

Page #129

112 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1290 currentPūrņımānta : Thursday, 30 December, A.C.
1232 The tithi ended about 1 h. 20 m. after mean sunrise.
Amānta : Friday, 28 January, A.C, 1233 V. 1290 expired - Pūrnimānta : Monday, 19 December, A.C.
1233 Amāntu : Wednesday, 18 January, A.C.1234
(B) Amānta Dates
(i) Image Inscriptions 53. V. 1354-Mehsana (Prāchin-Arvāchīn), p. 68,
Mehsana image inscription
Sam. 1354, Mārgaśīrşa, ba.di. 1, Soma V. 1354 current, -
Pūrņimānta : Saturday, 13 October, A.C. 1296 Amānta : Mārgaśīrsa was intercalary. First Mārgaśīrşa, ba di. 1-Monday, 12
Nove., A.C. 1296 The tithi ended about 12 h. 36 m. after mean
sunrise. Second Mārgaśīrṣa, ba. di. 1-Wednesday,
12 Dec., A.C. 1296 V. 1354 expired, -
Pūnimānta : Friday, 1 November, A.C. 1297 Amānta : Sunday, 1 December, A.C. 1297 (b) Dates in Expired Years
(A) Pūrņimānta Dates (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscriptions

Page #130

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
113
54. V. 1043-IA, Vol. VI, p. 192. Kadi copper-plate
inscription of King Bhīmadeva II Sam. 1043, Māgha, ba di. 15, Ravi......
Sūryagrahana V. 1043 current,Pūrạimānta : Wednesday, 13 January, A.C.
986, a solar eclipse. Amānta : Thursday, 11 February, A.C. 986,
no eclipse. V. 1043 expired,
Pūrnimānta : Sunday, 2 January, A.C. 987 Pillai's Tables do not mention a solar eclipse on that day (not even on the preceding or succeeding Amāvāsyā). But Kielhorn mentions a total eclipse (not visible in India) on this day (IA, Vol XIX. p. 166).
The given tithi ended about 17 h. 39 m. after mean sunrise. Amānta : Tuesday, 1 February, A.C. 987, no
eclipse.
(B) Amānta Dates
(i) Image Inscriptions 55. V. 1255-JISS, Part i, p. 62, Patan image inscrip
tion
Saṁ 1255, Kārttika, ba.di. 11, Budha V. 1255 current, - Pūrņimānta : Thursday, 9 October, A. C.
1197 Amānta : Friday, 7 November, A.C. 1197

Page #131

114
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
V. 1255 expired, - Pūrņimânta : Monday, 28 September, A.C.
1198 Amānta : Wednesday, 28 October, A.C.
1198 The tithi ended about 6 h. 22 m. after mean sunrise.
(ii) Praśastis 56. V. 1258-JPPS, No. 115, p. 113. A Ms of
Malayagiri's Sadaśltiprakaranavrtti, copied at Anahilapataka
Saṁ. 1258, Paușa, ba. di. 5, Ravi V. 1258 current, - Pūrņimānta : Monday, 27 November, A.C.
1200 Amānta : Wednesday, 27 December, A.C.
1200 V. 1258 expired, - Pūrņimānta : Friday, 16 November A.C.
1201 Amānta : Sunday, 16 December, A.C. 1201 The tithi ended about 13 h. 20 m. after mean
sunrise. 57. V. 1274-Sri PS, Tā, P., No. 117, A Ms of Yogaśāstra
copied at Prahlādanapura
Saṁ 1274, Mārgaśīrşa, ba. di. 8, Guru V. 1274 current, -
Pūrnimānta : Friday, 4 November, A.C. 1216 Amānta : Sunday, 4 December, A.C. 1216

Page #132

115
THE SOLANKI PERIOD V. 1274 expired, - Pūrņimānta : Tuesday, 24 October, A.C.
1217 Amānta : Thursday, 23 November, A.C.
1217
The tithi ended about 12 h. 50 m. after mean
sunrise. 58. V. 1303-CPSJBC, No. 1, p. 4, A Ms of Bhadra
bāhuswāmi's Ācārāngasūtra-Niryukti copied at Aşahilapataka
Sam. 1303, Margaśīrşa, ba. di. 12, Guru V. 1303 current, - Pūrnimānta : Friday, 17 November, A.C.
1245 Amānta : Sunday, 17 December, A.C. 1245 V. 1303 expired, - Pūrnimānta : Tuesday, 6 November, A.C.
1246 Amānta : Thursday, 6 December, A.C. 1246 The tithi ended about 17 h. 10 m. after mean
sunrise. 59. V. 1325-JPPS, No, 225, p. 127, A Ms of Dharma
ratnaprakaraṇa copied at Vijapura
Sam. 1325, Māgba, ba. di. 9, Soma V, 1325 current, - Pūrņimānta : Tuesday, 10 January, A.C.
1268 Amānta: Wednesday, 8 February, A.C. 1268 V. 1325 expired, - Pūrņimânta : Saturday, 29 December, A.C.
1268 Amānta : Monday, 28 January, A.C. 1269

Page #133

116
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT The tithi ended about 3 h. 15 m. after mean sunrise.
2. Dates in Months Caitra to Aśvina *(a) Dates in current Caitrādi Years
(A) Pūrņimānta Dates (i) stone stone-pillar and copper-plate Inscriptions 60. V. 1256-IA, Vol. XI. p. 71, Patan copper-plate
inscription of King Bhīmad va II
Sam. 1256, Bhadrapada, badı 15, Bhauina V. 1256 current Caitrādi :
Pūrņimānta : Tuesday, 4 August, A.C. 1198 The tithi ended about 15 h. 1 m after meam sunrise.
Amānta : Thursday, 3 Septeinber, A.C. 1198 V. 1256 expired Caitrādi :
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrnimānta : Monday, 23 August, A.C. 1199
Amānta : Wednesday, 22 Septeinber. A.C. 1199 V. 1256 expired Kārttikādi :
Pūriņmānta : Friday, 11 August, A.C. 1200
Amānta : Sunday, 10 September, A.C. 1200 The given date tallies according to the current Caitrādi system. It also seems probable according to the expired Caitrādi system. The given tithi commenced about 31 m. 50 se. after local sunrise on Tuesday, 21 September, A.C. 1199, but it commenced about 58 m. 15 se. before local sunrise according to the Brahma Siddhanta. Thus it applies to the given week-day in a regular way
(ii) Image Inscriptions 61. V. 1284-JTSS, Vol. I, Part i, p. 40, Raimsen image
inscription

Page #134

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
Sam, 1289, Vaiśākha, ba. di. 1, Guru V. 1289 current Caitrādi :
Pūrṇimānta: Thursday, 20 March, A.C. 1231
The tithi ended about 17 h. 24 m. after mean sunrise. Amanta Saturday, 19 April, A.C. 1231
V. 1289 expired Caitrādi:
(or current Kärttikadi) Pūrṇimānta
Wednesday, 7 April, A.C. 1232
Amanta Friday, 7 May, A.C. 1232
V. 1289 expired Kārttikādi :

117
Pūrṇimānta: Monday, 28 March, A.C. 1233
Amanta: Tuesday, 26 April, A.C. 1233 (iii) Prasastis
62. V. 1246-JPPS, No. 107, p. 112, A Ms of Jinadattākhyāna copied at Aṇahillapāṭaka Sam. 1246, Śrāvaṇa, ba, di. 6, Guru
V. 1246 current Caitrādi :
Pūrṇimānta: (Thursday, 16 June, A.C. 1188 Friday, 17 June, A.C. 1188 The 6th tithi commenced before sunrise on Thursday, 16 June, A.C. 1188 and ended about 0 h. 36 m. after mean sunrise on Friday, 17 June, A.C. 1188. Amānta: Śrāvaṇa was intercalary. First Śrāvaṇa, ba. di. 6 Saturday, 16 July,
1
A.C. 1188 Second Śrāvaṇa, ba. di. 6 Monday, 15
=
August, A.C. 1188

Page #135

118
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
V. 1246 expired Caitrādi :
(or current Kärttikadi) Pūrṇimanta Wednesday, 5 July, A.C. 1189 Amanta: Friday, 4 August, AC 1189
V. 1246 expired Kärttikādi :
Purnimanta
Suppressed between sunrise on Sunday, 24 June, A.C. 1190 and sunrise on the next day.
Amänta Tuesday, 24 July, A.C. 1190
(b) Dates in expired Caitrādi (or current Kārttikadi) Years
(A) Purnimanta Dates Image Inscriptions
63. V. 1324-BPT., p. 14, Bhiladiya image inscription Sam. 1324, Vaiśāka [kha], ba. da. [di.] 5, Budha
V. 1324 current Caitrādi :

Purnimanta: Saturday, 27 March, A C 1266 Amanta Monday, 26 April, A.C. 1266
V. 1324 expired Caitrādi :
(or current Kärttikadi)
Pūrṇimānta: Wednesday, 16 March, A.C. 1267
The tithi ended about 18 h. 8 m. after mean sunrise. Amanta Friday, 15 April, A.C. 1267
V. 1324 expired Kārttikādi:
Purnimanta: Tuesday, 3 April, A.C. 1268 Amanta: Thursday,
May, A.C. 1268

Page #136

1 TE SOLANKI PERIOD
119
(C) Dates in Expired Kārttikādi Years
(A) Pūrnimānta Dates
Image Inscriptions 64. V. 1198-JDPLS, Part i, No. 1498, Viramgam image
inscription
Saṁ. 1198, Vaišākha, ba. di. 5, Budha V. 1198 current Caitrādi :
Pūrņimānta : Tuesday, 9 April, A.C. 1140
Amānta : Thursday, 9 May, A.C. 1140 V. 1198 expired Caitrādi :
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrņimānta : Saturday, 29 March, A.C. 1141
Amānta : Monday, 28 April, A.C. 1141 V. 1198 expired Kārttikādi : Pūrņimānta : Wednesday, 18 March, A.C.
1142 The tithi ended about 14 h. 32 m. after mean sunrise.
Amānta : Friday, 17 April, A.C. 1142 65. V. 1261-PLS., Part i, No. 29, Patadi image inscri
pțion
Saṁ. 1261, Aşādha, ba. di. 8, Sani V. 1261 current Caitrādi :
Pūrnimānta : Wednesday, 4 June, A.C. 1203
Amānta : Friday, 4 July, A.C. 1203 V. 1261 expired Caitrādi :
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrnimānta : Monday, 24 May, A.C. 1204 Amānta : Tuesday, 22 June, A.C. 1204

Page #137

120
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
V. 1261 expired Kārttikādi :
Pūrnimānta : Saturday, 11 June, A.C. 1205 The tithi ended about 19 b. 5 m. after mean sunrise.
Amānta : Monday, 11 July, A.C 1205 66. V. 1305-PJLS., Part ii, No. 551, Palanpur image
inscription
Sam. 1305, Așādha, ba. di. 7, Sukra V. 1305 current Caitrādi :
Pūrņimānta : Tuesday, 28 May, A.C. 1247
Amānta : Wednesday, 26 June, A.C. 1247 V. 1305 expired Caitrādi :
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrnimānta : Monday, 15 June, A.C. 1248
Amānta : Tuesday, 14 July, A.C. 1248 V. 1305 expired Kārttikādi :
Pūrnimānta : Friday, 4 June, A.C. 1249 The tithi ended about 9 h. 37 m. after mean sunrise. Amānta : Saturday, 3 July, A.C. 1249
Sunday, 4 July, A.C. 1249 67. V. 1334-JPLS., No. 339, Bhiladiya image inscription
Sam. 1334, Vaišākha, ba. di. 5, Budha V. 1334 current Caitrādi :
Pūrnimānta : Sunday, 5 April, A.C. 1276
Amānta : Monday, 4 May, A.C. 1276 V. 1334 expired Caitrādi :
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrnimānta : Thursday, 25 March, A.C. 1277 Amânta : Saturday, 24 April, A.C. 1277

Page #138

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
V. 1334 expired Kärttikādi :
Purnimanta Wednesday, 13 April, A.C.
1278
The tithi ended about 14 h. 53 m. after mean sunrise. Amanta Suppressed between sunrise on Thursday, 12 May, A.C. 1278 and sunrise on Friday, 13 May, A C. 1278.
68. V. 1356-JDPLS,., Part i No. 1493, Viramgam image inscription
Sam 1356, Vaisakha, ba, di. 12, Ravi V. 1356 current Caitrādi:
V. 1356 expired Caitrādi :
121
Purnimanta : Wednesday, 9 April, A.C. 1298 Amanta Suppressed between sunrise on Thursday, 8 May, A.C. 1298 and sunrise on Friday, 9 May, A.C. 1298
V. 1356 expired Kārttikādi :

(or current Kārttikādi)
Purnimanta: Monday, 30 March, A.C. 1299 Amanta Tuesday, 28 April, A.C. 1299
Pūrṇimānta: Sunday, 17 April, A.C. 1300 The tithi ended about 8 h. 25 m. after mean
sunrise.
Amanta: Monday, 16 May, A.C. 1300
(B) Amanta Dates
(i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate Inscriptions 69. V. 1231-PO., Vol. I, No., 4, p. 40, Unjha stone inscription of Ajayapāla
Sam. 1231, Caitra, ba. di. 11, Guru

Page #139

122
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
V. 1231 current Caitrādi :
Pūrņimānta : Sunday, 11 March, A.C. 1173
Amānta : Tuesday, 10 April, A.C. 1173 V. 1231 expired Caitrādi :
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrņimānta : Friday, 1 March, A.C. 1174
Ainānta : Saturday, 30 March, A.C. 1174 V. 1231 expired Kārttikādi : Caitra was intercalary. Pūrņimānta : Wednesday, 19 February, A.C.
1175 Amānta : First Caitra, ba. di. 11=Thursday
20 March, A.C. 1175 The tithi ended about 12 h. 5 m. after mean sunrise.
Second Caitra, ba. di. 11 = Friday, 18 April,
A.C. 1175 70. V. 1317-IA, Vol. VI, p. 210, Kadi copper-plate
inscription of King Bhīmadeva II
Sam. 1317, Laukika Jyeștha, ba. di. 4, Guru V. 1317 current Caitrādi :
Pūrņimānta : Monday, 12 May, A.C. 1259
Amānta : Tuesday, 10 June, A.C. 1259 V. 1317 expired Caitrādi :
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrạimānta : Friday, 30 April, A.C. 1260
Amānta : Sunday, 30 May, A.C. 1260 V. 1317 expired Kärttikādi :
Pūrņimānta : Wednesday, 20 April, A.C.
1261
Amānta : Thursday, 19 May, A.C. 1261 The tithi ended about 17 h. 3 m. after mean sunrise.

Page #140

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
123
(ii) Image inscriptions 71. V. 1215-JLS., No. 1723, p. 171, Khimat stone
inscription
Saṁ. 1215, Vaišākha, ba. di. 4, śukra V. 1215 current Caitrādi :
Pūrnimānta : Sundav, 31 March, A.C. 1157
Amānta : Tuesday, 30 April, A.C. 1157 V. 1215 expired Caitrādi :
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrņimānta : Friday, 21 March, A.C. 1158
Amānta : Saturday, 19 April, A.C. 1158 V. 1215 expired Kārttikādi : Pūrņimānta : Wednesday, 8 April, A.C.
1159 Amānta : Friday, 8 May, A.C. 1159 The tithi ended about 11 h. 24 m. after mean sunrise. 72. V. 1298-PJLS., No. 506, Patan image inscription
Sam. 1298, Vaišākha, ba. di. 3, Sani V. 1298 current Caitrādi :
Pūrnimānta : Monday, 12 March, A.C. 1240 Amānta : Vaišākha was intercalary. First Vaišākha, ba. di. 3-Wednesday, 11
April, A.C. 1240 Second Vaišākha, ba. di. 3=Thursday, 10
May, A.C. 1240 V. 1298 expired Caitrādi :
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrnimānta : Sunday, 31 March, A.C. 1241 Amānta : Monday, 29 April, A.C. 1241

Page #141

124
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
V. 1298 expired Kārttikādi :
Pūrnimānta : Friday, 21 March, A.C. 1242
Amānta : Saturday, 19 April, A.C. 1242 The tithi ended about 12 h. 1 m. after mean sunrise. 73. V. 1315-PILS., Part ii, No. 555, Palanpur image
inscription
Sam. 1315 (?), Vaišākha, ba, di. 7, Guru (?) V. 1315 current Caitrādi :
Pūrnimānta : Saturday, 7 April, A.C. 1257
Amānta : Monday, 7 May, A.C. 1257 V. 1315 expired Caitrādi :
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrņimānta : Wednesday, 27 March, A.C.
1258 Amānta : Friday, 26 April, A.C. 1258 V. 1315 expired Kārttikādi :
Pūrnimānta : Tuesday, 15 April, A.C. 1259
Amānta : Thursday, 15 May, A.C. 1259 The tithi ended about 6 h. 21 m. after mean sunrise. 74. V. 1316-JDPLS., Part ii, No. 300, Patan image
inscription
Sam. 1316, Vaišākha, ba. di. 11, Sukra V. 1316 current Caitrādi :
Pūrnimānta : Monday, 1 April, A.C. 1258
Amānta : Tuesday, 30 April, A.C. 1258 V. 1316 expired Caitrādi :
(or current Kärttikādi) Pūrnimānta : Saturday, 19 April, A.C. 1259 Amānta : Monday, 19 May, A.C. 1259

Page #142

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
125
V. 1316 expired Kārttikādi :
Pūrņimānta : Thursday, 8 April, A.C. 1260
Amānta : Friday, 7 May, A.C. 1260 The tithi ended about 14 h. 2 m. after mean sunrise. 75. V. 1325-JDPLS., Part i, No. 649, Pamol image
inscription
Sam. 1325, Jyestha ba. di. lh Sani V. 1325 current Caitrādi :
Pūrņimānta : Monday, 11 April, A.C. 1267 Amānta : Jyeștha was intercalary, First Jyeștha, ba, di, 1 = Tuesday, 10 May, A.C. 1267 Second Jyestha, ba. di. l = Thursday, 9
June, A.C. 1267 V. 1325 expired Caitrādi :
(or current Kāritikādi) Pūrnimānta : Sunday, 29 April, A.C. 1268
Amānta : Monday, 28 May, A.C. 1268 V. 1325 expired Kārttikādi :
Pūrnimānta : Friday, 19 April, A.C. 1269
Amānta : Saturday, 18 May, A.C. 1269 The tithi ended about 7 h. 33 m. after mean sunrise. 76. V. 1330-GV BV., p 50, Vijapur image inscription
Sam. 1330, Caitra, ba. di. 7. Sani V. 1330 current Caitrādi : Pūrnimānta : Monday, 22 February, A.C.
1272 Amānta : Wednesday, 23 March, A.C. 1272 V. 1330 expired Caitrādi :
(or current Kārttikādi)

Page #143

126
THE CHRNOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT Pūrņimānta : Sunday, 12 March, A.C, 1273
Amānta : Tuesday, 11 April, A.C. 1273 V. 1330 expired Kārttikādi :
Pūrnimānta : Thursday, 1 March, A.C. 1274
Amānta : Saturday, 31 March, A.C. 1274 The tithi ended about 11 h. 39 m. after mean
sunrise. 77. V. 1344-JLS, Part ii. No. 2099, p. 281, Disa image
inscription
Sam. 1344, Jyeștha, ba. di. 4, Sukra V. 1344 current Caitrādi :
Pūrņimānta : Monday, 13 May, A.C. 1286
Amānia : Tuesday, 11 June, A C. 1286 V. 1344 expired Caitrādi :
(or current Kārtrikādi) Pūrņimānta : Saturday, 3 May, A.C. 1287
Amāntā : Monday, 1 June, A.C. 1287 V. 1344 expired Kārttikādi :
Pūrnimānta: Wednesday, 21 April, A.C. 1288
Amānta ; Friday, 21 May, A.C. 1288 The tithi ended about 1 h. 51 m. after mean
sunrise. 78. V. 1349–PJLS., Part ii, No. 511, Patan image
inscription.
Sam. 1349, Caitra, ba di. 6, Ravi V. 1349 current Caitrādi : Pūrnimānta : Wednesday, 21 February, A.C.
1291 Amānta : Thursday, 22 March, A.C. 1291

Page #144

THF SOLANKI PERIOD
V. 1349 expired Caitrādi :
(or current Kārttikādi) Purnimanta: Monday, 10 March, A.C. 1292 Amānta Wednesday, 9 April, A.C. 1292 V. 1349 expired Kārttikādi :
Purnimanta Saturday, 28 February, A.C. 1293
Amanta Sunday, 29 March, A.C. 1293 The tithi ended about 16 h, 54 m. after mean sunrise.
(iii) Prasastis
79. V. 1274-JPPS, p. 115, No. 131, A Ms of Bhagavatisūtravṛtti copied at Prahladanpur
127
Sam 1274, Prathama Jyeṣṭha, ba. di. 7, Sukra
V. 1274 expired Kārttikādi :
Amanta
Jyeṣṭha was intercalary.
First Jyeṣṭha, ba. di. 7, Friday, 18 May, A.C. 1218
The tithi ended about 12 h. 8 m. after mean sunrise. Second Jyeṣṭha, ba. di. 7 Saturday, 16 June. A C 1218
80. V. 1298-JPPS, No. 190, p. 123, A Ms of
Haimavyākaraṇāntargata-Taddhitaprakarana
copied at [probably in Gujarat]
Sam. 1298, Dvitiya Bhadrapada, ba. di. 7, Guru
V. 1298 expired Kärttikādi :

Amanta Bhadrapada was intercalary. First Bhadrapada, ba. di. 7-Tuesday,
19 August, A.C. 1242

Page #145

128
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
Second Bhādrapada, ba. di. 7=Thursday,
. 18 September, A.C. 1242 The tithi ended about 6 h. 51 m. after mean sunrise. 81. V. 1357-JPPS., No. 232, p. 128, A Ms of Sūyaga
dāngavștti copied at Vījāpura
Sam. 1327, Bhādrapada, ba. di. 2, Ravi V. 1327 current Caitrādi :
Pūrņimānta : Tuesday, 16 July, A.C. 1269
Amānta : Thursday. 15 August, A.C. 1669 V. 1327 expired Caitrādi :
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrnimānta : Monday 4 August, A.C. 1270 Amānta : Wednesday, 3 September, A.C.
1270 V. 1327 expired Kārttikādi :
Pūrņimānta : Saturday, 25 July, A.C 1271
Amānta : Sunday, 23 August, A C. 1271 The tithi ended about 6 h. 51 in, after mean sunrise. (d) A Date which may be either a Pūrņimānta Date of a current year or an !mānta
Date of an expired year
Praśasti 82. V. 1191-JPPS. No. 36, p. 103. A Ms of Avaśyak
aniryukti copied at Anahilapāțaka
Sam. 1191, Phālguna, ba. di 1, Sani V. 1191 current, - Pūrņimānta : Saturday, 13 January, A.C.
1134 The tithi ended about 5 h. 39 m. after mean sunrise.
Amānta : Sunday, 11 February, A.C. 1134

Page #146

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
129 V. 1191 expired, -
Pūrņimānta : Friday, 1 February, A.C. 1135
Amānta : Saturday, 2 March, A.C. 1135 The tithi ended about 17 h. 39 m. after mean sunrise. (e) Dates which may be either Pūrņimānta
Dates of expired Caitrādi years or Amānta
Dates of expired Kārttikādi years (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate Inscriptions 83. V. 1207-ARADBS., 1938, p. 14, Khandoran stone
inscription
Sam. 1207, Jyeștha, ba. di. 12, Budha V. 1207 current Caitrādi :
Pūrņimānta : Friday, 6 May, A.C. 1149
Amānta : Saturday, 4 June, A C. 1149 V. 1207 expired Caitrādi :
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrņimānta : Wednesday, 26, April, A.C.
1150 The tithi ended about 3. h. 15 m. after mean sunrise.
Amānta : Thursday, 25 May, A.C. 11501 V. 1207 expired Kärttikādi :
Pūrnimānta : Tuesday, 15 May, A.C. 1151 1. Hirananda Sastri equates the given date with Wednesday, 24
May, A.C. 1150 ( A.R. ADBS., 1937-36, p. 14). But the given tithi commenced as late as 13 h. 5 m. after mean suorise on that day.

Page #147

130 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
Amānta : Wednesday, 13 June, A.C. 1151 The tithi ended about 10 h. 12 m. after mean sunrise.
(ii) Image Inscriptions 84. V. 1353–PLS., Part 1, No. 51, Jotana image
inscription
Sam. 1353 Vaišākha, ba.di. 9, Guru V. 1353 current Caitrādi :
Pūrnimānta : Saturday, 9 April, A.C. 1295
Amänta : Monday, 9 May, A.C. 1295 V. 1353 expired Caitrādi :
(or current Kārttikādi ,
Pūrņimānta : Thursday, 29 March, A.C. 1296 The tithi ended about 6 h. 8 m. after mean sunrise
Amānta : Friday, 27 April, AC 1296 V. 1353 expired Kārttikādi :
Pūrnimānta : Wednesday, 17 April, A.C. 1297
Amānta : Thursday, 16 May, A.C. 1297 The tithi ended about 14 h. 3 m. after mean sunrise. (f) A Date which may be either Pūrnimānta Date
of an expired Caitrādi Year or an Amānta Date of an expired Kārttikādi Year
Image Inscription 85. V. 1326-JDPLS., Part 1, Nos. 462, 63, Ladol
image inscription
Sam. 1326, Caitra, ba. di. 12, Sukra V. 1326 current Caitrādi :
Pūrņimānta : Monday, 12 March, A.C. 1268

Page #148

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
The tithi ended about 9 h. 15 m. after mean sunrise. Tuesday, 10 April, A.C. 1268
Amanta
V. 1326 expired Caitrādi :
(or current Kärttikādi)
Pūrṇimānta: Friday, 1 March, A.C. 1269 Amanta: Saturday, 30 March, A C. 1269 V. 1326 expired Kārttikādi :
Purnimanta: Thursday, 20 March, A.C. 1270 Amanta Friday, 18 April, A.C, 1270
The tithi ended 18 h. 36 m. after mean sunrise.
ADDENDUM
Dates in the months Caitra to Aśvina
(a) Dates in current Caitrādi Years Image Inscriptions
86. V. 1331-PJLS., Part ii, No. 498, p. 313, Sanakhalpur image inscription
Sam 1331, Vaisakha, su.di. 15, Budha
V. 1331 current Caitrādi: Wednesday, 3 May, A.C. 1273
The tithi ended about 14 h. 17 m. after mean sunrise.
V. 1331-expired Caitrādi (or current Kärttikadi) V. 1331 expired Kārttikādi:
131

Dates in expired Kārttikādi Years Prasastis
Sunday, 22 April,
A.C. 1274
Thursday, 11 April, A.C. 1275

Page #149

132
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT 87. V. 1315-CPMSJBC., No. 46, p. 73, A Ms of
Prthvicandrasūri's Kalpasūtrațippanaka (Paryușaņākalpațippanaka) copied at Sallakṣaṇapura
Saṁ. 1315, Dvitīya Caitra, su.di. 6, Soma V. 1315 expired Kārttikādi : Caitra was intercalary.
First Caitra, su.di. 6 : Sunday, 2 March, A.C. 1259 Second Caitra, su.di. 6: Monday,31 March,
A.C. 1259 The tithi ended about 18 h. 51 m. after mean sunrise.
Dates in Dark Fortnights Dates in the months Kārttika to Phālguna
Dates jo expired Years
Amānta Dates
Image Inscriptions 88. V. 1 [2795-HIG, No. 248, Dilmal image inscription
Sam. 1 [2] 95, Paușa, ba. di. 6, Guru V. 1295 current,
Pūrnimānta : Friday, 11 December, A.C. 1237
Amānta : Sunday, 10 January, A.C. 1238 V. 1295 expired,
Pūrņimānta : Tuesday, 30 November, A.C 1238
Amānta : Thursday, 30 December, A.C. 1238 The tithi ended about 11 h. 10 m. after mean sunrise. 2. Dates in the months Caitra to Aśvina (a) Dates in expired Caitrādi or current
Kārttikādi Years

Page #150

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
89. V.
(A) Pūrṇimānta Dates Image Inscriptions
1310-PJLS., Part ii. No. 494, p. 312, Sanakhal
pur image inscription
Sam. 1310, Caitra, ba. di. 13, Guru
V. 1310 current Caitrādi :
133
Pūrṇimānta: Saturday, 9 March, A.C. 1252 Amanta Monday, 8 April, A.C. 1252
V. 1310 expired Caitrādi :
(or current Kārttikādi)
Purnimanta: Thursday, 27 February, A.C. 1253 The tithi ended about 13 h. 20 m. after mean sunrise.
Amanta: Suppressed between sunrise on Friday, 28 March. A.C. 1253 and sunrise on the next day.
V. 1310 expired Kārttikādi :
Purnimanta Wednesday, 18 March, A C. 1254 Amänta : Suppressed between sunrise on Thursday, 16 April, A.C. 1254 and sunrise on the next day.
The given tithi would correspond to Thursday, 27 February, A C. 1253 according to the expired Caitrādi Pūrṇimanta system or better to Thursday, 16 April, A.C. 1254, according to expired Kärttikādi Amanta system. In the latter case the given tithi was suppressed between sunrise on 16 April and sunrise on 17 April, both on the basis of mean sunrise and even local sunrise. However, on calculating according to the Brahma Siddhanta, the given tithi is found to have already

Page #151

134
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT commenced about 1h. 40 m. before local sunrise on Thursday, 16 April. Thus the given tithi regularly belongs to Thursday according to the Brahma Siddhānta.
Amānta Dates
Image Inscriptions 90. V. 1338-PJLS., Part ii, No. 486, Sanakhalpur image
inscription
Sam. 1338, Jyeștha, ba. di. 2, Sukra V. 1338 current Caitrādi :
Pūrņimānta: Thursday, 18 April, A.C. 1280
Amānta : Friday, 17 May, A.C. 1280 The tithi ended about 21 h. 58 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1338 expired Caitrādi :
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrņimānta : Wednesday, 7 May, A.C. 1281
Amānta : Thursday, 5 June, A.C. 1281 V. 1338 expired Kārttikādi :
Pūrņimānta : Sunday, 26 April, A C. 1282
Amānta : Tuesday, 26 May, A.C. 1282 Dates in expired Kārttikādi Years :
Pūrņimānta Dates
Image Inscription 91. V. 1198-JDPLS., Part i, No. 1498, p. 260, Viramgam
image inscription
Sam. 1198, Vaišākha, ba. di. 5, Budha V. 1198 current Caitrādi :
Pūrņimānta : Tuesday, 9 April, A.C. 1140 Amānta : Thursday, 9 May, A.C. 1140

Page #152

THF SOLANKI PERIOD
133 V. 1198 expired Caitrādi :
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrạimānta : Saturday, 29 March, A.C.
1141
Amānta : Monday, 28 April, A.C. 1141 V. 1198 expired Kārttikādi :
Pūrņimānta : Wednesday, 18 March, A C.
1142
The tithi ended about 14 h. 32 m. after mean sunrise.
Amānta : Friday, 17 April, A.C. 1142
Amānta Dates
Image Inscriptions 92. V. 1349–PJLS., Part ii, No. 473, p. 307, Sankhalpur
image inscription
Sam. 1349, Caitra, ba. di. 6, Ravi V. 1349 current Caitrādi : Pūrņimānta : Wednesday, 21 February,
A.C. 1291 Amānta : Thursday, 22 March, A.C. 1291 V. 1349 expired Caitrādi :.
(or current Kärttikādi) Pūrnimānta : Monday, 10 March, A.C. 1292
Amānta : Wednesday, 9 April, A.C. 1292 V. 1349 expired Kārttikādi : Pūrņimānta : Saturday, 28 February, A.C.
1293 Amanta : Sunday, 29 March, A.C. 1293 The tithi ended about 16 h. 56 m. after mean sunrise.

Page #153

136 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
2. Irregular Dates (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate Inscriptions 93. V. 1140-JOI, Vol. II, p. 364, Ladol copper-plate
inscription of King Karṇadeva I Saṁ. 1140, Paușa, ba. di. 14, Soma
Uttarāyaṇaparvan V. 1140 current, - Pūrņimānta : Wednesday, 21 December,
- A.C. 1082 Amānta : Thursday, 19 January, A.C. 1083 V. 1140 expired, - Pūrņimānta : Suppressed between sunrise
on Sunday, 10 December A.C. 1083 and sunrise on the
next day Amānta : Tuesday, 9 January, A.C. 1084
The given tithi does not agree with the given weekday according to any of the four systems mentioned above. The given date would correspond to Monday, 8 January, A.C. 1184, on assuming that the week-day was joined with the new tithi which commenced on it rather than with the tithi which was current at sunrise. But as H. G. Shastri observes, the Uttarāyana parvan fell on 25 December, A.C. 1083, according to the Makarasaskrānti of expired V.S. 1140, and this day corresponds to the 14th tithi of the bright-half of the Pausa. On this account he assumes that the grant was issued 15 days later than the Parvan on which it was made (JOI, II, 366 ).

Page #154

TTE SOLANKI PERIOD
137 Alternatively, it may be suggested that the fortnight ba.di. mentioned in the given date is erroneous and should be corrected into su.di. The tithi would, then, tally with the Uttārāyaṇa parvan as well as the week-day. 94. V. 1156-JOI, Vol. II, p. 366, Ladol copper-plate
inscription of King Jayasimha Saṁ 1156, Aşādha, su.di. 15, Soma,
Aşadhīparvan V. 1156 current Caitrādi : Wednesday, 16 June,
A.C. 1098 V. 1156 expired Caitrādi : Tuesday, 5 July, A.C.
(or current Kārttikādi) 1099 V. 1156 expired Kārttikādi : Saturday, 23 June,
A.C. 1100 As the given date does not tally with any of these three dates, it may be suggested that the given date should be ascribed to Monday, 4 July, A.C. 1099 by assuming that the week-day was connected with the new tithi which commenced on it. The 15th tithi which marked Aşadhīparvan commenced 3 h. 58 m. after mean sunrise. * 95. V. 1184-HIG. Part iii, No. 143 A, Sunsar copper
plate inscription of King Jayasimha
Saṁ. 1184, Caitra, su.di. 15, Soma V. 1184 current Caitrādi : Wednesday, 10 March,
A.C. 1126 V. 1184 expired Caitrādi : Suppressed between (or current Kārttikādi) sunrise on Tuesday
29 March, A.C. 1127 and sunrise on the next day.

Page #155

138
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1184 expired Kārttikādi : Sunday, 18 March,
A.C. 1128
The given date does not agree with any of these three dates. The assumption made in the case of the two dates discussed above may be applied to the day preceding Tuesday, 29 March, A.C. 1127, but the grant has proved to be a forged one on several grounds. ( Vide R.C. Modi, Buddhiprakāsh, Vol XCI, p. 20.)
* 96. V. 1193-HIG, Part iii, No. 143 B, Sunsar copper
plate inscription of King Jayasimhadeva Sam 1193, Phālguna, ba. di. 7, Bhauma
Makarasamkrāntiparvan V. 1193 current,
Pūrņimanta : Monday, 27 January, A.C. 1136
Amānta : Tuesday, 25 February, A.C. 1136 V. 1193 expired,Pūrņimānta : Saturday, 16 January, A.C.
1137 Amānta : Sunday, 14 February, A.C. 1137 The given tithi does not tally with the given week-day according to any of the four systems in expired V.S 1193. But the difficulty can be solved by taking the given year current and applying the date to the Caitrādi Amānta system. However, as Shri R.C. Modi observes, it is impossible to accept the Makarasamkrāntiparvan in Phālguna and, hence, this grant inust be taken to be forged like the former one with which it was discovered (Ibid., p. 20).

Page #156

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
139
*97. V. 1201-HIG.. Part iii, No. 144 E. Sunsar copper
plate inscription of King Kumārapāla
Sam. 1201, Pausa, su.di, 2, Sani V. 1201 current : Friday, 10 December, A C. 1143 V. 1201 expired : Tuesday, 28 November, A.C. 1144
The given date does not hold good As noticed by Shri R. C. Modi, this grant, too, is a forged one, like the two above grants found with it. (Vide
R.C. Modi, Buddhiprakāsh, XCI, pp. 20 f.). 98. V. 1208-HIG., Part ii, No. 147, Vadnagar stone
inscription of King Kumārāpala
Sam. 1208, Áśvina, su.di [5], Guru V. 1208 current Caitrādi : Wednesday, 27 Sept
ember, A.C. 1150 V. 1208 expired Caitrādi : Sunday, 16 September,
(or current Kārttikādi) A.C. 1151 V. 1208 expired Kārttikādi : Friday, 5 September,
A.C. 1152 If the probable reading be accepted, it appears that the given day may correspond to Thursday, 4 September, A.C. 1152, but on this day the 5th
tithi commenced 11 h. 12 m. after mean sunrise. 99. V. 1232-IIBS., 1, No. 71, HIG., Part iji, No. 157 B,
Brāhmanvādā copper-plate inscription of King Mūlarāja II
Sam. 1232, Caitra, su,di. 11, Soma V. 1232 current Caitrādi (Friday, 15 March, A.C.
1174 Saturday, 16 March
A.C. 1174

Page #157

140 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1232 expired Caitrādi : Caitra was intercalary.
(or current Kārttikādi ) First Caitra, su. di. 11=Wednesday, 5 March, A.C. 1175 Second Caitra su, di. 11=Thursday, 3 April,
A.C. 1175 V. 1232 expired Kārttikādi : Suppressed between
sunrise on Monday 22 March A.C. 1176
and sunrise on the next day. The given day obviously corresponds to Monday, 22 March, A.C. 1176. The tithi 11 commenced about 34 m. 7 sc, after local sunrise on that day according to the Sürya Siddhānta, but according to the Brahma Siddhānta it commenced about 52 m, 51 sc, before local sunrise on that day. Thus the date holds good according to the Brahma
Siddhānta in regular course. 100. V. 1267-1A., Vol. VI, p. 201, Kadi copper Plate
inscription of King Bhīmadeva II
Sam. 1287, Așādha, su.di. 8, Sukra V. 1287 current Caitrādi : Saturday, 30 June,
A.C. 1229 V. 1287 expired Caitrādi : Wednesday, 19 June,
(or current Kārttikādi) A.C. 1230 V. 1287 expired Kārttikādi : Monday, 9 June, A.C.
1231
The given day does not correspond to any of the dates mentioned above. The day preceding Saturday, 30 June, A.C. 1229 would also not fit

Page #158

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
141 in, as the 8th tithi commenced about 15 h. after mean sunrise i.e. after sunse not the day.
Kiclhorn has suggested to take the year as V. 1289 expired and equate the date with Friday, 17 June A.C. 1233 (IA. XIX 369).
As the date is given in words as well as figures there is little doubt about its reading. Hence, it is certain that some of the given details of the date is incorrect. It may more probably, apply to
the tithi or the week-day rather than the year. 101. V. 1288-IA., Vol. VI, p. 203, Kadi copper-plate
inscription of King Bhimadeva II
Saṁ. 1288, Bhādrapada su. di. 1, Soma V. 1288 current Caitrādi : Suppressed between
sunrise on Saturday, 10 August, A.C. 1230
and sunrise on the next day, V. 1288 expired Caitrādi : Thursday, 31 July, A.C.
(or current Kārttikādi) 1231 V. 1288 expired Kārttikādi : Wednesday, 18 August,
A C. 1232 The givn tithi does not correspond to any of the dates mentioned above.
Kielhorn has suggested to take the year as V. 1289 expired and equate the date with Monday, 8 August, A.C. 1233 (Ibid, p. 366).
As the reading of the date is definite, there seems to be some scribal error in the given date, probably in the tithi or the week-day rather than the year as suggested by Kielhorn. Presumably Some may be

Page #159

THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
corrected into Saumye. The date would then apply to the expired Kärttikādi year.
142
102. V. 1295-IA., Vol. VI. p 205, Kadi copper-plate inscription of King Bhimadeva II
Sam. 1295, Mārgaśīrṣa, su. di. 14, Guru
V. 1295 current: Wednesday, 2 December, A.C. 1237
V 1295 expired: Monday, 22 November, A.C. 1238
The given day does not correspond to any of the dates mentioned above.
Kielhorn has suggested to take the given year as either V. 1293 expired or V. 1297 expired and equate the date with either Thursday, 13 November, A.C. 1236 or Thursday, 29 November, A.C. 1240.
Here, also there seems to be some error in the given date. Probably, the scribe committed some error in the tithi or week-day rather than the year. Presumably the tithi 14 may be corrected into 10. It may then apply to the expired system.
103. V. 1299-IA., Vol. VI, p. 208, Kadi copper-plate inscription of King Tribhuvanapāladeva Sam 1299, Caitra, su. di. 6, Soma..... Phagaṇa-Amavasyā, Surya grahaṇa parvan
V. 1299 current Caitrādi: Wednesday, 20 March, A.C. 1241
V. 1299 expired Caitrādi: Sunday, 9 March, A.C. (or current Kārttikādi) 1242
V. 1299 expired Kärttikādi: Saturday, 28 March, A.C. 1243

Page #160

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
143 None of the three possible years, therefore, yields the desired week-day.
As regards the other item of the date, there was no solar eclipse in the month Phālguna (of V. 1299 current Caitrādi or expired Caitrādi) either Pūrņimanta or Amānta, which immediately preceded the 20th March, A.C. 1241 and the 9th March, A.C. 1242, but there was a solar eclipse on the new-moon day of the Amānta Phālguna (of V. 1299 expired Kārttikādi immediately preceding the 28th March, A.C. 1243. This eclipse took place on Sunday, 22 March, A.C. 1243, 2 h. 2 m. Greenwich time, or, at Ujjain 1 h. 5 m. after mean sunrise.
Kielhorn, therefore, remarks that there can be no doubt that some at least of the recorded details of this date are incorrect; and the probabilities are that the eclipse, has been rightly quoted, but that either the tithi of Caitra referred to in the date was really the 8th or a week-day a Saturday. In the former case the proper equivalent of the date would be, Monday, 30 March, A.C. 1243, in the latter, Saturday, 28 March of the same year (Ibid., p. 372). 104. V. V. 1348-IA, Vol. 41, p. 20, Anavada stone
inscription of King Sārangadeva
Saṁ. 1348, Aşādha, su, di. 13, Ravi V. 1348 current Caitrādi : Thursday, 22 June, A.C.
1290 V. 1348 expired Caitrādi : Āsādha was intercalary.
(or current Kārttikādi) First Áşāụha, su, di. 13-Monday, 11, June, A.C. 1291

Page #161

144
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT Second Așādha, su. di. 13=Tuesday, 10 July, A.C.
1291 V. 1348 expired Kārttikādi : Saturday, 28 June, A.C.
1292 According to Pillai's Tables based on Sūrya Siddhānta, the given tithi ended about 23 h. 24 m. after mean sunrise on Saturday, 28th June. On calculation the true ending moment of the tithi is found to be 5 h. 52 m. 12 se, A.M. on the next date (29th June), while the true local sunrise occurred at 6 h. 7 m. 11 se. on that day. It means that the given tithi ended before the sunrise on Sunday, i.e. on Saturday.
On calculating according to the Brahma Siddhānta, it is found that the given tithi ended about 20 h. 11 m. after mean sunrise on Saturday, and that the true ending moment of the tithi is 4 h 39 m. 12 se. A.M. on Sunday. This means that the tithi ended even earlier,
However, on calculating according to the process given by Pillai,' the given tithi is found to have ended about 23 h. 51 m. after mean sunrise. On further calculation the true ending moment of the tithi is found to be 6 h. 19 m. 12 s. A.M. on Sunday i.e. about 12 m. after the true local sunrise. Thus the given tithi falls on the given week-day according to the Sūrya Siddhānta where we calculate the true ending moment of the tithi and the true local sunrise.
(ii) Image Inscription 105 V. 1126-JTSS., Vol 1, Part i, p. 46, Jamanpur
image inscription
Sam. 1126, Vaišākh, ba. di. 11, Sani 1. Pillai, IE, Vol. I, Part i, pp. 153 ff.

Page #162

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
145
V. 1126 current Caitrādi :
Pūrnimānta : Tuesday, 1 April, A.C. 1068
Amānta : Wednesday, 30 April, A.C. 1068 V. 1126 expired Caitrādi :
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrņimānta : Suppressed between sunrise
on Saturday, 21 March, A.C. 1069 and sunrise on the next
day.
Amānta : Monday, 20 April, A.C. 1069 V. 1126 expired Kārttikādi :
Pūrņimānta : Friday, 9 April, A.C. 1070
Amānta : Sunday, 9 May, A.C. 1070 The given date would most probably correspond to Saturday, 21 March, A.C. 1069. The given tithi commenced about 59 m. after local sunrise on that day according to the Sūrya Siddhānta, but it commenced about 39 m. 49 se. before local sunrise according to the Brahma Siddhānta. Accordingly, it would apyly to the given week-day in regular course. 106. V. 1188-JDPLS., No. 286, Patan image inscription
Sam. 1188, Phālguna, su. di. 2, Sukra V. 1188 current : Sunday, 1 February, A.C. 1131 V. 1181 expired : Saturday, 20 February, A.C. 1132
The given date may correspond to Friday, 19 February, A.C. 1132, if it was ascribed to the week-day on which it commenced. But the given tithi commenced as late as about 17 h. 24 m. after mean sunrise. It is, therefore, probable that the true tithi was 1 instead of
10

Page #163

146 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT 2. In that case it would apply to the given week-day in regular course. 107. V. 1210-PLS., No, 12, Mandal image inscription
Sam. 1210, Māgha, su, di. 8, Guru V, 1210 current : Monday, 5 January, A.C. 1153 V. 1210 expired:
IN S Saturday, 23 January, A.C. 1154
Sa
4.7 Sunday, 24 January, A.C. 1154 As the given date does not hold good according to either system, it is obvious that some particular is recorded or read erroneously. Presumably, true date may be either su. di. 6, Guru or su. di. 8, Sani (or Ravi). In that case it would correspond to either Thursday, 21 January, A.C. 1154 or Sunday, 23 January, A.C. 1154 (or even Sunday, 26 January, A.C. 1154) 108. V. 1211-JDPLS., Part i, No. 505, Visnagar image
inscription
Sam 1211, Vaišākha, ba. di. 2, Budha V. 1211 current CaitrādiPūrnimānta : Suppressed between sunrise
Friday, 13 March, A.C. 1153
and sunrise on the next day. Amānta : Sunday, 12 April, A.C 1153 V. 1211 expired Caitrādi :
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrnimānta : Friday, 2 April, A.C. 1154
Amānta : Saturday, 1 May, A.C, 1154 V, 1211 expired Kārttikādi :
Pūrņimānta : Tuesday, 22 March, A.C. 1155 Amānta : Thursday April, A.C. 1155

Page #164

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
147
The given date is proximate to Thursday, 21 April, A.C. 1155. It would, therefore, correspond to the preceding day. But the given tithi commenced about 3 h. 27 m. after local sunrise according to the Sürya Siddhānta, and about 1 h. 58 m. after local sunrise according to the Brahma Siddhānta. Hence it must be taken as ascribed to the week-day on which it commenced. 109. V. 1235-Ann. Rep. ADBS., 1939, Appe. B, No. 10,
Pamol image inscription
Sam. 1235, Vaišākha 3, Budha (i) Saṁ. 1235, Vaišākha (su ?) di. 3, Budha V, 1235 current Caitrādi : Sunday, 3 April, A C.
1177 V. 1235 expired Caitrādi : Saturday, 22 April, A.C. (or current Kārttikādi)
1178 V. 1235 expired Kārttikādi : Thursday, 12 April,
A.C. 1179 (ii) Sam. 1235, Vaišākh (ba ?) di. 3, Budha V. 1235 current Caitrādi :
Pūrnimānta : Saturday, 19 March, A.C. 1177
Amānta : Sunday, 17 April, A.C. 1177 V. 1235 expired Caitrādi :
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrnimānta : Friday, 7 April, A.C. 1178
Amānta : Saturday, 6 May, A.C. 1178 V. 1235 expired Kārttikādi :
Pūrņimānta : Tuesday, 27 March, A.C. 1179 Amānta : Suppressed between sunrise on
Wednesday 25, April, A.C. 1179 and suprise on the next day.

Page #165

148
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
· Unfortunately, the fortnight is not recorded or noticed. On applying the given tithi to the bright fortnight, it is found that, it can be applied to the given week-day, if it be taken as ascribed to the week-day on which it commenced.' On applying the given tithi to the dark fortnight, it is found that it applies to the given week-day regularly according to the Brahma Siddhānta, as it commenced about 30 m. 35 se, before local sunrise on Wednesday, 25 April, A.C. 1179.2 110. V. 1241-JLPLS., Part i. No. 174, Unja image
inscription
Sam. 1241, Vaišākha, su. di. 10, Sukra V. 1241 current Caitrādi : Vaišākha was intercalary.
First Vaišākha, su. di. 10=Monday, 4 April, A.C. 1183 Second Vaišākh, su. di. 10 = Wednesday,
4 May, A.C. 1183 V. 1241 expired Caitrādi : Sunday, 22 April, A.C. (or current Kārttikādi)
1184 V. 1241 expired Kārttikādi : Thursday, 11 April,
A C. 1185 The given date does not correspond to any of the dates mentioned above. It is, therefore, evident that some particular in it is recorded or read wrongly. Probably the given tithi referred to the dark fortnight rather than the bright fortnight. Accordingly, Sam 1241, 1 It commenced about 1 h. 20 m. after mean sunrise on Wednes
day, 11 April, A.C. 1179. 2 According to the Sürya Siddhanta it commenced about 58 m.
27 se. after local sunrise on that day.

Page #166

THF SOLANKI PERIOD
149
Vaisakha, ba. di. 10, Sukra would correspond to Friday, 26 April, A.C. 1185 according to the expired Kārttikādi system 111. V. 1252-JDPLS., Part i, No. 656, p. 114, Gavada
image inscription
Sam. 1252, Māgha, ba.di. 5, Sukra V. 1252 current,
Pūrņimānta : Monday, 2 January, A.C. 1195
Amānta : Wednesday, 1 February, A.C. 1195 V. 1252 expired, -
Pūrņimānta : Saturday, 23 December, A.C. 1195
Amānta : Sunday, 21 January, A.C. 1196
The given date is proximate to Saturday, 23 December, A.C. 1195. The given tithi would tally with the given week day, if it was joined with the previous week-day on which it commenced. It commenced about 11 h. 10 m. after mean sunrise on Friday, 22 December, A.C. 1195. 112. V. 1276-JDPLS., Part i, No. 1487, Viramgam image
inscription
Sam 1276, Phālguna, su.di. 2, Sani V. 1276 current : Monday, 18 February, A.C. 1219 V. 1276 expired : Friday 7, February, A.C. 1220
The given week-day does not correspond to any of the equivalent dates mentioned above. But it is nearest to Friday, 7 February, A.C. 1220. On calculation it is found, that the given tithi ended more than 19 hours after sunrise according to the Sürya Siddhānta and the Brahma Siddhānta, on Friday, February 7,

Page #167

150
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
A.C. 1220 while it was current at sunrise on the next day according to the inscription. Perhaps, the figure of the tithi in the inscription may be 3 instead of 2. In that case the tithi would fall on Saturday as mentioned in the inscription.
113. V. 1285-JSP., Vol. I, Part IX, p. 271, Palanpur image inscription
Sam. 1285, Caitra, ba. di. 12, Sukra
V. 1285 current Caitrādi:
Pūrṇimānta: Tuesday, 16 March, A.C. 1227 Amanta Wednesday, 14 April, A.C. 1227 V. 1285 expired Caitrādi :
(or current Kärttikādi)
Pūrṇimānta: Sunday, 5 March, A.C. 1228 Amanta Monday, 3 April, A.C. 1228 V. 1285 expired Kārttikādi :
Purnimanta Thursday, 22 February, A.C. 1229
Amanta Saturday, 24 March, A.C. 1229
The given tithi is proximate to Saturday, 24 March, A.C. 1229. It is, therefore, probable that the given tithi was ascribed to the previous day on which it commenced. It commenced about 2 h. 30 m. after local sunrise according to the Surya Siddhanta and 53 m. 5 se. after local surise according to the Brahma Siddhanta on Friday.
114. V. 1292-JDPLS., Part i, No. 81, Gambhu image inscription
Sam. 1292, Jyeṣṭha, su. di. 8, Sani
V. 1292 current Caitrādi: Monday, 8 May. A.C.
1234

Page #168

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
151
V. 1292 expired Caitrādi : Sunday, 27 May, A.C. (or current Kārttikādi)
1235 V. 1292 expired Kārttikādi : Thursday, 15 May,
A.C. 1236 The given tithi does not tally with the given weekday on any of the three dates mentioned above. But it is nearest to Sunday, 27 May, A.C. 1235. On calculation it is found, that the given tithi ends few minutes after true sunrise on Sunday even according to the Brahma Siddhānta.
It may, therefore, be suggested that the tithi mentioned here is the tithi which commenced on the given week-day and was current at the time of the Pratișthā and not the tithi that was current at sunrise on the given day. 115. V. 1287-JDPLS., Pari i, No. 580, Vadnagar image
inscription
Sam. 1297, Caitra, ba. di. 5, Soma V. 1297 current Caitrādi : Pūrņimānta : Thursday 24 February, A.C.
1239 Amānta : Saturday, 26 March, A.C. 1239 V. 1297 expired Caitrādi :
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrnimānta : suppressed between sunrise on
Monday, 13 February, A.C. 1240 and sunrise on the next
day Amānta : Wednesday, 14 March, A.C. 1240

Page #169

152
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
V. 1297 expired Kārttikādi : Pūrņimānta : suppressed between sunrise
on Sunday, 3 March, A.C. 1241 and sunrise on the next
day Amānta : Tuesday, 2 April, A.C. 1241 The given date would correspond to the given week-day according to the expired Caitrādi Pārņimānta system. But the given tithi is found to be suppressed according to local sunrise as well as mean sunrise in the Sūrya Siddhānta. But according to the Brahma Siddhānta it commenced 46 m. 42 se. before local sunrise and would, therefore, apply to the given weekday.
However, it is probable that the year was Kārttikādi rather than Caitrādi. In that case the given date would correspond to Monday, 1 April, A.C. 1241. But as it commenced about 11 h. after mean sunrise on that day, it may be taken as ascribed to the previous week-day on which it commenced. 116. V. 1300-JDPLS., Part i, No. 514, Visnagar image
inscription
Saṁ. 1300 Jyestha, su, di. 5, Guru V. 1300 current Caitrādi : Tuesday, 6 May, A.C.
1242 V. 1300 expired Caitrādi : Monday, 25 May, A.C. (or current Kārttikādi)
1243 V. 1300 expired Kārttikādi : Friday, 13 May, A.C.
1244
The week-day of this date does not correspond to any of the equivalent dates mentioned above. According

Page #170

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
153
to the expired Kārttikādi system the given tithi fell on the next day, i.e. Friday, 13 May, A.C. 1244. On calculation, it is found that the given tithi ended very late after true sunrise on Friday according to the Sūrya Siddhānta and the Brahma Siddhānta. Probably the tithi is here related to the week-day on which it commenced. The given tithi commenced at about 14 h. 32 m. after mean sunrise on Thursday, 12 May, A.C. 1244. 117. V. 1302-PJLS., Part ii, No. 469, p. 307, Sankhal
pur image inscription
Sam. 1302, Jyeștha, ba. di, 2, Guru V. 1302 current Caitrādi :
Pūrņimānta : Tuesday, 26 April, A.C. 1244
Amānta : Wednesday, 25 May, A.C. 1244 V. 1302 expired Caitrādi :
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrņimānta : Saturday, 15 April, A.C. 1245
Amānta : Monday, 15 May, A.C. 1245 V. 1302 expired Kārttikādi :
Pūrņimānta : Friday, 4 May, A.C. 1246
Amānta : Sunday, 3 June, A.C. 1246 The given tithi would correspond to Thursday, 3 May, A.C. 1246, if the tithi was ascribed to the weekday on which it commenced. It commenced about 13 h. 48 m. after mean sunrise on Thursday. 118. V. 1309–JSP., Year 2, Vol. VI, p. 385, Rantej
image inscription
Sam. 1309, Vaišākha, su. di. 3, Guru V. 1309 current Caitrādi : Tuesday, 25 April, A.C.
1251

Page #171

154 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1309 expired Caitrādi : Saturday, 13 April, A.C. (or current Kārttikādi)
1252 V. 1309 expired Kārttikādi : Wednesday, 2 April,
A.C. 1253 As none of the dates mentioned above yields the given week-day, it is obvious that some particular in the given date is recorded or read incorrectly. Presumably, the tithi 3 may be corrected into 1. Accordingly, it would correspond to Thursday, 11 April, A.C. 1252. 119. V. 1330-PJLS., Part ii, No. 490, p. 311, 5 Sanakhal
pur image inscription
Sam. 1330 Caitra, su. di. 7, Sani V. 1330 current Caitrādi : Monday, 7 March, A.C.
1272 V. 1330 expired Caitrādi : Sunday, 26 March, A.C. (or current Kārttikādi)
1273 V. 1330 expired Kārttikādi : Friday, 16 March,
A.C. 1274 The given tithi cannot be ascribed to the given week-day according to any system as mentioned above. If we suppose that it was ascribed to the week-day on which it commenced, it may be noted that it coinmenced as late as about 20 h. 46 m. after mean sunrise on Saturday, 25 March, A.C. 1273. It is, therefore, more probable that some particular in the given date is erroneous. Possibly, the week-day is misread and may be corrected into 'Ravau'. Accordingly, the given date would correspond to Sunday, 26 March, A.C. 1273. 120. V. 1334-GVBC, p. 69, Vijapur image inscription
Sam. 1334, Jyeștha, su. di. 3, Budha

Page #172

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
155
V. 1334 current Caitrādi : Monday, 18 May, A.C.
1276 V. 1334 expired Caitrādi : Friday, 7 May, A.C. 1277
(or current Kārttikādi) V. 1334 expired Kārttikādi : Thursday, 28 May, A.C.
1278 The given date is proximate to 28 May, A.C. 1278, the week-day of the latter being one day later than the given week-day. The given tithi ended more than 7 hours according to the Brahma Siddhānta and 8 hours according to the Sürya Siddhānta. The given tithi should, therefore, be taken as that which commenced on the given week-day rather than that which was current at sunrise on that day. 121. V. 1334-JDPLS., Part i, No. Viramgam Image
inscription
Sam. 1334, Jyeștha, ba. di. 2, Soma V. 1334 current Caitrādi :
Pūrņimānta : Friday, 1 May, A.C. 1276
Amānta : Sunday, 31 May, A.C. 1276 V. 1334 expired Caitrādi :
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrņimānta : Wednesday, 21 April, A.C.
1277 Amānta : Thursday, 20 May, A.C. 1277 V. 1334 expired Kārttikādi :
Pūrnimānta : Tuesday, 10 May, A.C. 1278
Amānta : Wednesday, 8 June, A.C. 1278 The given date falls nearest to Tuesday, 10 May,

Page #173

156
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
A.C. 1278. The given tithi ended more than three hours later according to the Brahma Siddhānta and 5 hours later according to the Sürya Siddhānta after sunrise on Tuesday. The tithi, therefore, seems to be that which commenced on Monday rather than that which was current at sunrise on that day. 122. V. 1335-JDPLS., Parti, No. 456, Ladol image
inscription
Saṁ. 1335, Caitra, ba. di. 5, Ravi V. 1335 current Caitrādi : Pūrņimānta : Wednesday, 24 February, A.C.
1277 Amānta : Thursday, 25 March, A.C. 1277 V. 1335 expired Caitrādi, :
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrņimānta : Tuesday, 15 March, A.C. 1278
Amānta : Wednesday, 13 April, A.C. 1278 V. 1335 expired Kārttikādi : Pürạimanta : Suppressed between sunrise
on Saturday 4, March, A.C. 1279 andsunrise on the next
day. Amānta : Monday, 3 April, A.C. 1279 The given tithi would fall on Sunday, 2 April, A.C. 1279, i.e. on the given week-day, only if it be taken as connected with the week-day on which in commenced. It commenced about 10 h. 12 m. after mean sunrise.
(iii) Praśastis 123. V. 1164-PJLS., No. 14, p. 100, A date of composi
tion of the work Jivasamāsavrtti of

Page #174

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
157
Maladhāri Hemacandra, written at Anahilapātaka
Sam. 1164, Caitra, su. di. 4, soma V. 1164 current Caitrādi : Sunday, 11 March,
A.C. 1106 V. 1164 expired Caitrādi : Thursday, 28 February
1107 (or current Kārttikādi) V. 1164 expired Kärttikādi : Wednesday, 18 March
A.C. 1108 As the given date does not fit in with any of the dates mentioned above it is obvious that some particular in it is recorded or read incorrectly. The correct date may presumably be read as either su, di. 4, Saumya A.C. or su.di. 8, Soma. Accordingly, it would correspond to Wednesday, 18 March, A.C. 1108 or Monday, 4 March, A.C. 1107 respectively. 124. V. 1185-JPPS.. No. 27, p. 102, A Ms of Antagada
daśā copied at Aşahilapaspā]taka
Sam. 1185, Jyeștha, su.di. 12, Sukra V. 1185 current Caitrādi : Tuesday, 24 May, A.C.
1127
V. 1185 expired Caitrādi : Sunday, 13 May, A C.
(or current Kārttikādi) 1128 V. 1185 expired Kārttikādi : Saturday, 1 June, A.C.
1129 The given date may correspond to Friday, 31 May, A.C. 1129. But the given tithi commenced as late as about 10 h. 55 m. after mean suorise. Probably, the correct date would be 11 rather than 12. In that case the date would prove to be regular.

Page #175

158
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
125. V. 1186-JPPS., No. 31, p. 102, A Ms of
Upāsakadaśācurni copied at Aṇahilavāda Sam. 1186, Aśvina, su di. 3, Soma
V. 1186 current Caitrādi: Aśvina was intercalary First Aśvina, su.di. 3=Thursday, 30 August, A.C. 1128
Second Aśvina, su.di. 3-Suppressed between sunrise on Friday 28, September A.C. 1128 and sunrise on the next day
V. 1186 expired Caitrādi: Wednesday, 18 September (or current Kärttikādi) A.C. 1129 V. 1186 expired Kārttikādi: Sunday, 7 September, A C. 1130
As the given date does not tally according to any of the equivalent dates, it follows that some particular in the date is recorded or read wrongly. Probably Soma should be corrected into Saumya; then the given date would correspond to Wednesday, 18 September, A.C
1129.
126. V. 1208-CMJBP, Pa. II, No. 40, pp. 288 ff., JPPS., No. 64, p. 106, AMs of Jinapūjādyupadeśa or Pūjāvidhāna (Ratnacuḍādikathā) copied at Aṇahilapāṭāka
Sam. 1208, Jyeṣṭha, su.di. 6, Ravi
V. 1208 current Caitrādi: Thursday, 4 March, A.C. 1150

V. 1208 expired Caitrādi: Wednesday, 23 May, (or current Kārttikādi) A.C. 1151
V. 1208 expired Kārttikādi : Monday, 12 May, A C.
1152

Page #176

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
159
The given date probably corresponds to Sunday, 11 May, A.C. 1152. As the given tithi commenced about 2 h. 53 m. after local sunrise on that day according to the Sürya Siddhānta it may taken as ascribed to the week-day on which it commenced. It commenced after local sunrise even according to the Brahma Siddhānta.
127. V. 1225-JPPS., No. 89, p. 110, A Ms of
Jñātādharmakathādişadangavivarana copied at Anahilapāțaka
Sam. 1225, Pausa, su.di. 5, Śani V, 1225 current : Monday, 18 December, A.C.
1167 V. 1225 expired : Friday, 6 December, A.C. 1168
As the given date is found to be untenable on verification, some particular in it is obviously recorded or read incorrectly. Presumably, the given date must be referred to the dark fortnight rather than the bright fortnight. Accordingly, the modified date would corres. pond to Saturday, 21 December, A.C. 1168. The tithi ended about 1 h. 34 m. after mean sunrise on that day. 128. V. 1229-BG., Vol. I, Part i, p. 193, f.1.1,
Hemacandra's Prāksta Dvyāśraya probably composed at Aşahillapattaka
Sam 1229, Vaišākha, su.di. 3, Soma V. 1229 current Caitrādi : Saturday, 10 April, A.C.
1171
1. In this case it commenced 1 h. 20 m. after local sunrise. It
ended before local sunrise on the next day and was accordingly suppressed.

Page #177

160
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1229 expired Caitrādi : Wednesday, 29 March, (or current Kārttikādi)
A.C. 1172 V. 1229 expired Kārttikādi : Tuesday, 17 April,
A.C. 1173 The given date probably corresponds to Monday, 16 April, A.C. 1173. But the given tithi commenced about 2 h. 12 m. after local sunrise according to the Sūrya Siddhānta and about 48 m. 9 se, after local sunrise according to the Brahmu Siddhānta. It should, therefore, be taken as construed with the week-day on which it commenced. 129. V. 1289-JPPS., No. 24, p. 25, A Ms of Vardha
mānāchārya's Rşabhadevacaritra copied at Prahlādanapura
Saṁ. 1289, Māgha, ba.di. 6, Bhauma V. 1289 current, - Pūrnimānta : Thursday 15 January, A.C.
1232 Amānta : Friday, 13 February, A.C. 1232 V. 1289 expired, -
Pūrņimānta : Monday, 3 January, A.C. 1233 Amānta : Wednesday, 2 February, A.C. 1233
The given tithi is equivalent to Wednesday, 2 February, A.C. 1233 according to the Asānta system of expired years. The given tithi would fall on the given week-day only if the former be taken as connected with the week-day on which it commenced. It commenced about 5 h. 24 m. after mean sunrise on Tuesday, 1 February, A.C. 1233.

Page #178

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
161
130. V. 1295- JPPS., No. 26, p. 28, A Ms of Jñātā
dharmakathādişadangavrtti copied at Anhillapāțaka
Sam. 1295, Caitra, su.di. 2, Mangala V. 1295 current Caitrādi : Saturday, 28 February,
A.C. 1237 V. 1295 expired Caitrādi : Friday, 19 March, A.C. (or current Kārttikādi)
1238 V. 1295 expired Kārttikādi : Wednesday, 9 March,
A.C. 1239 The given tithi is equivalent to Wednesday, 9 March, A.C. 1237. It would fall on the given week-day only if the former be taken as connected with the week day on which it commenced. The given tithi commenced about 6 h. 36 m. after mean sunrise on Tuesday, 8 March, A.C. 1239. . 131. V. 1295-JPPS., No. 177, p. 121, A Ms of Trişaşti
śalākā-Puruşacaritra-tặtiya parva copied at Vījāpura
Sam. 1295, Áśvina, ba.di. 2, Ravi V. 1295 current Caitrādi,Pūrņimānta : Tuesday, 8 September, A.C.
1237 Amānta : Wednesday, 7 October, A.C. 1237 V. 1295 expired Caitrādi,
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrņimānta : Saturday, 28 August, A.C. 1238 Amānta : Monday, 27 September, A.C. 1238

Page #179

162 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1295 expired Kārttikādi,Pūrņimānta : Thursday, 18 August, A.C.
1239 Amānta : Friday, 16 September, A.C. 1239 The given tithi is proximate to Monday, 27 September, A.C. 1238. It would fall on the given week-day, if it be taken as connected with the week-day on which it commenced. The given tithi commenced about 9 k. 15 m. after mean sunrise on Sunday, 26 September, A.C. 1238. 132. V. 1298-CPSJBC., No. 10, p. 20, A Ms of Abhaya
sūri's Bhagavaiisūtravștti copied at Vijāpura
Saṁ. 1298, Phālguna, su. di. 3, Guru V. 1298 current : Friday, 15 February, A.C. 1241 V. 1298 expired : Tuesday, 4 February, A.C. 1242
The given tithi is equivalent to Friday, 15 February, A.C. 1241. But as the tithi is ascribed to Thursday, it is probable that the tithi, here, is related to the weekday on which it commenced. It commenced about 15 h. 58 m. after mean sunrise on Thursday, 14 February, A.C. 1241. 133. V. 1301-JPPS., No. 195, p. 123, A Ms of Pañcān
gisūtravrtti copied at Vijapura
Sam. 1301, Phālguna, ba. di. 1, Sani V. 1301 current,Pūrņimānta : Wednesday, 27 January, A.C,
1244 Amānta : Friday, 26 February, A.C. 1244 V, 1302 expired,Pūrņimānta : Sunday, 15 January, A.C.
1245

Page #180

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
163 Amānta : Tuesday, 14 February, A.C. 1245 The given day is proximate to Sunday, 15 January, A.C. 1245. But as the tithi is ascribed to Saturday, it is probable that the tithi, here, is related to the weekday on which it commenced. The given tithi, here, is related to the week-day on which it commenced. The given tithi commenced about 14 h. 32 m. after mean sunrise. 134. V. 1301-CPSJBC., No. 14, p. 35, A Ms of
Abhayadevasūri's Vipākasūtravrtti copied at Vijāpura
Sam. 1301, Phālguna, ba. di. 13, Sani V. 1301 current,
Pūrnimānta: Monday, 8 February, A.C. 1244
Amānta : Tuesday, 8 March, A.C. 1244 V. 1301 expired,
Pūrņimānta : Friday, 27 January, A.C. 1245
Amānta : Sunday, 26 February, A.C. 1245 The given tithi is proximate to Sunday, 26 February, A.C. 1245 according to the Amānta system of expired years, whereas it fell on Saturday as recorded in the inscription. The given tithi commenced about 8 h. 17 m. after mean sunrise on Saturday and was probably construed with the week day on which it commenced. 135. V. 1306-JPPS., No. 110, p. 97, A Ms of
Pravacanasāroddhāravștti Tộtiyakhanda copied at Madhumati
Sam. 1306, Magha, su, di. 1, Guru V. 1306 current : Saturday, 16 January A.C. 1249 V. 1306 expired : Wednesday, 5 January, A.C. 1250

Page #181

164
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
The given day is proximate to Wednesday, 5 Janu. ary, A.C. 1250. But as the given tithi is ascribed to Thurday, though it ended at about 13 h. 49 m. after mean sunrise on Wednesday, it seems that some of the details given in the Ms is either written or read wrongly. The given week-day would tally either with ba. di. 1 or su. di. 2.
136. V. 1326-JPPS., No. 226, p. 127, A Ms of Haribhadrasuri's Daśavaikālikarsūtravṛtti copied
at Aṇahillapāṭaka
Sam. 1326, Mārgaśīrṣa, su. di. 4, Guru V. 1326 current : Friday, 9 November, A C. 1268 V. 1326 expired: Suppressed between sunrise on Thursday, 28 November, A C. 1269 and sunrise on the next day.
The given tithi is given to be suppressed in the Tables based on mean sunrise according to the surya Siddhanta. It remains suppressed therein even according to the local sunrise, as it commenced 85 m. 5 se. after sunrise on Thursday and ended about 1 h. 3 m. before sunrise on the next day. But according to the Brahma Siddhanta, the giveņ tithi cominenced 49 m. 44 se. before sunrise on Thursday and hence well applies to the given week-day.
137. V. 1343-JPPS., No. 254, p. 131, A Ms of Santyācārya's Uttaradhyayanavṛtti copied at Bijapura
Sam. 1343, Laukika Kārttika, su. di. 2, Ravi
V. 1343 current: Monday, 1 October, A.C. 1285

Page #182

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
165
V. 1343 expired: Suppressed between sunrise on Sunday, 20 October, A.C. 1286 and sunrise on the next day.
The given tithi is found to be suppressed both according to mean sunrise and local sunrise in the expired year by the Surya Siddhanta. But on calculating according to the Brahma Siddhanta, the given tithi commenced about 27 m. 17 se, before sunrise on Sunday, and hence well applied to the given week-day.
Before we analyse the results tabulated above, it must be noted how far the dates collected from the different sources can be taken as pertaining to Gujarat. Among the substances bearing inscriptions, small images of stone and metal images, being handy, may have been shifted in course of time. Hence a few of them may have been brought into Gujarat from some other regions, though they are all preserved in Gujarat at present. But the heavy stone images and stone slabs bearing inscriptions are generally situated at their original sites. So their present find spots generally also represent their original situation in different parts of Gujarat. Many of the stone inscriptions contain references to the places concerned in their contents and confirmed their present location. Copper-plates are not infrequently discovered at their original sites. Even when some of them are shifted from other places, the places and territories mentioned in them clearly indicate the region to which they originally belonged.
The Prasastis in Manuscripts and published works, which contain dates given here, make specific mention of the places where they were composed or copied.

Page #183

166 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT The dates given here, are all taken from the works composed or copied in Gujarat.
Normally it may be assumed that the Solanki kingdom generally followed some definite and uniform system of chronology throughout its long career and in all territories under its sway. But on verification of the data supplied by the known dates of the Solanki kingdom, it is found that different systems prevailed in Gujarat simultaneously during this period. It would, therefore, be worth trying to see if any uniform system was in vogue in the Sārasvata Mandaïa which represented the home-province of the Solanki kingdom.
The known records of Gujarat yield 137 key-dates pertaining to sārasvata Mandala. Of these 92 dates' are found to be regular at the outset. Of the remaining 45 dates? 3 (Nos. 95–97) are left out unverified as the copper-plates recording them have proved forged. Many of these hold good if the given tithi be taken as connected with the week-day on which it commenced rather than the week-day which commenced at the sunrise which marked the current tithi for the whole civil day for all practical purposes.
Eleven dates3 out of these 42 dates do not hold good according to their particulars given by the editors of the respective records. Some of the particulars, therefore, must be erroneous. The error may be either in the recording or the reading of the date. Some correction is here suggested hypothetically, mostly in the 1. Nos. 1 to 92 2. Nos. 93 to 137 3. Nos. 101. 102, 103, 107, 110, 112, 118, 123, 125, 127 and 135

Page #184

167
THE SOLANKI PERIOD number of the lunar day or the name of the week-day or sometimes in the name of the fortnight or even in the number of the year. Even when the given date can be taken as tenable by connecting the given tithi with the week-day on which it commenced, it hardly seems plausible to accept it as tenable when the given tithi commences at or about or even later, as religious rites like Pratimā-Pratişthā would be hardly performed by night time. In these cases it is regarded more probable to take some particular of the date as erroneous and suggest correction therein. In the case of the dates pertaining to the Sārasvata Mandala five dates are obviously of this type. Hence they may be better construed with the eleven dates indicated above.
The dates which can be taken as tenable by construing the tithi with the week-day on which it commenced, number 26 in all". In the case of the five (or six)? dates among these, the given tithi commences or ends shortly before or after mean sunrise. In these cases the given tithi is found to have commenced shortly after
4. Nos. 93, 100, 106, 119 and 124. 5. 94, 98, 99, 104, 105, 108, 109, 111, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117,
120, 121, 122, 126, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 136 and 137. 6. 99, 104, 105, 136 and 137 7. In case the of date No. 109 the fortnight is not specified. The
date is examined by supplying both the fortnights alternatively, On applying the date to the dark fort-night, it falls under this category.
The date No. 115 gets tenable on connecting the given tithi on which it commenced. However, if the year be taken as current rather than expired, the dates would fall under this category.

Page #185

168 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT mean sunrise on the given week-day. The ending moment of the preceding tithi is generally taken from the Tables that are prepared on the basis of the local sunrise (calculated from the mean sunrise), the tithi given in the date No. 104 is found to have commenced shortly before (rather than after) sunrise on the given week-day. Thus the date becomes regular according to local sunrise. In the four remaining cases, the dates become regular if the ending moments of the preceding tithis (i.e. commencing moments of the given tithis) are calculated according to the Brahma Siddhānta and examined in relation to the local suprise. The commencement of the given tithi accordingly falls before sunrise on the given week-daye.
The remaining dates, which number twenty-one are found to be tenable only by connecting the given tithi with the week-day on which it commencedo.
How the results of the examination of the definite dates10 may be analysed with a view to note the prevalence of the different system in the Sārasvata Man. dala during the Solanki period.
The ordinary or normal mode of citing an Indian 8. In the Tables the given tithi is mentioned as suppressed, as it
commenced after mean sunrise on the given week-day day and ended before mean Sunrise on the next day.
The same is the case with the alternative date given in No. 109.
The date No. 115, too, becomes regular according to the Brahma Siddhānta. 9. The first alternative date in No. 109, too, falls under this
category. 10. The doubtful dates which require some correction or other are
obviously not taken into consideration here,

Page #186

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
169 date is by means of gata or expired years, that of vartamāna or current years being exceptional." This observation well applies to the dates under review. Out of 118 definite dates as many as 106 dates apply to the expired years, only twelve12 exceptionally applying to current years. The mode of expired years is found to have been in vogue, throughout the Solanki period which covered about 3 centuries and a half while the exceptional case fall only during the last century and a half13 therein. However, the concurrent prevalence of the mode of current years is difficult to be accounted for. For the current years are met with in all sorts of records-stone inscriptions, copper-plate inscriptions and praśastis, similarly the records containing these dates are related to almost all the different parts of the Sārasvata Mandala, such as those including Patan, Palanpur, Vijapur, Mehsana, Viramgam, Kalol etc. But the concurrent occurrence of this mode is not rare in ancient Indian chronology.14
As for the system of years it may be noted that out of 118 definite dates, 39 dates 15 do not throw any light on it. Out of the remaining 79 dates, 53 apply to
11. Pillai, IC., p. 41 12. Nos. 1, 22, 51-53, 60–62, 86, 89, 90 and 132 13. These dates range from V. S. 1217 to V. S. 1354 14. Vide, for instance, Kielhorn 'Examination of Questions conne
cted with the Vikrama Era', IA., Vol. XIX, pp. 20 ff., Mirashi,
'Introduction', CII, Vol. IV, pp. Xii ff., XX ff. 15. Nos. 1-21, 51-59, 82, 88, 111, 129, 132, 133, 134, 136
and 137

Page #187

170
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
the system of Kārttikādi16 years, 17 while 26 apply to the system of Caitrādi years. 18 18 From this it follows that the system of Kärttikadi years was far more common here than that of Caitrādi years. But the known data give no indication about any uniform factors for the use of Caitrādi years in place of Kärttikadi years. The dates applying to Caitrādi years are given in all sorts of records.19 The known dates applying to Caitrādi years range from V.S. 1148 to V.S. 1353, those applying to Kärttikadi years also belong almost to the same period. Many of the Caitradi dates belong to the northern and central parts of the Sarasvata Maṇḍala, but a few others also extend over the Daṇḍāhī Pathaka in the south.
As regards the system of months it is found that out of 110 definite dates only 47 dates contain some indication for this system. Of these 47 dates twentynine20 apply to the system of Amanta months while eighteen21 16. Lexicons spell Kärttika as well as Kärttika. As the word is derived from Kärttika, the form Kärttika would be natural. However, the simpler form Kärttika is not ungrammatical. This derivative can be justifled according to the Pāņinian Sūtra Jharo Jhari Savarne (8/4/65) according to which a letter of the Jhar group succeeding a letter of the Hal group may be optionally dropped when it is succeeded by a Savarna letter of the Jhar group. Apte's Sanskrit English Dictionary spells the word Kärttika. 17. Nos. 35-50, 64-81, 85, 87, 91, 92, 98, 99, 104, 108, 109, 113, 115-117, 120-121, 122, 126, 128 and 130
18. Nos. 22-34, 60-63, 83, 94, 86, 89, 90, 94, 105, 114 and 131. 19. Herein image inscriptions and Prasastis form a majority, but it applies to all other types of dates as well.
20. Nos. 53, 55-60, 69-82, 85, 88, 90, 92, 115, 122, 129, 131 and 134 21. Nos. 51, 52, 54, 60-68, 89, 91, 111, 117, 121 and 133

Page #188

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
171
apply to that of Pūrņimānta months. In this context it will be interesting to examine whether Amānta months were coupled with Kārttikādi years and Pūrņimānta months with Caitrādi years in this Mandala during the Solanki period. On examining the dates that indicate this sort of association, it is found that 17 dates of Amānta months22 and 8 dates of Pūrņimānta months23 apply to Kārttikādi years whereas only four dates of either month apply to Caitrādi years.24
As for the materials of recording, it is found that both systems appear almost to the same extent in epigraphic records, but Amānta dates abound in literary records.
The dates of both types appear in records pertaining to many parts of the Mandala. In respect of the range in time, the dates of Amānta and Pūrņimanta months fall almost in the same period roughly about V.S. 1200 to V.S. 1356.
Thus the known key-dates clearly indicate that the Sāravata Mandala had great predilection for expired vears, Kārttikādi years and Amānta months, though current years, Caitrādi years and Pūrņimānta months were also in vogue to some extent. 22. Nos. 69-81, 85, 92, 115, 129 and 134 23. Nos. 64-68, 91, 117 and 121 24. Nos. 63, 89, 90 and 131

Page #189

THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
ASTĀDASASATA MANDALA
(excluding Mt. Abu region)
As the power of the Solanki dynasty gradually extended over other territories in Gujarat (and even outside Gujarat), the chronological systems that were established in the Sarasvata Mandala, the homeprovince of the Solanki Kingdom may have been prevalent in the other territories in course of time.
172
Among the other territories of the Caulukya Kingdom, those situated outside Gujarat need not be taken into consideration here. The Mt. Abu region which formed core of the Aṣṭādaśaśata Mandala of the Solanki Kingdom may, therefore, be not taken into consideration, as it is now located in the state of Rajasthan.
The remaining portion of this Mandal is mostly located in the present Banaskantha, the district in North West Gujarat.
The dates of the Aṣṭādasaśata Mandala may be tabulated and examined as follows:
1. Regular Dates
A. Dates in Bright Fortnights
1. Dates in the months Kārttika to Phalguna
(a) Dates in Current Years
Image Inscriptions
138. V. 1191-KT., Appe. No. 1, p. 84, Kumbhariya image inscription
Sam. 1191, Phālugna [lguna], su.di. 2, Soma

Page #190

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
173
V. 1191 current : Monday, 29 January, A.C. 1134 The tithi ended about 6 h. 22 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1191 expired: Saturday, 16 February, A.C. 1135
Sunday, 17 February, A.C. 1135
(b) Dates in Expired Years (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscriptions 139. V. 1181-KT. Appe. No. 19-82, p. 126, Kumbhariya
stone-pillar inscription
Sam. 1181, Kārttika, su. di. 15, Sukra V. 1181 current : Monday, 5 November, A.C. 1123 V. 1181 expired : Friday, 24 October, A.C. 1124 The tithi ended about 22 h. 41 m. after mean
sunrise, 140. V. 1223-KT., Appe. No. 20-33, p. 127, Kumbhariya
stone-pillar inscription
Sam. 1223, Māgha, su.di. 11, Guru V. 1223 current : Friday, 14 January, A.C. 1166 V. 1223 expired : Thursday, 2 February, A.C. 1167
The tithi ended about 1 h. 20 m. after mean sunrise. 141. V. 1276-KT., Appe. No. 20–107, pp. 134 f.,
Kumbhāriya stone inscription
Sam. 1276. Māgha, su di. 13, Ravi V. 1276 current : Wednesday, 30 January, A.C.
1219 V. 1276 expired : Sunday, 19 January, A.C. 1220 The tithi ended about 11 h, 39 m. after mean
sunrise. 142. V. 1283-KT., p. 152, No. 5–156, Kumbhariya stone
inscription Sam. 1283, Mārgaśīrśa, su.di. 3, Bhauma

Page #191

174
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1283 current : Wednesday, 5 November, A.C.
1225 V. 1283 expired : Tuesday, 24 November, A. C.
1226 The tithi ended about 2 b. 32 m. after mean sunrise. 143. V. 1287-KT. p. 137, No. 30–117, Kumbhariya stone
inscription
Sam 1287, Māgha, su. di. 10, Budha V. 1287 current : Friday, 25 January, A.C. 1230 V. 1287 expired : Wednesday, 15 January, A.C. 1231
The tithi ended about 9 h. 29 m, after mean sunrise. 144. V. 1346-KT. p. 154. No. 9-160, Kumbhariya stone
inscription
Sam. 1346, Phalguna, su. di. 1, Ravi V. 1346 current: Tuesday, 22 February, A.C. 1289 V. 1346 expired : Sunday, 12 February, A.C. 1290 The tithi ended about 5 h. 53 m, after mean sunrise.
(ii) Image Inscriptions 145. V. 1142-KT., Appe. No. 8-71, p. 122, Kumbhariya
image inscription
Sam. 1142, Phālguna, su. di. 7, Ravi V. 1142 current : Tuesday, 4 February, A.C. 1085 V. 1142 expired : Sunday, 22 February, A.C. 1086 The tithi ended about 23 h. 24 m. after mean
sunrise. 146. V. 1176-KT., Appe. No. 17–80, 18–81, pp. 125 f.,
Kumbhariya image inscription Saṁ 1176, Mārgaśīrşa, su. di. 13, BỊhaspati (Guru)

Page #192

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
175
V. 1176 current : Sunday, 24 November., A.C. 1118 V. 1176 expired : Thursday, 13 November, A. C.
1119
The tithi ended about 22 h. 12 m. after mean
sunrise. 147. V. 1208-APRJLS., No. 14, p. 4, Kumbhariya
image inscription
Sam. 1208, Phālguna, su di 10, Ravi V. 1208 current : Suppressed between sunrise on
Tuesday, 27 February, A.C. 1151 and sun
rise on the next day. V. 1208 expired : Sunday, 17 February, A.C 1152 The tithi ended about 14 m. 3 m. after mean
sunrise. 148. V. 1235-PLS., Part i, No. 22, Rādhanpur image
inscription
Sam. 1235, Phālguna, su. di. 3, Ravi V. 1235 current : Wednesday, 22 February, A.C.
1178 V. 1235 expired : Sunday, 11 February, A.C. 1179 The tithi ended about 18 h. 22 m. after mean
suprise, 149. V. 1238-PJLS., No. 498, p. 313, Sankheśvara image
inscription
Sam. 1238, Māgha, su, di. 3, Sani V. 1238 current : Monday, 18 January, A.C, 1181 V. 1238 expired : Saturday, 9 January, A.C. 1182 The tithi ended about 7 h. 48 m. after mean sunrise.

Page #193

176 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT 150. V. 1291-JPLS. No. 34, Tharad image inscription
Saṁ. 1291, Māgha, su. di. 5, Guru V. 1291 current : Friday, 6 January, A.C. 1234 V. 1291 expired : Thursday, 25 January, A.C. 1235
The tithi ended about 7 h. 5 m. after mean sunrise. 151. V. 1301-RPLS., No. 32, p. 31, Rādhanpur image
inscription
Sam. 1301, Phālguna, su. di. 4, Guru V. 1301 current : Saturday, 13 February, A.C. 1244 V. 1301 expired : Thursday, 2 February, A.C. 1245
The tithi ended about 6 h. 36 m. after mean sunrise. 152. V. 1309-JPLS., No. 199. Tharad image inscription
Sam. 1309, Phālguna, su. di. 13, Budha V. 1309 current : Saturday, 24 February, A.C. 1252 V. 1309 expired: Wednesday, 12 February, A.C. 1253
Thursday, 13 February, A.C. 1253 The tithi ended about 0 h. 51 m. after mean sunrise
on Thursday, 13 February, A.C. 1253. 153. V. 1335-KT., No. 28 10 30, pp. 102 ff., Kumbhariya
image inscription
Sam. 1335, Māgha, su. di. 13, Sukra V. 1335 current : Saturday, 8 January, 1278 V. 1335 expired : Friday, 27 January, A.C. 1279 The tithi ended about 9 h. after mean sunrise. 2. Dates in the months Caitra to Āśvina (a) Dates in current Caitrādi years
Image Inscriptions 154. V. 1331-PJLS., No. 498, p. 313, Sankheśvar image
inscription Sam. 1331, Vaišākha, su. di. 15, Budha

Page #194

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
177
V. 1331 current Caitrādi : Wednesday, 3 May, A.C.
1273 The tithi ended about 14 h. 17 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1331 expired Caitrādi : Sunday, 22 April, A C.
(or current Kārttikādi) 1274 V. 1331 expired Kārttikādi : Thursday, 11 April,
A.C. 1275 (b) Dates in expired Caitrādi (or current Kārttikādi) years
image Inscriptions 155. V. 1206-PJLS., No. 289, p. 165, Kumbhariya image
inscription
Sam. 1206, Jyeștha, su. di. 9, Mangala V. 1206 current Caitrādi : Friday, 28 may, A.C. 1148 V. 1206 expired Caitrādi : Tuesday, 17 May, A.C.
(or current Kārttikādi) 1149 The tithi ended about 21 h. 15 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1206 expired Kārttikādi : Sunday, 7 May, A.C.
1150 156. V. 1276-APJLS., No. 21. p. 6, Kumbhariya image
inscription
Sam. 1276, Aşādha, su. di. 2, Sani • V. 1276 current Caitrādi : Tuesday, 26 June, A.C.
1218 V. 1276 expired Caitrādi : Saturday, 15 June, A.C.
(or current Kārttikādi) 1219 12

Page #195

178 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
The tithi ended at about 19 h. 5 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1276 expired Kārttikādi : Thursday, 4 June, A.C.
1220 157. V. 1304–RPLS., No. 33, p. 31, Rādhanpur image
inscription
Saṁ 1304, Vaišākha, su. di 13, Sukra V. 1304 current Caitrādi : Monday, 30 April, A.C.
1246
V. 1304 expired Caitrādi : Friday, 19 April, A.C.
(or current Kārttikādi) 1247 The tithi ended at about 9 h. 15 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1304 expired Kārttikādi : Tuesday, 7 April, A.C.
1248 (c) Dates in expired Kārttikādi years (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate Inscriptions 158. V. 1265-KTA., Appe. No. 19-106, p. 134, Kum
bhariya stone inscription
Sam 1265, Vaišākha, su. di. 7, Soma V. 1265 current Caitrādi : Friday, 6 April, A C. 1207 V. 1265 expired Caitrādi : Thursday, 24 April, A C.
(or current Kärttikādi) 1208 V. 1265 expired Kārttikādi : Monday, 13 April, A.C.
1209 The tithi ended about 7 h. 20 m. after mean sunrise. 159. V. 1338-PJLS., No. 284, pp. 163 f. Kumbhariya
stone inscription Sam. 1338, Jyeștha, su. di. 14, Sukrasi

Page #196

179
THE SOLANKI PERIOD V. 1338 current Caitrādi : Wednesday, 15 May,
A.C. 1280 V. 1338 expired Caitrādi : Monday, 2 June, A.C.
(or current Kārttikädi) 1281 V. 1338 expired Kārttikādi : Friday, 22 May, A.C.
1282 The tithi ended at about 23 h. 10 m. after mean sunrise.
(ii) image Inscriptions 160. V. 1205-KT., App. No. 7, p. 27, Kumbhariya
image inscription
Saṁ. 1205, Jyeșta, su, di. 9, Bhauma V. 1205 current Caitrādi : Sunday, 11 May, A.C.
1147 V. 1205 expired Caitrādi : Friday, 21 May, AC.
(or current Kārttikādi) 1148 V. 1205 expired Kārttikādi : Tuesday, 17 May,
A.C. 1149 The tithi ended about 21 h. 15 m. after mean
sunrise. 161. V. 1239-RPLS., No.21, p. 9, Radhanpur image
inscription
Sam. 1239, Vaišākh, su. di. 6, śukra V. 1239 current Caitrādi : Wednesday, 22 April,
A.C. 1181 V. 1239 expired Caitrādi : Sunday, 11 April, A.C.
(or current Kārttikādi) 1182

Page #197

180 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1239 expired Kārttikādi : Vaišākha was inter
calary, First Vajśākha, su. di. 6-Thursday, 31 March, A.C. 1183 Second Vaišākha, su. di. 6-Friday, 29 April,
A C. 1183. The tithi ended about 20 h. 3 m. after mean sunrise. 162. V. 1261-BT., p. 19, Bhorol image inscription,
Sam. 1261, Jyeștha, su. di. 2, Ravi V. 1261 current Caitrādi : Wednesday, 14 May,
A.C. 1203 V. 1261 expired Caitrādi : Monday, 3 May, A.C.
(or current Kārttikādi) 1204 V. 1261 expired Kārtrikādi : Sunday, 22 May, A.C.
1205 The tithi ended about 7 h. 20 m. after mean sunrise. 165. V. 1263-PJLS., No. 51, Tharad image inscription
Saṁ. 1263, Vaišākha, su. di. 6, Guru · V. 1263 current Caitrādi : Tuesday, 26 April, A.C.
1205 V. 1263 expired Caitrādi : Sunday, 16 April, A.C.
(or current Karttikādi) 1206 V. 1263 expired Kārítikādi : Thursday, 5 April,
A.C. 1207 The tithi ended about 12 h. 8 m. after mean sunrise. 164. V. 1286-RPLS., No. 28, p. 11, Radhanpur image
inscription :
Sam. 1286, Caitra, su. di. 12, Budha V. 1286 current Caitrādi : Sunday, 19 March, A.C.
1228

Page #198

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
181
V. 1286 expired Caitrādi : Thursday, 8 March, A.C. (or current Kārttikādi) 1229
V. 1286 expired Kärttikädi : Wednesday, 27 March, A.C. 1230
The tithi ended about 9 h. 58. m. after mean sunrise. 165. V. 1327-APJLS., No. 27, p. 8, Kumbhariya image inscription
Sam. 1327, Vaisakha, su. di. 2, Soina V. 1327 current Caitrādi: Friday, 5 April, A.C 1269 V. 1327 expired Caitrādi: Wednesday, 23 April, (or current Kārttikādi) A.C. 1270 V. 1327 expired Kärttikādi: Monday, 13 April, A.C. 1271
..
The tithi ended about 1 h 34 m. after mean sunrise. 166. V. 1338-KT., p. 31, No. 15, Kumbhariya image
inscription
Sam. 1338, Jyeṣṭha, su. di. 14, Sukra
For equivalent Christian dates, see date No. 159 above.
167. V. 1344-KT., Appe. No. 43, p. 109, Kumbhariya image inscription
Sam. 1344, Jycṣṭha, su. di. 10, Budha
V. 1344 current Caitrādi: Monday, 3 June, A.C. 1286 V. 1344 expired Caitrādi: Saturday, 24 May, A.C. (or current Kärttikādi) 1287
V. 1344 expired Kärttikädi: Wednesday, 12 May, A.C. 1288
The tithi ended about 15 h. 15 m after mean sunrise. 168. V. 1344-BPT., p. 18, Bhiladiya image inscription Sam. 1344, Jyeṣṭha, su. di. 10, Budha same as date no. 167 above.

Page #199

182
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
169. V. 1354-RPLS., No. 44, p. 16, Radhanpur image inscription
Sam. 1354, Jyeṣṭha, su.di. 13, Ravi
V. 1354 current Caitrādi: Suppressed between sunrise on Wednesday, 16 May, A.C. 1296 and sunrise on the next day.
V. 1354 expired Caitrādi: Tuesday, 4 June, A.C. (or current Kärttikādi) 1297
V. 1354 expired Kärttikādi: Sunday, 25 May, A.C. 1298
The tithi ended about 8 h. 32 m. after mean sunrise. 170. V. 1355-KT, p. 111, No. 46, Kumbhariya image inscription
Sam. 1355, Vaisakha, su.di. 12, Soma
V. 1355 current Caitrādi: Sunday, 5 May, A.C. 1297 V. 1355 expired Caitrādi: Thursday, 24 April, (or current Kärttikādi) A.C. 1298
V. 1355 expired Kärttikādi : Monday, 13 April, A.C. 1299
The tithi ended about 18 h. 8 m. after mean sunrise. B. Dates in Dark Fortnights
1. Dates in the months Kärttika to Phalguna
(a) Dates in current years Amänta Dates
image Inscriptions
171. V. 1204-RPLS., No. 13, p. 12, Radhanpur image

inscription
Sam. 1204, Magha, ba. di. 5, Sukra

Page #200

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
183
V. 1204 current, - Pūrņimānta : Wednesday, 25 December, A.C.
1146 Amānta : Friday, 24 January, A.C. 1147 The tithi ended about 1 h. 20 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1204 expired, -
Pūrnimānta : Tuesday 13 January, A.C, 1148 Amānta : Wednesday, 11 February, A.C.
1148 (b) Dates in expired years
Pūrņimānta Dates 172. V. 1204-KT., Appe.No 3, Kumbhariya image
inscription Saṁ. 1204, Phālgina, ba. di. 11, Kuja
(Bbauma) V. 1204 current, -
Pūrņimānta : Wednesday, 29 January, A.C.
1147
Amānta : Friday, 28 February, A.C. 1147 V. 1204 expired, - Pūrņimānta : Tuesday, 17 February A.C.
1148 The tithi ended about 19 h 34 m. after mean sunrise.
Amānta : Thursday, 18 March, A.C. 1148 173. V. 1204-KT., p. 93, Kumbhariya image inscription
Sam. 1236, Phālguna, ba. di. 3, Guru

Page #201

184
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
V. 1236 current,
V. 1236 expired,
Pūrṇimānta: Saturday, 27 January, A.C. 1179
Amanta: Monday, 26 February, A.C. 1179
-
Purnimanta: Thursday, 17 January, A.C. 1180
The tithi ended about 9 h. 58 m. after mean sunrise.
Amanta Friday, 15 February, A.C. 1180 174. V. 1335-KT., Appe. No. 27, p. 101, Kumbhariya image inscription
Sam. 1335, Mārgaśīrṣa, ba. di. 13, Soma
V. 1335 current,

Amanta
V. 1335 expired,
-
Pūrṇimānta: Wednesday, 24 November, A.C. 1277
Friday, 24 December, A.C. 1277
-
Purnimanta: Monday, 14 November, A.C.
1278
The tithi ended about 11 h. 10 m. after mean sunrise.
Amanta
Suppressed between sunrise on Tuesday, 13 December, A.C. 1278 and sunrise on the next day.

Page #202

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
185
2. Dates in the months Caitra to āśvina (a) Dates in current Caitrādi years
Amānta Dates stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscriptions 175 V. 1315—KT., Appen, No. 31-118, Kumbhariya
stone inscription
Sam. 1315, Jyeștha, ba. di. 11, Ravi. V. 1315 current Caitrādi,
Pūrņimānta : Friday, 11 May, A C. 1257
Amāntā : Sunday, 10 June, A.Č. 1257 The tithi ended about 1 h. 48 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1315 expired Caitrādi.
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrnimānta : Tuesday, 30 April, A.C. 1258
Amānta : Thursday, 30 May, A C. 1258 V. 1315 expired Kārttikādi,
Pūrnimānta : Monday, 19 May, A.C. 1259
Amānta : Wednesday, 18 June, A.C. 1259 (b) Dates in expired Caitrādi (or current
Kārtrikādi ) years (B) Amānta Dates
image Inscriptions 176. V. 1321-RPLS., No. 39, Radhanpur image inscri
ption. Sam. 1321, Śrāvaņa, ba. di. 13, Guru V. 1321 current, Caitrādi,Pūrņimānta : Suppressed between sunrise
on Wednesday, 4 July, A.C. 1263 and sunrise on the next day.

Page #203

186
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
Amānta : Friday, 3 August, A.C. 1263 V. 1321 expired Caitrādi,
(or current Kārttikādi )
Pūrņimānta : Tuesday, 22 July, A.C. 1264 Amānta : Thursday, 21 August. A.C. 1264 The tithi ended about 7 h. 20 m. after mean sunrise V. 1321 expired Kārttikädi,
Pūrņimānta : Sunday, 12 July, A.C. 1265
Amānta : Monday, 10 August, A.C. 1265 (C) Dates in expired Kārttikādi years
(A) Pūrnimānta Dates (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate Inscriptions 177. V. 1310-KT., p. 23, Kumbhariya stone-pillar
inscription
Sam. 1310, Vaišākha, ba. di. 5, Guru V. 1310 current Caitrādi,Pūrņimānta : Suppressed between sunrise
on Sunday, 31 March, A.C. 1252 and sunrise on the
next day. Amānta : Tuesday, 30 April, A.C. 1252 V. 1310 expired Caitrādi,
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrnimānta : Friday, 21 March, A.C. 1253
Amānta : Sunday, 20 April, A.C. 1253 V. 1310 expired Kārttikādi,
Pūrnimānta : Thursday, 9 April, A.C. 1254 The tithi ended about 15 h. 29 m. after mean sunrise.

Page #204

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
187
Amānta : Saturday, 9 May, A.C. 1254 178. V. 1313-KT., Appen. No. 6-157, Kumbhariya stone
inscription
Sam. 1313, Caitra, ba. di. 10, Soma V. 1313 current Caitrādi –
Pūrņimānta : Friday, 5 March, A.C. 1255
Amānta : Saturday, 3 April, A.C. 1255 V. 1313 expired Caitrādi,
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrņimānta : Tuesday, 22 February, A.C.
1256 Amānta : Thursday, 23 March, A.C. 1256 V. 1313 expired Kārttikādi,
Pūrnimānta : Monday, 12 May, A.C. 1257 The tithi ended abous 10 h. 27 m. after mean sunrise.
Amānta : Wednesday, 11 April, A.C. 1257
(ii) image Inscriptions 179. V. 1140–K7., Appe. No. 3–66, Kumbhariya image
inscription
Saṁ. 1140, Vaişākha, ba.di. 7, Ravi V. 1140 current Caitradi,Pūrņmiānta : Wednesday, 23 March, A.C
1082 Amānta : Friday, 22 April, A.C. 1082 V. 1140 expired Cuitrādi,
(or current Kāșttikādi) Purnimānta : Tuesday, 11 April A.C. 1083 Amānta : Thursday, 11 May, A.C. 1083

Page #205

188
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1140 expired Kärttikädi,
Pārņimānta : Sunday, 31 March, A.C. 1084 The tithi ended about 6 h. 22 m. after mean sunrise.
Amānta : Monday, 29 April, A.C. 1084 180. V. 1145-KT. Appe. No. 10–73, Kumbhariya image
inscription
Sam. 1145, Jyeștha, ba. di. 8, Ravi V, 1145 current Caitrādi,Pūrņimānta : Wednesday, 28 April, A.C.
1087 Amānta : Friday, 28 May, A.C. 1087 V. 1145 expired Caitrādi,
(or current Kärttikādi) Pūrņimānta : Monday, 17 April, A C. 1088 Amānta : Jyeștha was intercalary. First Jyeștha, ba. di. 8-Tuesday, 16 May, A.C. 1088 Second Jyeștha, ba, di. 8-Thursday, 15
June, A.C. 1088 V. 1145 expired Kārttikādi – Pūrņimānta : Saturday, 5 May, A.C. 1089
Sunday, 6 May, A.C. 1089 The tithi commenced before sunrise on Saturday, 5 May, A.C. 1089 and ended about 0 h, 2 m. after mean sunrise on Sunday, 6 May, A.C. 1089.
Amānta : Monday, 4 June, A.C. 1089 181. V. 1354-RPLS., No. 45, Radhanpur image ins
cription Saṁ 1354, Jyeștha, ba. di, 5, Śukra

Page #206

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
189 V. 1354 current Caitrādi,Pūrnimānta : suppressed between sunrise on
Monday, 23 April, A C. 1296
and sunrise on the next day. Amānta : Wednesday, 23 May, A.C. 1296 V. 1354 expired Caitrādı, -
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrnimänta : Suppressed between sunrise
on Sunday, 12 May, A.C. 1297 and sunrise on the next
day,
Amāntā : Tuesday, 11 June, A.C. 1297 V. 1354 expired Kārttikādi, –
Pūrnimānta : Friday, 2 May, A.C. 1298 The tithi ended about 15 h. 44 m. after mean sunrise. Amānta : Suppressed between sunrise on
Saturday, 31 May, A.C. 1298
and sunrise on the next day. 182. V. 1357-RPLS., No. 46, Radhanpur image inscrip
tion
Sam 1357, Vaišākha. ba. di. 5, Guru V. 1357 current Caitrādi, -
Pūrņimānta : Monday, 23 March, A.C. 1299
Amānta : Wednesday, 22 April, A.C. 1299 V. 1357 expired Caitrādi, -
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrņimānta : Monday, 9 May, A.C. 1300 Amānta : Sunday, 13 April, A.C. 1300

Page #207

190
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
V. 1357 expired Kārttikādi ,
Pūrnimanta : Thursday, 30 March, A.C. 1301 The tithi ended about 9 h. 44 m. after mean sunrise. Amānta : (Friday, 28 April, A.C. 1301
Saturday, 29 April, A.C, 1301
(B) Amānta Dates 183. V, 1347-JPLS., No. 55, Tharad image inscription
Sam 1347, Vaišākha, ba di. 5, Sukra V. 1347 current Caitrādi.
Pūrņimānta : Tuesday, 12 April, A.C. 1289
Amānta + Wednesday, 11 May, A.C. 1289 V. 1347 expired Caitrādi,
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrnimānta : Saturday, 1 April, A.C. 1290
Amānta : Monday, 1 May, A.C. 1290 V. 1347 expired Kārttikādi,Pūrņimānta : Wednesday, 21 March, A.C.
1291 Amānta : Friday, 20 April, A.C. 1291 The tithi ended about 13 h 34 m. after mean sunrise. (d) A Date which may be either a Pūrnimānta date
of a current year or an Amāņta date of an expired year.
image Inscription 184. V. 1326-PJLS., No. 502, Radhanpur image inscrip
tion
Sam, 1326, Māgha, ba.di. 2, Ravi

Page #208

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
191
V. 1326 current, - Pūrņimānta : Sunday, 23 December, A.C.
1268 The tithi ended about 3 h. 44 m. after mean sunrise.
Amānta : Monday, 21 January, A.C. 1269 V. 1326 expired, - Pūrnimānta : Saturday, 11 January, A.C.
1270 i Amānta : Sunday, 9 February, A.C. 1270 Tne tithi ended about 16 h. 56 m. after mean sunrise. (e) Date which may be Pūrņimānta
Date of expired Caitrādi Years or
Amānta date of expired Kārttikādi years stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscriptions 185. V. 1310-KT., appe. No. 18, Kumbhariya stone
inscription
Sam. 1310 Caitra, ba. di. 2, Soma V. 1310 current Caitrādi. - Pūrņimānta : Wednesday, 28 February,
A.C. 1252 Amānta : Friday, 29 March, A.C. 1252 V. 1310 expired Caitrādi, -
(or current Kärttikādi) Pūrnimānta : Monday, 17 February, A.C.
1253
The tithi ended about 6 h. 8 m. after mean sunrise.
Amānta : Tuesday, 18 March, A.C. 1253

Page #209

192
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1310 expired Kärttikādi, -
Pūrnimānta : Sunday, 8 March, A.C. 1254
Amānta : Monday, 6 April, A.C. 1254 The tithi ended about 16 h. 27 m. after mean
sunrise. 186. V. 1145-K.T, Appe. No. 19–139, 20-140, 21–141,
22–142. Kumbhariya stone inscription
Sam. 1145, Vaišākha, ba.di. 1, Sani V. 1145 current Caitrādi, -
Pūrņimānta : Tuesday, 23 March, A.C. 1087
Amānta : Wednesday, 21 April, A.C. 1087 V. 1145 expired Caitrādi, –
(or current Kārttikādi)
Pūrņimänta : Saturday, 11 March, A.C. 1088 The tithi ended about 3 h. 58 m. after mean sunrise.
Amānta : Sunday, 9 April, A.C. 1088 V. 1145 expired Kārttikādi, – Pūrnimānta : Thursday, 29 March, A.C.
1089 Amānta : Saturday, 28 April, A.C. 1089 The tithi ended about 12 h. 8 m. after mean sunrise.
(ii) image Inscriptions 187. V. 1177-BT., p. 30, Tharad Image inscription
S m. 1177, lyeștha, ba. di. 4 Soma V. 1177 current Cāitrādi, - Pūrņimānta : Wednesday, 30 April, A.C.
1119 Amānta : Thursday, 29 May,JA.C. 1119

Page #210

193
THE SOLANKI PERIOD V. 1177 expired Caitrādi, –
(or current Kārttikādi)
Pūrnimānta : Monday, 19 April, A.C. 1120 The tithi ended about 5 h. 39 m. after mean sunrise.
Amānta : Tuesday, 18 May, A.C. 1120 V. 1177 expired kärttikādi, -
Pūrnimānta : Sunday, 8 May, A.C. 1121
Amānta : Monday, 6 June, A.C. 1121 The tithi ended about 12 h. 51 m. after mean
sunrise.
2. Irregular Dates (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscriptions 188. V. 1148-KT.Appe. No. 27–147, p. 148, Kumbhariya
stone inscription
Saṁ. 1148, Aşādha, su, di. 7, Budha V. 1148 current Caitrādi : Friday, 7 June, A.C.
1090 V. 1148 expired Caitrādi : Thursday, 26 June, A.C.
(or current Kärttikādi) 1091 V. 1148 expired Kārttikādi : Monday, 14 June,
A.C. 1092 The given date is proximate to Thursday, 26 June, A.C. 1091. The given tithi tallies with the given weekday only if it was ascribed as construed with the weekday on which it commenced. It commenced about 8 h. 3. m. after mean sunrise on Wednesday, 25 June, A.C. 1091.
13

Page #211

194
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
189. V. 1266-KT, Appe. No, 28–148, p. 149, Kumbha
riya stone inscription
Sam. 1266. Phālguna, su. di. 10, Budha V. '1266 current : Monday, 16 February, A.C. 1209 V. 1266 expired : Friday, 5 February, A.C. 1210
The given date is evidently incongruent. Hence, the reading seems to be doubtful in some respect. Probably, the week day, which is read Buddhe(dhe) should be Sukre. According to this suggestion the given date would correspond to Friday, 5 February, A.C. 1210. 190. V. 1331-KT., Appe. 7–158, p. 152, Kumbhariya
stone inscription
Sam. 1331, Asādha, su. di. 14, Guru V. 1331 current Caitrādi : Friday, 30 June, A.C. 1273 V. 1331 expired Caitrādi : Tuesday, 19 June, A.C.
(or current Kārttikādi) 1274 V. 1331 expired Kārttikādi : Monday, 8 July, A.C.
1275
The given tithi is proximate, to Friday, 30 June, A.C. 1273, according to the current Caitrādi system. The given tithi would fall on the given week-day, only if the former be taken as connected with the week-day on which it commenced. The tithi cominenced about 16 h. 41 m. after mean sunrise.
If, however, there be some error in recording or reading the date, the year 1331 may probably be 1332. In that case, the given date may correspond to Thursday, 25 June, A.C. 1276 according to the exired Kārttikādi system. The given tithi commenced after sunset in this case, too.

Page #212

195
THE SOLANKI PERIOD
(ii) image inscriptions 191. V. 1118-PILS., No. 294, Rumbhariya image
inscription
Saṁ. 1118, Phālguna, sudi. 9, Soma V. 1118 current : Thursday, 1 February, A.C. 1061 V. 1118 expired : Wednesday, 20 February, A.C.
1062
The date as given is obviously erroneous. The given tithi applies to Wednesday and the week-day, therefore, may be read as Saumya in place of Soma. The given date would accordingly correspond to Wednesday, 20 February, A.C. 1062. It ended about 17 h. 24 m. after mean sunrise on that day. 192. V. 1130-RPLS, No. 4, Radhanpur image inscrip
tion
Saṁ. 1130, Pausa, su.di. 15, Guru V. 1130 current : Friday, 28 December, A.C. 1072 V. 1130 expired : Tuesday, 17 December, A.C. 1073
The given date probably corresponds to Thursday, 27 December, A.C. 1072. The tithi commenced about 1h 4 m. 38 se. after local sunrise on that day according to the Sürya Siddhānta. But it commenced about 12 m. 34 se. before local sunrise according to the Brahma Siddhānta. It means that the given date would be regular according to the Brahma Siddhānta. 193. V. 1145-KT., Appe. 11-74, Kumbhariya image
inscription Sam. 1145, Māgha, ba. di. 6, Guru

Page #213

196
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
V. 1145 current :
Pūrṇimānta: Saturday, 15 December, A.C. 1087
Amanta: Sunday, 16 January, A.C. 1088 Monday, 17 January, A.C. 1088
{
V. 1145 expired :
Pūrṇimānta: Friday, 5 January, A.C. 1089 Amanta Saturday, 3 February, A.C. 1089 The given date is a proximate to Friday, 5 January, A.C. 1089. The given tithi well fits in with the given week-day, if it was ascribed as connected with the week-day on which it commenced. It commenced about 6 h. 36 m. after mean sunrise on Thursday, 4 January, A.C. 1089.
194. V. 1164-RPLS, No. 10, Radhanpur image inscription
Sam. 1164, Phalguna, su.di. 7, Guru V. 1164 current: Saturday, 2 February, A.C. 1107
V. 1164 expried: Friday, 21 February, A.C. 1108
The given date would fall on Thursday, 20 February, A.C. 1108, if it be taken as construed with the week-day on which it commenced. It commenced about 2 h. 46 m. after mean sunrise on that day.
195. V. 1204-JPLS, No. 173, Tharad image inscription. Sam. 1204, Vaiśākha, su.di 3, Guru

V. 1204 current S(Monday, 15 April, A.C. 1146 Caitrādi Tuesday, 16 April, A.C. 1146
V. 1204 expired Caitrādi: Saturday, 5 April, A.C. (or current Kärttikadi) 1147

Page #214

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
197 V. 1204 expired Kārttikādi : Friday, 23 April, A.C.
1148 On the last date mentioned above the given tithi fell on Friday according to the Sürya Siddhānta'. But on calculating according to the Brahma Siddhānta, it is found to have commenced about 2 m. 41 se. before local sunrise on Thursday. Thus the given tithi would be ascribed to the given week-day in regular course. 196. V. 1914-KT., Appe. No. 13, Kumbhariya image
inscription
Sam 1214. Phālguna, ba.di. 7, Sukra V. 1214 current, - Pūrņimānta : Sunday, 3 February, A.C.
1157 Amānta : Tuesday, 5. March, A.C. 1157 V. 1214 expired, - Pūrạimānta : Thursday, 23 January, A.C.
1158 Amānta : Saturday, 22 February, A.C. 1158 The given date would correspound to Friday, 21 February, A.C. 1158, if it was taken as connected with the week-day on which it commenced. It commenced as late as about 12 h. 51 m. after mean sunrise on that day. It is also probable that some particulars in the date may be recorded or read wrongly. The dark fortnight should be corrected into bright fortnight. In that case the date would correspond to Friday, 7 February, A.C. 1158. The tiihi ended about 10 h. 27 m. after mean sunrise on that day, 1. It commenced about 1 h, 31 m. after local sunrise on Thursday.

Page #215

198
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT 197. V. 1220-JPLS., No. 85, Tharad image inscription
Saṁ, 1220, Jyeștha, su. di. 9, Ravi V. 1220 current Caitrādi : Thursday, 24 May,
A.C. 1162 V. 1220 expired Caitrādi, : Tuesday, 14 May, A.C.
(or current Kārttikādi) 1163 V. 1220 expired Kārttikādi : Monday, 1 June A.C.
1164
The given tithi would fall on Sunday, 31 May, A.C. 1164 if it was ascribed as construed with the week-day on which it commenced. It commenced about 5 h. 24 m. after mean sunrise on that day. 198. V. 1221-RPLS., No. 14, Radhanpur image ins
cription
Sam. 1221, Vaišākha, su. di. 10, Sukra. V. 1221 current Caitrādi : Monday, 15 April,
A.C. 1163 V. 1221 expired Caitrādi : Vaišākha was intercalary..
(or current Kārttikādi) First Vaišākha, su. di. 10-Sarurday, 4 April, A.C. 1164 Second Vaišākha, su. di. 10-Sunday, 3 May, A.C. 1164 V. 1221 expired Kārttikādi : Thursday, 22 April,
A.C. 1165 The given date does not tally with the given week-day according to any of the systems mentioned above. It would correspond to Friday, 3 April, A.C. 1164, if it be taken as connected with the week-day on which it commenced. It commenced about 2 h. 32 m. after mean sunrise on that day.

Page #216

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
199
199. V. 1244-JPLS., No. 216, Tharad image inscription
Sam. 1244, Phālguna, su. di. 3, Budha V. 1244 curren : Friday, 13 February, A.C. 1187 V. 1244 expired : Tuesday, 2 February, A.C. 1188
As the given tithi does not tally with the weekday according to either of the systems mentioned above, some particular in the date is erroneous. Probably, the fortnight su. di, is misread and may be corrected into ba. di. In that case the date would correspond to Wednesday, 17 February, A.C. 1188 according to the expired Amānta system. It ended about 3 h. 15 m. after mean sunrise on that day.
200. V. 1259-PJLS., No. 299, 300, 301, Kumbhariya
image inscription
Saṁ. 1259, Áșāļha, su. di. 2, Sani • V. 1259 current Caitrādi : Monday, 4 June, A.C.
1201 V. 1259 expired Caitrādi : Sunday, 23 June, A.C.
(or current Kārttikādi) 1202 V. 1259 expired Kārttikādi : Suppressed between
sunrise on Thursday, 12, June, A.C. 1203 and sunrise on the next day.
As the given tithi does not tally with any of the systems mentioned above, it is taken as construed with the week-day on which it commenced. The 2nd tithi** commenced about 9 h. 15 m. after mean sunrise on Saturday, 22 June; A.C. 1202.

Page #217

200
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
201. V. 1316-RPLS, No. 37, Radhanpur image inscrip
tion
Sam. 1316, Magha, ba. di. 2, Soma
V. 1316 current,
Amanta
V. 1316 expired,
-
Pūrṇimānta
Pausa was a kṣaya month. Mārgasirṣa, ba. di. 7-Wednesday, 18 December A.C. 1258 Sunday, 12 January, A.C. 1259
-
Pūrṇimānta: Friday, 2 January, A.C. 1260 Amanta Saturday, 31 January, A.C. 1260
The given date does note correspond to any of the dates mentioned above. If there be an error in recording or reading the date, Soma may be corrected into Saumya. According to this assumption, the given tithi would correspond to Wednesday, 18 December, A.C. 12581.
202. V. 1318-RPLS., No. 38, Radhanpur image inscription
Sam. 1318, Jyeṣṭha, su. di. 13, Guru
V. 1318 current Caitrādi: Monday, 24 May, A.C. 1260

V. 1318 expired Caitrādi: Saturday, 14 May, A.C. (or current Kärttikadi) 1261
V. 1318 expired Kärttikādi: Friday, 2 June, A.C. 1262
The given tithi probably corresponds to Thursday, 1 June, A.C. 1262, in case the tithi was ascribed to
1. The month succeeding Amanta Mārgasirṣa was a suppressed one. Accordingly, the dark fortnight of Amänta Margasirṣa would be referred to Magha according to the Purnimanta system.

Page #218

201
THE SOLANKI PERIOD the week day on which it commenced. It commenced about 5 h. 53 m. after mean sunrise on that day. 203. V. 1318–RPLS., p. no. 27. Radhanpur image
inscription
Sam. 1318, Śrāvaņa, ba. di 13 Guru V. 1318 current Caitrādi,
Pūrņimānta : Wednesday, 7 July, A C. 1260
Amānta : Friday, 6 August, AC. 1260 V. 1318 expired Caitrādi,(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrnimānta : Sunday 26 June, A.C. 1261
Monday, 27 June, A.C. 1261 Amānta : Tuesday, 26 July, A.C. 1261 V. 1318 expired Kārttikādi :
Pūrạimānta : Saturday, 15 July, A.C. 1262
Amānta : Monday, 14 August, A.C. 1262 The given tithi ended 23 h. 54 m. after mean sunrise on Wednesday, 7 July, A.C. 1260, i.e. 6 m. before mean sunrise on Thursday. On calculation it is found to have ended about 8 m. before true sunrise at Anahilawad. It is not improbable that the given tithi extended some minutes further and got associated with Thursday at sunrise, according to some other system followed in this date. 204. V. 1334-PJLS, No. 498, Sankheśvara image
inscription Saṁ, 1334, Rādha (Vaišākha), su. di. 10,
Ravi V. 1334 current Caitrādi : Saturday, 25 April, A.C.
1276

Page #219

202
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1334 expired Caitrādi: Wednesday, 14 April, (or current Kärttikādi) A.C. 1277 V. 1334 expired Kärttikādi: Tuesday, 3 May, A C. 1278
As the given date does not correspond to any of the dates mentioned above, it is obvious that some particular in it, is wrongly recorded or read. The tithi 10 may, therefore, be corrected into either 14 or 15. The former would apply to the Caitrādi system and correspond to Sunday, 18 April, A.C. 1277 while the latter would apply to the Kärttikādi system and correspond to Sunday, 8 May A.C 1278. Accordingly, the modified tithi would correspond to the given week-day.
Thus the records pertaining to the Aṣṭādaśaśata Mandala excluding Mt. Abu region contain 67 key-dates (Nos. 138 to 204). Out of them 59 dates are of definite character, while the remaining 8 dates seem erroneous in some particular or other.
The results of the examination of these definite dates may be tabulated as follows :
Dates applying to expired years
Nos: 139-151, 153, 155-167, 169, 170, 172-174, 176-188, 193, 194, 195-198 and 200 Total Number
52
Dates applying to
current years

Nos: 154,
171, 175,
192 and 203.
7
168,
190,
Total
Of 59 definite dates, 33 give some indication about the systems of Kārttikādi and Caitrādi years. The
59

Page #220

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
203 results arrived at in this respect may be tabulated as follows:
33
Dales applying to
Dates applying to
Total Kārttikādi years
Caitrādi Years Nos : 158-170 177–182, Nos : 154-157, 195, 197 and 202
175, 176, 188, 190,
198, 200 and 203 Total Number 22
11 Now the results may be analysed with respect to the systems of Amānta and Pūrnimānta months. Out of 59 definite dates only 16 yield indications about this factor. Out of them 6 apply to Amānta months and 10 to Pūrņimânta months. Further it may be noted that 2 dates of Amānta months and 5 dates of Pūrņimānta months apply to Kārttikādi years, while 2 dates of Amānta months hand 1 date of Purnimānta months apply to Caitrādi years.
The results may be tabulated as follows : Dates applying to Dates applying to
Total Amānta months
Purnimänta months Kārttik ādi Caitrādi either Kārttik ādi Caitrādi either Years Years
Years Years Nos.. Nos. Nos. Nos. Nos. Nos.
182 175 171 177- 203 172, and and and 181
173, 184 176 196
174 and
193 Total 2 2 2 5 1 4 Number Grand
10 Total
6
16
GPU

Page #221

THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
Thus the known dates of the Aṣṭādaśaśata Mandala (excluding Mt. Abu region) indicate great predilection for expired and Kärttikadi years, but that is not the case with Amanta months, the systems of Amanta and Pūrṇimānta months appear to be in vogue here almost in an equal proportion. The former obviously indicates the bearing of the solanki kingdom in Gujarat while the latter implies that of the Pūrṇimānta kingdom in Rajasthan.
204
The Purnimanta months having a numerical preponderance over them.

Page #222

VIII
THE SOLANKI PERIOD (Contd.) NORTH AND NORTH-EAST GUJARAT
'
The territory that lay to the east and south-east of the Sārasvata Mandala, comprised the Khețaka Mandala of the Solanki kingdom. Culturally, however, its northern parts (represented by present Sabarkantha and Ahmedabad Districts) are usually treated as North-East and North Gujarat respectively, while its Southern part (represented by Kaira District) is generally treated as a part of Central Gujarat. Under North Gujarat is here included the area round Dholka, which seems to have formed a principality under the Rāņakas of the Vāghelā branch of the Solanki dynasty.
1. Regular Dates A. Dates in Bright Fortnights 1. Dates in the months
Kārttika to Phālguna
(a) Dates in expired years (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscriptions 205. V. 1259—HIG., No. 242, Roho stone inscription
of (the time of King Bhīmadeva II)
Sam 1259, Kārttika, su. di. 1. Sukra V. 1259 current : Sunday, 30 September, A.C.
1201

Page #223

206 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1259 expired : Friday, 18 October, A.C.
1202 The tithi ended about 19 h. 5 m. after mean
sunrise. 206. V. 1285–PILS., Part ii, No. 545, Taranga stone
inscription
Sam. 1285, Phālguna, su. di. 2, Ravi V. 1285 current : Wednesday, 9 February, A.C.
1228 V. 1285 expired ; Sunday, 28 January, A.C. 1229 The tithi ended about 19 h. 34 m. after mean
sunrise. 207. V. 1354–BP. Vol. LVII, p. 28, EI Vol. XXXIV,
pp. 151 ff. Bhiloda (Idar State) stone inscription of the time of King Karņa. Sam 1354, Kārttika. su. di. 11, Ravi,
Sobhana Samvātsara V. 1354 current : Monday. 8 October, A C. 1926 V. 1354 expired : Sunday, 27 October, A.C. 1297 The tithi ended about 19 h. 48 m. after mean sunrise.
(ii) image inscriptions 208. V. 1299-JDPLS., Part i, No. 430, p. 249, Idar
image inscription
Sam. 1299, Māgha, su. di. 5, Soma V. 1299 current : Wednesday, 8 January, A.C.
1242 V. 1299 expired : Monday, 26 January, A.C.
1243

Page #224

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
The tithi ended 21 h. 29 m. after mean sunrise. 209. V. 1320-JDPLS., Part i, No. 983, Ahmedabad image inscription
Sam, 1320, Magha, su. di. 5, Sani
V. 1320 current: Tuesday, 16 January, A.C. 1263 V. 1320 expired Saturday, 5 January, A.C. 1264 The tithi ended about 18 h. 22 m. after mean sunrise. 210. V. 1343-JDPLS. Part i, No. 676, p. 119, oran image inscription
Sam. 1343, Magha, su. di. 12. Soma
V. 1343 current: Wednesday, 9 January, A.C 1286 V. 1343 expired: (Monday, 27 January, A.C. 1287 Tuesday, 28 January. A.C. 1287
The given date corresponds to Monday, 27 January, A.C. 1287. The given tithi commenced before mean sunrise on that day and ended about 1 h. 20 m. after mean sunrise on the next day.
(iii) prasastis
211. V. 1313-JPPS., No 213, p. 126, A Ms of Śrāddhaśatakavṛtti copied at Aśāpa|lī.
Sam. 1313, Paușa. su. di. 7, Soma
207
V. 1313 current: Tuesday, 7 December, A.C. 1255 V. 1313 expired: Monday, 25 December. A.C. 1256 The tithi ended about 17 h. 51 m. after mean sunrise. 2. Dates in the months Caitra to Aśvina :
(a) Dates in current Caitradi years:
Prasastis
212. V. 1330-Prachin Gurjar Kavya Sangrah, No. 13, p. 87, A Ms of Ārādhanā copied at Aśāpalli Sam. 1330, Aśvina su. di. 5, Guru

Page #225

208 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1330 current Caitrādi : Thursday, 29 September,
A.C. 1272 The tithi ended about 0 h. 51 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1330 expired Caitrādi : Monday, 16 September,
(or current Kāritikādi) A.C. 1273 V. 1330 expired Kārttikādi : Friday, 7 September,
A.C 1274 (b) Dates in expired Caitrādi
(or current Kārttikādi) years
(i) image inscriptions 213. V. 1258-JNPLS., Part i No. 625, Sanand image
inscription
Sam. 1258, Jyestha, su. di. 9, Ravi V. 1258 current Caitrādi : Wednesday, 24 May,
A.C. 1200 V. 1258 expired Caitrādi : Sunday, 13 May, A.C.
(or current Kārttikādi) 1201 The tithi ended about 7 h. 48 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1258 expired Kārttikādi : Friday, 31 May, A.C.
1202
(ii) Praśastis 214. V. 1301-JPPS., No. 196, p. 123, A Ms of
Anuyogadvārasūtra (Mūlapātha) copied at Dhavalakka.
Saṁ. 1301, Aşādha, su. di. 10, Sukra V. 1301 current Caitrādi : Sunday, 28 June, A.C.
1233

Page #226

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
209
V. 1301 expired Caitrādi : Friday, 17 June, A.C.
(or current Kārttikādi) 1244 The tithi ended about 10 h. 27 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1301 expired Kārttikādi ; Aşādha was intercalary.
First Așadha, su. di. 10-Tuesday, 6 June, A.C. 1243 Second Aşadha, su. di. 10-Thursday, 6
July, A.C. 1245 (c) Dates in expired Kārttikādi years : (1) stone, stone-pillar and copper
plate inscriptions 215. V. 1067-Bhāratiya Vidyā, Vol. p. 39, FI, Vol.
XXXIII, pp. 192 ff. Modasa copper-plate inscription of the time of king Bhoja
Sam. 1067, Jyeștha, su, di. 1, Kavi V. 1067 current Caitrādi : Thursday, 28 April,
A.C. 1009 V. 1067 expired Caitrādi : Wednesday, May A.C.
(or current Kārttikādi) V. 1067 expired Kārttikādi : Sunday, 6 May, A.C.
1011 The tithi ended about 23 h. 39 m after mean sunrise. 216. V. 1354-JTSS, Vol. I, Part i, p. 150; JSP, year 2,
Vol. II, p. 66, Taranga stone inscrition
Sam. 1354, Vaišākha, su. di. 2, Soma V. 1354 current Caitrādi : Friday, 6 April, A.C.
1296
1010
14

Page #227

210
- THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1354 expired Caitrādi : Wednesday, 24 April,
(or current Kārttikādi) A.C. 1297 V. 1354 expired Kārttikādi : Monday, 14 April,
A.C. 1298 The tithi ended about 7 h. 5 m. after mean sunrise.
(ii) image inscriptions 217. V. 1215-Purātattva, Vol. IV, p. 289, Vadali image
inscription
Sam. 1215, Vajśākha, su. di. 3, Budha V. 1215 current Caitrādi : Suppressed between sun
rise on Saturday, 13 April, A.C. 1157 and
sunrise on the next day. V. 1215 expired Caitrādi : Thursday, 3 April, A.C. (or current Kārttikādi)
1159 V. 1215 expired Kārttikādi : Wednesday, 22 April,
A.C. 1159 The tithi ended about 14 h. 32 m. after sunrise. 218. V. 1240-JDPLS, Part I, No. 929, p. 169, Ahmeda
bad image inscription
Sam. 1240, Jyeștha, su. di. 10, Soma V. 1240 current Caitrādi : Saturday, 15 May, A.C.
1182 V. 1240 expired Caitrādi : Tuesday, 2 June, A.C. (or current Kärttikādi)
1183 V. 1240 expired Kārttikādi : Monday, 21 May, A.C.
1184

Page #228

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
The tithi ended about 19 h. 20 m. after mean sunrise.
219. V. 1275-PLS, No. 33, p. 10, Vadali image inscription Sam. 1275, Vaiśākha, su. di. 4, Sukra
V. 1275 current Caitrādi: Tuesday, 11 April, AC. 1217
211
V. 1275 expired Caitrādi: Suppressed between sun(or current rise on Saturday, 31 Kārttikādi) March, A.C. 1218 and sunrise on the next day.
V. 1275 expired Kärttikādi: Friday, 19 April, A.C. 1219
The tithi ended about 20 h. 46 m. after mean sunrise.
220. V. 1298-JDPLS, Part i, no. 1483, Idar image inscription. Sam. 1298, Bhadrapada, su. di 1, Guru.
V. 1298 current Caitrādi: Suppressed between sunrise on Sunday, 19 July, A.C. 1240 & sunrise on the next day.
V. 1298 expired Caitrādi: Friday, 9 August, A.C. (or current Kārttikādi)
1241
V. 1298 expired Kārttikādi : Bhadrapada was intercalary.

First Bhadrapada su. di. 1-Wednesday, 30 July, A.C. 1242 Second Bhadrapada, su. di. 1-Thursday, 28 August, A.C. 1242

Page #229

212
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT The tithi ended about 15 h. 44 m. after mean
sunrise... 221. V. 1303–JDPLS., Part I, No. 1423, p. 248, Idar
image inscription
Sam. 1303, Caitra, su, di, 2, Ravi V. 1303 current Caitrādi : Wednesday, 1 March,
A.C. 1245 V. 1303 expired Catrādi : Suppressed between sun
(or currrent rise on Tuesday, 20 Kāritikādi) March, A.C 1246 and
sunrise on the next day. V. 1303 expired Kärittikādi : Sunday, 24 March,
A.C. 1247 The tithi ended about 23 h. 39 m. after mean
sunrise. 222. V. 1303-JDPLS Part i, No. 615, p. 107, Aluva
image inscription
Sam. 1303, Vaišākha, su, di. 4, Budha V. 1303 current Caitrādi : Sunday, 2 April, A.C.
1245
V. 1303 expired Caitrādi : Saturday, 21, April, A.C. (or current Kārítikādi) :
1246 V. 1303 expired Kärttikādi : Wednesday, 10 April,
A.C. 1247 The tithi ended about 18 h. 8 m. after mean sunrise. 223. V. 1304-JS, Vol. II, p. 65, Taranga image inscription
Sam. 1304, Dvitīya Jyeștha, su. di. 9, Soma

Page #230

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
213 V. 1304 expired Kārttikādi : Jyestha was intercalary.
First Jyeștha, su. di. 9-Sunday, 3 May, A.C. 1248 Second Jyestha, su. di. 9-Monday, 1 June,
A.C. 1248 The tithi ended about 16 h. 27 m. after mean
sunrise. 224. V. 1305-PLS,, Part I, No. 4 p. 12, Dabhoda image
; inscription.
Sam. 1305, Jyestha, S:!. di. 11, Soma V. 1305 current Caitrādi : Thursday, 16 May, A.C.
1247
V. 1305 expired Caitrādi : Jyeștha was intercalary.
(or current Kārttikādi
,
First Jystha, su. di. 11-Tuesday, 5 May,
A.C 1248 Second Jyeștha, su. di. 11-Wednesday, 3
June, A.C. 1248 V. 1305 expired Kärttikādi : Monday, 24 May,
A.C. 1249 225. V. 1349-JGRS, pp. 309-10, Char Jain Tirtho, p. 68,
Dholka image inscription
Sam. 1349, Jyeștha, su, di. 14, Budha V. 1349 current Caitradi : Sunday, 13 May, A.C.
1291 V. 1349 expired Caitrādi : Saturday, 31 May, A.C.
(or current Kāritikādi): 292

Page #231

214 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1349 expired Kārttikādi : Wednesday, 20 May,
A.C. 1293 The tithi ended about 15 h. 15 m. after mean
sunrise. 226. V. 1356-PJLS, Partii, No. 537, Bareja image
inscription
Sam. 1356, Jyeștha, su, di. 15. Sukra V. 1356 current Caitrādi : Tuesday, 27 May, A.C.
1298 V. 1356 expired Caitrādi : Saturday, 16 May, A.C. (or current Kārttikādi)
1299 V. 1356 expired Kārttikādi : Friday, 3 June, A.C.
1300 The tithi ended about 7h. 34 m after mean sunrise.
(iii) praśastis 227. V. 1248-JPPS. No. 109, p 113, A Ms of Daśa
vaikālikasūtralaghuţikā copied at Āśāpallī.
Saṁ 1248, Śrāvaņa, su. di. 9, Soma V. 1248 current Caitrādi : Friday, 13 July, A C. 1190 V. 1248 expired Caitrādi : Thursday, 1 August,
(or current Kārttikādi) A.C. 1191 V. 1248 expired Kārttikādi : Monday, 20 July,
A.C. 1192 The tithi ended about 16 h 56 m. after mean
sunrise. 228. V. 1309-JPPS., No. 207, p. 125, A Ms Dharma
ratnaprakaraṇalaghuvrtti copied at Dhavalakkaka
Sam. 1309, Jyeștha, su. di. 1, Budha V. 1309 current Caitrādi : Tuesday, 23 May, A,C.
1251

Page #232

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
215
V. 1309 expired Caitrādi : Saturday, 11 May, A.C. (or current Kārttikādi)
1252 V. 1309 expired Kārttikādi : Wednesday, 30 April,
A.C. 1253 The tithi ended about 6 h. 51 m. after mean
sunrise. 229. V. 1313-Sri Ps. ST. P. No. 121, p. 80, A Ms of
Maheśvarasūri's Jñānapañcamikathā copied at (Dhavalakka)
Sam 1313, Caitra, su, di. 8, Ravi V. 1313 current Caitrādi : Wednesday, 17 March,
A.C. 1255 V. 1313 expired Caitrādi : Monday, 6 March, A.C. (or current Kārttikādi)
1256 V. 1313 expired Kārttikādi : Sunday, 25 March,
A.C. 1257 The tithi ended about 1 h. 5 m. after mean sunrise. 230 V. 1326-JPPS, No. 227, p. 128, A Ms of Vardd
hamānaswāmicarita copied at Dhavalakkaka
Sam. 1326, Srāvaņa, su. di. 2, Soma V. 1326 current Caitrādi : Friday, 13 July, A.C. 1268 V. 1326 expired Caitrādi : Tuesday, 2 July, A.C. 1269
(or current Kārttikņdi). V. 1326 expired Kārttikādi: Monday, 21 July, A.C.
1270 The tithi ended about 18 h. 8 m. after mean sunrise. 231. V. 1333-JPLS., No. 242 p. 129, A Ms of Anuyoga
dvāracūrņi copied at Dhavalakkaka Sam. 1333, Caitra, su.di. 11, Budha

Page #233

216
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1333 current Caitrādi : Saturday, 9 March,
A.C. 1275 V. 1333 expired Caitrādi : Friday, 22 March, A.C. (or current Kārttikādi)
1276 V. 1333 expired Kārttikādi : Wednesday, 17 March,
A.C. 1277 The tithi ended about 10 h. 27 m. after mean sunrise.
B Dates in Dark Fortnights 1. Date in the months Kārttika to Phālguna
Dates in expired years
Amānta Dates (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscriptions 232. V. 1005-EI., Vol. XIX p. 236. Harsol copper-plate
inscription of Paramāra King Sīyaka II
Sam. 1005, Māgha. ba.di. 30, Budha V. 1005 current, -
Pūrnimānta : Friday, 14 January, A.C. 948
Amānta : Saturday, 12 February, A.C. 948 V. 1005 expired, -
Pūrņimānta : Tuesday, 2 January, A.C. 949 Amānta : Wednesday, 31 January, A.C.
949 The tithi ended about 22 h. 41 m. after mean sunrise.
(ii) image inscription 233. V. 1285-JDPLS., Part i, No. 1412, Idar image
inscription Sam. 1285, Phālguna, ba.di. 2, Ravi

Page #234

217
THE SOLANKI PERIOD V. 1285 current, - Purạimānta : Tuesday, 25 January, A.C.
1228 Amānta : Wednesday, 23 February, A C.
1228 V. 1285 expired, - Pūrņimānta : Saturday, 13 January, A C.
1229 Amānta : Sunday, 11 February, A.C. 1229 The tithi ended about 23 h. 10 m. after mean sunrise.
(iii) Praśastis 234. V. 1349-Purātativa, Vol. V, p. 261. n. 9, JPPS,
No. 265, p. 133, A Ms of Jayarāsibhatta's Tatvopaplava copied at Dhavalakkaka
Sam 1349 Mārgaśīrsa, ba. di. 11, Śani V. 1349 current, - Pūrạimānta : Sunday, 18 November, A.C.
1291 Amānta : | Monday, 17 December, A C.
1291
Tuesday, 18 December, A.C.
| 1291 V. 1349 expired, - Purnimānta : Thursday, 6 November, A.C.
1292 Amānta : Saturday, 6 December, A.C. 1292 The tithi ended about 4 h. 41 m. after mean sunrise.

Page #235

218
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT 2. Dates in the inonths Caitra to Ăśvina Dates in expired Kārttikādi years
(A) Purņimānta Dates
image inscriptions 235. V. 1305-JSP., year 2, Vol. II, p. 65 Taranga
image inscription
Sam. 1305, Aşādha, ba di. 7, Sukra V. 1305 current Caitrādi, -
Pūrņimānta : Tuesday, 28 May, A C. 1247
Amānta : Wednesday, 26 June, A.C. 1247 V. 1305 expired Caitrādi, –
(or current Kārttikādi) Purnimānta ; Monday, 15 June, A.C. 1248
Amānta : Tuesday, 14 July, A.C. 1248 V. 1305 expired Kārttikādi, -
Purņimānia : Friday, 4 June, A.C. 1249 The tithi ended about 9 h. 44 m. after mean sunrise. Amānta ; S Saturday, 3 July, A.C. 1249
Sunday, 4 July, A.C. 1249
(B) Amānta Dates (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate instriptions 236. V. 1256-Purātan Brahmakshetrano Prāchin-Arvāchin
Itihās, Appendix i., pp. 167 f Khedabrahma stone inscription
Saṁ 1256, Vajśākha, ba.di. 1, Soma V. 1256 current Caitrādi, - Purņimānta ; Wednesday, 25 March, A.C.
1198

Page #236

219
THE SOLANKI PERIOD
219 Amānta ; Friday, 24 April, A.C. 1198 V. 1256 expired Caittrādi, -
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrņimānta : Monday, 15 March, A.C.
1129 Amānia : Tuesday, 13 April, A.C. 1199 V. 1256 expired Kārttikādi, -
Pūrņimānta : Sunday, 2 April, A.C. 1200
Amānta : Monday, 1 May, A-C. 1200 The tithi ended about 17 h. 53 m. after mean sunrise.
(ii) image inscriptions 237. V. 1271-Purātattva, Vol. IV, p. 289, Vadali image
inscription
Sam. 1271, Áśvina, ba.di. 30. Śani V. 1271 current Caitrādi, -
Pūrạimānta : Monday, 16 September, A.C.
1213
Amānta : Tuesday, 15 October, A.C. 1213 V. 1271 expired Caitrādi, -
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrņimānta : Friday, 5 September, A.C.
. 1214 Amānta : Sunday, 5 October, A.C. 1214 V. 1271 expired Kārttikādi, -
Pūrnimānta : Thursday, 24 September, A.C.
Amānta ; Saturday, 24 October, A.C. 1215 The tithi ended about 5 h. 10 m. after mean sunrise.

Page #237

220
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
238. V. 1346-JDPLS., Part i, No. 1275, p. 224. Ahmedabad image inscription
Sam. 1346, Jyeṣṭha, ba.di. 1, Sukra
V. 1346 current Caitrādi,
Purnimanta: Monday, 19 April, A.C. 1288 Amanta: Tuesday. 18 May, A.C. 1288
V. 1346 exired Caitrādi,
-
(or current Kärttikādi)
Pūrṇimānta: Saturday, 7 May, A.C. 1289 Amanta Monday, 6 June, A.C. 1289
V. 1346 expired Kārttikādi.
Pūrṇimānta Thursday, 27 April, A.C. 1290 Amanta Friday, 26 May, 1290
The tithi ended about 18 h. 36 m. after mean sunrise.
-
(d) A date which may be either a Pūrṇimānta date of a current year or an Amānta date of an expired year

image inscription
239. V. 1326-JDPLS., Part 1, No. 1413, Idar image
V. 1326 current,
inscription
Sam. 1326, Māgha, ba.di. 2, Ravi
Pūrṇimānta: Sunday, 23 December, A.C. 1268
The tithi enhed about 3 h. 44 m. after mean sunrise.
V. 1326 expired,
Pūṛṇimānta: Saturday, 11 January, A.C.
1270

Page #238

A
THE SOLANKI PERIOD
Amanta
Sunday, 9 February, A.C. 1270
The tithi ended about 16 h. 56 m. after mean sunrise. 2. Irregular Dates
(i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscriptions 240. V. 1264-Some Archaeological Finds in the Idar State, p. 45, Vadali stone inscription of Paramāra King Dhārāvarṣa.
Sam. 1264, Caitra, su.di 13, Guru
221
V. 1264 current Caitrādi: Friday, 24 March, A.C. 1206
V. 1264 expired Caitrādi: Tuesday, 13 March, (or current Kärttikadi) A.C. 1207 V. 1264 expired Kärttikādi : Monday, 31 March, A.C. 1208
The given date would correspond to Thursday 23, March, A.C. 1206, if the tithi was ascribed to the week day on which it commenced, On this day it commenced about 10 h. 27 m. after mean sunrise.
However, it is probable that some particular in the given date is erroneous. In that case either the year may be corrected into 1260 or the tithi may be corrected into 15. In the former case the day may correspond to Thursday, 27 March, A.C. 1203 according to the expired Caitrādi system, and in the later case to Thursday, 15 March, A.C. 1207 according to the expired Caitrādi system,
241. V. 1325-RLARBP., 238, Sathamba stone inscription Sam 1325, Aṣāḍha, su.di. 14, Sani
V. 1325 current Caitrādi: Wednesday, 6 July A.C.
1267

Page #239

222
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1325 expired Caitrādi : Monday, 25 June, A.C. (or current Kārttikādi)
1268 V. 1325 expired Kārttikādi : Friday, 14 June, A.C.
1269 As the given date does not hold good with respect to the week-day with any of the equivalent dates mentioned above, it is obvious that there must be an error in some particular or other. Presumably, su.di. may be corrected into ba di. In that case the given tithi would correspond to Saturday, 29 June, A.C. 1269.
(ii) image inscriptions 242. V. 1042-JDPLS., Part I, No. 1460, Idar image
inscription
Sam. 1042, Vaisakha, su. di. 5, Soma V. 1042 current Caitrādi : Wednesday, 9 April,
A.C. 984 V, 1042 expired Caitrādi : Sunday, 29 March, A.C. (or current Kārttikādi)
985 V. 1042 expired Kārttikādi : Saturday, 17 April,
A.C, 986 The given date does not tally with the given weekday by any of the systems mentioned above. It is, therefore, probable that there must be some error in recording or reading the date. Probabiy tithi 5 may be corrected into 6 or 7. In that case it would correspond to Monday, 30 March, A,C. 985 or Monday, 19 April, A.C. 986 respectively. 243. V. 1126-JSP., Year 2, Vol. p. 122, Mang image
inscription Sam. 1126, Vaišākha, ba. di. 11, Sani

Page #240

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
223
V. 1126 current Caitrādi,
Pūrnimānta : Tuesday, 1 April, A.C. 1068
Amānta : Wednesday, 30 April, A.C. 1068 V. 1126 expired Caitrādi,
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrnimānta : Suppressed between sunrise on Saturday, 21 March, A.C. 1069 and sunrise on the next-day. Aman'. : Moriday, 20 April, A.C. 1069
V. 1126 expired Kārttikādi,
Pūrņimānta : Friday, April, A.C 1070
Amānta : Sunday 9 May, A.C. 1070 The given date would correspond to Saturday, 21 March, A.C. 1069. The given tithi coinmenced about 24 m. 51 se. before local sunrise on that day according to the Brahma Siddhānta'. 244. V. 1178-JDPLS., Part i, No. 773, p. 139, Adalaj
image inscription
Saṁ. 1178, Jyestha, ba.di. 9, Soma V. 1178 current Caitrādi, –
Pūrnimānta : Friday, 22 April, A.C. 1120 Amānta : Sunday, 23 May, A.C. 1120
1 According to the Sürya Siddhānta it commenced about 59 m. 6 se. after local sunris: on the day.
According to Kārttikādi system the given day would correspond to Saturday 8 May, A.C. 1070, if he given tithi be ascribed to the week-day on which it commenced. It commenced about 8 h. 46 se. after mean sunrise on that day.

Page #241

224
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
V. 1978 expired Caitrādi,
(or current Kärttikādi)
Purnimanta: Thursday, 12 May, A,C. 1121 Amanta Saturday, 11 June, A.C. 1121 V. 1178 expired Kārttikādi,
-
Pūrṇimānta: Tuesday, 2 May, A.C. 1122 Amania Wednesday, 31 May, A.C. 1122
The given tithi would correspond to Monday, 1 May, A.C. 1122, if it be taken as construed with the week-day on which it commenced. It commenced about 13 h. 6 m. after mean sunrise on that day. 245. V. 1284-JSP., Year 2, Vol. II, p. 67, Tarang image inscription
Sam. 1284, Phalguna, su,di. 2, Ravi
V. 1284 current : Friday, 19 February, A.C. 1227 V. 1284 expired: Wednesday, 9 February, A.C. 1228
It is obvious that some particular in the given date is incorrect. Probably, the correct tithi was su. di. 7 which would correspond to Sunday mentioned in the given date. In that case it would correspond to Sunday, 13 Febrnary, A.C. 1228.

246. V. 1299-HIG., No. 149, Roho image inscription Sam. 1299, Vaiśākha, su. di. 13, Soma
V. 1299 current Caitrādi: Thursday, 25 April, A.C. 1241
V. 1299 expired Caitrādi: suppressed between sun(or current rise on Monday, 14 April, Kārttikādi) A.C. 1242 and sunrise on the next day.

Page #242

THI SOLANKI PERIOD
225 V. 1299 expired Kārtikādi : Suppressed between
sunrise on Sunday, 3 May, A.C. 1243 and
sunrise on the next day. On the given date, the given tithi is found to have commenced about 2 h. 16 m. after local sunrise on Monday, 14 April, A,C. 1242 according to the Sūrya Siddhānta and about 44 m. 19 se. after local sunrise on that day according to the Brahma Siddhānta, In either case it seems to have been connected with the weekday on which it commenced. 247. V. 1311-JDPLS., Part i, No. 1300, p. 228, Ahmeda
bad image inscription
Saṁ. 1299, Vaišākha, su. di. 2, Sani V. 1311 current Caitrādi, - Pūrņimānta : Tuesday, 18 March, A.C.
1253 Amānta : Thursday, 17 April, A.C. 1253 V. 1311 expired Caitrādi, -
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrņimānta : Monday, 6 April, A.C. 1254
Amānta : Wednesday, 6 May, A.C. 1254 V. '1311 expired Kārttikādi, -
Pūrņimānta : Friday, 26 March, A.C. 1255
Amānta : Sunday, 25 April, A.C. 1255 The given tithi would correspond to Saturday, 24 April, A.C. 1255, if the tithi is taken as construed with the week-diy on which it commenced. It commenced about 9 h. 29 m. after mean sunrise on that day. It is
15

Page #243

226
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
also possible that the given tithi is better read 1 instead of 2. In that case it well applies to the given week. day in a regular way. 248. V. 1318-JDPLS, Part i. No. 1474, p. 296, Idar
image inscription
Sam. 1318, Jyeștha. ba. di. 8, Budha V, 1318 current Caitrādi, -
Pūrņimānta : Tuesday, 4 May, A.C. 1260
Amānta : Thursday, 3 June A.C. 1260 V. 1318 expired Caitrādi, -
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrņimānta : Sunday, 24 April, A.C. 1261
Amānta : Monday, 23 May, A.C. 1261 V. 1319 expired Kārttikādi, -
Pūrnimānta : Saturday, 13 May, A.C. 1262
Amānta : Sunday, 11 June, A.C. 1262 The given day would correspond to Wednesday, 2 June, A.C. 1260. But the given tithi commenced 45 m. 10 se. after local sunrise on that day according to the Sürya Siddhānta. However, on calculating according to the Brahma Siddhānta, the given tithi is found to have commenced 52 m. 32 se. before local sunrise on that day. It means that the given tithi fell on the given week-day according to the Brahma Siddhānta. 249. V. 1327-JDPLS., Part i. No. 1429, p. 248, Idar
image inscription
Sam. 1327, Māgha, su. di. 5, Guru V. 1327 current : Tuesday, 28 January, A.C. 1270 V. 1327 expired : Saturday, 17 January, A.C. 1271

Page #244

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
The given date does not correspond to either of the dates mentioned abvoe. Hence, some particular must be wrong. Presumably, the tithi 5 may be corrected into 3. So that it may tally with the given week-day. In that case the modified date would correspond to Thursday, 15 January, A.C. 1271.
(iii) Prasastis
250. V. 1199-JPPS No. 4, p. 5, A Ms of DevabhadraPārsvanathacaritra copied
cārya's Āśāpalli.
Sam. 1199, Aśvina, ba. di. 6, Ravi
V. 1199 current Caitrādi
V. 1199 expired Caitrādi,
227

Pūrṇimānta: Suppressed between sunrise on Sunday, 24 August, A.C. 1141 and sunrise on the next day.
Amanta: Tuesday, 23 September, A.C. 1141
at
(or current Kärttikadi)
Pūrṇimaānta: Suppressed between sunrise on Saturday 12 September, A.C. 1142 and sunris eon the next day.
Amanta Monday, 12 October, A.C. 1142 V. 1199 expired Kärttikādi,
Purnimanta Thursday, 2 September, A.C. 1143 Amanta; Suppressed between Sunrise on Friday, 1 October, A.C. 1143 and sunrise on the next day.
According to the expired system the given day is proximate to Monday, 12 October, A.C. 1142. The

Page #245

228
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
given tithi may have been ascribed to the previous week-day on which it commenced. But it commenced about 11 h. 38 m. after mean sunrise on that day.
According to the current system the given day would fall on Sunday, 24 August, A.C. 1141. It commenced about 3 m. 14 se. before local sunrise on that day according to the Brahma Siddhānta?
251. V. 1301-Sri Ps , T.P. No. 31, A Ms of Hemacandra
sūri's Anuyogadvāravștii copied at Dhavalakka
Sam. 1301. Āsādha, su.di 12, Sakha V. 1301 current Caitrādi : Tuesday, 30 June, A.C.
1243 V. 1301 expired Caitrādi : Sunday, 19 June, A.C. (or current Kārttikādi)
1244 V. 1301 expired Kārttikādi : Aşādha was intercalary,
First Aşādha, su, di, 12 - Thursday, 6 June, A.C. 1245 Second Aşādha, su. di 12 = Saturday 8
July, A.C. 1245 Possibly, the given date corresponds to Friday, 7 July, A.C. 1245. In that case the tithi may be taken as ascribed to the week-day on which it commenced. It commenced about 6 h. after mean sunrise on that day. It is also possible that the tithi is misread 12 instead of 11. Accordingly, the modified tihi would be connected with the given week-day in a regular way.
2. According to the Sürya Siddhānta it commenced about 1 h.
21 m. after local : unrise on that day.

Page #246

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
229 252. V. 1330-JPPS. No. 238, p. 129, A Ms. of Yogaśāstrā
diprakaraṇa copied at Aśāpallī
Sam. 1330, Asvins, su. di. 5 Guru V. 1330 current Caitrādi : Thursday, 29 September,
A.C. 1272 V. 1330 expired Caitrādi : Monday, 18 September,
(or current Kārttikādi) A.C. 1273 V. 1330 expired Kārttikādi : Friday, 7 September,
A.C. 1274 The given tithi would correspond to Thursday, 6 September, A.C. 1274. It commenced about 1 h. 8 m. after true sunrise on that day acc rding to the sūrya Siddhānta, and the tithi may have been ascribed to the week-day on which it commenced. However, on calculating according to the Brahma Siddhānta the given tithi is found to have commenced about 20 m. 39 se. before true sunrise on that day. 253. V. 1347 JPPS., No. 15, pp. 17 f. A Ms. of Sūkta
ratnākara copied at Aśāpallī,
Saṁ. 1347, Aşādha, ba. di. 9, Guru V. 1347-current Caitrādi, -
Pūrntmānta : Monday, 13 June, A.C. 1289
Amānta : Tuesday, 12 July, A.C. 1289 V. 1347 expired Caitrādi, -
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrņimānta : Saturday, 3 June, A.C. 1290
Amānta : Sunday, 2 July, A.C. 1290 V. 1347 expired Kārttikādi, -
Pūrņimānta : Suppressed between sunrise on Wednesday, 23 May, A.C. 1291 and sunrise on the next day.

Page #247

230
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
Amānta : Așādha was intercalary. First Așādha, ba.di. 9-Friday, 22 June, A.C. 1291 Second Așādha, ba.di. 9-Saturday, 21 July,
A.C. 1291 The given tithi is found to be suppressed in the expired Kārttikādi Pārņimānta system according to the Bramha Siddhānta as well as the Sürya Siddhānta. Hence, it may be applied to the expired Kārttikādi Amānta system. Accordingly, the given day may be equated with Thursday, 21 June, A.C. 1291. The given tithi commenced 8 h. 17 m, after mean sunrise on that day, but the tithi seems to have been ascribed to the week-day on which it commenced. 3
Of the 49 dates given above, 43 dates are of definite character.
Of these dates only two apply to the mode of current years.
Total
Dates applying to expired Years
Dates applying to current years
Nos : 212 and 248
Nos. 205 - 211 213-239. 243, 244, 246 and 250–253
Total
41
Number
3. The given tithi fell in first Aşadha, which was intercalary.
though it is not specified so in the inscription.

Page #248

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
231 Of the 43 definite dates 32 dates give indication about Kārttikādi and Caitrādi years. The results, tabulated below, indicate that the dates applying to Kārttikādi years form a great majority. Dates applying to Dates applying to Total Kārttikādi years Caitrādi years Nos. 215 – 231, Nos. 212–214, 235 - 238 243, 244 246, 248 and 250 and 251 - 253 Total 26
• 32 Number
Of the 43 definite dates only 13 dates are known as applying to Amānta or Pūrņimānta months. They may be tabulated as follows :Dates applying to Dates applying to
Total Amānta months Pūrņimānta months Kārtti- Cait- either Kārtti- Cait- either kādi rādi
kādi rādi 236 - 248 232–234 235 250 - 238,
and 239 and
244 253
14 2 1 - 10
3
13 Here also the dates applying to Amānta months form a majority. Therein 5 Amānta dates and 2 Pūrnim. ānta dates are coupled with Kārttikādi years, while only 1 Amānta date and 1 Purnimānta date are coupled with Caitrādi years.
243

Page #249

CENTRAL GUJARAT Central Gujarat is represented by Kaira and Baroda District. Kaira District obviously formed the main part of Khețaka Mandala, while Baroda District may have been included in a Mandala to the South-East of the Mahi River.
1. Regular Dates
A. Dates in bright fortnights 1. Dates in the months Kārttika to Phālguna
Dates in expired years
Praśastis 254. V. 1251-JPPS. No. 111, p. 113, AMs, of Yoga
śästravrtti copied at Darbhāvati Sam 1251, Kārttika, su. di. 12, Sukra,
Revatī nakşatra, Siddha yoga V. 1251 current : Suppressed between sunrise on
Sunday, 7 November, A.C. 1193 and sun
rise on the next day. V. 1251 expired : Friday, 28 October, A.C. 1194 The tithi ended about 12 h. 8. m. atter mean sunrise.
2. Dates in the month Caitra to Áśvina (a) Dates in current Caitrādi years (i) stone, stone-pillar and copperplate
inscriptions 255. V. 1311 HIG; No. 215, Dabhoi stone inscription
of the time of King Visaladeva Sam. 1311, Jyeștha, su, di. 15, Budha

Page #250

1254
SOLANKI PERIOD
233 V. 1311 current Caitrādi : Wednesday 14 May,
A.C. 1253 The tithi ended at about 18 h. 36 m. after mean
sunrise. V. 1311 expired Caitrādi : Tuesday, 2 June, A.C.
(or current Kārttikādi) V. 1311 expired Kārttikādi : Saturday, 22 May,
A C. 1255
(ii) image inscriptions 256. V. 1205 JPLS; Part ii, No. 795, Cambay image
inscription
Sam. 1205, Jyeștha, su. di. 3. Ravi V. 1204 current Caitradi : Sunday, 4 May, A.C.
1147 The tithi ended about 17 h. 24 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1205 expired Caitradi : Saturday, 22 May, A C. (or current Kārtrikādi)
1148 V, 1205 expired Kārttikādi : Suppressed between
sunrise on Wednesday, 11 May, A.C. 1149 and sunrise on the next day (b) Dates in expired Caitrādi (or current
Kārttikādi) years (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate
inscription 257. V 1292 Khambhatano Prachin Jain Itihas, p. 207,
No. 6, Nagara stone inscription
Saṁ. 1292, Aşādha, su. di. 7. Ravi V. 1292 current Caitrādi : Monday, 5 June, A.C.
1234

Page #251

234
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
V. 1292 expired Caitrādi : Sunday, 24 June, A.C. (or current Kārttikādi)
1235 The tithi ended at about 13 h. 5 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1292 expired Kārttikādi : Thursday, 12 June
A. C. 1236 (ii) image inscriptions 258. V. 1263-JPLS, Part ii, No. 601, Cambay image
inscription.
Sam 1263, Áșāļha, su, di. 10, Śani. V. 1263 current Caitrādi : Monday, 27 June, A.C.
1205 V. 1263 expired Caitrādi : Saturday, 17 June, A.C. (or current Kārttikādi)
1206 The tithi ended at about 12 h. 51 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1262 expired Kārttikādi : Așādha was intercalary.
First Aşādha, su. di. 10 - Thursday, 7 June A.C. 1207 Second Áśādha, su. di. 10 – Friday, 6 July, A.C. 1207
(iii) Praśastis 259. V. 1295-JPPS, No. 176, p. 122, A Ms. of $advidh
āvaśyakavivarana copied at stambhatirtha
saṁ, 1295, Bhādrapada, su. di. 11, Ravi V. 1295 current Caitrādi : Wednesday, 2 Septem
ber, A.C. 1237 V. 1295 expired Caitrādi : Sunday, 22 August, A C.
(or current Kārttikādi) :
1238

Page #252

SOLANKI PERIOD
235 The tithi ended at about 23 h. 24 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1295 expired Kārttiādi :
Thursday, 11 August, A.C.1239 (Friday, 12 August, A.C. 1239 (c) Dates in expired Kārttikādi years
(i) image inscriptions 260. V. 1263-JPLS, Part ii, No. 927. Cambay image
inscriptions
Saṁ. 1263, Vaišākha, su. di. 6, Guru V. 1263 current Caitrādi : Tuesday, 26 April, A C.
1205 V. 1263 expired Caitrādi : Sunday, 16 April, A.C. (or current Kārttikādi)
1206 V. 1263 expired Kārttikādi : Thursday, 5 April,
A.C. 1207 The tithi ended at about 12 h. 8 m. after mean
sunrise 261. V. 1275-JPLS., Part ii, No. 555, Cambay image
inscription.
Sam. 1275, Jyestha, su. di. 13, Bhauma V. 1275 current Caitrādi : Saturday, 20 May, A.C.
1217 V. 1275 expired Caitrādi : Jyeștha was intercalary.
(or current Kārttikādi) First Jyestha, su. dj. 13 = Thursday, 10 May, A.C. 1218 Second Jyeștha, su. di. 13 = Friday, 8 June,
A.C. 1218 V. 1275 expired Kārttikādi : Tuesday, 28 May,
A.C. 1219

Page #253

236 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
The tithi ended at about 21 h. after mean sunrise. 262. V. 1261-JPLS., Part ii, No. 627, Cambay image
incription
Sam 1281, Vaišākha, su, di. 3, Sani V. 1281 current Caitrādi : Wednesday, 5 April, A.C.
1223 V. 1281 expired Caitrādi : Tuesday, 23 April A.C. (or current Kārttikādi)
1224 V. 1281 expired Kārttikādi : Saturday, 12 April,
A.C. 1225 The tithi ended at about 13 h. 48 m. after mean
sunrise. · 263. V. 1291 JPLS., Part ii. No. 728, Cambay image
inscription
Sam. 1291, Vaišākha, su. di. 13, Budha V. 1291 current Caitrādi : Suppressed between sun
rise on Saturday, 23 April, A.C. 1233 and
sunrise on the next day. V. 1291 expired Caitrādi : Thurday 13 April, A.C. (or current Kārttikādi)
1234 V. 1291 expired Kārttikādi : Wednesday, May, A.C.
1235 The tithi ended at about 13 h. 34 m. after mean
sunrise. 264. V. 1315-JPLS. Part ii, No. 735, p. 135, Cambay
image inscription
sam. 1315, Viśākha, su. di. 11, Ravi V. 1315 current Caitrādi : Thursday, 26 April, A.C.
1257 V. 1315 expired Caitrādi : Monday, 15 April, A.C. (cr current Kārttikādi)
1258

Page #254

SOLANKI PERIOD
237
V. 1315 expired Kārttikādi : Sunday, 4 May, A.C.
1259 The tithi ended about 19 h. 20 m. after mean sunrise. 265. V. 1331-JPLS; Part ii, No. 702, Cambay image
inscription.
Saṁ 133 [2], Vajśākha, su, di. 3, Ravi V. 1331 current Caitrādi : Friday, 21 April, A C. 1273 V. 1331 expired Caitrādi : Wednesday, 11 April, (ur current Kārttikādi)
A.C. 1274 V. 1331 expired Kārttikādi : Sund iy, 31 March,
A.C. 1275 The tithi ended at about 19 h. 48 m. afrer mean
sunrise. 266. V. 1338-JPLS Part ii, No. 94, p. 16, Baroda image
inscription
Sam. 1338, Jyeștha, su. di. 12, Budha V. 1338 current Caitrādi : Monday, 13 May, A.C.
1280 V. 1338 expired Caitrādi : Saturday, 31 May, A.C. (or current Kārttikādi)
1281 V. 1338 expired Kārttikādi : Wednesday, 20 May,
A.C. 1282 The tithi ended at about 19 h. 20 after mean sunrise. 267. V. 1346-JPLS, Part ii, No. 733, p. 134, Cambay
image inscription
Sam. 1346, Vaišākha, su. di. 7, soma V. 1346 current Caitrādi : Friday, 9 April, A.C. 1288 V. 1346 expired Caitrādi : Thursday, 28 April, A.C. (or current Kārttikādi)
1289

Page #255

238
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
V. 1346 expired Kärttikādi : Monday, 17 April, A.C. 1290
The tithi ended at about 16 h. 12 m. after mean .sunrise.
(ii) Prasastis
268. V. 1293-JPPS, No. 170, p. 220, A Ms. of Haimavy. ākaraṇapustikā copied at Stambhatīrtha Sam. 1293, Aśvina, su. di. 15, Soma
V. 1293 current Caitrādi: Friday, 28 September, A.C. 1235
V. 1293 expired Caitrādi: Tuesday, 16 September, (or current Kärttikādi) A.C. 1236 V. 1293 expired Kärttikṇdi : Monday, 5 October A.C. 1227
The tithi ended at about 19 h. 34 m. after mean sunrise.
269. V. 1294-JPPS. No. 172, p. 120, A Ms. of Nisthacurni (Dvittya Khanda) copied at Stambha. tirtha.
Sam. 1294, Vaisakha, su. di. 3, Ravi
V. 1294 current Caitrādi: Thursday, 10 April, A.C. 1236
V. 1294 expired Caiträdi : Monday, 30 March, A.C. (or current Kärttikādi) 1237 V. 1294 exptred Kärttikadi sunday, 18 April, A.C. 1238 The tithi ended at about 20 h. 27m. after mean sunrise. 270. V. 1305-JPPS, No. 200, p. 124, A Ms. of Vitaragastotra copied at Stambhatirtha.

Page #256

SOLANKI PERIOD
239 Sam. 1305, Śrávaņa, su. di. [11], Budha
Dhanişthā nakșatra, Sobhana yoga. V. 1305 current Caitrādi : Monday, 15 July, A.C.
1247
V. 1305 expired Caitrādi : Saturday, 1 August, A.C. (or current Kārttikädi)
1248 V. 1305 expired Kārttikādi : Wednesday, 21 July,
A.C. 1249 The tithi ended at about 2 h. 27 m. after mean
sunrise. 271. V. 1340-JPPS, No 251, p. 131, A Ms of Catuska
vịttisādhanikā copied at Darbhāvati
Sam. 1340, Jyestha, su. di. 5, Ravi V. 1340 current Caitrādi : Wednesday, 13 May, A.C.
1282 V. 1340 expired Caitrādi : Monday, 3 May, A.C.
(or current Kārttikādi) V. 1340 expired Kārttikādi : Sunday, 21 May A.C.
1283
1284
The tithi ended at about 7 h. 5 m. after mean sunrise. 272. V. 1357-GMJBP, No 172, p. 112, A Ms. of
Syādyādamañjari copied at Stambhatirtha
Sam. 1357, Așadha, su di. 1, Guru V. 1357 current Caiļrādi : Sunday, 31 May, A.C. 1299 V. 1357 expired Caitrādi : Saturday, 18 June, A.C. !or current Kārttikādi)
1300 V. 135? expired Kārttikādi : Thursday, 8 June, A.C.
1301 The tithi ended at about 6 h. 51 m. after mean sunrise.

Page #257

240
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
B. Dates in dark fortnights : (i) Dates in the months Kārttika
to Phālguna Dates in expired years (A) Pūrnimānta Dates
image inscriptions 273 V. [11]12-JPLS, Part ii, No. 1012, Cambay image
inscription
Sam. [11]12, Phālguna, ba. di. 1, Soma V. 1112 current,
Pūrņimānta : Tuesday, 17 January, A.C. 1055
Amānta : Wednesday, 15 February, A.C. 1055 V. 1112 expired, -
Pūrņimānta : Monday, 5 February, A.C. 1056 The tithi ended about 2 h. 32 m. after meam sunrise.
Amānta : Tuesday, 5 March, A.C. 1056 (B) Amānta Dates
image inscriptions ; 274. V. 1309-JPPS, Part ii, No. 429, Kaira image insc.
ription
Sam. 1309, Phālguna, ba. di. 5, Guru V, 1309 current, -
Purnimānta : Friday, 2 February, A.C. 1252
Amānta : Saturday, 2 March, A.C. 1252 V. 1309 cxpired, -
Pūrņimānta : Tuesday, 21 January, A.C. 1253
Amānta : Thursday, 20 February, A.C. 1253 The tithi ended about 5 h. 24 m. after mean sunrise.

Page #258

241
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 275. V. 1313-JPLS, Part ii, No. 25, 25, p. 5, Darapara
image inscription
Sam. 1313, Māgha, ba. di. 5, Soma IV. 1313 current, - Pūrnimānta : Sunday, 19 December, A.C.
1255 Amānta : Tuesday, 18 January, A.C. 1256 V. 1313 expired, -
Pūrnimānta : Saturday, 6 January, A.C. 1257
Amānta : Monday, February, A.C. 1257 The tithi ended about 9 h. 58 m. after mean sunrise.
2. Dates in the months Caitra to Áśvina (a) Dates in current Caitrādi years
Amānta Dates
Praśastis 276. V. 1315-JPPS, No. 218, p. 126, A Ms. of Haima
vyākaraṇacatuṣkapustikā copied at stambhatīrtha
Sam 1315, Caitra, ba. di. 4. Budha V. 1315 current Caitrādi, -
Pūrnimānta : Tuesday, 6 March, A.C. 1257
Amānta : Wednesday, 5 April, A.C. 1257 The tithi ended about 16 h. 15 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1315 expired Caitrādi, -
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrnimānta : Saturday, 23 February, A.C.
1258 Amānta : Sunday, 24 March, A.C. 1258
16

Page #259

242 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1315 expired Kārttikādi, –
Pūrnimānta : Suppressed between sunrise on Wednesday, 12 February, A.C. 1259 and sunrise on the next day. Amānta : Caitra was intercalary. First Caitra, ba.di. 4 = Friday, 14 March, A.C. 1259 Second Caitra, ba,di. 4 = Saturday, 12 April,
A.C. 1259 As the given tithi is found to be suppressed in the expired Kārttikādi according to the Sūrya Siddhanta, it would be tempting to apply it to the current Caitrādi system, according to which the given tithi would fall on Wednesday, 4 April, A.C. 1257
But the given date well tallies in the expired system according to the Brahma Siddhānta, as it commenced 14 m. 40 se. before local sunrise on the given date, though it commenced about 1 h. 44 m. after local sunrise on that day.
(b) Dates in expired Caitrādi
(or current Kārttikādi) years
(A) Pūrņimānta Dates stone, stone-pillar ard copper-plate inscriptions 277. V. 1165-PJLS., No. 449, p. 279, Cambay stone
inscription
Sam. 1165, Jyeștha, ba.di 7, Soma V. 1165 current Caitrādi, -
Pūrņimānta : Tuesday, 16 April, A.C. 1107

Page #260

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
243
Amānta : Jyeștha was intercalary. First Jyeștha, ba.di. 7 = Thursday, 16 May, A.C. 1107 Second Jyestha, ba di 7 - Friday, 14 June,
A.C. 1107 V. 1165 expired Caitrādi, -
(or current Kārttikādi)
Pūrņimānta : Monday, 4 May, A.C. 1108 The tithi ended about 5 h. 53 m. after mean sunrise.
Amānta : Tuesday, 2 June, A.C. 1108 V. 1165 expired Kārtrikādi, –
Pūrnimāņta : Friday, 23 April, A.C. 1109 Amānta : Saturday, 22 May, A.C. 1109
(B) Amānta Dates
(i) image inscriptions 278. V. 1310-JPLS., Part ji, No. 865, Cambay image
inscription
Sam. 1310, Vaisakha, ba.di. 10, Guru V. 1310 current Caitrādi, -
Pūrnimānta : Friday, 5 April, A.C. 1252 Amānta : Suppressed between sunrise on Saturday, 4 May, A.C. 1252 and sunrise
on the next day. V. 1310 expired Caitrādi, -
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrņimānta : Wednesday, 26 March, A.C.
1253 Amānta : Thursday, 24 April, A.C. 1253

Page #261

244
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT The tithi ended about 12 h. 51 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1310 expired Kārttikādi, -
Pūļņimānta : Tuesday, 14 April, A.C. 1254 Amānta : Wednesday, 13 May, A.C. 1254
(ii) Prasastis 279. V. 1288–JPPS., No. 152, p. 118, A Ms. of Haima
vyākaraña-țippanaka copied at Vațakūpaka
Sam. 1288, Aşādha, ba. di. 15, Bhauma V. 1288 current Caitrādi, - Pūrnimānta : Wednesday, 12 June, A.C.
1230 Amānta : Tuesday, 11 July, A.C. 1230 V. 1288 expired Caitrādi, -
(or current Kärttikādi) Pūrņimānta : Monday, 2 June, A.C. 1231
Amānta : Tuesday, 1 July, A.C. 1231 The tithi ended about 10 h. 12 m. after mean sunrise, V. 1288 expired Kārttikādi, -
Pūrņimānta : Sunday, 20 June, A.C. 1232 Amānta : Monday, 19 July, A.C. 1232
. (C) Dates in expired Kärttikādi years
(A) Pūrnimānta Dates
image inscriptions 280. V. 1309-JPLS., Part ii, No. 549, Cambay image
inscription Sam. 1309, Caitra, ba. di. 5, Guru

Page #262

245
THE SOLANKI PERIOD V. 1309 current Caitrādi, -
Pūrņimānta : Saturday, 12 March, A.C. 1251
Amānta : Wednesday, 12 April, A.C. 1251 V. 1309 expired Caitrādi, -
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrņimānta : Saturday, 2 February, A.C.
1252
The tithi ended about 5 h. 24 m. after mean sunrise.
Amānta : suppressed between sunrise on Sunday, 31 March, A.C. 1252 and sunrise
on the next day. . V. 1309 expired Kārttikādi, - Pūrņimānta : Thursday, 20 February, A.C.
1253 The tithi ended about 5 h. 24 m. after mean sunrise.
Amānta : Friday, 21 March, A C. 1253
(B) Amānta Dates (i) stone, stone-pillar and
copper-plate inscriptions 281. V. 1344-TROD., p. 27, Dabhoi stone inscription
of the time of King Sārangadeva
Sam. 1344. Jyeștha, ba. di. 4, Sukra V. 1344 current Caitrādi, -
Pūrnimānta : Monday, 13 May, A.C. 1286
Amānta : Tuesday, 11 June, A.C. 1286 V. 1344 expired Caitrādi, -
(or current Kārttikādi). Pūrņimānta : Saturday, 3 May, A.C. 1287 Amānta : Monday, 1 June, A.C. 1287

Page #263

246
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1344 expired Kārttikādi, - Pūrạimānta : Wednesday, 21 April, A.C.
1288 Amānta : Friday, 21 May, A.C. 1288 The tithi ended about 0 h. 51 m. after mean sunrise.
(ii) image inscriptions 282. V. 1287-JPLS., Part ii, No. 74, Baroda image
inscription
Saṁ. 1287 Caitra, ba. di. 1, Guru V. 1287 current Caitrādi, -
Pūrnimānta : Saturday, 10 February, A.C.
1229
Amānta : Monday, 12 March, A.C. 1229 V. 1287 expired Caitrādi, -
(or current Kärttikādi) Pūrņimānta : Friday, 1 March, A.C. 1230
Amāntu : Sunday, 31 March, A.C. 1230 V. 1287 expired Kārttikādi, - Pūrnimānta : Wednesday, 19 February,
1231 Amānta : Thursday, 20 March, A.C. 1231 The tithi ended about 17 h. 24 m. after mean sunrise. 283. V. 1330-JPLS., Partii, No. 127, p. 21, Baroda
image inscription
Sam. 1330, Caitra, ba. di. 7, Sani V. 1330 current Caitrādi, – Pūrnimānta : Monday, 22 February, A.C.
1272 Amānta : Wednesday, 23 March, A.C. 1272

Page #264

CHI SOLANKI PERIOD
247 V. 1330 expired Caitrādi, -
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrņimānta : Sunday, 12 March, A.C. 1273
Amānta : Tuesday, 11 April, A.C. 1273 V. 1330 expired Kārttikādi, - Pūrņimānta : Thursday, 1 March, A.C.
1274 Amānta : Saturday, 31 March, A.C. 1274 The tithi ended about 11 h. 39 m. after mean sunrise. 284. V. 1334-JPLS., Part II, No. 102, p. 17, Baroda
image inscription
Sam. 1344, Vaišākha, ba. di. 4, Guru V. 1334 current Caitrādi, -
Pūrņimānta : Saturday, 4 April, A.C. 1276
Amānta : Sunday, 3 May, A.C. 1276 V. 1334 expired Caitrādi, –
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrņimānta : Wednesday, 24 March, A.C.
1277 Amānta : Friday, 23 April, A.C. 1277 V. 1334 expired Kārttikādi, - .
Pūrnimānta : Tuesday, 12 April, A.C. 1278
Amānta : Thursday, 12 May, A.C. 1278 The tithi ended about 0 h. 51 m. after mean sunrise. 285. V. 1338-JPLS., Part II, No. 169, Baroda image
inscription
Sam. 1338, Caitra, ba. di. 2, Sukra V. 1338 current Caitrādi, - Pūrnimānta : Monday, 19 February, A.C.
1280 Amānta : Wednesday, 20 March, A.C. 1280

Page #265

248
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1338 expired Caitrādi, -
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrņimānta : Sunday, 9 March, A.C. 1281
Amānta : Monday, 7 April, A.C. 1281 V. 1338 expired Kārttikādi, - Pūrņimānta : Thursday, 26 February, A.C.
1282 Amānta : Friday, 27 March, A.C. 1282 The tithi ended about 21 h. after mean sunrise. 286. V. 1349-JPLS., Part II, No. 760, Cambay image
inscription
Sam. 1349, Jyeștha, ba. di. 6, Budha V. 1349 current Caitrādi, --
Pūrņimānta : Saturday, 21 April, A.C. 1291
Amānta : Monday, 21 May, A.C. 1291 V. 1349 expired Caitrādi, -
(or current Kārttikādi) - Pūrņimānta : Friday, 9 May, A.C. 1292
Amānta : Saturday, 7 June, A.C. 1292 V. 1349 expired Kārttikādi, -
Pūrņimānta : Tuesday, 26 April, A.C. 1293 Amānta : Wednesday, 27 May, A.C. 1293
Thursday, 28 May, A.C. 1293 The given tithi commenced before sunrise on Wednesday, 27 May, A.C. 1293 i.e. about 22 h. 12 m. after mean sunrise on Tuesday, 26 May, A.C. 1293.
(iii) Praśastis 287. V. 1311-JPLS., No. 212, p. 125 A Ms of Avasya
kaniryukti copied at Stambhatīrtha Sam. 1311, Laukika Jyeștha, ba. di. 15, Ravi

Page #266

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
V. 1311 current Caitrādi,
Pūrṇimānta: Tuesday, 29 April, A.C. 1253 Amanta : Wednesday, 28 May, A.C. 1253 V. 1311 expired Caitrādi,
(or current Kärttikādi)
V. 1311 expired Kärttikādi,
Pūrṇimānta: Monday, 18 May, A.C. 1254 Amanta: Tuesday, 16 June, A.C. 1254
-
Pūrṇimānta: Friday, 7 May, A.C. 1255 Amanta Sunday, 6 June, A.C. 1255
The tithi ended about 1 h. 20 m. after mean sunrise.
V. 1210 current,
`
(d) A date which may be either a Purnimanta date of a current year on an Amanta date of an expired year
288. V. 1210-PJLS., Part II, No. 188, Baroda image
-
inscription
Sam 1210, Phālguna, ba. di. 2, Budha

249
V. 1210 expired,
31
Pūrṇimānta : Wednesday, 14 January, A.C. 1153
The tithi ended about 4 h. 12 m. after mean sunrise. Thursday, 12 February, A.C. 1153
Amanta
Purnimanta: Tuesday, 2 Eebruary, A.C. 1154
Amanta
Wednesday, 3 March, A.C. 1154
The tithi ended about 16 h. 12 m. after mean sunrise.

Page #267

250
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
(e) A date which may be either a
Pūrņimānta date of a current Caitrādi year or an Amānta date of an expired Caitrādi (or current Kārttikādi) year
image inscription 289. V. 1308-JPLS., Part II, No. 75, p. 13, Baroda
image inscription.
Sam. 1308, Vaišākha, ba. di 5, Guru V. 1308 current Caitrādi, -
Pūrnimānta : Thursday, 24 March, A.C. 1250 The tithi ended about 16 h. 27 m. after mean sunrise.
Amānta : Friday, 22 April, A.C. 1250 V. 1308 expired Caitrādi, -
(or current Kārttikadi) Pūrnimānta : Wednesday, 12 April, A.C.
1251 Amānta : Thursday, 11 May, A.C. 1251 The tithi ended about 8 11. 32 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1308 expired Kārttikādi, -
Pūrnimānta : Suppressed between sunrise on Sunday, 31 March, A.C. 1252 and sunrise on the next day.
Amānta : Tuesday, 30 April, A.C. 1252 (f) A date which may be either an Amānta
dates of current Caitrādi year or a Pūrnimānta date of an expired Kärttikādi year.
image inscription 290. V. 1314-JPPS., Part II, No. 892, Cambay image
inscription Sam. 1314, Jyeștha, ba. di. 12, Budha

Page #268

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
V. 1314 current Caitrādi, -
-
Pūrṇimānta: Sunday, 23 April, A.C. 1256 Amanta Jyeṣṭha, was intercalary.
First Jyeşṭha, ba. di. 12 = Tuesday, 23 May, A.C. 1256 Second Jyeṣṭh, ba di. 12 = Wednesday, 21, June A.C. 1256 The tithi ended about 7 h. 48 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1314 expired Caitrādi,
(or current Kärttikādi)
Pūrṇimānta: Saturday, 12 May, A.C. 1257 Amanta: Monday, 11 June, A.C. 1257 V. 1314 expired Kārttikādi,
Purnimanta Wednesday, 1 May, A.C. 1258
The tithi ended about 22 h. 27 m. after mean sunrise. Amäntä Friday, 31 May, A.C. 1258
(g) Dates which may be either
Purnimanta dates of expired Caitrādi (or current Kärttikādi) years or Amanta dates of expired Kārṭtikādi years :
image inscriptions
V. 1328 current Caitrādi,
251
-
291. V. 1329-JPLS., Part II, No. 929, p. 102, Cambay image inscription
Sam. 1329, Vaiśākha, ba. di. 9, Sukra :

Purnimanta Sunday, 5 April, A.C. 1271 Amanta Suppressed between sunrise on Monday, 4 May, A.C. 1271 and sunrise on the next day.

Page #269

252 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1329 expired Caitrādi, -
(or current Karttikādi)
Pūrņimānta : Friday, 25 March, A.C. 1272 The tithi ended about 7 h. 20 m. after mean sunrise.
Amānta : Saturday, 23 April, A.C. 1272 V. 1329 expired Kārttikādi, –
Pūrnimānta : Thursday, 13 April, A.C. 1273
Amānta : Friday, 12 May A.C. 1273 The tithi ended about 15 h. 15 m. after mean sunrise. 292. V. 1353-JPLS., Part ii, No. 907, Cambay image
inscription
Sam 1353, Vaišākha, ba. di. 10, Sukra V. 1353 current Caitrādi, -
Pūrnimänta : Sunday, 10 April, A.C. 1295
Amānta : Tuesday, 10 May, A.C. 1295 V. 1353 expired Caitrādi, -
(or current Karttikādi)
Pūrạimānta : Friday, 30 March, A.C. 1296 The tithi ended about 4 h. 41 m. after mean sunrise.
Amānta : Saturday, 28 April, A.C. 1296 V. 1353 expired Kärttikādi, -
Pūrnimānta : Thursday, 18 April, A.C. 1297
Amānta : Friday, 17 May, A.C. 1297 The tithi ended about 12 h. 22 m. after mean sunrise. 293. V. 1356-JPLS., Part ii, No. 543. Cambay image
inscription
Sam. 1356, Jyeștha, ba. di. 8, Śani V. 1356 current Caitrādi, -
Pūrņimānta : Monday, 5 May, A.C. 1298

Page #270

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
253
Amānta : Tuesday, 3 June, A.C. 1298 V. 1356 expired Caitrādi, - (or current Kārtrikādi)
Pūrnimānta : Saturday, 25 April, A.C. 1299 The tithi ended about 1 h. 5 m. after mean sunrise,
Amānta : Sunday, 24 May, A.C. 1299 V. 1356 expired Kārttikādi,
Pūrnimānta : Thursday, 12 May, A.C. 1300
Amānta : Saturday, 11 June, A.C. 1300 The tithi ended about 8 h. 3 m. after mean sunrise.
2. Irregular Dates (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate
inscriptions 294. V. 1103-Proce. of Oriental Confe. Poona, p. 319
Tilak vada copper-plate inscription of the time of King Bhojadeva
Sam. 1103, Mārga, Soma-parvan, Soma Here Soma-Parvan probably means Pūrņimā. Accordingly, the given date may be equated as follows: V. 1103 current : Wednesday, 27 November, A.C.
1045 V. 1103 expired : Sunday, 16 November, 1046
The given tithi ended about 12 h 50 m. after mean sunrise on Sunday, if the year was expired. It is, therefore, probable that the week-day must be read Saumye rather than Some and the date may be applied to the current year'. 1. The given date does not hold good even if Soma-parvan is taken
to denote Amāvāsyā.

Page #271

254 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT 295. V. 1231-1A., Vol. XVIII, p. 80, A copper-plate
inscription of the time of Ajayapāla Sam. 1231, Kärttiku, su.' di. 13, Budha
Sam 1231, Kārttika, su. di. 11, Soma V. 1231 current : Saturday, 20 October, A.C. 1173 V. 1231 expired: Thursday, 10 October, A.C. 1174 V. 1232 expired: Wednesday, 29 October, A.C. 1175 The 13th tithi of the bright half ended 12 h. 7 m.
after mean sunrise. Of the Second Date :
Sam. 1231, Kārttika, su, di 11, Soma V. 1231 current : Thursday, 18 October, A.C. 1173 V. 1231 expired : the 11th tihi of the bright half
commenced on Monday, 7 October, A.C. 1174, 17 h. 21 m. after mean sunrise, and ended on Tuesday, 8 October, 14 h. 57 m.
after mean sunrise. V. 1232 expired: Monday, 27 October, A. C. 1175
the 11th tithi of the bright half ended 16 h.
43 m. after menan sunrise. Here, either the tithis of both dates were joined the days on which they commenced, or the year 1231 has been put wrongly for 1232. And Prof. Kielhorn remarks that he would again decide in favour of the second alternative and accordingly takes Monday, 27 October and Wednesday, 29 October, A.C. 1175, as the true equivalents of the two dates; for in the second date a so-called current tithi would be altogether out of place, and in the case of the first date, too, no religious ceremony could have been performed during 2. It records a grant of land situated in the Narmadā taủa Man
dalis. H. D, Sankaliya licates ji in Cenisol Gujarat (SHCGEG., p. 197).

Page #272

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
255 the 11th tithi on Monday, 7 October, A.C. 1174 (when that tithi commenced as late as 17 h. 21 m. after sunrise); and I can find no reason why the ceremonies connected with the ekādaśı should not have been performed on the day on which the tithi ended i.e. on Tuesday, 8 October, A.C. 1174 (Kielhorn IA., XIX, pp. 365 f.).
(ii) image inscriptions 296. V. 1238 - Nadiyādno Itihās, p. 91, Nadiyad image
inscription
Sam. 1238, Vaišākha, su, di. 11, Guru V. 1238 current Caitrādi : Tuesday, 8 April, A.C.
1180 V. 1238 expired Caitrādi : Monday, 27 April, A.C.
(or current Karttikādi) 1181 V. 1238 expired Kārttikādi : Friday, 16 April, A.C.
1182 The given tithi would correspond to Thursday, 15 April, A.C. 1182, if it be taken as connected with the week-day on which it commenced. It commenced about 10 h. 56 m. after mean sunrise on that day. 297. V. 1270-JPLS., Part ij, No. 934, Cambay image
inscription
Sam. 1270, Māgha, ba. di. 1, Guru V. 1270 current, - Pūrņimānta : Wednesday 9 January, A.C.
1213 Amānta : Suppressed beiween sunrise on
Thur day 7 February, A.C. 1213
and sunrise on the next day. V. 1270 expired, - Pūrņimānta : Monday, 30 December, A.C.
1213 Aniānta : Tuesday, 28 January, A.C. 1214

Page #273

THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
The given day corresponds to Thursday, 7 February, A.C. 1213. However, according to the Surya Siddhānta, the given tithi commenced about 11 m. 35 se. after local sunrise on Thursday. But the sunrise occurred about 1 h. 24 m. after the commencement of the given tithi according to the Brahma Siddhānta. This means that the sunrise took place during the given tihi, which would be ascribed to the entire day.
298. V. 1270-JPLS., Part ii, No. 932, Cambay image inscription
Sam. 1270, Vaiśākha, su.di. 6, Ravi
V. 1270 current Caitrādi: suppressed between sunrise on Sunday, 8 April, A.C. 1212 and sunrise on the next day.
256
V. 1270 expired Caitrādi: Suppressed between sun(or current Kärttikādi) rise on Saturday, 27 April, A.C. 1213 and sunrise on the next day.
V. 1270 expired Kārttikādi: Thursday, 17 April, A.C. 1214.
According to to the reading given, the given date applies only to the current Caitrādi system. On calculation it is found that the given tithi commenced about 42 m. 46 se. after local sunrise on Sunday according to the Surya Siddhanta, while it commenced about 21 m. 8 se. before sunrise on that day according to the Brahma Siddhanta. It means that the given date well applies to the Brahma Siddhānta.`
299 V. 1311-JPLS, Part ii, No. 1092, Cambay image inscription

Page #274

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
257
Sam. 1311, Vaišākha, su. di. 3, soma V. .1311 current Caitrādi: Wednesday, 2 April, A.C.
1253 V. 1311 expired Caitrādi : Tuesday, 21 April, A.C.
(or current Kārttikādi) 1254 V. 1311 expired Kārttikādi : Sunday, 11 April, A.C.
1255 Accoding to the reading given, the given date is proximate to Tuesday, 21 April, A.C. 1254. The given tithi commenced about 15 h 15 m. after mean sunrise on the previous day. It is possible that the tithi was ascribed to Monday on which it commenced. However, as the tithi commenced after sunset on that day it is also probable that the correct reading of the date may be either 'su.
di 2, Soma' or 'su di. 3, Bhuma' 300. V. 1317-JDPLS., Part i, No. 23, Dabhoi image
inscription
Saṁ, 1317, Pausa, ba. di. 5, Guru V. 1317 current, -
Pūrņimānta : Saturday, 6 December, A.C. 1259
Anrānta : Monday, 5 January, A.C. 1260 V, 1317 expired, -
Pūrņimānta ; Wednesday, 24 November, A.C.
1260
Amānta : Friday, 24 December, A.C 1260
The given date would correspond to Thursday, 23 December, A.C. 1260. In that case the tithi seems ascribed 10 the week-day on which it

Page #275

258 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
cominenced. However, it may be noted that the tithi commenced on Thursday as late as 14 h. 17
m. after mean sunrise. 301. V. 1328-JPLS, Part ii, No. 554, p. 102, Cambay
image inscription
Sam. 1328, Vaišākha, su, di, 7, Soma V. 1328 current Caitrādi : Tuesday, 29 April, A.C.
1270 V. 1328 expired Caitrādi : Saturday, 18 April, A.C.
(or current Kārttikādi) 1271 V, 1328 expired Kärttikādi : Wednesday, 6 April,
A.C. 1272
The given tithi would fall on Monday, 28 April, A.C. 1270, i.e, on the given week-day, if it be taken as connected with the week-day on which it commenced. It commenced about 4 h. 26 m. after mean sunrise on Monday. It is also probable that the correct reading of the week.day may be 'Saumye' rather than 'Some'. In that case the tithi
would apply to the expired Kārttikādi system. 302. V. 1340-JPLS., Part ii, 459, p. 80, Matar image
inscription
Saṁ 1340. Vaišākha, ba. di. 10, Sukra V. 1340 current Caitrādi,
Pūrņimānta : Sunday, 5 April, A.C. 1282
Amānta : Monday, 4 May, A.C. 1282 V. 1340 expired Caitrādi,
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrņimānta : Thursday, 25 March, A.C. 1283 Amānta : Saturday, 24 April, A.C. 1283

Page #276

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
259
V. 1340 expired Kārttikādi,
Pūrņimānta : Wednesday, 12 April, A.C. 1284 Amānta : Thursday, 11 May, A.C. 1284
The given tithi would correspond to Friday 23 April, A.C. 1283, if it was ascribed to the weekday on which it commenced. It commenced about
O h. 22 m. after mean sunrise on Friday, 303. V. 1344-JPLS., Part ii, No 23, p. 5, Darapara image
inscription
Sam. 1344, Māgha, ba. di. 3, Guru V. 1344 current,
Pūrņimānta : Saturday, 4 January, A.C. 1287
Amānta : Monday, 3 February, A.C. 1287 V. 1344 expired,Pūrnimānta : Wednesday, 24 December, A.C.
1287 Amānta : Friday, 23 January, A.C. 1288
The given date possibly corresponds to Thursday, 22 January, A.C. 1288. But the given tithi commenced about 9 b. 44 m. after mean sunrise on that day. It is, therefore, probable that the tithi 3 may be corrected into 2. In that case, it would get
construed with the given week.day in a regular way. 304. V. 1352-JPLS., Part ii, No. 279, Miyagam image
inscription
Sam. 1352, Vaišākha, ba. di. 5, Soma V. 1352 current Caitrādi,Pūrņimānta : Suppressed between sunrise on
Wednesday, 17 March, A.C. 1294 and sunrise on the next day.

Page #277

260
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
Amānta : Friday, 16 April, A.C. 1294 V. 1352 expired Caitrādi,
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrạimānta : Suppressed between sunrise on
Tuesday, 5 April, A.C. 1295 and
Sunrise on the next day. Amānta : Thursday, 5 May, A.C. 1295 V. 1352 cxpired Kārttikādi,
Pūrņimānta : Sunday, 25 March. A.C. 1296 Amānta : Suppressed between sunrise on Monday
23 April, A.C. 1296 and sunrise on
the next day.
The given date corresponds to Monday, 23 April, A C. 1296. The 5th tithi commenced about 1 h. 11 m. ofter local sunrise on that day according to the Sürya Siddhānta. But it commenced about 43 m. 42 se. before sunrise on that day according to the Brahma Siddhānta. Thus the tithi tallies with the week-day according to the Brahma Siddhānta.
(ii) Praśastis 305. V. 1179-JPPS., No. 65, A Ms. of Karmastavaţikā
copied at Vațapadraka
Sam. 1179, Caitra, ba. di. 7, Bhauma V. 1179 current Caitrādi,-.
Pūrņimānta : Sunday, 13, March, A.C. 1121
Amānta : Monday, 11 April, A.C. 1121 V. 1179 expired Caitrādi,
(or current Kärttikādi) Pūrnimānta : Thursday, 2 March, A.C. 1122 Amānta : Saturday, 1 April, A.C. 1122

Page #278

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
261
V. 1179 expired Kārttikādi,
Pūrņimānta : Monday, 19 February, A.C. 1123 Amānta : Wednesday, 21 March, A.C. 1123
The given tithi does not tally with the given week-day by any of the equivalent dates mentioned above. It is, therefore, taken as connected with the previous week.day on which it commenced. It commenced about 9 h. 29 m, after mean sunrise
on Tuesday, 20 March, A.C. 1123. 306. V. 1204-JPPS., No. 61, p. 106, A Ms. of Samvega
rangaśālā copied at Vațapadraka
Sam. 1207, Jyeștha, su. di. 10, Guru V. 1207 current Caitrādi : Wednesday, 18 May,
A.C. 1149 V. 1207 expired Caitrādi : Monday, 8 May,
(or current Kārttikādi) A.C. 1150 V. 1207 expired Kārtrikādi : Suppressed between
sunrise on Saturday, 26 May, A.C. 1151
and sunrise on the next day. The given date does not tally with any of the equivalent dates mentioned above. Hence some particular in the given date must be erroneous. The given tithi 10 may be corrected into 13 in the expired Caitrādi system and into 15 in the expired Kārttikādi system. Accordingly, the given date would correspond to Thursday, 11 May, A.C. 1150 in the former case and to Thursday, 31 May, A.C. 1151 in the later case. 307. V. 1225-JPLS., No. 88, p. 110, A Ms. of Syâdvādar
atnākarāvutārikā copied at Vațapadraka Sam. 1225, Kārttika, su. di. 7, Budha

Page #279

THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
V. 1225 current : Sunday, 22 October, A.C. 1167 V. 1225 expired: Thursday, 10 October, A.C. 1168 The given date would correspond to Wednesday, 9 October, A.C. 1168, if the given tithi was ascribed as construed with the week-day on which it commenced. It commenced about 6 h. 51 m. after mean sunrise on that day.
262
308. V. 1279-JPPS., No. 136, p. 116, A Ms. of Upadesamālāvivaraṇa copied at Vaṭapadraka Sam. 1279, Aṣāḍha, su. di. 6, Soma
V. 1279 current Caitrādi: Saturday, 26 June A.C. 1221
V. 1279 expired Caitrādi: Thursday, 16 June, (or current Kärttikädi) A.C. 1222
V. 1279 expired Kärttikādi: Tuesday, 6 June, A.C. 1223 The given ithi does not tally with the given weekday according to any of the systems. It would correspond to Monday, 5 June, A.C. 1223, if it be taken as construed with the week-day on which it commenced. The given tithi commenced about 6 h. 32 m. after mean sunrise on Monday.
309. V. 1290-JPPS., No. 159, p. 119, A Ms of Dharmăbhyudayamahākāvya copied at Stambhatirtha Sam. 1290, Caitra, su. di. 11, Ravi
V. 1290 current Caitrādi: Saturday, 3 April, A.C. 1232
V. 1290 expired Caitrādi : Wednesday, 23 March, (or current Kārttikādi) A.C. 1233
V. 1290 expired Kärttikādi : Monday, 13 March, A.C. 1234

Page #280

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
263 The given date would apply to the given week-day, if it was ascribed to the week-day on which it commenced. It commenced about 4 h. 41 m. aftey mean sunrise on Sunday, 12 March, A.C. 1234. 310. V. 1313-Śri PS., Part ii, T. P. No. 2, p. 1, A Ms
of Pañcāśikā Sūtravịtti copied at Stam. bhatirtha
Sam. 1313, Kārttika, ba, di. 8, Soma V. 1313 current,
Pūrnimānta : Saturday, 25 September, A.C. 1255
Amānta : Sunday, 24 October, A.C. 1255 V. 1313 expired,
Pūrnimānta : Friday, 13 October, A.C. 1256
Amānta : Saturday, 11 November, A.C. 1256 The day does not tally according to the given reading. Some particular is obviously erroneous. In case the number of the tithi may be corrected into 4, the tithi would fall on the given week-day. Then it would correspond to Monday, 9 October, A.C. 1256. 311. V. 1343-JPPS., No. 255, p. 132, A Ms of Āgami.
kavastuvicārasāra-výtti copied Vadapadra
Sam. 1343, Vaisākha, su. di. [3], Budha V. 1343 current Caitrādi : Monday, 9 April, A.C.
1285 V. 1343 expired Caitrādi : Vaišākha was intercalary.
(or current Kārtrikādi) First Vaišākha, su. di. 3 = Friday, 29 March,
A.C. 1286 Second Vaišākha, ba. di. 3=Sunday, 28
April, A.C. 1286

Page #281

264
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
V. 1343 expired Kārttikādi : Thursday, 17 April,
A.C. 1287 The given date would correspond to Wednesday, 16 April, A.C. 1287, if it was connected with the week.day on which it commenced. However, as it commenced about 10 h. 55 m. after mean sunrise, it is probably that the tithi which is provisionally read 3 must be 2 instead. Accordingly, it would quite fit in with the given week-day.
Out of the 58 key-dates, 52 dates are of definite character.
These dates, tabulated below, indicate that the majority of them applied to expired years, those
referring to current years being rare. Dates applying to Dates applyiug to. Total expired years
current years Nos. 254, 257-275, 255, 256, 276, 297, 277 - 293, 296, 300, 298 and 301 302-305 and 307–309 Total No. 46
6
52 Of the 52 definite dates 39 dates indicate whether they apply to Kārttikādi or Caitrādi years. Here the ratio between the two is 2 : 1. They may
be tabulated as follows : Dates applying to Dates applying to Total Kārttikādi years
Caitrādi years Nos. 260-272, 280– 255–259, 276-279, 286, 289, 296, 304 288, 298, 301 and 305, 308 and 309 302 Total No. 26
-
13
-
39

Page #282

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
265
Of 24 dates indicating the systems of months, 19 apply to Amānta months and 5 to Pūrņimānta months. Nine Amānta dates and 2 Pūrņimānta dates apply to Kārttikādi years, while 5 Amānta dates and 1 Pūrņimānta date belong to Caitrādi years. The dates may be tabulated as under :
Total
and
Dates applying to Amānta Dates applying to months
Pūrņimānta months Kārtti- Cait- eigher | Kārtti- Cait- either kādi rādi
kādi rādi Nos. Nos.
Nos. Nos. No. Nos. 280, 276, 274, 276, 289 277 273 286, 278, 287, 300
and 304 279, and 293
297 and 288 305 and
302 Total 9
No. Grand Total
303
24

Page #283

SOUTH GUJARAT South Gujarat is represented by present Broach, Surat and Bulsar Districts. The known keydates of South Gujarat are only 10 in number. They are known from records of Broach and Surat Districts. A large part of South Gujarat comprised Lāta Maņņala in the Solanki Kingdom.
1. Regular Dates A. Dates in Bright Fortnights Dates in expired Kārttikādi years :
(i) image inscriptions 312. V. 1292-PLS., Part i. No 36, Katargam image
inscription
Saṁ. 1292, Jyeștha, ba. di. 15, Guru V. 1292 curreent Caitrādi : Sunday, 14 May, A.C.
1234 V. 1292 expired Caitrādi, : Saturday, 2 June, A.C.
(or current Kärttikädi) 1235 V. 1292 expired Kārttikādi : Thursday, 22 May,
A.C. 1236 The tithi ended about 9 h. after mean sunrise.
(ii) Praśastis 313. V. 1298-JPPS., No. 191, p. 123, A Ms of Hemacan
drasūri's Deśınāmamālā copied at Bhrgukaccha Sam. 1298, Aśvina, su. di. 10, Ravi

Page #284

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
267 V. 1298 current Caitrādi : Thursday, 27 September,
A.C. 1240 V. 1298 expired Caitrādi : Monday, 16 September,
(or current Kārttikādi) A.C. 1241 V. 1298 expired Kārttikādi : Sunday, 5 October,
A.C. 1242 The tithi ended about 8 h. 3 m. after mean sunrise.
B. Dates in Dark Fortnights 1. Dates in the months Kārtika to Phálguna
Vates in expired years (A) Pūrnimānt Dates
image inscription 314. V. 1215 – PLS., Part i, No. 17, Surat image ins
cription
Sam. 1215, Māgha, ba. di. 4. Sukra V. 1215 current, - Pūrnimānta : Saturday, 21 December, A.C.
1157 Amānta : Monday, 20 January, A.C. 1158 V. 1215 expired, -
Pūrņimānta : Friday, 9 January, A.C. 1159 The tithi ended about 18 h. 6 m. after mean sunrise.
Amänta : Sunday, 8 February, A.C. 1159 (B) Amānta Dates
Praśastis 315. V. 1292 - JPPS., No. 167, P. 120, A Ms of
Upadeśamālā copied at Bhrgukaccha Sam. 1292, Kārttika, ba.di. 14, Ravi

Page #285

268
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
V. 1292 current, - Pūrņimānta : Monday, 23 October, A.C.
1234 Amänta : Tuesday, 21 November, A.C.
1234 V. 1292 expired, -
Pūrņimāņta : Friday, 12 October, A.C. 1235
Amānta : Sunday, 11 November, A.C. 1235 The tithi ended about 7 h. 5 m. after mean sunrise. 2. Dates in the months Caitra to Aśvina
Amānta Dates ,
Praśastis 316. V. 1157 – JPPS., p. 99, No. 8, A Ms of Ništtha
sūtracūrņi copied at Bhțgukaccha
Sam. 1157, Aşādha, ba. di. 6, Sukra V. 1157 current Caitrådi, - .
Pūrņimānta : Saturday, 11 June, A.C. 1099
Amānta : Monday, 11 July, A.C. 1099 * V. 1157 expired Caitrādi, -
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrnimānta : Thursday, 31 May, A.C. 1100
Amānta : Friday, 29 June, A. C. 1100 The tithi ended about 14 h. 32 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1157 expired Kārttikādi, -
Pūrnimänta : Monday, 20 May, A. C. 1101
Amānta : Tuesday, 18 June, A.C. 1101 (C) Dates in expired Kārttikādi years
(B) Amānta Dates
image inscriptions 317. V. 1350 - Kāvi, Ghandhār, Jhagadiyā, p. 19; JSP.,

Page #286

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
V. 1350 current Caitrādi, –
year 5, Vol. XI, p. 391, Kavi image inscription
Sam. 1350, Vaiśākha, ba. di. 5, S'ukra
V. 1350 expired Caitrādi,
Pūrṇimānta: Tuesday, 8 April, A.C. 1292 Amanta: Thursday, 8 May, A.C. 1292
-
(or current Kärttikādi) Pūrṇimanta
Saturday, 28 March, A.C. 1293
Amānta: Monday, 27 April, A.C. 1293 V. 1350 expired Kārttikādi, ·
Purnimanta Suppressed between sunrise on Wednesday, 17 March, A.C. 1294 and sunrise on the next day.

Amanta Friday, 16 April, A.C. 1294
The tithi ended about 11 h. 10 m. after mean sunrise. 318. V. 1357 - PLS., Part i, No. 52, Katargam image inscription
V. 1357 current Caitrādi,
Sam 1357, Vaisakha, ba. di. 5, Sukra
269
Pūrṇimānta: Monday, 23 March, A.C. 1299 Amanta Wednesday, 22 April, A.C. 1299 V. 1357 expired Caitrādi, -
-
(or current Kärttikādi)
V. 1357 expired Kārttikādi,
Purnimanta
Purnimanta Sunday, 10 April, A.C. 1300 Amanta: Monday, 9 May, A.C. 1300
—
Thursday, 30 March, A.C. 1301

Page #287

270
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
Amānta : Friday, 28 April, A.C. 1301
Saturday, 29 April, A.C. 1301 The given tithi commenced before sunrise on Friday, 28 April, A.C. 1301, i.e. about 23 h. 53 m. after mean sunrise on Thursday, 27 April, A.C. 1301.
2. Irregular Dates
(i) image inscriptions 319. V. 1311-JPLS., Part ii, No. 346, Broach image
inscription
Saṁ, 1311, Caitra, ba. di. 7, Budha V. 1311 current Caitrādi, - Pūrņimānta : Saturday, 22 February, A.C.
1253 Amānta : Sunday, 23 March, A.C. 1253 V. 1311 expired Caitrādi, -
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrnimânta : Friday, 13, March, A.C. 1254
Amānta : Saturday, 11 April, A.C. 1254 V. 1311 expired Kārttikādi, -
Pūrņimānta : Tuesday, 2 March, A.C. 1255
Amānta : Thursday, 1 April, A.C. 1255 The given date would apply to Wednesday, 31 March, A.C. 1255. According to the Sürya Siddhānta, it commenced 35 m. 30 se. afier local sunrise on th't day, but according to the Brahma Siddhanta it commenced 1 h. 1 m. before local sunrise on that day. It would, therefore, be regularly ascribed to Wednesday according to the Brahma Siddhānta.

Page #288

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
271
(ii) Praśastis 320. V. 1247-JPPS., p. 112, No. 108, A Ms of Paryusanā
kalpa copied at Bhrgukaccha
Sam. 1247, Āşādha, su. di. 9 Budha V. 1247 current Cāitrādi : Saturday, 24 June, A.C.
1189 V. 1247 expired Caitrādi. : suppressed between
(or current Kārttikadi) sunrise on Wednesday, 13 June, A.C. 1190 and suprise on
the next day. V. 1247 expired Kārttikādi : Tuesday, 2 July, A.C.
1191 The given tithi would correspond to Wednesday, 12 June, A.C. 1190 according to the Brahma Siddhanta. It commenced about 29 m. 8 se. before local sunrise on that day according to that
Siddhānta! 321. V. 1292-JPPS., No. 164, p. 119, A Ms of Jitakal
pasūtra copied at Bhrgukaccha.
Sam. 1292, Māgha, su, di. 1, Guru V. 1292 current : Sunday, 21 January, A.C. 1235 V. 1292 expired : Friday, 11 January, A.C. 1236 The tithi commenced about 6 h. after mean sunrise on the previous day.
All the known key-dates are of definite character.
All of them apply to the mode of expired years. 1. It comm:nced about 1 h. 10 m. after it according to the
Sürya Siddhanta.

Page #289

272
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
Of the 10 dates, 7 dates indicate whether they apply to Kārttikādi or Caitrādi years. The dates, tabulated below, indicate the ratio 5:2 between Kärttikādi and Caitrādi dates.
AL
Dates applying to Dates applying to Total Kārtrikādi years Caitrādi years Nos. 312, 313, 317, Nos. 316 and 320
318 and 319 Total No. 5
2
7 Of the 10 known dates, 6 dates throw light on the systems of months, 5 of them belong to Amānta months, while only 1 applies to a Pūrņimānta month. 3 Amānta dates apply to Kārttikādi years, 1 Amānta date applies to a Caitrādi year and 1 Pūrņimānta date also applies to a Caitrādi
year. The dates may be tabulated as follows: -- Dates applying 10 Amānta. Dates applying to Total months
Pūrņimānta months Kārttikādi Cait- either Kārttikādi Cait- either
rādi ios. No
No. 317, 316 315
314 318 and 319 Total Grand 5 - T Total
rādi No
No.

Page #290

SAURASHTRA
Peninsular Gujarat i.e. the peninsula of Saurashtra is a very vast region, wherein different systems were possibly in vogue in different parts.
East Saurashtra
Saurashtra is generally divided into 5 parts. Among them East Saurashtra is now represented by the present Bhavnagar District.
1 Regular Dates
A Dates in Bright fortnights 1. Dates in the months Kārttika to Phālguna
Dates in expired years (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscriptions 322. V. 1288- Śrı Mahāvira Jain Vidyālaya Suvarna
Mahotsava Grantha, Part 1, p. 306, S'etrñjaya stone inscription
Sam. 1288, Pausa, su. dj. 15, Sukra V. 1288 current : Saturday, 21 December, A.C. 1230 V. 1288 expired : Friday, 9 January, A.C. 1232 The tithi ended about 14 h. 17 m. after mean sunrise. 2. Dates in the months Caitra to Áśvina
Dates in expired Caitrādi (or
current Kārttikādi) years stone, stone-pillar and copperplate inscriptions
18

Page #291

274
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
323. V. 1258-IK., No. 1, p. 686, Dudana stone inscription of the time of king Kṣemasimha Sam. 1258, Vaišākha, su.di. 2. Sukra
V. 1258 current Caitrādi: Monday, 17 April, A.C. 1200
V. 1258 expired Caitrādi: Friday, 6 April, A.C. (or current Kārttikādi) 1201
The tithi ended about 15 h. 29 m. after mean sunrise.
V. 1258 expired Kārttikādi: Vaiśākha was intercalary. First Vaisakha, su. di. 2 = Wednesday, 27 March A.C. 1202
Second Vaisakha su. di, 2 = Thursday, 25 April, A.C. 1202
(c) Dates in expired Kärttikādi years image inscriptions
324. V. 1337-Sri Mahavira Jain Vidyalaya Suvarna Mahotsava Smärak Granth, part i, p. 112, Ghogha image inscption
Sam 1337, Vaiśākha, su. di. 2, Soma
V. 1337 current Caitrādi: Friday 14 April, A.C. 1279

V. 1337 expired Caitrādi : Suppressed between Sun(or current Kärttikādi) rise on Tuesday, 2 April, A C. 1280 and sunrise on the next day. V. 1337 expired Kärttikādi : Monday 21 April, A.C. 1281
The tithi ended about 21 h. 29 m. after mean sunrise.

Page #292

275
THE SOLANKI PERIOD 325. V. 1344–Śrı Mahāvira Jain Vidyālaya Suvarna
Mahotsava Smāraka Granth Part I, p. 112 Ghogha image inscription
Sam. 1344, Jyeștha, su, di, 10, Budha V. 1344 current Caitrādi : Monday, 3 June, A.C.
1286
V. 1344 expired Caitrådi: Saturday, 24 May,
(or current Kārttikādi) A.C. 1287 V. 1344 expired Kārttikādi : Wednesday, 12 May,
A.C. 1288 The tithi ended about 15 h. 15 m. after mean sunrise.
B. Dates in Dark Fortnights 1. Dates in the months Kārttika
to Phālguna (B) Amānta Dates
image inscriptions 326. V. 1064-JPLS., Vol. I, Part i. p. 105, S'atrunjaya
image inscription Saṁ. 1064, Agrahāyaṇa (Mārgaśīrşa),
ba. di. 2, Soma V. 1064 current, - Pūrņimānta : Sunday, 10 November, A.C.
. 1006 Amānta : Monday, 9 December, A.C. 1006 The tithi ended about 16 h. 41 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1064 expired, -
Pūrnimānta : Thursday, 30 October, A.C.
1007
Amānta : Saturday, 29 November, A.C.
1007

Page #293

276
(i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscriptions 327. V. 1315-RLARBP., p. 253, Shiyalbet stone inscription (of the time of King Visaladeva) Sam. 1315, Phalguna, ba. di. 7 S'ani... Anuradhā nakṣatra
V. 1315 current,
-
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
(b) Dates in expired years Amanta Dates
V. 1315 expired,
,
-
Purnimanta: Sunday, 27 January A.C. 1258 Amanta: Tuesday, 26 February, A.C. 1258
Purnimanta: Friday, 17 January, A.C. 1259 Amanta Saturday, 15 February, A.C. 1259
The tithi ended about 17 h. 24 m. after mean sunrise.
-
(ii) image inscriptions
328. V. 1354-GT. p. 24, Ghogha image inscription Sam. 1354, Pauşa, ba. di. 5, S'ani
V. 1354 current,

Purnimanta: Friday, 16 November, A.C. 1296
Amanta Sunday, 16 December, A.C. 12961 V. 1354 expried,
Pūrṇimānta : Thursday, 5 December, A.C. 1297
Saturday, 4 January, A.C. 1298
Amänta
1. According to the Surya Siddhanta preceding Margasirşa was intercalary and Pausa was suppressed. But according to the Brahma Siddhanta mean system Magha was an intercalary month and there was no suppressed month. Pausa was a natural month (Robert Sewell, The Siddhantas and the Indian Calendar, p. 580)

Page #294

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
277 The tithi ended about 10 h. 27 m. after mean sunrise.
2. Dates in the months Caitra to Áśvina (a) Dates of current Caitrādi years
(A) Pūrņimānta Dates (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscriptions 329. V. 1272 - RLARBP., p. 253, No. 44, Shiyalbet
stonc inscription of the time of Mehara King Ranasiṁha
Sam. 1272, Jyestha, ba. di. 2, Ravi V. 1272 current Caitrādi, -
- Pūrạimānta : Sunday, 27 April, A.C. 1214 The tithi ended about 17 h. 39 m. after mean sunrise.
Amānta : Tuesday, 27 May. A C. 1214 V. 1272 expired Caitrådi, –
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrņimānta : Friday, 17 April, A.C. 1215
Amānta : Saturday, 16 May, A.C. 1215 V. 1272 expired Kārttikādi, -
Pūrņimānta : Thursday, 5 May, A.C. 1216 Amānta : Friday, 3 June, A.C. 1216
(ii) image inscriptions
330. V. 1298-PLS. Part i, No. 37, Vala image inscription
Saṁ. 1298, Vaišākhı, ba.di. 2, Ravi V. 1298 current Caitradi, -
Pūrạimānta : Sunday, 11 March, A.C. 1240 The tithi ended about 14 h. 46 m. after mean sunrise.

Page #295

278
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
Amānta : Vaišākha was intercalary. First Vaišākha, ba. di. 2=Tuesday, 10 April, A.C. 1240 Second Vaišākha ba, di, 2=Wednesday, 9
May, A.C. 1240 V. 1298 expired Caitrādi, -
(or current Karttikādi) Pūrņimānta : Saturday, 30 March, A.C. 1241 Amānta : Suppressed between sunrise on sunday, 28 April, A.C. 1241 and sunrise
on Monday, 29 April, A.C. 1241 V. 1298 expired Kārttikādi, -
Pūrnimānta : Thursday, 20 March, A.C. 1242
Amānta : Friday, 18 April, A.C. 1242 The given tiihi corresponds to the given week-day according to the current Caitrādi Pārņimānta system.
According to the expired Caitrādi system, the given tithi is suppressed acc rding to the Sürya Siddhānta. If the given tithi is a cribed to Sunday, according to this system, it shouid be taken as ascribed to the weekday on which it commenced. On Sunday, 28 April, A.C. 1241, the given tithi commenced about 1 h. 6 m. after local sunrise.
(c) Dates in expired Kärttikādi years (A) Pūrņimānta Dates
image inscriptions 331. V. 1272-IK No. 4, p. 687, Mahuva image inscrip
tion Sam. 1272, Jyeștha, ba. di. 5, Ravi

Page #296

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
V. 1272 current Caitrādi, -
Pūrṇimānta: Wednesday, 30 April, A.C.
1214 Amanta Friday, 30 May, A.C. 1214
V. 1272 expired Caitrādi,
V. 1272 expired Kārttikādi,
(or current Kärttikādi) Pūrṇimānta: Monday, 20 April, A.C. 1215 Amanta: Tuesday, 19 May, A.C. 1215
Pūrṇimāņta: Sunday, 8 May A.C. 1216 The tithi ended at about 0 h. 22 h. after mean sunrise. Amanta: Monday, 6 June, A.C. 1216

(B) Amanta Dates
(i) stone, stone-pillar and copper plate inscriptions 332. V. 1300-RLARBP., No. 253, Shiyalbet stone inscription (of the time of King Tribhuvanapāla) Sam. 1300, Vaisakha, ba. di. 11, Budha
V. 1300 current Caitrādi,
V. 1300 expired Caitrādi,
-
-
279
Pūrṇimănta: Friday, 28 March, A.C. 1242 Amanta Sunday, 27 April, AC. 1242
-
V. 1300 expired Kārttikādi,
(or current Kärttikādi)
Purnimanta Thursday, 16 April, A.C. 1243 Amanta Saturday, 16 May, A.C. 1243
www
Purnimanta: Tuesday, 5 April, A.C. 1244 Amanta Wednesday, 4 May, A.C. 1244
The tithi ended about 11 h. 39 m. after mean sunrise.

Page #297

289
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
- (ii) image inscription 333. V. 1297-Śri Mahāvira Jain Vidyalaya Suvarņa
Mahotsava Smāraka Granth, Part I, p. 112, - Ghogha image inscription
Sam. 1297, Caitra, ba. di. 5, Bhauma V. 1297 current Caitrādi, -
Pūrņimānta : Thursday, 24 February, 1239
Amānta : Saturday, 26 March, A.C. 1239 V. 1297 expired Caitrādi, -
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrņimānta : Suppressed between sunrise on Monday, 13 February, A.C. 1240 and sunrise on the next day.
Amānta: Wednesday, 14 March, A.C. 1240 V. 1297 expired Kārttikādi,Pūrņimānta : Suppressed between sunrise on
Sunday, 3 March, A.C. 1241
and suprise on the next day.. Amānta : Tuesday, 2 April, A.C. 1241 The tithi ended at about 10 h. 12, m. after mean sunrise. (e) A date which may be either a Pūrņimānta
date of an expired Caitrādi (or a current Kārttikādi) year or an amânta date of an expired Kārttikādi year
image inscription 334. V. 1329-Śrı Mahāvira Jain Vidyālaya Suvarņa Mahost
sava Smārak Granth, Part i, p. 112 Ghogha image inscription Sam. 1329, Vaišākha, ba. di. 9, Sukra

Page #298

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
281 V. 1329 current Caitrādi, –
Pūrạimänta : Sunday, 5 April, A,C 1271 Aniānta : Suppressed between sunrise on
Monday, 4 May, A.C. 1271 and
Sunrise on the next day. V. 1329 expired Caitrādi, -
(or current Kārtrikādi)
Pürrimānta : Friday, 25 March, A.C. 1272 The tithi ended about 7 h 20 m. after mean sunrise.
Amānta : Saturday, 23 April, A.C. 1272 V. 1229 expired Kārttikādi, -
Pūrņimānta : Thursday, 13 April, A.C. 1273
Amanta : Friday, 12 May, A.C. 1273 The tithi ended about 15 h. 15 m. after mean sunrise.
2. Irregular Dates 335. V. 1112-EI, Vol. XXXIII, pp. 235 ff., Paliyad stono
inscription of King Bhimadeva I Saṁ. 1112, Caitra, su. di. 15, Somagrahaņa
parva V. 1112 current Caitrādi : Saturday, 26 March, A.C.
1054 No lunar eclipse. V. 1112 expired Caitrādi : Suppressed between (or current Kārttikādi) sunrise on Wednesday,
15 March, A.C. 1055 and sunrise on the next day. No lunar
eclipse. V. 1112 expired Kārttikādi : Suppressed between
sunrise on Tuesday, 2 April, A.C. 1056 and sunrise on the next day. Lunar eclipse.

Page #299

THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
The reference to the occurrence of the lunar eclipse that the given date corresponds to Tuesday, 2 April, A.C. 1056. But according to the Surya Siddhānta. the Full Moon day was suppressed on that day'. However, on calculating according to the Brahma Siddhānta it is found that the Full Moon day commenced about 1 h. 52 m. before local sunrise on that day. It means that the date is quite regular according to the Brahma Siddhānta.
282
336. V. 1343 -RLARBP, p. No. 253, Shiyalbet stone inscription (of the time of king Sarangadeva)
Sam. 1343, Magha, su. di. 10, Guru
V. 1343 current: Monday, 7 January, A.C. 1286 V. 1343 expired: Saturday, 25 January, A.C. 1287
As the given date is untenable, some particular in it is obviously recorded or read erroneously. Presumably, the lunar day may be corrected into 14. Accordingly, the day would agree with Thursday and correspond to 30 January, A.C. 1289.
337. V. 1211-JLS. Part ii, No. 1788, Ganesar stone inscription
Sam. 1211, Vaiśākha, su. di. 14, Guru
V. 1211 current Caitrādi: Thursday, 9 April A.C. 1153
V. 1211 expired Caitrādi : Wednesday, 28 April, (or current Kärttikādi) A.C. 1154
V. 1211 expired Kārttikādi: Monday, 18 April, A.C. 1155
1. The day commenced about 1 h. 6 m. after local sunrise.

Page #300

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
283
The given date does not correspond to any of the equivalent dates mentioned above. The year 1211 in the date is obviously wrong, as the inscription records Sukrtas by Mahāmātya Vastupāla whose appointment took place in V. S. 12772. The year may have been V.S. 1291. According to the system of expired Kārttikadi years the correct ed date would correspond to Thursday, 3 May. A.C. 1235.
338. V. 1264 -IA., Vol. XI. 337. Timana copper-plate inscriptions of Mahera King Jagamalla Sam. 1264, Laukika Aṣāḍha, su. di. 2, Soma
V. 1264 current Caitrādi: Saturday, 10 June, A.C. 1206
V. 1264 expired Caitrādi: Āṣāḍha was intercalary (or current Kārttikādi)
First Aṣāḍha, su di. 2: Wednesday, 30, May, A.C. 1207
Second Áṣāḍha, su. di. 2: Friday, 29 June, A.C. 1207
V. 1264 expired Kārttikādi : Tuesday, 17 June, A.C. 1208
The given date may be taken as ascribed to Monday by associating it with the week-day on which it commenced. The given tithi commenced about 2 h. 46 m after mean sunrise, on Monday, 16 June, A.C. 1208.
2, Girnar inscription, No. 1, RLARBP, p. 328.

Page #301

284
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
On referring to the Photo-lithograph Kielhorn suggests to read 7 or perhaps 8 in place of 2 and equates the given day with
1
(i) Monday, 4 June, A C. 1207 according to the expired Caitrādi system
(ii) Monday, 23 June, A.C. 1208 according to the expired Kärttikādi system (IA. Vol. XIX. p. 358, No. 164)
(ii) image inscriptions
339. V. 1298-Sri Mahavira Jain Vidyalaya Suvarna Mahotsava Smarak Ganth, part I, p. 112, Ghogha image inscription
sam. 1298, Vaiśākh, u. di. 4, Sani
V. 1298 current Caitrādi: Vaiśākha was intercalary. First Vaśākha, su. di. 4 = Thursday, 29 March A.C. 1240
Second Vaisakha, su. di. = Friday, 27 April, A.C. 1240
V. 1298 expired Caitrādi: Wednesday, 17 April, (or current Kärttikādi) A C. 1241
V. 1298 expired Kärttikādi: Sunday, 6 April. A.C. 1242
The given tithi would correspond to Saturday, 5 April, A.C. 1242, i.e. to the given weekday, if it be taken as connected with the week-day on which it commenced. It commenced about 4 h. 27 m. after mean sunrise.
340. V. 1346-Sri Mahavira Jain Vidyalaya Suvarna Mahotsava Smarak Granth, Part i, p. 114, Ghogha image inscription
Sam. 1346, Caitra, su. di. 1, Bhauma

Page #302

285
THE SOLANKI PERIOD V. 1346 current Caitrādi : Friday, 5 March,
A.C. 1288
V. 1346 expired Caitrādi : Suppressed between (or current Kārttikādi) : sunrise on Wednesday,
23 March, A.C. 1289 and Thursday, 24 March, A.C. 1289
V. 1346 expired Kärttikādi : Monday, 13 March,
A.C. 1290 ... As the given tithi does not tally with the
given week-day according to any of the systems, it follows that some particular in it is recorded or read wrongly. Either the tithi should be corrected into 2 or the week-day should be corrected into 'Soma'. Accordingly, the tithi may be referred to the expired Kärttikādi system and equated with either Monday, 13 March, A.C. 1290 or Tuesday, 14 March, A.C. 1290.
As regards the systems of months 8 dates throw light on it. Of them 5 apply to Amānta months and 3 to Pūrņimānta months. 2 Amānta dates and 1 Pūrņimānta date belong to Kārttikādi

Page #303

286
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT years, while 2 Pūrnimânta dates apply to Caitrādi years. The dates may be tabulated thus :
Dates applying to Amānta months Kārtti- Caiträ- either kādi di Nos. Nos. 332
326- and
328 333
Dates applying to Total Pūrņimānta months Kārtti- Caitrā- either kādi di No. Nos. 331 329
and
330
Total No.
2
-
3
1
2
Grand Total
5
The dates mentioned above number 19. Of these 16 dates are of definite character.
The analysis, tabulated below, indicates that all the dates excepting 1 apply to the mode of expired years.
Dates applying to Dates applying to Total expired years current years Nos. 322, 325, No. 326
327, 335, 338 and 340
Total No.
15
16
Of the 16 definite daies 9 apply to Kārttikādi years and 2 to Caitrādi years, the remaining 5 dateś yielding

Page #304

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
287 no indication about the system of years. The dates may be tabulated as under :
Total
Dates applying to Dates applying to Kärttikādi years
Caitrādi years Nos. 323, 325, 331 No. 329 and
333, 335, 338 and 339 330
Total No.
9
11
SOUTH SAURASHTRA
South Saurashtra is mostly represented by present Junagadh District, which also includes some part of North-West Saurashtra. The largest number of dated records belong to this part of the peninsula.
1. Regular Dates A. Dates in Bright Fortnights
1. Dates in the months
Kärttika to Phālguna
Dates in expired years (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscriptions 341. V. 1288-RLARBP, p. 341, Girnar stone inscription
(of the time of King Bhimadeva II)
Sam. 1288, Phālguna, su. di. 10, Budha V. 1288 current : Thursday, February, A.C. 1231 V. 1288 expired : Wednesday, 3 March, A.C. 1232

Page #305

288
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT The tithi ended about 21 h. after mean sunrise. 342. V, 1343-HIG., No. 222, Devpatan stone inscrip
tion (of the time of King Sārangadeva)
Sam. 1343, Māgha, su. di. 5, Soma V. 1343 current : Tuesday, 1 January, A.C. 1286 V. 1343 expired : Monday, 20 January, A.C. 1287 The tithi ended about 12 h. 51 m. after mean sunrise.
(ii) image inscriptions 343. V. 1220 – JSP. Year 18, Vol. X, p. 191, Prabhas
Patan image inscription
Sam. 1220, Phālguna, su. di. 12, Guru V. 1220 current : Sunday, 17 February, A.C. 1163 V. 1220 expired : Thursday, 6 February A.C. 1164 The tithi ended about 21 h. 15 m. after mean sunrise.
(iii) Prasastis 344 V. 1255 - JPPS., p. 113, No. 112, A Ms of
Yogaśāstravivaraṇa copied at Śrīpattana
Saṁ. 1255, Mārgaśīrşa, su. di. 1, Ravi V. 1255 current : Wednesday, 12 November, A.C.
1197 V. 1255 expired : Sunday, 1 November A.C. 1198
The tithi ended about 20 h. 32 m. after mean sunrise. 345. V. 1318 - JPPS., p. 126, No. 220, A Ms of
Bhagavatīsūtravịtti copied at Vāmanasthalı,
Saṁ, 1318, Pauşa, su. di. 9, Sani V. 1318 current : Sunday, 12 December, A.C. 1260 V. 1318 expired : Saturday, 31 December A.C. 1261 The tithi ended about 20 h. 32 in, after mean sunrise.

Page #306

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
2. Dates in the months Caitra to Aśvina Dates in expired Caitrādi (or current Kārttikādi) years
stone, stone-pillar and copperplate inscriptions
346. V. 1215-RLARBP, p. 356, Girnar stone inscription (of the time of King Kumārapāla) Sam. 1215, Caitra, su. di. 8, Ravi
V. 1215 current Caitrādi: Wednesday, 20 March, A.C. 1157
289
V. 1215 expired Caitrādi: Sunday, 9 March, A.C. (or current Kärttikādi) 1158
The tithi ended about 18 h. 51 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1215 expired Kärttikādi: Saturday, 28 March, A.C. 1159
347. V. 1273 - HIG., No. 163, Veraval stone inscription (of the time of King Bhimadeva II) Sam 1273, Vaiśākha, su. di, 4, Sukra
V. 1273 current Caitrādi: Sunday, 5 April, A.C. 1215
V. 1273 expired Caitrādi: Friday, 22 April, A.C. (or current Kärttikādi) 1216
The tithi ended about 20 h. 32 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1273 expired Kärttikādi: Tuesday, 11 April, A.C. 1217
348. V. 1334 IK. No. 14, p. 693, Porbandar stone inscription (of the time of King Sarangadeva) Sam. 1334, Aśvina, su. di. 14 (Ravi ?)
19

Page #307

290 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1334 current Caitrādi : Wednesday, 23 September
A.C. 1276 V. 1334 expired Caitrādi : Sunday, 12 September
(or current Kārttikādi) A.C. 1277 The tithi ended about 13 h. 20 m. after mean sunrise, V. 1334 expired Kārttikādi : Saturday, 1 October,
- A.C. 1278 (c) Dates in expired Kārttikādi years (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscriptions 349. V. 1305 – RLARBP, p. 358, 'Girnar stone inscrip
tion (of the time of King Vīsaladeva)
Sam. 1305 Vaišākha, su, di, 3, Sani V, 1305 current Caitrādi : Tuesday, 9 April, A.C.
i 1247 V. 1305 expired Caitrādi : Sunday, 29 March, A.C.
(or current Kārttikādi) 1248 V. 1305 expired Kārttikādi : Saturday, 17 April,
A C. 1249 The tithi ended about 12 h. 8 m. after mean sunrise. 350. V. 1350 - RLARBP., No. 33, Girnar stone inscri
ption
Saṁ, 1350, Vaišākha, su. di. 5, Sukra V. 1350 current Caitrādi : Wednesday, 23 April,
A.C. 1292 V, 1350 expired Caitrādi : Suppressed between sun
(or current Kārttikādi) rise on Sunday, 12 April, A.C. 1293 and sunrise on the next day.

Page #308

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
291
V. 1350 expired Kārttikādi : Friday, 2 April, A.C.
1294 The tithi ended about 13 h. 6 m, after mean sunrise. 351. V. 1355-IK. No. 17, p. 695, Somnath Patan stone
inscription (of the time King Karņa II)
Sam. 1355, Aşādha, su. di. 7, Sani V. 1355 current Caitrādi : Friday, 28 June, A.C.
1297
V. 1355 expired Caitrādi : Tuesday, 17 June, A.C.
(or current Kärttikādi) 1298 V. 1355 expired Kārttikādi Saturday, 6 June, A.C.
1299 The tithi ended about 15 h. 58 m. after mean sunrise.
(ii) image inscriptions 352. V. 1253-JLS., Part ii, No. 1785, Mangarol image
inscription
Sam. 1253, Așādha, su. di. 4, Sani V. 1253 current Caitrādi : Tuesday, 13 June, A.C.
1195 V. 1253 expired Caitrādi : Sunday, 2 June, A.C.
(or current Kārttikādi) 1196 V. 1253 expired Kārtrikādi : Saturday, 21 June,
A.C. 1197 The tithi ended about 2 h. 46 m. after mean sunrise. 353. V. 1309-Jain Satya Prakash, year 18, Vol. XVIII
p. 191, Prabhas Patan image inscription
Sam. 1309, Vaišākha, su.di. 3, Budha V. 1309 current Caitrādi : Tuesday, 25 April,
A.C. 1251

Page #309

292
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1309 expired Caitrādi : Saturday, 13 April,
(or current Kārttikādi) A.C. 1252 V. 1309 expired Kārttikādi : Wednesday, 2 April,
A.C. 1253 The tithi ended about 18 h. 8 m. after mean sunrise. 354. V. 1338-JLS., Part ii, No. 1791, Prabhas-Patan
image inscription
Saṁ. 1338, Vaišākha, su,di. (2), Sani V. 1338 current Caitrādi : Suppressed between
sunrise on Tuesday, 2 April, A.C. 1280
and sunrise on the next day. V. 1338 expired Caitrādi : Monday, 21 April,
(or current Kārttikādi) A.C. 1281 V. 1338 expired Kārttikādi : Saturday, 11 April,
A.C. 1282 The tithi ended about 13 h. 34 m. after mean sunrise. 355. V. 1356-PJLS., No. 57, p. 72, Girnar image
inscription
Sam. 1356, Jyeștha, su. di. 15, Sukra V. 1356 current Caitrādi : Tuesday, 27 May, A.C.
1298 V. 1356 expired Caitrādi : Saturday, 16 May,
(or current Kārttikādi) A.C. 1299 V. 1356 expired Kārttikādi : Friday, 3 June, A.C.
1300 The tithi ended about 7 h. 34 m. after meau sunrise.
(iii) Prasastis 356. V. 1319-JPPS., No. 223, p. 127, A Ms. of
Naracandrasūri's Kathāratnasāgara copied at S'rīpattana

Page #310

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
293 Sam. 1319, Bhādrapada, su.di. 5, Śukra V. 1319 current Caitrādi : Bhādrapada, was inter
calary. First Bhādrapada, su. di. 5 - Tuesday, 2 August, A.C. 1261 Second Bhādrapada, su. di. 5 - Thursday,
1 September, A.C. 1261 - V. 1319 expired Caitradi : Monday, 21 August,
(or current Kārttikādi) A.C. 1262 V. 1319 expired Kārttikādi : Friday, 10 August,
A.C. 1263 The tithi ended about 21 h. 44 m. after mean sunrise. 357. V. 1334-JPPS., No. 245, p. 130, A Ms. of
Upadeśamālādiprakaraṇapustikā copied at Devapattana
Sam. 1334, Bhādrapada, su. di. 1, Sani V. 1334 current Caitrādi : Wednesday, 12 August,
A.C. 1276 V. 1334 expired Caitrādi : Sunday, 1 August,
(or current Kārttikādi) A.C. 1277 V. 1334 expired Kārttikādi : Saturday, 20 August,
A.C. 1278 The tithi ended about 20 h. 46 m. after mean sunrise.
B. Dates in Dark Fortnights 1. Dates in the months Kārttika to Phālguna
(a) Dates in current years
Amānta Dates stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscriptions 358. V. 1234-TWI., Appe. No. XV-4, p. 578, Girnar
stone inscription (of the time of Kumārapāla)

Page #311

294
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
Sam. 1234, Pausa, ba.di. 6, Guru V. 1234 current, - Pūrņimānta : Tuesday, 23 November, A.C.
1176 Amānta : Thursday, 23 December, A.C.
1176
The tithi ended about 11 h. 10 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1234 expired, -
Pūrņimānta : Suppressed between sunrise on Monday, 12 December, A.C. 1177 and sunrise on the next day. Amānta : Wednesday, 11 January, A.C.
1178
(b) Dates in expired years
(A) Pūrņimānta Dates stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscription 359. V. 1290–1K., No. 6, p. 688, Miyani stone-pillar
inscription (of the time of King Bhimadeva II)
Sam. 1290, Kārttika, ba. di. 2, Guru V. 1290 current, - Pūrņimānta : Sunday, 3 October, A.C.
1232 Amānta : Monday, 1 November, A.C. 1232 V. 1290 expired, - Pūrņimānta : Thursday, 22 September,
A.C. 1233 The tithi ended about 2 h. 32 m. after mean sunrise.
Amānta : Friday, 21 October, A.C. 1233

Page #312

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
(B) Amanta Dates
(i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscription 360. V. 1262-IK., No. 3, p. 687, Ajak stone-pillar inscription (of the time of King Bhimadeva II)
Sam. 1262, Phalguna, ba. di. 14, Sukra V. 1262 current,
Pūrṇimānta: Saturday, 19 February, A.C. 1205
Amanta Monday, 21 March, A.C. 1205 V. 1262 expired,
Purnimanta Wednesday, 8 February, A.C. 1206
Amanta Friday, 10 March, A.C. 1206 The tithi ended about 6 h. 22 m. after mean sunrise.
-
295
(ii) image inscription
361. V. 1343-Jain Satya Prakash, year 18, Vol. XVIII, p. 191, Prabhas patan image inscription Sam. 1343, Magha, ba. di. 1, Śani
V. 1343 current,

Purnimanta: Friday, 14 December, A.C. 1285
Amanta Sunday, 13 January, A.C. 1286 V. 1343 expired,
Pūrṇimānta: Thursday, 2 January, A.C. 1287
Amanta: Saturday, 1 February, A.C. 1287 The tithi ended about 3 h. after mean sunrise.

Page #313

296
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
(iii) Praśastis 362. V. 1334-PS., T.P. No. 4, P. 3, A Ms. of Munican
drasuri's Šatakațippanuka copied at Śrīpattana
Sam. 1334, Dvitīya Phālguna, ba.di. 11, S'ani V. 1334 current, -
Pūrņimānta : Sunday, 31 January, A C. 1277
Amānta : Monday, 1 March, A.C. 1277 V. 1334 expired, - Pūrņimānta : Thursday, 20 January, A.C.
1278 Amānta : Phālguna was intercalary. First, Phālguna, ba.di. 11=Saturday, 19
February, A.C. 1278 The tithi ended about 9 h.0 m. after mean sunrise.
Second Phālguna, ba.di. 11=Sunday, 20 March, A.C. 1278 2. Dates in the months Caitra to Aśvina (a) Dates in current Caitrādi years
Pūrņimānta Dates stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscription 363. V. 1202-BPSI., No. 158, Mangrol stone inscription
(of the time of king Kumāra pāla)
Sam. 1202, Aśvina, ba.di. 13, Soma V. 1202 current Caitrādi, - Pūrņimānta : Monday, 28 August, A.C.
1144 The tithi ended about 15 h.h. 44 m. after mean sunrise. Amānta : Wednesday, 27 September, A.C.
1144

Page #314

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
297 V. 1202 expired Caitrādi, -
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrņimānta : Sunday, 16 September, A.C.
1145
Amānta : Tuesday, 16 October, A.C. 1145 V. 1202 expired Kārttikādi, - Pūrạimānta : Thursday, 5 September, A.C.
1146 Amānta ; Saturday, 5 October, A.C. 1146 (b) Dates in expired Caitrādi (or current
Kārttikādi) years
Amānta Dates
image inscriptions 364. V. 1319-IK., No. 12, p. 692, Girnar image inscription
Sam. 1319, Caitra. ba. di. 13, Bhauma V. 1319 current Caitrādi, - Pūrnimānta : Monday, 28 February, A.C.
1261 Amānta : Wednesday, 30 March, A.C. 1261 V. 1319 expired Caitrādi, -
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrņimānta : Suppressed between sunrise on Sunday, 19 March, A. C. 1262 and sunrise on the next day.
Amānta : Tuesday, 18 April, A.C. 1262 The tithi ended about 6 h. 51 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1319 expired Kārttikādi, -
Pūrņimānta : Friday, 9 March, A.C. 1263 Amānta : Suppressed between sunrise on Saturday, 7 April, A.C. 1263 and sunrise on the next day.

Page #315

298
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
(c) Dates in expired Kārttikādi years
(A) Pūrņimānta Dates (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscriptions 365. V. 1289-RLARBP., p. 361, Girnar stone insctiption
(of the time of King Bhīma II)
Sam. 1289', Āśvina, ba. di. 15, Soma V. 1289 curren Caitrādi, -
Pūrņimānta : Friday, 29 August, A.C. 1231 Amānta : Aśvina was intercalary. First Āśvina, ba.di. 15 - Saturday, 27 Sept., A.C. 1231 Second Áśvina, ba. di. 15 = Sunday, 26
October, AC, 1231 V. 1289 expired Caitrādi, -
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrạimānta : Thursday, 16 September, A.C.
1232 4mānta : Friday, 15 October, A.C. 1232 V. 1269 expired Kārttikādi, - Pūrņimānta : Monday, 5 September, A.C.
1233 The tithi ended about 22 h. 12 m. after mean sunrise
Amānta : Wednesday 5, October, A.C. 1233 366. V. 1320-IA., Vol. 11. p. 241, Veraval copper-plate
inscription of king Arjunadeva
Sam. 1320, Āsādha, ba. di. 13, Ravi 1. The year of this date is read 1288 in ASWI., Voi. II, p. 173.
But as noticed by Kieihorn, the reading given above is more probable (IA., Vol. XIX, p. 359).

Page #316

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
299
V. 1320 current Caitrādi, -
Pūrņimānta : Friday, 16 June, A.C. 1262
Amānta : Saturday, 15 July, A.C. 1262 V. 1320 expired Caitrādi, -
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrņimānta : Tuesday, 5 June, A.C. 1263 Amānta : Suppresssed between suprise on Wednesday, 4 July, A.C. 1263 and sunrise
on the next day. V. 1320 expired Kārttikādi,
Pūrnimānta : Sunday, 25 May, A.C. 1264 The tithi ended about 5 h. 53 m. after mean sunrise.
Amānta : Aşādha was intercaiary. First Așādha, ba, di. 13=Monday,23 June,
A.C. 1264 Second Áşādha, ba. di. 13=Tuesday, 22
July, A.C. 1264 367. V. 1333-RLARBP., 353, No. 10, Girnar stone pillar
inscription of the time of king Sārangadeva)
Saṁ 1333, Jyeștha, ba. di. 14, Bhauma V. 1333 current Caitrādi, -
Pūrņimānta : Friday, 26 April, A.C. 1275 Amānta : Jyeștha was intercalary. First Jyeștha, ba. di. 14 = Saturday, 25 May, A.C. 1275 Second Jycștha, ba. di. 14 = Monday, 24
June, A.C. 1275 V. 1333 expired Caitrādi,
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrnimānta : Thursday, 14 May, A.C. 1276 Amānta : Friday, 12 June, A.C. 1276

Page #317

300
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
V. 1333 expired Kārttikādi,
Pūrnimānta : Monday, 3 May, A.C. 1277 Amānta : sTuesday, 1 June, A.C. 1277
Wednesday, 2 June, A.C. 1277 The 14th tithi commenced before sunrise on Tuesday, 1 June, A.C. 1277 and ended about O b. 36 m. after mean sunrise on Wednesday, 2 June, A.C. 1277.
(ii) image inscriptions 368. V. 1322-Jain satya prakāsh, Year 18, Vol. XVIII
p. 191, Prabhas patan image inscription
Saṁ. 1322 Vaišākha, ba. di. 7, Budha V. 1322 current Caitrādi,
Pūrnimānta : Friday, 21 March, A.C. 1264
Amānta : Sunday, 20 April, A.C. 1264 V. 1322 expired Caitrādi, –
(or current Kāritikādi) Pūrņimānta : Thursday, 9 April, A.C. 1265
Amānta : Saturday, 9 May, A.C. 1265 V. 1322 expired Kārttikādi, - . Pūrņimānta : Monday, 29 March, A.C. 1266
Amānta : Wednesday, 28 April, A.C. 1266 The tithi ended about 8 h. 46 m. after mean sunrise.
(iii) Praśastis 369. V 129)-JPPS., No. 160, 119, A Ms. of somadeva
sūri's Nitivāk yāmsta copied at Devapattan Saṁ. 1290, Prathama S'rāvaņa, ba. di 10,
Sani

Page #318

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
301
V. 1290 expired Kārtrikādi,
Amānta : Srāvana was intercalary. First Srāvana, ba. di. 10 = Saturday, 22
July, A.C. 1234 Tht tithi ended about 8 h. 3 m. after mean sunrise.
Second S’rāvana, ba. di. 10 = Sunday 20 August, A.C. 1234
Monday, 21 August, A.C. 1234 (b) A date which may be either a Pūrņimānta date
of a current Caitrādi year or an Amānta date of an expired Caitrādi (or current Kārttikādi
year. 370. V. 1343-Śrı PS., T.P. No. 94, p. 59, A Ms. of
Paccakkhāṇasarūvam copies at Sripattana
Saṁ. 1343, Asvina, ba. di. 4, Bhauma V. 1343 current Caitrādi,Pūrņimānta : S Monday, 20 August A.C. 1285
Tuesday, 21 August, A.C. 1285 The 4th tithi commenced before sunrise on Monday, 20 August, A.C. 1285 and ended about 0 h. 25 m. after mean sunrise on Tuesday, 20 August, A.C. 1285. Amānta : Wednesday, 19 September, A.C.
1285 V. 1343 expired Caitrādi,
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrņimānta : Sunday, 8 September, A.C.
1286 Amānta : Tuesday, 8 October, A.C. 1286 The tithi ended about 11 h. 16 m. after mean sunrise.
1905

Page #319

302
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1343 expired Kārttikādi,Pūrņimānia : Thursday, 28 August, A.C.
1287 Amānta : Saturday, 27 September, A.C.
1287
2. Irregular Dates (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscriptions 371. V. 1176-ABORI., Vol. VI, p. 170, Somnath patan
stone inscription of King Aparāditya Sam. 1176, Caitra, su. di. 14, Ravi, Viśvā
vasu Samvatsara V. 1176 current Caitrādi : Caitra was intercalary.
First Caitra, su, di. 14 = Friday, 8 March A.C. 1118 Second Caitra, su. di. 14 = Sunday, 7 April,
A.C. 1118 V. 1176 expired Caitrādi : Thursday, 27 March,
(or current Kārttikādi) A.C. 1119 V. 1176 expired Kārttikādi : Tuesday, 16 March,
A.C. 1120 The given tithi tallies with the given weekday according to the current Caitrādi system. But on referring to tables of Samvatsaras, it is found that the given year does not apply to the given Samvatsara. The year is to be corrected into Caitrādi, 1179 (Kārttikādi 1178–1179). But the given week-day applies to the previous year i. e. 1178 Caitrādi year. Anyhow some particular in the given
date is erroneous. 372. V. 1256-1A., Vol. XI, p. 71, Girnar stone inscrip
tion (of the time of King Bhīmadeva II) Sam."[1]256, Jyeștha, su. di. 13, S'ukra

Page #320

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
303 V. 1256 current Caitrādi : Wednesday, 20 May,
A.C. 1198 V. 1256 expired Caitrādi : Monday, 10 May, A.C.
(or current Kārttikādi) 1199 V. 1256 expired Kārttikādi : Sunday, 28 May, A.C.
1200
As the given date does not hold good in relation to any of the cquivalent dates mentioned above, it is obvious that some particular in it is recorded or read wrongly. Presumably, the tithi 13 may be corrected into 11. Accordingly, it would
correspond to Friday, 26 May, A.C. 1200. 373. V. 1262–1K. No. 2, p. 686, Visavad stone inscript.
ion (of the time of king Bhīmadeva II)
Saṁ 1262, Māgha, su. di. 10, Sukra V. 1262 current : Tuesday, 1 February, A.C. 1205 V. 1262 expired : Saturday, 21 January, A.C. 1206
The given date probably corresponds to Friday, 20 January, A.C. 1206, if it was construed with the week-day on which it commenced. It commenced about 12 h. 22 m. after mean sunrise on
that day. 374. V. 1320-PO., Vol. II, No. 4, p. 227, Kantela stone
inscription of King Arjunadeva V. 1320 current Caitrādi : Tuesday, 23 May, A.C.
1262 V. 1320 expired Caitrādi : Saturday, 12 May, A.C.
(or current Kārttikādi) 1263 V. 1320 expired Kārttkādi : Thursday, 1 May,
A.C. 1264

Page #321

304
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
The given day is proximate to Thursday, 1 May, A.C. 1264. Probably it was connected with the previous week-day on which it commenced. It commenced about 11 h, 39 m. after mean sunrise
on wednesday, 30 April, A.C. 1264. 375. V. 1335-RLARBP., p. 353, No. 9 B, Girnar stone
pillar inscription (of the time of King Sārangadeva)
Sam. 1335 Vaišākha, su. di. 8, Guru V. 1335 current Caitrādi : Tuesday, 13 April, A.C.
1277 V, 1335 expired Caitrādi : Sunday, 1 May, A.C.
(or current Kārttikädi) 1278 V. 1335 expired Kärttikādi : Friday, 21 April, A.C.
1279 The given tithi ended about 3 h. 15 m. after mean sunrise on Friday, 21 April, A.C. 1279. On calculation it is found that the given tithi commenced about 1 h 03 m. 13 se, after local suprise on the previous day according to the Brahma Siddhānta and about 2 h. 37 m. 13 sec. after local sunrise, according to the Sürya Siddhānta. This means that the given tithi is ascribed to Thursday on which
it commenced. 376. V. 1339 - RLARBP., p. 352, No. 9 Girnar stone
pillar inscription (of the time of King Sārangadeva)
Sam. 1339, Jyeștha, su.di. 8, Budha V. 1339 current Caitrādi : Tuesday, 27 May, A.C.
1281

Page #322

305
THE SOLANKI PERIOD V. 1339 expired' Caitrādi : Saturday, 16 May, A.C.
(or current Kārttikādi) 1282 V. 1339 expired Kārttikādi : Thursday, 6 May, A.C.
1283 The given day is proximate to Thursday, 6 May, A.C. 1283 on which the 8th tithi ended about 0 h. 50 m. after mean sunrise. On calculating the true moment of local sunrise, it is found to have ended 1 h. 25 m. after true sunrise according to the Sürya Siddhānta but about 0 h. 19 m, before true sunrise on Thursday according to the Brahma Siddhānta. So the tithi seems to have been ascribed
to Wednesday according to the Brahma siddhānta. 377. V. 1346-PO., Vol. III, No. 1, p. 28, Vanthali stone
inscription of King Sārangadeva
Sam. 1346, Vaišākba, ba. di. 6, Soma V. 1346 current Caitrādi, -
Pūrnimänta : Thursday, 25 March, A.C. 1288
Amanta : Friday, 23 April, A.C. 1288 V. 1346 expired Caitrādi, -
(or current Kārttikādi) Pūrnimānta : Wednesday, 14 April, A.C. 1289
Amānta : Thursday, 12 May, A.C. 1289 V. 1346 expired Kārttikādi, -
Pūrņimānta : Sunday, 2 April, A.C. 1290
Amānta : Tuesday, 2 May, A.C. 1290 The given tithi seems to have been ascribed to Monday, though it fell at sunrise on the next day,
presumably by connecting it with the week-day on 20

Page #323

THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
which it commenced. It commenced about 6 h. after mean sunrise on Monday, 1 May, A.C. 12902. (ii) image inscriptions
378. V. 1289-Jain Satya Prakash, Vol. XVIII, pp. 162. & 191, Prabhas Patan image inscription Sam. 1289, Vaiśākha, ba. di 12, Sukra V. 1289 current Caitrādi,
306
Purnimanta: Tuesday, 1 April, A.C. 1231 Amanta Wednesday, 30 April, A.C. 1231 V. 1289 expired Caitrādi,
(or current Kārttikādi)
Purnimanta Sunday, 18 April, A.C. 1232 Amanta: Tuesday, 18 May, A.Ç. 1232 V. 1289 expired Kārttikādi,
Pūrṇimānta: Thursday. 7 April, A.C. 1233 Amanta Saturday, 7 May, A.C. 1233
The given date would correspond to Friday, 9 May, A.C. 1233, if it be taken as construed with the week-day on which it commenced. It commenced about 11 h. 39 m. after mean sunrise on that day. It is also probable that the tithi 12
2. In his list of the Inscriptions of Northern India (No. 624), Prof. D.R. Bhandarkar has equated the given date with Monday, 17th April, A.C. 1290. But this cannot hold good as that date corresponds to Vaiśākha, su.di. 7. As Bhandarkar has cited exactly the same date of the epigraph, he seems to have mistaken 'ba.di. 6' for 'su.di. 6' through oversight. Diskelkar who edited the inscription also notes that the given tithi corresponds to Tuesday, 2 May, A.C. 1290, but it seems to have commenced on the previous day.

Page #324

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
307
can be better read 11. In that case it tallies with the given week-day in a regular way.
379. V. 1340-JLS., Part ii, No. 1792, Prabhas Patan image inscripton
Sam. 1340, Jyeṣṭha, ba.di. 10, Šukra
V. 1340 current Caitrādi,
Pūrṇimānta: Monday, 4 May, A.C. 1282 Amänta Tuesday, 2 May, A.C. 1282 V. 1340 expired Caitrādi,
(or current Kärttikādi)
Pūrṇimānta: Saturday, 24 April, A.C. 1283 Amanta Sunday, 23 May, A.C. 1283 V. 1340 expired Kärttikādi,
Pūrṇimānta: Thursday, 11 May, A.C. 1284 Amanta Saturday, 10 June, A.C. 1284
The given tithi preceded either Saturday, 24 April, A.C. 1283 or Saturday, 10 June, A.C. 1284. On the latter day it ended about 8 h. after mean sunrise, while on the former day it ended about 0 h. 51 m. after mean sunrise. On calculation the given tithi is found to have ended 3 h. 42 m. after true sunrise on the former day according to the Surya Siddhanta and 1 h. 26 m. after true sunrise to the Brahma Siddhanta. According to the latter Siddhanta the given tithi commenced 15 m. 32 se. before true sunrise on the previous day. It means that there were two Daśamis, the former one fall. ing at the sunrise on Friday, 23 April, A.C. 1283.
However, if the date followed the Kärttikādi Amanta system rather than the Caitrādi Pūrṇimanta

Page #325

308
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT one, the given tithi must be taken as connected with the week-day on which it commenced as it commenced about 7 h. 48 m. after mean sunrise on that day.
(iii) Praśastis 380. V. 1285-JPPS., No 143, P. 117, A Ms of Yogaśāstra
copied at Devapattana
Sam. 1285, Jyeștha, su. di. 8, Guru V. 1285 current Caitrādi : Tuesday, 25 May, A.C.
1227 V. 1285 expired Caitrādi : Saturday, 13 May, A.C.
(or current Kārttikādi) 1228 V, 1285 expired Kārttikādi : Jyeștha was intercalary:
First Jyestha, su. di. 3 = Wednesday, 2 May A.C. 1229 Second Jyestha, su. di. 8 = Friday, 1 June,
A.C. 1229 The given day seems to have fallen on Thursday, 31 May, A.C. 1229. On calculation the given tithi is found to have commenced about 0 h. 50 m. after mean sunrise according to the Sürya Siddhanta and 2 m. 31 se. after local sunrise according to the Brahma Siddhānta on that day. Hence, it seems to have been ascribed to Thursday, after it comm
enced on that day. 381. V. 1335-JPPS., No 247, p. 130, A Ms of Hema
candra's Dvyāśraya Mahākāvya copied at Śrīpattana Sam. 1335, Śrāvaņa, su. di. 15, Soma

Page #326

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
309
V. 1335 current Caitrādi : Friday, 16 July, A.C. 1277 * V. 1335 expired Caitrādi, : Thursday, 4 August,
(or current Kārttikādi) A.C. 1278 V. 1335 expired Kārttikādi : suppressed betwee sun
rise on Monday, 24 July, A.C. 1279 and
sunrise on Tuesday, 25 July, A.C. 1279. The given tithi commenced 35 h. 5 m. after local suprise according to the Sūrya Siddhānta and 1 h. 8 m. after local sunrise according to the Brahma Siddhānta. It ended 36 m. 34 se. after local sunrise on Tuesday according to the Sürya Siddhanta and I h. 18 m. before local sunrise on Tuesday according to the Brahma Siddhānta, It means that the given tithi fell on Tuesday at sunrise according to the Sürya Siddhānta but got suppressed on Monday according to the Brahma Siddhāntas. Thus the given date should be taken as ascribed to Monday after it commenced on that day.
of the 41 key-dates 38 dates are of definite character.
These dates, excepting 2, apply to the mode of expired years. They may be tabulated as undes :Dates applying to | Dates applying to Total expired years
I current years Nos. 341 - 357, Nos. 358 and 363 359 - 362, 364 – 370, 373 - 377 and 379–
381 Total
36 1 No. 3. The given tithi is shown suppressed on Monday in Pillai's Tables
based on the Sūya Siddhäta as it ended shortly before mean suorise on monday.

Page #327

310
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
Twenty eight dates give indications about the systems of years. Twenty dates belong to Kärttikādi years, while eight apply to Caitrādi years. They may be thus tabulated :
Total
No.
Dates applying to Kärttikadi years
Nos. 349-357, 365, 369, 374-377, 380 and 381
20
Grand total
Dates applying to Dates applying to Amänta months Purnimanta months
Total 4
No.
As for the system of months, 15 dates throw light on it. The ratio between dates of Amānta months and those of Purnimanta months is 2: 1. The dates may be tabulated as below:
Kärtti- Caitr- either | Kärtti- Caitr- either kādi ādi
kādi
ādi
Nos. Nos. Nos. 367, 364 358, 369 and 360
and 370 and 377
362
Dates applying to Caitrādi years
I
10
Nos. 346-348, 363, 364, 370, 373 and 379
8

2
Nos.
365
and
366
2
Nos. No.
353
359
and
379
2
Total
5
28
Total
15

Page #328

CENTRAL SAURASHTRA Only two key-dayes belong to this part, which is represented by Rajkot District (and northern part of Amreli District)
1. Regular Dates
Dates in Dark Fotnights Dates in the months Kārttika to Phālguna
Amānta Dates stone, stone pillar and copper – plate inscriptions 382. V. 1292-IK., No, 7, p. 689, Jesdan stone – pillar
inscripton (of the time of king Bhīmadeva II)
Sam. 1292, Māgha, ba. di. [7], [Sukra ?] V. 1292 current,
Pūrnimānta: Saturday, 13 January, A.C. 1235
Amānta : Sunday, 11 February, A.C. 1235 V. 1292 expired,
Pūrņimānta : Wednesday, 2J anuary, A.C. 1236
Amānta : Friday, 1 February, A.C. 1236 The tithi ended about 5 h. 24 m, after mean sunrise.
2. Irregular Dates
Praśastis 383. V. 1284-JPPS., No. 79, p. 74, A Ms. of Jñānārn
ava copied at Gomandala
Saṁ. 1284, Vaišākha, su. di. lo, sukra V. 1284 current Caitrādi:Thursday, 9 April, A.C. 1226

Page #329

312
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1284 expired Caitrādi : Tuesday, 27 April, A.C.
(or current Kārttikādi) 1227 V. 1284 expired Kārttikādi : Saturday, 15 April,
A.C. 1228 As the given date does not tally with any of the three dates, it may be suggested that the given date should be ascribed to Friday, 14 April, A.C. 1228 by assuming that the week-day was connected with the new tithi which commenced on it. The 10th tithi commenced 18 h. 51 m. after mean sunrise on Friday, 14 April, A.C. 1228.
Of the two dates, both belong to the mode of expired years.
One (No. 383) applies to the system of Kärttikadi years, while the system is not known in the other date.
As for the system of months, one date No. 382 belongs to the system of Amänta months, but it is not possible to know whether it was coupled with the Kārttikādi year or the Caitrādi year. The other date contains no indication about the system of its months.

Page #330

WEST SAURASHTRA West Saurashtra is mostly represented by the present Jamnagar Diatrict. It extends upto the Gulf of Kutch in north.
1. Regular Dates
A. Dates in Bright Fortnights 1. Cates in the months Kārttika to Phālguna
(b) Dates in expired years 384. V. 1318-IK., No. 11, pp. 691 f. Ghumli image
inscription Sam. 1318, Phālguna, su. di. 15, Bhauma,
grahaņa parva V. 1318 current : Wednesday, 16 February, A.C.
• 1261, no eclipse. V. 1318 expired : Tuesday, 7 March, A.C. 1262,
Lunar eclipse The tithi ended about 16 h. 27 m. after mean sunrise.
Dates in expired Kärttikādi years stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscriptions 385. V. 1333-PO., Vol. III, No. i, p. 23, Amaran stone
inscription of King Sārangadeva
Sam. 1333, Jyeștha, su. di. 5, Ravi V. 1333 current Caitrādi : Jyeștha was intercalary.
First Jyestha su. di. 5 = Thursday, 2 May, A.C. 1275 Second Jyeştha su. di. 5 = Friday, 31 May, A.C. 1275

Page #331

314
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
V. 1333 expired Caitrādi: Wednesday, 20 May, (or current Kārttikādi) A.C. 1276
V. 1333 expired Kārītikādi : Sunday, 9 May, A.C. 1277
The tithi ended about 13 h. 48 m. after mean sunrise. B. Dates in Dark Fortnights
Dates in the months Kārttika to Phalguna Dates in current years Amanta Dates
stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscriptions 386. V. 1348-IK., No. 15, p. 694, Kansari stone pillar inscription of the time of King Sarangadeva Sam. 1348, Phalguna, ba.di. 11, Soma V. 1348 current,
.
Purnimanta: Saturday, 27 January, A. C. 1291
Amanta: Monday, 26 February, A.C. 1291 The tithi ended about 12 h. 22 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1348 expired,

Purnimanta: Friday, 15 February, A. C. 1292 Amanta Sunday, 16 March, A.C. 1292 2. Irregular Dates
stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscriptions
387. V. 1045-EI., Vol. XXXI, p. 11, Ghumli copper-plate inscription of Bāskaladeva
Sam. 1045, Vaisakha, nnu [su] di. 15, Soma
V. 1045 current Caitrādi: Saturday, 16 April,
A.C. 987
V. 1045 expired Caitrādi: Friday, 4 May, A.C. 988 (or current Kärttikādi)

Page #332

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
315
V. 1045 expired Kārttikādi : Tuesday, 23, April,
A.C. 989 Among the equivalent dates given above only the last one deserves consideration. The given date could possibly correspond to the day preceding It, on commending the tithi with the week-day on which it commenced, but the given tithi commenced as late as about 18 h. 36 m. after mean sunrise (i. e, about midnight) on the given week-day.
It, therefore, appears that there is probably an error in some particular or other. Presumably, the tithi 15 may be corrected into 11. Accordingly, the given date would correspond to Monday, 30 April, A.C. 988.
The known key-dates of West Saurashisa number only 4. Three of them are of definite character.
Two (Nos. 384 and 385) of them apply to the mode of expired years, while one (No. 386) belongs to that of current years.
One date (No. 385) belongs to the system of Kārttikādi or Āsādhādi years, while the system followed in the other date is not known.
As the system of Āsādhādi years was in vogue in Halar (Jamnagar District) since long, it is probable that the system followed in the date No. 385 applied to Āsādhādi rather than Kārttikādi year. But we cannot be definite on this point, unless and until we come across a date falling between Aşādha and Kārttika,
One date (no. 386) applies to the system of Amānta months. but it is not known whether it was coupled with a Kārttikādi year or a Caitrādi year. The other date throws po light on the system of months.

Page #333

NORTH SAURASHTRA North Saurashtra is represented by the northern part of the present Rajkot District and the Surendrapagar District which extends in North-east. Many of the known records treated above belong to Wadhwan in Surendranagar District.
1. Regular Dates A. Dates in Bright Fortnights 1. Dates in months Kārttika to Phālguna
Dates in cxpired years
image inscription 388 V. 1194–PLS., Part i, No. 7, wadhwan image ins
cription.
Sam. 1194, Māgha, su.di. 6, Bhauma V. 1194 current : Wednesday, 30 December, A.C.
1136 V. 1194 expired : Tuesday, 18 January A.C. 1138 The tithi ended about 13 h. 20 m. after mean sunrise.
2. Dates in months Caitra to Aśvina Dates in expired Kārttikādi years
image insriptions 389. V. 1249-PLS. Part I, No. 25, p. 8, Wadhwan image
inscription
Sam. 1249, Jyeștha, su di. 10, Budha V. 1249 current Caitrādi : Jyeștha was intercalary.
First Jyeștha, su. di. 10 = Sunday, 5 May, A.C. 1191

Page #334

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
317
=
Second Jyeṣṭha, su. di. 10 Tuesday, 4 June, A C. 1191
V. 1249 expired Caitrādi: Saturday, 23 May, A.C. 1192 (or current Kärttikādi)
V. 1249 expired Kärttikādi: Wednesday, 12 May, A.C. 1193
The tithi ended ybout 14 h. 46 m after mean sunrise. B. Dates in Dark Fornights
1. Dates in the months Kārt tika to Phalguna image inscriptions
390. V. 1243-PLS., Part i, No. 24. p. 1 Wadhwan image inscription
Sam. 1243, Kārttika, ba, di. 5, Bhuma V. 1243 current,
Pūrṇimanta: Tuesday, 15 October, A.C. 1185
The tithi ended about 9 h. 58 m. after mean sunrise. Amanta Wednesday, 13 November, A.C. 1185
V. 1243 expired.
Pūrṇimanta: Sunday, 5 October, A.C. 1186 Amanta: Monday. 3 November, A.C. 1186 2. Dates in the months Caitra to Aśvina
(a) Dates in expired Caitrādi years (A) Pūrṇimānta Dates

image inscriptiors
391. V. 1207-PLS, Part i, No. 10, p. 4 Wadhwan image
inscription
Sam. 1207, Caitra, ba. di. 5, Sani

Page #335

318
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
... V. 1207 current Caitrādi,
Pūrņimānta : Tuesday, 1 March, A.C. 1149 The tithi ended about 15 h. 44 m. after mean sunrise.
Amānta : Thursday, 31 March, A.C. 1149 V. 1207 expired Caitrādi,
Pūrnimānta : Friday, 18 February, A.C. 1150
Amānta : Monday, 20 March, A.C. 1150 V. 1207 expired Kārttikādi,
Pūrņimānta : Friday, 9 March, A.C. 1151
Amānta : Sunday, 8 April, A.C. 1151 The given date would correspond to saturday, 18 February, A.C. 1150 according to the expired Caitrādi system and Saturday, 7 April, A.C. 1151 according to the Kārttikādi system. The given tithi commenced about 55 m. 42 se. after local sunrise on the latter day according the Sūrya Siddhānta but 1 h. 51 m. before it according to the Brahma Siddhānta. (b) A date which may be either a Pūrrimānta date
of an expired Caitrādi (or current Kārttikādi) year or an Amānta date of an expired Kārttikādi year
stone inscription 392. V. 1193–JBBRAS., Vol. XXV, p. 324; HIG. No. 144,
Gala stone inscription of king siddharāja
Saṁ, 1193, Vajśākha, ba, di. 14, Guru V. 1193 current Caitrādi,
Pūrņimānta : Sunday, 14 April, A.C. 1135 Amānta : Monday, 13 May, A.C. 1135

Page #336

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
319
V. 1193 expired Caitrādi,
(or current Kārttikādi)
Pūrņimānta : Thursday, 2 April, A C. 1136 The tithi ended about 5 h. 24 m. after mean sunrise,
Amānta : Friday, 1 May, A.C. 1136 V. 1193, expired Kārttikādi,
Pūrņimānta : Tuesday, 20 April, A.C, 1137
Amānta : Thursday, 20 May, A.C. 1137 The tithi ended about 13 h. 34 m. after mean sunrise.
2. Irregular Dates (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscriptions 393. V. 1350-RLARBP. p. 241, Wadhwan stone inscription
(of the time of king Sārangadeva)
Sam. 1350, Kārttika, ba. di. 8, Guru V. 1350 current,
Pūrņiınānta : Sunday, 5 October, A.C. 1292
4mānta : Monday, 3 November, A.C. 1292 V. 1350 expired, -
Pūrnimānta: Friday, 25 September, A.C. 1293
Amānta : Saturday, 24 October, A.C. 1293 The given date would correspond to Thursday, 24 september, A.C, 1293, by taking it as ascribed to Thursday on which it commenced according to the Sürya Siddhānta, according to which it commenced about 3 h. 15 m. after mean sunrise on that day. However, on calculating according to the Brahma Siddhānta the given tithi is found to have commenced 1 h. 8 m. 45 se, after local sunrise on Thursday, and ended 0 h. 44 m. 20 se. before local sunrise

Page #337

320
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
on the next day. It means that the given tithi was suppressed and is here ascribed to the week-day on which it commenced.
(ii) image inscriptions
394. V. 1208-PLS., part i, No. 11, p. 4, Wadhwan image inscription
Sam. 1208, Jyeṣṭha, su. di. 2 Budha
V. 1208 current Caitrādi: Sunday, 30 April, A.C. 1150 V. 1208 expired Caitrādi: Saturday, 19 May, A.C. (or current Kärttikādi) 1151
V. 1208 expired Kärttikadi : Thursday, 8 May A.C. 1152
The given date is proximate to Thursday. 8 May, A.C. 1152. 'The given tithi may have been ascribed to the previous week-day on which it commenced. But as it commenced about 8 h. 45 m. after mean sunrise on that day, it is probable that the tithi 2 is recorded or read wrongly and may be corrected into 1. It would then correspond to Wednesday, in regular course.
395. V. 1228-PLS., part i. No. 21, Wadhwan image inscription
Sam. 1228, Phalguna, ba, di. 5, Bhauma
V. 1228 current,
Purnimanta: Thursday, 28 January, A.C. 11 1 Amanta Friday, 26 February, A C. 1171 V. 1228 expired,
Pūrṇimānta: Monday, 17 January, A.C. 1172 Amanta : Wednesday, 16 February, A.C. 1172

Page #338

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
The given date is proximate to Wednesday, 16 February, A.C. 1172. The given tithi may have been construed with the previous week-day on which it commenced. But it commenced about 8 h. after mean sunrise on that day. Hence it is probable that the true week-day may have been Saumya instead of Bhauma. In that case the given tithi would tally with the given week-day in a regular
way.
Alternatively, it may also be suggested that the true week-day may be Soma rather than Bhauma. In that case the date may apply to the Pūrṇimānta system and correspond to Monday, 17 January, A.C. 1172.
396. V. 1273-PLS., Part I, No. 32, p. 9, Wadhwan image inscription
Sam. 1273, Kārttika, ba. di. 5, Soma
321
V. 1273 current,
Pūrṇimānta : Wednesday, 14 October, A.C. 1215 Amanta Friday, 13 November, A.C. 1215 V. 1273 expired,
Pūrṇimānta: Sunday, October, A.C. 1216 Amanta: Tuesday, 1 November, A.C. 1216
1

The given date would correspond to Monday, 31 October, A.C. 1216 if the given tithi was construed with the week-day on which it commenced. But as it commenced as late as about 11 h. 24 m. after mean sunrise, it is probable that the true week-day was Bhauma instead of Soma.
21

Page #339

THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
Of the 9 definite dates, 4 dates (Nos. 388, 389, 392 and 393) belong to the mode of expired years, while 2 dates (Nos. 390 and 391) are of current years.
322
As regards the system of years, 1 date (No. 389) applies to the system of Kärttikādi years, while the other date (No. 391) applies to the system of Caitrādi years.
Three dates throw light on the system of months. All of them (Nos. 390, 391, 393) apply to the system of Pūrṇimānta months. One (No. 391) of them is coupled with a Caitrādi year. The association of the other two dates (Nos. 390, 393) with Kärttikādi or Caitrādi years is not known.

Page #340

KUTCH
Kutch is a geographical part by itself. Only a few records bearing key-dates are available from this district.
1. Regular Dates A. Dates in Bright Fortnights 1. Dates in the months Kārttika to Phālguna
Dates in expired years stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscriptions 397. V. 1322-IA., Vol, XXI, p. 276, Khokhra stone
inscription of king Sārangadeva
Saṁ. 1332 Mārgaśīrśa, su. di. 11, Sapi V. 1332 current : Sunday, 11 November, A.C. 1274 V. 1332 expired : Saturday, 30 November, A.C. 1275 The tithi ended about 18h. 51m. after mean sunrise.
2. Date in the months Āşādha to Asvina Dates in expired Caitrādi (or current Kārttikādi)
or expired Așādhādi years (i) stone, stone-pillar and copper-plate inscriptions 398. V. 1195-ARWC, II, Appendix No. 56
Bhadreśvara stone inscription (of the time of King Jayasimha)
Sam. 1195, Așādha, su, di. 10, Ravi V. 1195 current Caitrādi : Wednesday, 30 June,
(or current Aşādhādi year) A.C. 1137

Page #341

324
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
v. 1195 expired Caitradi : Sunday, 19 June, (or expired Ā șādhādi)
A.C. 1138 (or current Kärttikādi years) The tithi ended about 20 h. 3 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1195 expired Āsādhādi : Friday. 9 June, A.C. 1139
(or expired Kārttikādi years) 399. V. 1328-PO., Vol. III, No. 1, p. 20, Rav stone
incription (of the time of King Arjunadeva)
Sam. 1328, Śrāvana, su.di. 2, Sukra V. 1328 current Caitrādi : Monday, 21 July, A.C. (or current Așāļhādi)
1270 V. 1328 expired Caitrādi : Friday, 10 July, A.C. 1271
(or expired Āşādhadi)
(or current Kārttikādi) The tithi ended about 19 h. 20 m. after mean sunrise. V. 1328 expired Așadhādi : Thursday, 28 July, A.C. (or expired Kārttikādi)
1272 The known key-dates of this district number only three.
They all belong to the mode of expired years.
As regards the system of years it may be noted that the people of Kutch have been following the system of Așādhādi years since long. One (No. 397) of the three dates throws no light on the system of years, while the two others (Nos. 398 and 399) apply to Așādhādi years'.
The dates contain no indications about the system of months. 1. These dates can apply to Caitrādi years as well. But the local practice followed in Kutch since long favours the other alternative, viz. the system of Aşadhadi years.

Page #342

SOLANKI PERIOD
325
Systems of Years and Months The above results give certain indications about the prevalence of different systems of years and months in Gujarat during the Solanki period.
Indian chronology generally follows the mode of expired years. However, we come across a few dates in current years.
Similarly the dates indicate preponderance of Kārttikādi years over Caitrādi ones. The dates in Kutch and probably Western Saurashtra as well indicate the probability of Aşādhādi years in place of Kārttikādi ones.
Likewise the dates given above indicate preponderance of the system of Amānta months over that of Pūrnimānta months. The results may be tabulated in different parts as follows : Name of the Region Mode of System of System of
expired Kārttikādi Amānta
year year month Sārasvata Mandala
64% Aştādaśasata Mandala 88% 66.7% 37.5% (excluding Mt. Abu region) North and North-East Gujarat
81% Central Gujarat 88%
67%
79% South Gujarat
832 East Saurashtra South Saurashtra 92% Central Saurashtra
100% West Saurashtra
67% 100%
100% North Saurashtra
50% Kutch
100% 100%3 Entire Gujarat
77% 61% 2-3. Probably Așädhädi in place of Kärttikādi.
67%
95%
77%
100%
94%
6799
100%
100
67%
0%
89%.

Page #343

326
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
The above results indicate a preponderance of expired years upto about 90% on the whole.
Out of the dates that throw light on the different systems of years, 77% apply to Kärttikadi years (including Aṣāḍhādi years) on the whole, the system of Aṣāḍhādi years probably appearing in all key-dates in Kutch and West Saurashtra.
As regards the system of months, the known keydates in Aṣṭādaśaśata Maṇḍala excluding region of Mt. Abu has a preponderant proportion of the Pūrṇimānta system, while the known key-dates in North Saurashtra all belong to the system of Purnimanta months. The key-dates in all the other parts of Gujarat indicate the preponderance of Amanta dates above 60 per cent. The percentage comes to 61 on adding North Saurashtra and the region of the relevant part of Aṣṭādaśaśata Mandala.
Samvatsaras
Two dates of the Vikrama era contain the names of the corresponding Samvatsaras. One (No. 207) refers to Sobhana Samvatsara in Kārttika of Sam. 1354. On referring the Samvatsara to the Tables of sixty years cycles in Pillai's Indian Ephemeris, it is found that the given Samvatsara does not apply to the southern cycle, while it falls proximate in the northern cycle On calculating according to the method given in Pillai's Indian Chronology, we actually arrive at the given samvatsara on the given date.
4 The year 1297 A C. is mentioned against Subhakṛt which immediately precedes the given samvatsara.

Page #344

SOLANKI PERIOD
327
The other date (No. 371) refers to Viśvāvasu samvatsara in Caitra of Saṁ. 1176. But on referring the Samvatsara to the Tables of sixty years' cycle mentioned above, it is found that the samvatsara given against 1118 A.C. is Plava in the northern cycle. The number of the year is, therefore, to be corrected into Caitrādi V.S. 1179 (1122-23 A.C.). Calculation also conforms it.
The Northern cycle is that of real Jovian years. As the Vikrama era seems to have been introduced in Gujarat from North India, it is natural that the Saṁvatsaras cited along with the Vikrama years reflect the northern cycle of saṁvatsaras.
Inter-calary Months As observed in Chapter V, different systems were in vogue for intercalary months. Of the known keydates of the Solanki Period, 7 dates contain references to intercalary months-two to Prathama months and five to Dvitlya months.
Five of these dates apply to the given intercalary months both according to (i) Brahma Siddhānta true systein and/or Siddhānta Širomani and (ii) the Sürya Siddhānta (and the first Arya Siddhānta)-true system”.
The remaining two dates, do not apply to the former system.
On finding the dates equivalent to the given dates, 9 of the given dates are found to be applying to intercalary months, though the given particulars contain no reference to ito. Of these, 6 dates quite tally according 5. Vide the Table below. 6. Vide the table below.

Page #345

328
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
to the Brahma Siddhānta-Siddhāntu S'iromani system, as they indicate no intercalation in the given months according to this system. The remaining 3 dates all apply to nijа months and it is, therefore, probable that the reference to intercalation was left understood as it actually occured in the preceding month.
The observations about dates of both types may be tabulated as follows : Sr. Date Year Month According According to No. No. (V.S.) given to the Br. Si. the Sürya Si.
and/or (or First Siddhānta Arya Si.)
Śiromani 1 30 1218 Dvitīya Nija Aşādha Nija Așādha
Aşādha 2 198 1221 Vaišākha Vaišākha Adhika
Vaišākha 79 1274 Prathama Adhika Adhika
Jyeștha Jyeștha 37 1285 Jyeștha
Nija
Jyeștha Jyeștha 5 365 1290 Prathama Adhika Adhika
Śrāvana Śrāvaņa Srāvana 6 45 1296 Vaišākha Vaišākha Nija
Vaiśākha 7 220 1298 Bhadrapada Bhādrapada Nija
Bhādrapada 8 80 1298 Dvitīya Adhika
Bhādrapada Āśvina
Nija
380

Page #346

SOLANKI PERIOD
Sr. Date Year Month No. No. (V.S.) given
9 251 1301 Aṣāḍha
223 1304 Dviιīya
Jyeṣṭha
27 1305 Jyeṣṭha
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
87 1314 Dvitiya
Caitra
362 1334 Dvitiya
Phalguna
253 1347 Aṣāḍha
According to the Br. si. and/or
Siddhanta
Śiromani

Nija
Aṣādha
Nija
Jyeṣṭha
Nija
Jyeṣṭha
Nija
Caitra
Caitra
Áṣāḍha
43 1350 Jyeṣṭha
Jycṣṭha
53 1354 Märgaśīrṣa Märgaśirṣa
According to the Surya si. (or First
Arya Si.)
Nija Aṣāḍha
329
Nija
Jyeṣṭha
Nija
Jyeṣṭha
The total impression left by the above table is that intercalation in the Solanki Period was generally calculated according to the Brahma Siddhānta and/or Siddhanta Siromani-true system. In 11 out of 16 cases mentioned above the mention or non-mention of intercalation quite tallies according to this system In the case of three dates the reference to intercalations seems to have been left understood as the dates belonged to nija months.
Nija
Caitra
Adhika
Phalguna
Adhika
Aṣāḍha
Nija
Jyeṣṭha
Adhika
Mārgaśīrṣa

Page #347

330
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
Only two dates form an exception to the prevalence of this system. Nos. 8 and 13 apply to the Sürya Siddhānta rather than the Brahma Siddhānta? conversely 6 dates apply to the Brahma Siddhānta rather than the Sūrya Siddhānta. Chronologically this system seems to have been prevalent at least from V.S. 1218 to V. S. 13549.
(ii) The Simha Era Some recordsło of the Caulukya kings are dated in the Simha era. They are all found from Sorath, represented by Junagadh District in Saurashra. The name of the era is specifically mentioned in these dates. The dates of these records range from Simha Sam. 32 to Simha Sam. 151". The years are given in figures. The dates also contain months, fortnights, lunar days and week. days. These dates in the Simha era also given in some other era or eras like the Vikrama era and / or Valabhi era. 7. No. 8 occurs in a MS copied in North Gujarat and No. 13, in a MS copied in South Saurashtra.
In the case of No. 13. however, tlie equivalent given date falls in Adhika Phālguna, where is the given date belongs to
Dviriya Phålguna. 8. Nos. 2, 6, 7, 14, 15, and 16 9. The known dites contain no references to intercalations prior
to V. S. 1218. 10. Bhandarkar's List, Nos. 1461, 1463, 1465, 1466; G. V. Acharya,
HIG. Nos. 145. 154, 162, 21? 11. These inscriptions are as follows :(i) The Mangrol stone inscription of the time of Kumārapāla
dated V.S. 1202 and Simha Saṁvat 32

Page #348

SOLANKI PERIOD
331
Four other dates given in an unspecified era are also ascribed not justifiably to the Simha era. They are as follows :
(i) The date of the copper-plate edict of the Caulukya King Bhimdeva, dated Saṁ. 9312, has been referred to the Simha era by Fleet13 who inferred that the edict belonged to Vikrama Sam. 1262-63 (Simha Sam. 93) and identified King Bhimadeva with Bhīmadeva II (circa V.S. 1235 to 1298).14 But on scrutiny of the particulars of the edict, it is found that the Lekhaka and the Dūtaka mentioned in this edict are
(ii) Prabhas Pātan inscription dated Valabhi Saṁ. 850 and
Simha year 60
The inscription is introduced as located in the Bhutnath Temple at Junagadh, but that location really belongs to another inscription which belonged to Vāmanasthali, while this inscription belonged to Prabhas Patan and is preserved at Watson Museum, Rajkot.
(H. P. Shastri 'Parama Māheśvara Rāja Kumarapāla' Forbes Gujarati Sabhā Traimásika, Vol. IV, p. 27, N. 17). The date was read Val. Saṁ 850 by the edi!or. As suggested by H.P. Shastri it would be Val. Sam. 855 (Ibid., p 28, n. 18). As noticed by H. G. Shastri, the real reading on the epigraph is Val. Sam. 855. (iii) Royal Asiatic Society copper-plate inscription of the time
of Bhimadeva 1- dated V. S. 1266 and Simha year 96
(iv) Somanath Patan stone inscription of the time of Arjundeva.
dated A. H. 662, Vikrama Sam 1320, Val. Sam. 965 and
Simha year 151. 12. Bhandarkar's List, No. 1464; G. V. Acharya, HIGI, No. 152 13. 1A., Vol. XVIII, pp. 108-9

Page #349

332
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
identical with those mentioned in the Radhanpur edict 15 and the Prince of Wales Museum edict 16 of the Caulukya King Bhimadeva 1, both dated V.S. 1086. Similarly the Donee and the Lekhaka of this edict are the same as those mentioned in the Bhadreshwar edict of Bhimadeva I, dated V.S. 111717. The year mentioned in this edict, therefore, cannot be referred to the Simha era which commenced in about V.S. 1170. The year obviously falls during the reign of Bhimadeva 1, V.S. 1080 to 112218. The numerical figures given in the edict should, therefore, be referred to the Vikrama era by taking the figures of the hundreds left understood?'. The complete number of the year is accordingly 1093; and the year belongs to the Vikrama era which was commonly used in the Caulukyan edicts.
In this context it may also be noted that the era used in all the other Caulukyan records pertaining to Kutch is the Vikrama era, the Simha era occurring not even in a single one of them.
(ii) Another date, recorded in the Atru inscription of the time of King Jayasimhadeva, was possibly 14. A. K. Majmudar, Chaulukyas of Gujar it, P. 138 15. Bhandrkar's List, No. 117; G. V. Acharya, HIG., No. 139 16. JBBRAS Vol. XV, supplementary issue, 'Origin of Bombay', p. 49 17. A. V. Pandya, 'Some newly discovered inscriptions from Gujara',
Vallabh Vidyanagar Research Bulletin. Vol. I, Issue 2, pp. 4 ff. 18. A. K. Majumdar, op. cit., p. 43 19. G. H. Ojha, BPL.. p. 182, f.n. 6
This observation was made by Hultzsch (IA, Vol. XIX, p. 253) and Pandit G. H. Ozha on the basis of the comparison of this edict with the Radhanpur Page #350

SOLANKI PERIOD
333
referred to the Simha era20. According to this probability it was suggested to identify the king with the Caulukya King Siddharāja Jayasimha. On further study it was, however, suggested that the year 14 given in this inscription must be better taken as V.S. (13)14, and the king must be identified with King Jayasimha II, (whose other known inscriptions are dated V.S. 1311 and 1312)al of the Paramāra dynasty of Malwa, who held sway over the Kotā region from the 11th to the 13th century.22
(iii) The date of Sevadi inscription of the time of Kațudeva is read sam. 31 by D. R. Bhandarkar, who identified the king with the Cāhamāna King Kațukarāja of Nadol by ascribing the year to the Simha era and equating it with V.S. 120023. Pandit G.H. Ojha doubted the correctness of the reading of the year and contended that the year cannot be attributed to the Simha era as that the era occurs nowhere in the records of the Cāhamānas of Nadol. He proposed that if the year be really 31, it must be V.S. (12)31.24
The identificati in of the King Katudeva with the Cāhamāna King Kațukarāja · of Nadol seems quite 20. The inscription was noticed by D R Bhanda kar (PRAS. WC.,
1904-5, p. 48), who also suggested the possibility of some other Jayasimha, but remarked that the latter cannot be earlier than the Caulukya King Siddhasåja Jayasimha as palaeographically
the record cannot be dated b:fore the twelfth century. 21. Bhandarkar's List, Nos. 556, 551 22. D. R. Bhandarkar, PRAS.WC., 1905-06, p. 56, No. 2111 23. El., Vol. XI, pp. 34, 69 24. G. H. Ojha, BPL., p. 182, f. n. 6

Page #351

334
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
probable as the inscription belongs to a place which was included in the Cāhamāna kingdom of Nadol at least from V.S. 117625 to 121326. But the reading of the year is quite untenable, as the known record of Kațuka is dated V.S. 117227, those of Kāyapala are dated V.S. 118928 to 120229 and those of Kelhaņa are dated V.S. 122030 to 123631 and, therefore, the date of Kațudeva's record can be neither V.S. 1200 (which falls within the reign of Kāyapāla) nor V.S. 1231 (which falls within the reign of Kelhaņa). As Ojha remarks, the inscription is in a very bad state of preservation, and the reading cannot be taken as warranted32. As the reign of Kațukarāja can be dated between V.S. 116733 and V.S. 117834 at the most, it is probable that the date of Sevadi inscription of Kațudeva may better be read (11)71 rather than (12)31.
In this context it may also be observed that the records of both the Kota region and the Jodhpur region in Rajasthan are usually dated in the Vikrama era and that no dates are given in the Simha era in any of these records.
25. Bhandarkar's List No. 182 26. Ibid., No. 289 27. Ibid., No. 189 28. Ibid., No. 226 29. Ibid., No. 267 30. Ibid, No. 318 31. Ibid , Nos. 384, 85 32. Ojha, op.cit., p. 182, f.. n. 6 33. RLARBP., p. 357 34. Ibid., Kielhorn, 14., Vol. XXII, p. 109

Page #352

SOLANKI PERIOD
(iv) A Girnar image inscription is dated Sam. 5835. The name of the era is not specified here. But the year is referred to the Simha era and the date is equated to the 13th March, 1172 A.C. which fell in the V.S. 122836. The main basis for assuming that the year 58 refers to the Simha era seems to be that the practice of omitting the figures for the centuries during this period was not known to Kielhorn and others.
335
But as shown above, the practice of omitting figures of hundreds was already in vogue during this period. Moreover, the dates given in the Simha era in all other records are specifically referred to that era therein. and the year of the Simha era is invariably mentioned along with the Vikrama or Valabhi era in all those records. The consideration of these two factors in this date strongly goes against the assumption for referring the date to the Simha era.
The use of the Simha era is found to have been confined to Sorath (Junagadh District) and the Girnar record belongs to that region. But for the non-specification of the Simha era the date could have been referred to that era. The week-day given in the date also tallies with the lunar day.
Nevertheless the non-specification of the Simha era goes in favour of referring the year 58 to the Vikrama era by taking the figures of hundreds omitted. However, unless and until Pancaṇacanda, whose image bears this inscription, can be identified, it is hardly possible to 35 Bhandarkar's List, No. 1462; RLARBP., p, 357 36. Kielhorn, op cit., p. 109

Page #353

THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
determine the century of the Vikrama year. The scrutiny of the lunar day and the week-day gives rise to the proba bility of (10)58 and (12)58 according to the Purnimanta system and that of (10)58 and (11)58 according to the Amanta system37. Under these circumstances, the omitted century of the year cannot be determined though the date quite seems to belong to the Vikrama era.
336
As regards the epoch of the Simha era, it can be well inferred from the equations supplied by all the known dates of the Simha era, given along with the corresponding years of the Vikrama era and/or the Valabhi era.
The equations between the Simha years and the corresponding Vikrama and Valabhi years are as follows: No. Simha Vikrama Difference Valabh
Diff.
vear
year
1202
123 4
year
32
60
96
1170
1266
1170
151 [1320 Kārttikadi] [1169] 1321 Caitrādi] 1170
855

944
795
From this it follows that the Simha era commenced 794-95 years after the Valabhi era and 1170-71 years after the Caitrādi Vikram era. In other words it commenced in 1113-14 A.C.
794
As for the scheme of its years Kielhorn examined the three dates of the simha years 32, 96 and 151 and concluded that the three dates show that the sima year was not a Kārttikādi year, but they leave it uncertain whether it began with Caitra or Áṣāḍha.
37. Pillai, IC., Table X

Page #354

SOLANKI PERIOD
337
Assuming that the year given in the Girnar Inscrip-. tion dated Sañ. 58, belongs to the Simha era, Kielhorn finds that the Simha year commenced with Aşādha rather than Caitra38. But as established above, the date of this inscription applies not to the Simha era but to the Vikrama era, the figures of the hundreds being left understood.
As regards the years of the Simha era, the equations between the Simha years and the corresponding Valabhī and Vikrama years in all the four known dates may be examined anew.
The equations between the Simha years and the corresponding Valabhī years are as follows :
year
795
Month Simha Vikrama Difference
year 60
855 Āsādha 151
945
794 From this it follows that the difference is 794 in Aşādha and 795 in some other months. This makes it clear that the Simha year could not be Kārttikādi for otherwise it would yield a uniform difference in relation 10 the corresponding Valabhī year which was invariably Kārttikādi39.
38. Kielhorn, IA., Vol. XXII, p. 109
Shri G. H. Ojha (BPL., p. 184) and Shri D. C. Sircar (1E, p. 305), too, hold that the year of the Simba Era commenced with Āşādha, śu. di. 1. They cite no authority for it, but that
seems to have been based on that of Kielhorn. 39. Vide chapter V, Part I, above. 22

Page #355

333
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
year
1170
The equations between the Simha years and the corresponding Vikrama years are as follows : Month Simha Vikrama Difference
year Áśvina 32
1202
1170 Mārgśīrşa 96 ; 1266 Aşādha 151
[13207
[1169] 1321
1170 As here the difference is 1169 in Aşādha and 1170 in Aśvina, and as it is established that the given Vikrama year in Aşadha is Kārttikādi 40 it follows that the Vikrama year in Āśvina must be Caitrādi. Similarly the Vikrama year in Mārgśīrșa, may be Caitrādi, for the difference remains the same as in Āśvina and as the Simha year could not be Kārttikādi as indicated above.
This further implies that the Simha year could be either Caitrādi or Aşādhādi. But in the absence of any date falling between Caitra and Aşādha, it does not enable us to decide whether the Simha year was Caitrādi or Aşādhādi.
Further, the verification of the week-day with the lunar day yields the following results : Given Simha Date Corresponding Christian date Sam, 32, Aśvina, ba. di. October 15, A. C. 1145
13, Monday Sam. 96, Mārgśīrşa, śu. di. November 12, A. C. 1209
14, Thursday Sam. 151, Aşādha, ba. di. May 25, A. C. 1264
13, Sunday 40. Fleet., CII, Vol. II, p. 87

Page #356

339
THE SOLANKI PERIOD
As the difference remains uniform, it follows that the Simha year commenced with some month between Mārgśīrṣa, śu. di. and Aşādha, ba. di. It means that the Simba year could be either Caitrādi or Aşādhādi, but in the present state of our knowledge, it is not possible to decide in favour of either.
As for the system of months, it may be noted that out of the four known dates of the Simha era, only two contain sufficient data for the purpose, as the date of the Simha year 60 comprises only the year and the date of the Simha year 96 belongs to the bright half of the lunar month. In the date of the Simha year 32, the given week-day corresponds to the lunar day41 according to the Amānta system of months, while in the date of the Simha year 151, the lunar day fits in with the given week-day62 according to the Pūrņimānta system. Thus the available data which are meagre, leave it uncertain whether the months of the Simha era were Pūrņimānta or Amānta.
However, the year must have commenced with the bright half of the first month, which could be either Caitra or Aşādha. Accordingly, the year 0 of the Simha era should be taken as having commenced on Thursday, the 20th March, 1113 A. C., and ended on Sunday, the 8th March, 1114 A. C. in case the year be Caitrādi; alternatively if the year be Āsādhādi, it should be taken as having commenced on Monday, the 16th June, 1113 A. C. and ended on Friday, the 5th June, 1114 A. C. Thus the epoch of the Simha era may be put at present alternatively as shown above. 41. Monday, 15th Octo., A. C. 1145 42. Sunday, 25th May, A. C. 1264

Page #357

THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
As regards the origin of the Simha era, the epigraphic records give no hint.
340
The following points can be deduced definitely: (i) The era was specifically and invariably named the Simha era.
(ii) The Simha era commenced in 1113-14 A. C.
(iii) The era occurs only in the records pertaining to Sorath i. e. the Southern part of Saurashtra.
(iv) The Simha era is always mentioned along with some other era well-known to the people.
(v) The known dates given in the Simha era range from year 32 to year 151.
On examining the contents of the records dated in the Simha era, it is found that all these records refer to the sway of the then reigning kings of the Caulukya dynasty at Aṇahillapāṭaka. From the limited provenance of the records dated in the Simha era, it may appear possible that the era was started by the local king of Saurashtra and continued by his successors. But the history of the Cuḍāsama kings of Sorath indicates that no local king was powerful enough to start a new era of his own after the conquest of Saurashtra by the mighty sovereign Jayasimhadeva Siddharāja. Moreover the records dated in the Simha Era contain not even a single reference to any king of the local dynasty. If it be assumed that the Simha era was started by the local king of Sorath, it is inexplicable that the local governors of the Caulukya kingdom would continue the use of the era, newly established by the Cuḍāsamā king subjugated by Siddharaja shortly

Page #358

SOLANKI PERIOD
311
thereafter. Thus it appears almost certain that the Simha era was established by the Caulukya conqueror of Sorath rather than by the local king of the Cūļāsamā dynasty.
This conclusion is confronted by one difficulty. It is obviously difficult to explain why the use of the Simha era remained confined to Sorath, if it was established by the Caulukya emperor Jayasimhadeva. Presumably, the Simha era was started by Jayasimhadeva to commemorate his conquest of Sorath and intended to be used especially in the newly conquered territory along with the Vikrama era which was commonly used in the Caulukya kingdom since long. In the concluding verse of the Sanskrit Dvyāśraya Kāvya43 Hemacandra remarks that King Kumāra pāla was inspired to start his own era by making the Earth (i, e. his kingdom) free from debt. A similar reference is made by Jayasimhasūri in his Kumārapāla-Bhūpāla Carita (V.S. 1301) in relation to King Simhavikrama represe. ted as an early ancestor of the Caulukya King Mūlarāja 144. Candraprabhasūri, too, makes a similar reference for King Vikramāditya in his Prabhāvakacarita.45 These references seem to imply that the king had to free his kingdom from debt before starting an era of his own.46 King Jayasimha is said to have freed the earth (i.e. his kingdom) from debt by means of Svarṇasiddhi, attained
43. XX, 102 44. I, 21 45. Jivadevasüriprabundha, verse 71 46. For the arrears of the previous era were not carried forward
into the accounts of the new era (R. C. Modi SDKMGSS. p. 75).

Page #359

342
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
through Siddharasa and become Siddharāja.47 Perhaps the king started his era by freeing only the newly conquered territory of Sorath and hence its use was confined to that Mandala of his empire.
The name “Simha' applied to the new era would obviously be taken as the significant name-ending of 'Jayasimha'.
(iii) The Siddha-Hema-Kumāra Era · The Sanskrit Dvyāśraya Kavya by Acārya Hemacandra ends with a hint that King Kumārapāla would start an era of his own.48 We come across no dates given in an era named Kumārapāla Samvat, but there occur two references to Siddha-Hema-Kumāra Samvat, which may probably be the same as the era started by Kumārapāla. One reference to Siddha-Hema-Kumāra Saṁvat is made by Hemacandra as an example of a samvat (era) in his commentary on Abhidhānacintāmaņi.49 The date given in an image inscription on Mount Satrñjaya dated year 4 of Siddha-Hema-Kumāra Samvat50 supplies a concrete example of a date given in this era. These two references testify that an era of this name was certainly in vogue during the time of Hemacandra and Kumārapāla.
47. Dvyāśraya, XV, 50; Vadnanar Praśasti of the time of Kumāra
pāla, V.S. 1208 (El., Vol. I, pp. 293 ff. ) 48, Kşmāpsnyikaraṇāt-pravartaya Nijam Samvatsaram ca. (XX. 102) 49. Saṁvad-Varşe.. yathā Vikrama samvat, Siddha-Hema Kumāra
samvad-iti (vi. 171). 50. Punyavijayajī, "Siddha-Hema-Kumāra Samvat', Jain Satya
Prakāsh, year 8, Vol. IX, rp. 259 ff.

Page #360

SOLANKI PERIOD
As the name of Kumarapala is associated with this era, it cannot be identified with the Simha era, which seems to have been started by Jayasimha, since the Simha era commenced in V.S. 1170, whereas Kumārapāla acceded to the throne in V.S. 1199. Nor is it possible that the era was originally the Siddha-Hema era and that the name of Kumārapāla was supplemented to it at a later stage, since the date given in year 4 of this era is expressly ascribed to 'Siddha-Hema-Kumāra Samvat'. It is obvious that the name of Kumārapāla could not have been associated with the era before V.S. 1199 and that the era could, therefore, not have commenced before V.S 1196, because no epoch-making event is known to have taken place during the last four years of the reign of Jayasimhadeva51.
343
Similarly the era must have commenced not later than V.S. 1229, the year of the demise of Acārya Hemacandra who makes a reference to this era in his commentary. Thus the commencements of the SiddhaHema-Kumāra Samvat falls between V.S. 1199 and 1229 i.e. almost during the reign of King Kumārapāla who died shortly after Hemacandra in V.S. 1229.
In view of the central position of Hema in the name of the era, it may appear that the era probably commemorated Acarya Hemacandra who served as a connecting link between Siddharāja and Kumārapāla. But no outstanding event connected with the life of Hemacandra is dated between V.S. 1199 and 1229.
51. Even the attainment of the status of Suri or Acarya by Hemacandra dates as early as V. S. 1166.

Page #361

344
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
As noted above, this era is probably the same as the era hinted in the concluding verse of Sanskrit Dvyāśraya. The last five cantos of this work pertaining to the life of Kumārapāla are found to have been composed after V.S. 121652.
On assuming that Hemacandra refers to the outstanding events of the king's career in chronological sequence, it seems that the era was started by Kumāra. pāla not from the year of his accession to the throne (V.S. 1199), but at some later stage of his career, The next outstanding event of his reign appears to that of the king's adopting Jainism which is dated V-S. 121653. The specific reference to the Siddha-Hema-Kumāra Saṁvat in Hemacandra's commentary on AbhidhānaCintāmaņi, too, does not go against this probability, as the commentary is found to have been composed dur. ing the last years of the author's life. The occurrence of the specific mention of this era in a work of Ācārya Hemacandra as well as that in an inscription on a Jain image obviously favours the probability of its association with Jainism. The insertion of the names ‘Siddha
52. R.C. Parikh, Kāvyānuśāsana, Intro., p. cccxxix 53. Jinamaņdana, Kumārapālaprabandha, p. 67,
Shri RC. Modi proposed that this event must be dated V.S 1226 rather than V.S. 1216. Sanskrit Dvyasraya Kävyamāu Madhyakālin Gujarātant Sāmājik Sthiti, Appendix cha., p. 83. Curiously Kumărapāla is represented as 'Paramaśrāvaka’ in a MS dated V.S. 1221, but as 'Umāpativaralabdhaprasāda' in MSS. Jated upto V.S 1225. but the verification of the date in 'Siddha-Hema-Kumāra Samvat 4' indicates the probability of V.S. 1216 rather than V.S. 1226, as the epoch of the era.

Page #362

SOLANKI PERIOD
Hema' along with that of King Kumārapāla indicates the latter's devotion to Acārya Hemacandra, who had great regard for Siddhrāja as well.
Unfortunately, the date given in the Siddha-HemaKumāra Samvat contains no reference to any other era of known epoch, say, for example, the Vikrama era. In the present state of our knowledge we have no adequate data for determining the definite epoch of this era with full certainty. However, it seems quite probable that the era was started by Kumārapāla in V.S. 1216. The verification of the date given in this era does not defy this probability.
345
As regards the system of the year and the month, there is only one date, but it admits of verification with respect to both. The date Vaisakha, ba.di. 2, Guru corresponds to Thursday, March 12, A.C. 116454. It indicates that the year of this era is expired55 Kārttikādi and that the month is Purnimanta.
As the event of Kumarapala's aopting Jainism is dated Sam, 1216, Marga, su. di. 256, the era was then probably counted from the Kārttika that preceded it. (iv) The Saka Era
The know epigraphic records of the Caulukya period are rarely dated in the Śaka era. The dates of these records given in the Śaka era are very few in number. We come across only six dates of the copper-plate inscriptions of South Gujarat, two of which belong to
54. Indian Ephemeris, Vol. III, p. 330; Pillai, IC., p. 88 55. V.S. 1216 in this context, too, is found to be Kärttikädi 56. Jinamandana, op. cit., p. 67

Page #363

346
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
the Caulukya Kings of Laṭa, one to a Manḍaleśvara of Nāgasārikā Viṣaya and three to Mandaleśvaras of Samyana Mandala. These records are as under:
(i) A copper-plate inscription of Mahamaṇḍaleśvara Camuṇḍarāja, who governed the Samyāna (Sanjan) Mandala on behalf of the Silāhāra king of North konkan, is found from Cincan 57 in the Thana District of the Maharashtra State. This grant was issued on Amāvāsya of the month Bhadrapada of Saka year 956. No other particulars have been given here. The date corresponds to Sunday, 15 Sept., 1034 A.C.
(ii) Another copper-plate grant of Mahāmaṇḍaleśvara Vijjaladeva58 is also found from Cincaṇī. It is dated S.E.979. The month, the fortnight and the lunar day are not given here. The grant is made on the parvan of Magha Sankranti. The date corresponds to Saturday, 22nd Janu., 1048 A.C.
(iii) The copper-plate grant of the Caulukya King Trilocanapāla of Lata59 is dated Tuesday, the 15th lunar day of the dark half of Pausa, S.E. 972, the name of the Samvatsara being Vikṛta. The grant was made on the occasion of the solar eclipse. The date corresponds to 15th Janu., 1051 A.C.
(i) A copper-plate grant of Mahamaṇḍleśvara Vijjarāṇaka of Samyāna (Sanjan) Mandala, found from 57. Buddhi Prakash, year 109, Part III, pp. 64 f.; EI., Vol XXXII, pp. 63 ff.
58. Ibid., pp. 69,75; EI; Vol. XXXII, pp.68 ff.
59 IA., Vol. XII, pp. 196 ff.; G. V. Acharya, HIG., No. 239 60. Buddhi Prakash, year 109, Part III, pp. 66, fi., El., Vol. XXXII, pp. 71 ff.

Page #364

SOLANKI PERIOD
347
the same place Cincaṇī, is dated Saturday, the 15th day of the dark-half of the month Kārttika, S.E. 976, which is represented as Vijaya Samvatsara in the record. The grant is made on the occasion of the solar eclipse. The date corresponds to Saturday, 13 November, 1053 A.C.
· (v) The Navsari copper-plate inscription of Durlabharāja 1, Mahāmaņdaleśvara of the Caulukya King Kaņadeva is dated the 11th day of the bright half of the month Mārgaśīrșa, S.E. 996. This grant is incomplete. Another copper-plate grant dated in the Vikrama era has been found along with this grant. The latter is dated one month earlier than this grant. The date corresponds to Tuesday, 2nd Dec., 1074 A.C. or thereabout.
(vi) The Sanjan plates of King Trivikramapāla 2, son of King Trilocanapala of Lāța, are dated the 6th lunar day of the bright half of the month Śrāvana, Ś.E. 999. The date corresponds to Saturday, 29th July, 1077 A.C.
Of the six dates mentioned above, two afford some clue for the system of the months followed therein. The years of the Saka era were (and are) invariably Caitrādi. The dates nos. ii and iii fall in the dark half of the lunar month. Both the dates mark solar eclipses and on referring to the tables, it is found that the solar eclipses took place on the specified days only if the months mentioned in the dates be taken to be Amānta. The mention of the week-day in the date ii. corroborates this inference.
62. Vallabh Vidyanagar Research Bulletin, Vol. 1, 2 no. 4

Page #365

348
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
The specification of the name of the Samvatsara along with the Saka year in the dates Nos. iii and iv throws light on the prevalent system of naming the Samvatsara during this period. On referring to tables it is noticed that the given names of the Samvatsaras tally with the corresponding Saka years according to the so-called Jupiter's cycle used to this day in Southern India, which is in fact merely a cycle of sixty solar years63. The cycle of real Jovian years, which has been in use in Northern India, does not apply to these dates.
This is in contrast to the system of Samvatsaras noticed in connection with Vikrama years during this period. But this is quite natural in the case of the Saka era, which had great bearing of South India by this time.
All the Saka dates cited above occur in the epigraphic records of Lata (South Gujarat). Excepting no. v, the dates belong to the records issued by feudatories or governors of the kings of the South. The date no. ii occurs in a grant issued by the Caulukya King Trilocanapāla who appears to be a feudatory of the later Caulukya Kingdom of the Deccan, and the date no. iii is given in a grant issued by a local governor of the Šilāhāra kingdom of North Konkan. The modification in the system of naming Samvatsaras in South Gujarat 63. Pillai, IC.. p. 38
The same applies to the Samvatsara Citrabhānu mentioned along with the Saka year 964 in the Gandevi stone inscription of the Kadamba King Sastha II (A. S. Gadre, IIBS, No. VIII, pp. 64 ff.)

Page #366

SOLANKI PERIOD
349
during this period may, therefore, be ascribed to the political impact of the southern kingdoms.
(v) The Valabhī Era It is known from epigraphic sources that the Valabhi era, which was in vogue to a certain extent during the Post-Maitraka period, continued to have been used during this period also. The known epigraphic records dated in this era during this period are as under :
(i) Prabhas-Patan inscription of the time of Kumārapāla 4 is dated Val. E. 850. The other particulars of the date are not legible excepting the first two letters of the name of the month, which have been read 'Aşām. The inscripton also refers to the occurrence of a religious rite on the occasion of a lunar eclipse, which took place on or before the date of the grant. If the date of the grant really belongs to Aşādha as may be inferred from 'Āṣā-?, the eclipse seems to have taken place on the full-moon day of Caitra of the Valabhī year 150. Both the dates would fall in 1169 A.C.
(ii) Prabhas-Patan 65 (now Watson Museum, Rajkot) inscription of the time of King Kumārapāla is dated Valabhi saṁ. 85566 and Simha saṁ. 60. The date contains no other particulars. The year corresponds to 1173–74 A.C.
(iii) The inscription found from the Kāmanātha Temple in Ghelāņā67 near Mangrol (Junagadh District) 64. Located in the loca Bhadrakäli Temple (G. V. Acharya, HiG.,
No. 155) 65-66 Vide chapter VII, Part II, f. n. no 2. 67. Diskalkur, IK., No. 5

Page #367

350
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
is dated Valabhi Sam. 911. The names of the month and the fortnight are not fully legible68.
(iv) An inscription engraved on the pedestal of an image has been found from the Harsat Mātā Temple at Prabhas-Patan69 (Junagadh District). The date given in this inscription is Phālguna, śu. di. 2, Sauma, Val. Saṁ. 927. The equivalent Christian date corresponds to Monday, 19th February, A. C. 1246.
(v) The Verawal inscription of King Arjunadeva? dated in four different eras, viz. Valabhi Era 945, A.H. 662, V.S. 1320 and Simha Era 151. According to the chronological tables, the date tallies with the 5th May, 1264 AC.
All the dates in the above-mentioned inscriptions clearly indicate that the name of the era continued to be specified as the Valabhī era in this period.
As for the system of the year and the month, the date no. ii does not contain any particulars for verification. The dates nos. i and iii contain some particulars,
68. The names are read [Bhådrapada ?] and su, (IK., No. 5), but
the readings do not appear definite. The initial letter of the name of the fortnight seems to be 'ba' rather than 'su'. The equivalent Christian date given by Diskalkar does not tally
according to the Kärttikādi system. (Vide n. 9 below.) 69. G. V. Acharya, HIG., No. 250 A 70. The week-day is ‘Sauma'. It can be taken as either 'Soma'
(Monday) or ‘Saumya' (wednesday). (Vide Fleet, CII., Vol. III, Intro., p 91.)
If the valabhi year 927 be taken as Caitrādi, the lunar day falls on Friday, while if the year be taken as Kärttikādi, it falls
on Monday. Hence the week-day must be taken to be Soma. 71. IA., Vol. XI, pp. 241 ff.

Page #368

IHE SOLANKI PERIOD
351
but they are not legible completely and definitely72.
The date no. iv tallies according to the systein of Kārttikādi years, but it throws no light on the system of the month as it falls in the bright half.
The system of the year and the month are both indicated by the date no, v which fits in only accordIng to the system of Kārttikādi years and that of Pūrņimänta months.73
Thus the dates given in the Valabhai era are found to have continued the system of Kārttikādi years and Pūrņimānta monihs during this period.
It should be noted here that the use of the Valabhī era seems to have come to an end by the end of this period, as no further records dated in this era are found after the end of the Caulukyan period.
(vi) The Hijrī Era Only one Sanskrit record dated in the Hijri era has been found during this period. It is the Verawal stone-inscription of the time of King Arjunadeva,
72. In the case of no. i, the particulars of the fortnight, the lunar day and the wiek-day (if any) are entirely missing.
In the date no. iii, the names of the month and the fortnight are read [Bhadrapada) and 'su! The day corresponds to 14th August, 1230 A.C. which however, falls on wednesday and not Friday, as mentioned in the date. Nor does the date tally even if the fortnight is read 'ba' as it, then falls on Tuesday. The continuity of the Kārttikädi Pūrnimānta system conformed by the date no. v precludes the consideration of the Caitrādi or
Amānta system in the case of this date. 73. Fleet, CII., Vol. III, Intro., p. 90

Page #369

352
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
dated A.H. 662.74 Therein the era is introduced as that of 'Bodhakara-Rasūla-Mahammada. Obviously it means the Hijrī Era. This is the earliest known Sanskrit record in the Hijrī era, found in Gujarat. The inscription is about the maintenance of a mosque erected by a Muslim sailor in the realm of the . Caulukya Ring Arjunedeva. The date of the record is given in four different eras among which the Hijrī era naturally figures as the first and foremost one. The month and the day given, however, belong to the Indian tradition, Several contemporary inscriptions in Arabic and Persian, are also dated in the Hijri era.75
The era is commonly known as the Hijrī era. It originated in Arabia. The name of the era is derived from the Arabic root 'Hijr' (to be separated or to leave). The reckoning of this era is believed to have started from the time of the flight of Muhammad, the 74, IA, Vol. XI, p. 241 75. The earliest known dates A. H. 416-19 (1027-28 A.C.) in this
era all over India are found in the legend of the bilingual coins issued by Mahmūd of Ghazni from Mohmudpur (Lahore) (Ojba, BPL., p. 191). In the Sanskrit legend the era is called the Tājikya-sanyut, i. e. the era of the Tajika (Arabic) people (D. C. Sircar, lE., p. 309)
Many dates of Arabic inscriptions of the Rajput period from Gujarat are found to have been given in the Hijri era. (Z. A. Desai, Gujarat Itihas Sandarbh Suci, vol. VI, nos, 2-27). But in most of the inscriptions the name of the era is not specified. Only in a few instances the name is specifically given as for example in an epigraph, dated A. H. 683 (1284 A.C.), from Cambay (El. Arabic and Persian Supplement, 1961, pp. 17 f.)

Page #370

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
great founder of Islam from Mecca to Medina. The Prophet actually commenced his departure from the cave near Mecca on the ninth day of the month Rabia I, corresponding to the 22nd Sept., 622 A.C. But it seems that when an era was started from the year commemorating the departure of the Prophet, the year was naturally counted from the first day of the first month Muharram among the lunar months that were current there since long. This day corresponds to Thursday76, the 2nd lunar day of the bright half of Śrāvaṇa, V.S. 67877 i.e. 15th July, 622 A.C. Accordingly, the commencement of the Hijri Era does not actually coincide with the very day of the flight, but preceeds it by sixty-eight days.78
353
It is now established that the Hijri Era was originally luni-solar and not purely lunar. Upto the last year of the life of the Prophet i.e. A.H. 10 (632 A.C) a thirteenth month was intercalated whenever necessary. Astronomically such intercalations were necessary 3 times in 8 years or 7 times in 19 years. But as the Arabs were not well-conversant with astronomical calculations, the system of intercalation caused great confusion79. This led to the abandonment of that system. Henceforth, the Hijri year uniformly consisted of twelve lunar months,
76. Friday according to the Arab reckoning 77. V.S. 679 according to the Caitrādi system 78. Encyclopaedia Britanica, Vol. VI, p. 317 79. According to this view the epoch of the Hijri Era should be dated March 19, 622 A.C. (i.e. Caitra, su di. 2), as 4 intercalary months were inserted between the new year day of A.H. 1 and that of A.H. 11.
23

Page #371

354
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
At the accession of the second Caliph Omar (63444 A.C.), Abu Musa Ashāri, governor of Yaman, made a representation that he could not follow the definite date of his despatches dated the month of Shabana. Hence the Caliph summoned the learned, he was advised to use the era of the Jews or the era of the Persians. But as there were intercalations in both and their skill in calculation was slight, he did not accept either, but adopted the era of the Hijra80. This event probably took place in the Hijrī year 1781.
The days in Arabia are counted from the sunset of one day to that of the next one, and the months are reckoned from the sight of one new crescent moon after sunset to that of the next one. As the mean length of a lunar month of the synodical type is 29 d. 12 h. 44 m. and 2 s.,82 some of the months consist of 30 days and some others 29 days. For the sake of conveniece the lengths of the months are, however, fixed by a rule rather than observation and the months are accordingly taken to be of 29 and 30 days alternately. But as the mean synodical month is about 44 minutes longer than 29 days, I day is added to the last month each in 11 out of every 30 years. If after dividing the Hijri year by 30, the remainder is 2, 5, 7, 10, 13, 16, 18, 21, 24, 26 or 29, then it is a leap year i e. a year in which the last month has one day more83.
80. Ain-i-Akbari Of Abul Fazl trans. by Colonel H.S. Jarrett, Vol. II, p. 27
81. D. C. Sircar, IE., p. 306
82. Report of the Calendar Reform Committee, p. 182
83. Ibid., p. 180

Page #372

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
355
The synodical lunar year is shorter than the solar year by about 11 days. The former has no link with solar months and seasons. The Hijrī Era, therefore, runs farther than the luni-solar Vikrama Era and the solar Christian Era, Accordingly, the differences between the year of the Hijrī Era and the corresponding years of the Vikraina Era and the Christian Era go on decreasing in course of time. The first year of the Hijrī Era commenced 621 years after that of the Christian Era, while the difference between the Hijrī year 662 given in the Verawal Inscription and the corresponding year 1264 A.C. comes to be 602; similarly the first year of the Hijrī Era falls 677 years later than that of the Vikrama Era, while the difference between 662 A.H. and V.S. 1320 in the date of the epigraph is 658. Thus no constant figure can be given for the difference between the years of the lunar Hijrī Era and those of the solar Christian Era or the luni-solar Vikrama Era84,
As noted above, the date given in the Sanskrit record of A.H. 662 does not contain the month and day of the Hijrī Era. But the mention of the Hijrī year along with the Vikrama year and the month, fortnight and lunar day pertaining to the latter, has proved especially helpful in ascertaining the Kārttikādi system of the Vikrama year85.
84. However, some complex metho:'s are devised for finding out
the Christian equivalent of a given Hijri year and the Hijrī equivalent of a given Christian year. For details vide D.C.
Sircar, IE, p. 309. 85. Vide p. 532 above.

Page #373

356
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
GENERAL SURVEY The compilation and examination of the known dates pertaining to Gujarat from the Mauryan period to the Solanki period afford many hints about the different systems that prevailed in Gujarat during the different periods.
The use of definite eras in place of systems of regral years commenced in Gujarat with the Saka Era in the Kșatrapa period. It yielded place to the Gupta Era which was modified into the Valabhī Era and was commonly used in the greater part of Gujarat throughout the Maitraka period. In South Gujarat, the Kalachuri Era was in vogue by this time.
The post-Maitraka period witnessed the simultaneous prevalence of several eras including the Gupta and Valabhi Eras of the previous period. By this time the Saka Era got introduced by the Rāștrakūtas who hailed from the south, while the Vikrama era became rather familiar under the influence of the imperial Pratihāras.
The credit of giving an universal adoption to the Vikrama era in Gujarat where it is current as the • regional era till to-day goes to the Solanki kingdom. Among the old eras the Valabhi era and the Saka Era survived to some extent, while new eras like the Simha era commenced and ended during this period. The Hijrī era also appears during this period. But taken as a whole, it was the Vikrama Saṁvat that has held the ground in Gujarat for all practical purposes till present times?. 1. R. K. Trivedi, Fairs and Festivals of Gujarat, p. 48

Page #374

THE SOLANKİ PERIOD
357
As regards the mode of years that of expired years was generally followed in Gujarat as in other parts of the country.
The years of the Saka Era and the Gupta Era were Caitrādi. But the years of the Kalachuri Era were Kārttikādi. In the Maitraka period the Gupta Era was modified into the Valabhi Era by turning its years from Caitrādi into Kārttikādi. The years of the Vikrama Era were also Caitrādi in North India from where it seems to have been introduced into Gujarat. But here its years also were generally turned into Kārttikādi though Caitrādi years also are met with not infrequently. As noticed above the use of Kārttikādi years in the dates of the Vikrama Era in the Solanki period is found to have been preponderant, its use being about 72 per cent in the known key-dates.
A cursory perusal of the known dates of later times indicates a gradually increasing predilection for the system of Kärttikādi years in Gujarai?.
The system of Kārttikādi years has now met with almost a universal adoption in Gujarat for a pretty long period of centuries. The commencement of the Kārttikādi year coincides with the end of the Monsoon and the beginning of the Winter. It probably commemorates the happy period of the harvest. In Gujarat the Old Year ends with the joyous festivals of Diwāli (Dīpāwalī) and the New Year day of the Vikrama era is celebrated throughout the region by all sections of 2. The perusal of the regular dates of the two centuries following
the end of the Solanki period, for example, yeilds a percentage of 74 agaiost that of 72 in the Solanki period.

Page #375

358
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
the people. Businessmen of Gujarat bid adieu to the Old Year by closing its Account Books and welcome the coming year by inaugurating those of the New Year. With the increasing impact of the Western culture, new generations hardly recollect the Vikrama years, months and tithis, but the popular festivals of Diwālī and the New Year day (of the Kärttikadi Vikrama Era) are celebrated by the young as well as the old with full fervour.
The local system of Aṣāḍhädi years is prevalent in Kutch and Halar (West Saurashtra), but is losing its ground in course of time.
As regards the system of months, no indications are available for the dates of the Saka Era used in the Kṣatrapa period. The months of the Gupta Era adopted in Gujarat were probably Pūrṇimānta. The months continued to be Purnimanta even in its modified form known as the Valabhi Era. But the prevalence of the Kalacuri Era in South Gujarat introduced the system of Amanta months, its earliest known reference being traced to the Gupta period. In course of time the Purnimanta system got gradually abandoned in favour of the Amanta system The dates of the Saka Era which now got introduced here from the Deccan were adapted to the system of Amanta months. In the Solanki Period this system began to attain preponderance even in the dates of the Vikrama Era which was originally adopted here from North India which followed the system of Pūrṇimânta months. In subsequent centuries the system

Page #376

THE SOLANKI PERIOD
359
of Amānta months received an increasing predilection 3 and modern Gujarat follows the system entirely and exclusively for a pretty long period of centuries. The last day of the dark fortnight invariably marks the 30th (i. e. last) day of the lunar montb.
The New Year commences with the bright fortnight even in the regions following the system of Pūrņimānta months. In the system of Caitrādi years coupled with Pūrņimānta months the new year commences with the bright fortnight of Caitra, though the month actually commences with the dark fortnight. Consequently the first fortnight of Caitra is left construed with the Old Year, while the second fortnight of Caitra marks the first fortnight of the New Year.
A similar position is noticed therein in the case of intercalary months, as the second and third fortnights belong to the actual intercalary month, while the first and fourth fortnights are related to the Nija month. Thus the system of Amānta months has certain advantages over that of Pūrạimānta months. Anyhow the former system is at present 'exclusively prevalent in Gujarat.
As for the different Siddhāntas, it is found that the chronologists of Gujarat held predilection for the Brahma Siddhānta for several centuries, at least from 3. A cursory perusal of the regular dates of the two censuries
succeeding the Solanki period, for example, indicates a percentage of 67 for Amānta dates against that of 64 in the Solanki
period. 4. The last day is often numbered 0. The date No. 237 of the
Solapki period supplies an early reference to this usage.
.

Page #377

360
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
the Maitraka period to the Solanki period. In calculating intercalation of months, they followed the mean system in the early period, but adopted the true system later on. The Sūrya Siddhānta seems to have begun to get a footing in the Solanki period, but it took some centuries for replacing the Brahma Siddhānta on a large scale. The popularity of the Brahma Siddhānta in Gujarat seems quite natural in view of the fact that Gujarat was closely associated with South Rajasthan in several spheres of cultural life · The common use of the Vikrama Era, the wide prevalence of the system of Kärttikādi years and Amânta months and the popularity of the Brahma Siddhānta, thus, constitutes the outstanding characteristics descerned in the different chronological systems that prevailed in Gujarat in the different periods.

Page #378

APPENDIX I
Data Supplied by the Records Published Recently
During the last two decades, several ancient inscriptions in Gujarat have come to light and been published. The recently published catalogues of manuscripts contain only a few dates covered by the period under review. The dates supplied by these newly found sources of information are examined here periodwise and it is also noticed how far the data deduced from these dates affect the conclusions drawn in the preceding chapters.
The unnoticed inscriptions of the Kārdamaka Kşatrapa kings do not contain any key-dates.' .
About 15 copper-plate inscriptions of the Maitraka
1. 'Andhau Inscription of Mahakşatrapa Rudradāman, dated (Šaka)
year 62 or 72', JOI., Vol, XI, no. 3 (1962), pp. 237 f.; 'Vandha Inscription of Mahākşatrapa Rudrasimha, (Saka) year 110', Sambodhi, Vol. III, no. 4, pp. 74 f.; 'Andhau Inscription of Mahakşatrapa Rudrasimha, dated (Šaka) year 114', Sambodhi, Vol. III, no. 2-3, pp. 45 ff.; no. IV, pp. 73 ff.
Three copper-plates beginning with the time of Hūņa King Toramāṇa have been discovered recently from Sanjeli in NorthEast Gujarat, but they are dated in regnal years (R. N. Mehta and A. M. Thakkar, M. S. University Copper-plates of the time of Toramaņa, Vadodara, 1978, pp. 14 ff.)

Page #379

THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
kings of Valabhi dated in the Valabhi Era also do not contain any key-dates.2
A recently discovered M. S. University Copper-plate Grant of Gurjara King Dadda Praśāntarāga3 is dated in (Kelacuri) Sam. 399, Phalguna, ba. di. 15. It also refers to a solar eclipse. According to the epoch of A.C. 248-249, the date would fall in A.C. 649, considering the year as expired.
As the given date mentions a solar eclipse, it admits of verification. The given date would correspond 2. 'Copper-plate inscriptions of Dhruvasena I, (Valabhi) Sam. 207 and 209', JOI., Vol. XII, no. 1 (1962), pp 51 ff.; Svadhyay, Vol. III, no. 1 (1965), pp 19 ff.; 'Gunada Copper-plates of Dharasena II, (Valabhi) Sam. 217', JOI., Vol. XXII. pp 79-83; 'Ambalas Grant of Ŝiladitya I, (Val.) Sam; 290,' Svadhyay, Vol VIII, pp. 178-184, ff; Grant of Dharasena III. (Val) Sam. 305', Buddhi Prakash, Vol. 97. pp. 131 f.; JUB, Vol XIX, part 4, pp. 1-6; 'Grant of Dhruvasena 11, (Val.) Sam.313', Samipya, Vol. I. Part II, pp. 77ff.; 'Målila Grant of Dharasena II(Val.) Sam 323', Buddhi Prakash, Vol. 107, pp. 231 ff.; JOI., Vol. X, pp. 123 ff; 'Vadnagar Grant of Siladitya III, (Val.), Sam. 367,' Svadhyay, Vol. XV, pp. 202 ff.; 'Kunkāvāv grant of Silāditya IV, (Val.) 376', 'Buddhi Prakash, Vol 105, pp. 9 ff.; 'Vadnagar Copper-plites of Siladitya IV, (Val.) 384(?), JOI., Vol. XVII, pp 59 ff., 181 ff; 'Sihor Grant of Ŝiladit IV, (Val) Sam. 387', Buddhi Prakash, Vol. 103, pp. 9 ff., 73 ff, 102 ff.; 'Vadnagar Plates of Ŝiladit a V (circa. A.D. 722)', JOI., \Vol. XVII, pp. 61 ff., 186 ff; ‘Asodar Plates of Siladitya VI, (Val.) Sam. 421', Svadhyay, Vol. XVI, pp. 440 ff.; Asodar Plates of Siladitya JV, (Val.) 425',..Vidyapith, Vol XVII, P. IV, pp. 1 ff.; 3. M S. University Copper-plates of Dadda Prasantaraga, (Kalacuri) Sam 399, Svadhyay, Vol. XIV (Jan., 1977), pp. 172 ff. Dr. R. N. Mehta, the editor, equates the date with 29 Feb., A.C. 648 according to the epoch of 247-248 A.C. and the Amanta system of months.
a
362

Page #380

APPENDIX I
363
to Tuesday, 17 February, A.C. 649 according to Pūrņimānta system of months. There occurred a solar eclipse on that day.
Three copper-plate inscriptions of the Maitraka Kings are dated in years 380-400 of the saka Era." But on palaeographical, chronological and genealogical grounds, the plates have proved to be forged ones.
The same is the case with the three grants ascribed to the Gurjara King Dadda II of Nāndīpurī dated in years 400-417 of the S'aka Erab. 1. The Ambalas plates of Saindhava king Ahivarman are dated in Gupta (Val.) year 404. The date does not admit of verification because of insufficient data.
Four new copper-plaie inscriptions? of Rāșțrakūta kings during the post-Maitraka period are dated in the Saka Era. 4. Pāņdavaniyā Copper-plates of Maitraka King Gubasena I,
Saka year 380', Svadhyay, Vol. XI (Aug, 1974), pp. 332 ff.; 'BBRAS'. Copper-plates of Dharasena II, Saka year 400, HiG., Part 1, no. 50; 'Copper-plate Inscription of Dharasena II, S'aka year 400', Manibhai Dwivedi, Purātan Duksina Gujarat, Nava
sari, 1940, pp. 194 f. 5. Umeta Copper-plates of Didda II, Šaka year 400', HIG., Part
II, no. 114; 'Bagumra Copper-plates of Dadda II, Saka year 415', Ibid., no. 115.; 'Ilav Copper-plates of Dadda II, Saka year 417',
Ibid., no. 116 6. JOI., Vol. XIX (March, 1970), pp. 279 ff. 7. Magodi Plates of Karkarāja Suvarņavarşa, (Šaka) year 736'
JOI., Vol. XX, pp. 271 ff.; 'Tarasadi plates of Amoghavarşa 1, Ŝaka year 772,' JOI., Vol. XX, pp. 155 ff.; Cincani plates of Indrarāja III, Saka year 848;' Buddhi Prakash, Vol. 108, pp. 313 ff. and 'Cincani plates of Krşnarāja III (A.D, 939–968)', Buddhi Prakash, Vol. 108, pp. 347 ff.

Page #381

364
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
There is a mention of a lunar eclipse in Magodi Copper-plates of Karkarāja Suvarṇavarşa, dated Saka 736, Mahāvaišākha parvan. The date well fits in according to the Caitrādi system and corresponds to 8 April, A.C. 814.
There is a mention of Vyaya Samvatsara in the Cincani plates of Rāştrakūta king Indra III, dated Śaka 848, Vaišākha, śu.di: 3, Soma. The Samvatsara Vyaya well fits in with the southern cycle. The given date corresponds to Monday, 17 April, A.C. 926 according to the Caitrādi years. The other two dates do not admit . of verification because of insufficient data.
The key-dates of the recently discovered Caulukya records dated in Vikrama Era8 are classified territorially and chronologically on the same lines as followed in chapter VII above.
The individual key-dates may be given and exam. ined as follows :
SĀRASVATA MANDALA
· I. Regular Dates
A. Dates in Bright Fortnights 1. Date in the months Kārttika to Phālguna
Date in expired years Copper-plate inscription
8. Hijrī dates are met with in several Arabic and Persian inscriptions
dated upto 1304 A.D. (Vide Z. A. Desai, Gujarat lihās Sandarbh Sūci, Part VI, nos. 1-27). They gen:rally follow the usual system of years and mooihs used in the Hijrī era.

Page #382

APPENDIX I
1. V. 1261-JOI., Vol. XIX (Sept-Dec., 1949), pp. 114 ff., Kamāṇā copper-plates of King Bhimadeva II
Sam. 1261, Laukika Pausa, śu., di. 2, Sani
V. 1261 expired : Saturday, 25 December, A.C. 1204
2. Date in the months Caitra to Aśvina Date in expired Kärttikädt years Copper-plate inscription
2. V. 1069-Svadhyay, Vadnagar Copper-plate inscription of Mahāsāmanta Kṛṣṇarāja
Sam. 1069 Śrāvaṇa, śu. di. 15, Somagrahana
V. 1069 expired Kārttikādi: Saturday, 25 July, A. C. 1013, a Lunar eclipse
B. Dates in Dark Fortnights
2. Date in the months Caitra to Aśvina
Date in expired Kārtt kādi years Amanta Dates
Stone inscription
365
3. V. 1305-Svadhyay, Vol. VI (Jan. 1969), pp. 229 f., Davad Palia inscription
Sam. 1305, Aśvina, ba. di. 10, Ravi
V. 1305 expired Kārttikādi,
Amanta: Sunday, 3 October, A.C. 1249
II Irregular Date
4. V. 1217-Svadhyay, Vol. VI (Jan., 1969), pp. 229 f. Davad image inscription
Sam. 1217, Aśvina, śu. di. 11, Soma

Page #383

366
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
V. 1217 expired Caitrādi : Tuesday, 13 September,
(or current Kārttikādi) A. C. 1160
V. 1217 expired Kārttikādi : Sunday, 1 October
A. C. 1161
The given date does not correspond to any of the dates mentioned above. If there be an error in recording or reading the date, the given tithi should be corrected in to 10 or 12. According to this assumption the given date would correspond to Monday 12 September, A. C. 1160 according to expried Caitradi system and to Monday, 2 October, A. C. 1161 according to expired Kārttikādi system respectively.
Of the four dates of this region, three dates are of definite character. They all apply to the mode of expired years.
Among the three definite dates, two dates (nos. 2 & 3) give indications about the system of years. Both of them apply to the system of expired Kāritikādi years.
As for the system of months only one date (no. 3) falls in the dark fortnight. It applies to the Amānta system of months.
Thus the results of the newly added dates corroborate the system of Kärttikādi years and Amānta months reflected in the majority of the inscriptions noticed in the earlier chapter.

Page #384

APPENDIX I
367
CENTRAL GUJARAT
Regular Dates
A. Dates in Bright Fortnights Dates in the months Caitra to Āśvina Dates in expired Caitrādi years
Image inscriptions 5. V. 1292-Svadhyay, Vol. XI (Jan., 1974), pp. 218 ff.,
Khambhat image inscription
Saṁ. 1292, Āsādha, śu. di. 7, Ravi : V. 1292 Caitrādi : Sunday, 24 June, A. C. 1235 6. V. 1325-Svadhyay, Vo!. VI (April, 19691, pp. 370 ff.,
Mahisa image inscription
Sam. 1325, Āśvina, śu. di. 8, Sani V. 1325 Caitrādi : Saturday, 15 September,
A. C. 1268 B. Dates in Dark Fortnights Dates in the months Caitra to āśvina
Amānta Dates Dates in expired Kārttikādi years
Stone inscription 7. V. 1360-Svadhyay, Vol. XIX (Jan., 1982), pp. 173 ff.,
Sampla Stone Inscription of King Karṇadeva
Sam. 1360, Bhādrapada, ba.di. [2 Bhau]ma V. 1360 expired Kārttikādi,Amānta : Tuesday, 18 August, A. C. 1304
Prasasti 8. V. 1274-Jain Gurjar Kavio, Vol. I, pp. 77 f., A MS
of Amarakirti's Chakkammuvaeso composed at Godhara

Page #385

368.
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
Saṁ. 1274, Bhādrasada. ba. di. 14, Guru V. 1274 expired Kārttikādi,Amānta: Thursday, 20 September, A.C.
1218 All the four dates are of definite character. They all apply to the mode of expired years.
Among them two (nos. 5 & 6) apply to the Caitrādi system of years, while two dates (nos. 7 & 8) apply to the Kārttikādi system.
As for the system of months, two dates (nos. 7 & 8) falling in the dark fortnight, apply to the Amānta system,
Thus the results of these dates do not affect the overall results regarding the system of years. As for the system of months, the proportion is increased to a small extent.
SOUTH SAURASHTRA
I Regular Dates A. Dates in Bright Fortnights 1. Dates in the months Kārttika to Phālguna
b. Dates in expired years
Image inscriptions 9. V. 1303 - Shri Shatrunjay Giriraj Darshan, no. 103,
Satrunjay image inscription Saṁ 1303, Pra. Māgha, śu.di. 14, So. (ma*]
As there is no intercalary month according to any of the Siddhāntas prevalent, the word 'prä'. before the word ‘Māgha' would not mean Prathama.

Page #386

APPENDIX I
369
V. 1303 expired: Monday, 21 January, A.C. 1247 10. V. 1342-Shri Shatrunjay Girirāj Darshan, no. 152,
Šatruñjay image inscription
Sam. 1342, Māgha, śu.di. 8, Sukra V. 1342 expired : Friday, 4 January, A C. 1286 11. V. 1354-Shri Shatrunjay Giriraj Darshan, no, 102,
Satruñjay image inscription
Sam 1354, Kārttika, śu.di. 15, Guru V. 1354 expired: Thursday, 31 October, A.C. 1297
2. Dates in the months Caitra to Āśvina (a) Dates in expired Caitrādi (or current Kārttikādi) years
image inscriptions 12. V. 1226-Shri Shatrunjay Girirāj Darshan, no. 457,
Satruñjay image inscription
Sam. 1226, Aşādha, śu. di. 9, Guru . v. 1226 expired Caitrādi : Thursday, 5 June,
(or 'current Kārttikādi) A.C. 1169 13. V. 1338–Pathik, year 9, issues 8–9 (May-June 1970),
Junagadh Museum image inscription
Saṁ 1338, Vaišākha, su. di. 3, Ravi V. 1338 expired Kārttikādi : Sunday, 12 April, A.C.
1282 B. Dates in Dark Fortnights 1. 'Dates in the months Kārttika to Phālguna
Dates in expired years
Amānta Dates image inscriptions
24

Page #387

370
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
14. V. 1313-Svādhyāy, Vol. I (August, 1964), pp. 429
ff., Junagadh Museum pāliā inscription
Sam. 1313, Phālguna, ba, di, 13, Guru V. 1313 expired -
Amānta : Thursday, 15 March, A.C. 1257 2. Dates in the months Caitra to Áśvina Dates in expired Kārttikādi years
Amānta Dates
image inscription 15. V. 1305-Svādhyāy, Vol. XVII (Octo., 1979), pp. 46
ff., Ajārā image inscription
Sam. 1305, Jyeștha, ba. di. 8, Sani V. 1305 expired Kārttikādi,
Amānta : Saturday, 5 June, A.C. 1249
II. Irregular Dates
image inscriptions 16. V. 1230-Svādhyāy, Vol. I (Aug., 1964), pp. 429 ff.,
Junagadh Museum pāliā inscription
Sam. 1230, Āśvina, śu. di. 14, Ravi V. 1230 expired Caitrādi : (or current Kārttikādi)
Saturday 22 September, A.C. 1173 V. 1230 expired Kārttikādi : Wednesday, 11 Sep
tember, A.C. 1174 As the given tithi does not tally with the given week-day according to any of the systems, it follows that some particular in it is recorded or read wrongly. The tithi should be corrected into 10. Accordingly, the tithi may be referred to the expired Kārttikādi years and equated with Sunday, 8 September, A.C. 1174.

Page #388

APPENDIX I
371
17. V. 1309-Shri Shatrunjay Girirāj Darshan, no. 104,
Satruñjay image inscription
Saṁ. 1309, Jyestha, va, di, 2, Soma V. 1309 expired Caitrādi,
Pūrnimānta : Saturday, 27 April, A.C. 1252
Amānta : Sunday, 26 May, A.C. 1252 V, 1309 expired Kārttikādi,
Pūrnimānta : Thursday, 17 April, A.C. 1253
Amānta : Friday, 16 May, A.C. 1253 As the given tithi does not tally with the given week-day according to any of the systems, it follows that some particular in it is recorded or read wrongly. The tithi should be corrected into 5. Accordingly, the tithi may be referred to the expired Kārttikādi Amānta system and equated with Monday, 19 May, A.C. 1253. 18. V. 1314-Shri Shatrunjay Girirāj Darshan, no. 407,
Šatruñjay image inscription
Sam. 1314, Vaisakha, su, di. 3, Sukra V. 1314 expired Caitrādi : Wednesday, 18 April,
A.C. 1257 V. 1314 expired Kārttikādi : Monday, 8 April, A.C.
1258 The date does not tally according to the given reading. Some particular is obviously erroneous. In case the number of tithi may be corrected into 5, the tithi would fall on the given week-day according to the expired Caitrādi system. Then it would correspond to 20 April, A.C. 1257. 19. V. 1315-Shri Shatrunjay Girirāj Darshan, no. 244.
Satruñjay image inscription Sam 1315, Phālguna, śu. di. 2, Ravi

Page #389

THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
V. 1315 expired: Monday, 27 Jan., A.C. 1259
The given date would apply to the given week-day, if it was ascribed to the week-day on which it commenced. It commenced about 2 h. 50 m. after mean sunrise on Sunday, 26 January, A. C. 1259.
20. V. 1335-Shri Shatrunjay Giriraj Darshan, no. 277, Satruñjay image inscription
Sam. 1335, Vaisakha, śu, di. 4, Soma
372
V. 1335 expired Caitrādi: Wednesday, 27 April, A. C. 1278
V. 1335 expired Kärttikädt: Sunday, 16 April, A. C. 1279
As the given date does not correspond to any of the dates mentioned above, it is obvious that some particular in it is wrongly recorded or read. The tithi may, therefore, be corrected into 5 or the week-day may be corrected into 'Saumya'. The former would apply to the Kārttikädi system and correspond to Monday, 17 April, A. C. 1279, while the latter would apply to the Caitrādi system and correspond to Wednesday, 27 April, A. C. 1278. Accordingly, the modified tithi or the week-day would correspond to the given week-day. 21. V. 1343-Svadhyay, Vol. I (August, 1964), pp. 429 ff., Uparkot image inscription Sam. 1343, Magha, bà. di. 2, Sani
V. 1343 expired,
Purnimanta: Friday, 3 January, A.C. 1287 Amanta Sunday, 2 February, A.C. 1287
The given date may be taken as ascribed to Saturday by associating it with the week-day on which it

Page #390

APPENDIX I
373
commenced. The given tithi commenced about 2 h. 50 m. after mean sunrise on Saturday, 1 February, A.C. 1287.
Of 13 newly discovered dates, seven dates are of definite character. They all apply to the mode of expired. years.
Of the seven definite dates, three dates (nos. 12, 13 & 15) give indications about the system of years. Two dates (nos. 13 and 15) belong to Kārttikādi years, while one date (no. '12) applies to Caitrādi years.
- As for the system of months, only two dates (nos. 14 and 15) throw light on it. Both of them apply to the Amānta system of months.
Thus there is a slight increase of percentage in the system of years and months with the inclusion of these new dates.
KUTCH 1. Regular Dates A. Date in Bright Fortnights
Date in the month Caitra to Jyestha Date in expired Āsādhädi or expired Kārttikādi years
image inscription 22. V. 1304-Bhadreshvara Vasai Mahātirtha, pp. 156 f.,
Bhadreśvara image inscription
Sam. 1304, Vaišākha, śu. di. 7, Guru V. 1304 expired Aşādhadi : Thursday, 2 April, (or expired Kärttikādi)
A.C. 1248 B. Date in Dark Fortnights
Amānta Date Date in the month Caitra te Jyestha Date in expired Aşādhādi or expired kārttikādi years

Page #391

THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
23. V. 1117-EI., Vol XXXVII, P. I, pp. 35 ff., Bhadresvara copper-plate inscription of King Bhimadeva I
Sam. 1117, Jyeṣṭha, ba. di. 15, Suryagrahana V. 1117 expired Aṣāḍhādi: (or expired Kārttikādṛ) Amanta : Wednesday, 20 June, A. C. 1061 II Irregular Dates
stone-pillar and palia inscriptions
24. V. 1319-Pathik, year 9, issue 12 (Sept., 1970), p. 58 Bhadresvara pālia inscription
Sam. 1319, Māgha, su. di. 5, Soma
374
V. 1319 expired: Tuesday, 16 January, A. C. 1263 The given tithi would correspond to Monday, 15 January, A. C. 1263, i. e. to the given week-day, if it be taken as connected with the week-day on which it commenced. It commenced about 4 h. 45 m. after mean sunrise.
25. V. 1330-Bhadreshvara Vasai Mahatirth, pp. 159 f., Bhadresvara stone-pillar inscription Sam. 1330, Aṣāḍha, śu. di. 4, Ravi
V. 1330 expired Caitrādi (or current Kärttikadi): Tuesday, 20 June, A. C. 1273
V. 1330 expired Kärttikādi: Saturday, 9 June, A. C. 1274
The given date does not correspond to either of the dates mentioned above. Hence, some particular must be wrong. Presumably, the tithi may be corrected into 5. So that it may tally with the given week-day according to the expired Kārttikādi system. In that case the modified date would correspond to Sunday, 10 June, A. C. 1274.

Page #392

APPENDIX 1
375
Of the four more key-dates of this district two (nos. 22 & 23) dates are of definite character. Both of them apply to the inode of expired years.
Both these dates (nos. 22 of 23) apply to the system of expired Āşādhādi or Kārttikādi years.
Of these two dates, only one date (no. 23) throws light on the system of months. It applies to the Amānta system
Thus the result of these newly discovered dates hardly affect the former result of the region except the system of months. There was not any former date which could give the clue for the system of months. In these newly added dates, there is only one date (i. e. 100%) which applies to the Amānta system of months.
Bhutiā-Vāsaņā copper-plate grant' of Caulukya King Jayasimba II is dated in V. S. 1274, Āśvayuja. But as the date recorded on the first plate is incomplete and as the second plate containing the remaining particulars is missing, it does not admit of verification.
Thus the newly found key-dates generally conform to the conclusions drawn in the preceeding chapter, only a few of them affecting the results adversely and that, too, to a very small extent.
1. Sāmipya, Vol. I, No. 2 (July, 1984), pp. 63 ff.
i

Page #393

APPENDIX II Original Dates with their Equivalents
Vikrama Era
Given Date
Equivalent Christian Page no.
Date V. 1005. Māgha, ba. di. 30, Budha 31 Jan., A. C. 949 216 V. 1042, Vaisakha, śu. di. 5, Soma 31 March, A. C. 985 222
119 April, A. C. 986 V. 1043, Māgha, ba. di. 15, Ravi : 2 Jan., A. C. 987 113
Sūryagrahaņa V. 1045, Vaišākha nnu [śu). di. 15, 22 April, A. C. 989 315
Soma V. 1064, Āgrahayana (Margaśirşa), 9 Dec. A. C. 1006 275
ba. di. 2, Soma V. 1067, Jyeștha, śu. di. 1, Ravi 6 May, A. C. 1011 209 V. 1069. Sravana, śu. di. 15,
25 July, A. C. 1013
365 Somagrahaņa V. 1103, Mārga, Soma Parva, Soma 27 Nove., A.C. 1045 253 V. (11]12. Phālguna, ba..di. I, Soma 5 Feb., A. C. 1056 240 V. 1112, Caitra, śu. di. 15,
2 April, A. C. 1056 281 Somagrahaņa Parva V. 1117, Jyeştha, ba. di. 15,
20 June, A. C. 1061 373 Sūryagrahaņa V. 1118, Phālguna, śu. di, 9, Soma 20 Feb., A. C. 1062 195 V. 1126, Vaišākha, ba. di. 11, Sani 21 March, A. C. 1069 ( 145
223 V. 1130, Paușa, śu. di. 15, Guru 27 Dece., A. C 1072 195 V. 1140, Pauşa, ba. di. 14, Soma 8 Jan., A. C. 1084
136 V. 1140, Vaišākha, ba. di. 7, Ravi 31 March, A. C. 1084 188 V. 1142, Phālguna, śu. di. 7, Ravi 22 Feb., A. C. 1086 174 V. 1145, Vaisakha, ba. di 1, Sani f11 March, A. C. 1088 192
(28 April, A. C. 1089 · V. 1145, Māgba, ba. di. 6, Guru 5 Jan., A. C. 1089: 196

Page #394

APPENDIX II
V. 1145. Jyestha, ba. di. 8. Ravi V. 1148. Vaiśākha, śu. di. 15, Soma, Somagrahana
V. 1148, Aṣādha, su di. 7. Budha V. 1156, Aṣāḍha, śu. di. 15, Soma V. 1157, Aṣāḍha, ba. di. 6, Sukra V. 1164, Caitra, śu. di. 4, Soma
V. 1164, Phalguna śu. di. 7. Guru V. 1165, Jyestha, ba. di. 7, Soma V. 1174, Magha. śu. di. 12, Ravi V. 1176, Margaśīrṣa, śu. di. 13, Bṛhaspati
V. 1176 (8), Caitra, śu. di. 14, Ravi V. 1177, Jyestha, ba. di. 4, Soma
V. 1178, Jyestha, ba. di. 9, Soma V. 1179, Caitra. ba. di. 7, Bhauma V. 1181, Kärttika, su di. 15, Sukra V. 1184. Caitra, śu. di. 15, Soma V. 1184, Magha, śu. di. 11, Ravi V. 1185, Jyestha, śu. di. 12, Šukra V. 1186, Aśvina, śu. di. 3, Soma V. 1188, Phalguna, śu. di. 2, Sukra V. 1191 Phalguna, ba. di. 1, Ŝani V. 1191, Phalguna, śu. di 2. Soma V. 1193, Phalguna, ba. di. 7, Bhauma V. 1193, Vaisakha, ba. di. 14, Guru
V. 1194, Magha, śu. di. 6, Bhauma V. 1195, Aṣadha, su. di. 10. Ravi V. 1198, Vaisakha, ba. di. 5, Budha V. 1199, Asvina, ba. di. 6, Ravi
V. 1202, Aśvina, ba. di. 13, Soma V. 1204, Magha, ba. di. 5, Sukra

6 May, A. C. 1089
5 May, A. C. 1091
26 June, A. C. 1091 4 July, A. C. 1099 29 June, A. C. 1100
4 March, A. C. 1107, 18 March, A. C. 1108 20 Feb., A. C. 1108
4 May. A. C. 1108 6 Jan., A C. 1118 13 Nove, A. C 1119
3 April, A. C. 1121 19 April, A. C. 1120 6 June, A. C. 1121
1 May, A. C. 1122 20 March, A. C. 1123 24 Octo., A. C. 1124 28 March, A. C. 1127 15 Jan, A. C. 1128
31 May. A. C. 1129 18 Sept., A. C. 1129 19 Feb., A C. 1132
13 Jan., A. C. 1134
1134
29 Jan., A. C. 25 Feb A. C
1136
2 April A. C. 1136 120 May, A. C. 1137
1138
1138
1142
18 Jan., A. C 19 June, A. C. 18 March, A. C f11 Octo., A. C. 1142 24 Aug., A. C. 1141 28 Aug., A. C. 1144 24 Jan, A. C. 1147
377
188
101
193
137
268
157
196
243
98
175
302
193
224
261
173
137
99
157
158
145
128
173
138
318
316
322
135
227
296
183

Page #395

378
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
233 183 197 179
177
318 261
320 158
139
146
249
V. 1205, Jyeștha, śu. di. 3, Ravi 4 May, A. C. 1147 V. 1204, Phålguna, ba. di. II, Kuja 17 Feb., A. C. 1148 V. 1204, Vaišākha, śu. di. 3, Guru 22 April, A. C. 1148 V. 1204, Jyeștha, śu. di. 9, Bhauma 17 May, A.C. 1149 V. 1206, Jyeștha. śu. di. 9, Mangala 17 May, A. C. 1149 V. 1207, Jyeștha, ba. di. 12, Budha 26 April, A. C. 1150
(13 June, d. C. 1151 V. 1207, Caitra, ba. di 5, Sani 7 April, A, C. 1151 V. 1207, Jyeştha, śu. di. 10, Guru Sil May, A. C. 1150
131 May, A. C. 1151 V. 1208, Phālguna, śu. di. 10, Ravi 17 Feb., A. C. 1152 V. 1208, Jyeştha, śu. di 2. Budha 7 May, A C. 1152 V. 1208, Jyeştha, śu. di. 6. Ravi 11 May, A C. 1152 V. 1208, Āśvina, śu di. (5), Guru 5 Sept., A. C. 1152 V. 1210, Māgha, śu. di. 8, Guru 12 Jan., A. C. 1154.
123, Jad., A. C. 1154 V. 1210, Phālguna, ba. di. 2, Budha (14 Jan., A. C. 153
13 March, A. C. 1154 V. 1211, Vaišākha, ba. di. 2, Budha 20 April, A. C. 1155 V. 1214, Phālguna, ba. di. 7, Ŝukra 21 Feb., A. C. 1158
17 Feb, AC 1158 V. 1215, Caitra, śu. di. 8, Ravi 9 March, A. C. 1158 V. 1215, Āśvina, śu. di. 14, Budha 8 Octo, A. C. 1158 V. 1215, Mågha, ba. di. 4. Sukra 9 Jan., A. C. 1159 V. 1215, Vajśākha, śu. di. 3, Budha 22 April, A.C. 1159 V. 1215, Vaišākha, ba. di. 4, Sukra 8 May, A. C. 1159 V. 1217, Kārttika, śu. di. 10, [śu]kra 23 Octo., A. C. 1159 V. 1217, As,ipa, śu. di. 11, Soma 12 Sept., A. C. 1160
1 2 Octo., A. C. 1161 V: 1218, Dvi., Aşādha śu. di. 5, Guru 29 June, A. C. 1161 V. 1219, Jyeștha, śu. di. 3, Sani 19 May, A. C. 1162 V. 1220, Phālguna, śu. di. 12, Guru 6 Feb., A. C. 1164 V. 1221, Vaišākha, su. di. 10, Sukra 3 April, A. C. 1164 V. 1220, Jyeștha, śu. di. 9, Ravi 31 May, A. C. 1164 V. 1221, Jyestha śu. di. 9, Sukra 21 May, A. C. 1165
147 197
289 103 267 210 123
95 366
103 102
288
198
198
108

Page #396

APPENDIX II
379
173. 262
V. 1223, Mågha, śu. di. 11. Guru 2 Feb., A. C. 1167 V. 1225, Kärttika, śu. di. 7, Budha 9 Octo., A. C. 1168 V. 1225, Paușa, śu. di. 5. Ŝani. 21 Duc., A. C. 1168 159 V. 1226, Āşadha, śu di. 9, Guru 5 June, A. C. 1169 369 V. 1227, Märgaśīrṣa, śu. di. 11, Ŝani 21 Nov. A. C. 1170 99 V. 1228, Ŝrāvaņa, šu. di. 8, Sona 5 July, A C. 1171 104 V. 1228, Aśvina, śu. di. 15, Budha 15 Sept., A. C. 1171 104 V. 1228, Phālguna, bi. di. 5, Bhauma 15 Feb., A. C 1172
320 V. 1229, Vaišākha, śu. di, 3, Soma 16 April, A. C 1173 160 V. 1230, Āśvina, śu. di. 14, Ravi 8 Sept., A. C. 1174 370 V. 1231, Caitra, ba. di. 11, Guru 20 March A. C. 1175 122 V. 1231, Kārttika, śu. di, 11, Soma 27 Octo., A. C. 1175 254 V. 1231, Kārttika, śu. di. 13, Budha 29 Octo. A. C. 1175 254 V. 1232, Caitra, śu. di 11, Soma 22 March., A. C. 1176 140 V..1234, Pauşa, ba, di. 6, Guru 23 Dec., A. C. 1176 293 V. 1235, Phālguna, śu. di. 3, Ravi || Feb., A. C. 1179 175 V. 1235, Vaišākha, (śu. ?) di. 3, Budha 11 April, A. C. 1179 147 V, 1235, Vaiśākha, (ba?) di. 3, Budba 25 April A. C. 1179 147 V. 1236. Phālguna, ba. di. 3, Guru 17 Jan., A. C. 1180 184 V. 1238, Māgha, śu, di. 3, Sani 9 Jan., A. C. 1182 175 V. 1238, Vaišākha, su. di. 11, Guru 15 April, A. C. 1182 255 V. 1238, Vaišākha, śu. di. 6, Sukra 29 April, A. C. 1183 180 V. 1240, Jyestha, śu. di. 10, Soma 21 May, A. C. 1184 210 V. 1241, Vaišākha śu. (ba.) di. 10, 26 April, A. C. 1185 148
Sukra V. 1243, Kārttika, ba. di. 5. Bhuma 15 Octo., A. C. 1185 317 V. 1244, Māgha, śu. di. 10, Soma 11 Jan., A C. 1188 V. 1244, Phālguna, śu. di. 3, Budha 17 Feb , A. C. 118 199 V. 1246, Śrāvaņa, ba. di. 6, Guru 16 June, A.C. 1188
(17 June, A. C. 1188 V. 1247, Āşadha, śu. di. 9, Budha 12 June, A. C 1190 271 V 1248, Vaišākha, śu. di. 2, Budha 15 April, A. C. 1192 105 V. 1248, Srāvana, śu. di. 9. Soma 20 July, A.C. 1192 214 V. 1249, Jyestha, śu, di. 14, Budha 12 May A. C. 1193 317 V. 1251, Kārttika, śu. di. 12, Sukra 28 Octo., A. C. 1194 232 V. 1252, Māgha, ba. di. 5, Sukra 22 Dec., A. C. 1195 149.
96
1188
117

Page #397

380
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
102
V. 1253. Aşādha, śu. di. 4. Ŝani 21 June, A. C. 1197 **** *291 V. 1256, Bhādrapida, ba. di. 15, 4 Aug, A. C. 1198 116
Bhauma V. 1255, Kārttika, ba. di. 11. Budha 28 Octo., A C. 1198 114 V. 1255, Märgaśīrşa, śu. di, 1, Ravi I Nov., A. C. 1198 288 V. 1256, Vaišākha, ba. di. 1, Soma 1 May, A. C. 1200 279 V. (1)256, Jyeştha, śu. di. 13, Sukra 26 May, A. C. 1200 302 V. 1257, Āşādha, śu. di. 9, Guru 22 Jupe, A. C. 1200 V. 1258, Vaišākha, śu. di. 2, Sukra 6 April, A. C. 1201 274 V. 1258, Jyeștha, $u. di. 9, Ravi 13 May, A. C. 1201 208 V. 1258, Srāvana, śu. di. 7, Soma 9 July, A.C. 1201 104 V. 1258, Pauşa, ba. di. 5, Ravi 16 Dec., A. C. 1201 114 V. 1259, Aşadha, śu. di. 2, s'ani 22 June, A. C. 1202 199 V. 1259, Kāritika, śu. di. 1, S'ukra 18 Octo, A. C. 1202 206 V. 1261, Laukika Pauşa, śu di. 2. 25 Dec. A. C. 1204 365
S'ani ·V. 1261, Jyeștba, su di. 2, Ravi 22 May, A. C. 1205 5 105
| 180 V. 1261, Aşadha, ba. di. 8, S'ani 11 June, A C. 1205 120 V. 1262, Magha, śu. di. 10, S'ukra 26 Jan., A. C. 1206 303 V. !262, Phālguna. ba. di. 14, S'ukra 10 March, A. C. 1206 295 V. 1264, Caitra, śu. di. 1?, Guru (23 March, A. C. 1206 221
315 March. A. C. 1207
(27 March, A. C. 1203 V. 1263, Aşādha, śu. di. 10, S'ani 17. Junė, A. C. 1206 234 V. 1263, S'rāyaṇa, śu. di. 2, Ravi 9 July, A. C. 1206 101 V. 1263, Vaišākha, śu. di. 6,
5 April, A. C. 1207 180 Guru V. 1264, Laukika Aşādha, śu. di. 2, Soma 16 June, A. C. 1208 283 V..1265, Vaišākha, śų. di. 7, Soma 13 April, A. C. 1209 : 178 V. 1266, Phālguna, śu. di. 10, Budha 5 Feb., A.C. 1210 127 V. 1270, Vaišākha, śu. di. 6, Ravi 8 April, A. C. 1212 256 V 1270, Māgha, ba. di. 5, Guru 7 Feb, A C. 1213 255 V. 1272, Jyeştha, ba. di. 2, Ravi 27 April, A. C. 1214 277 V. 1271, Āśvina, ba. di. 30, s'ani 24 Octo., A. C. 1215 219 V. 1273, Vaišākha, śu. di. 4. S'ukra 22 April, A. C. 1216 289 V. 1272, Jyeștha, ba. di. 5, Ravi 8 May, A. C. 1216 279
235

Page #398

APPENDIX II
V. 1273, Kärttika, ba. di. 5, Soma V. 1274, Mārgaśīrsa, ba. di. 8. Guru V. 1274, Phalguna, śu di. 5, Gura
V. 1274, Prathama Jyestha, ba. di. 7, S'ukra
V. 1274. Bhadrapada, ba. di. 14, Guru
V. 1275, Vaišākha, śu. di. S'ukra V. 1275, Jyestha, su. di. 13, Bhauma V. 1276 Asadha, śu. di. 2. S'ani V. 1276, Magha, śu. di. 13 Ravi V. 1276, Phalguna, śu. di. 2, S'ani V. 1279. Aṣāḍha, śu. di. 6, Soma V. 1280, Pausa, su. di. 3, Bhauma V. 1281, Vaišākha, su di, 3, S'ani V. 1282. Pausa, śu. di. 4, S'ukra V. 1285, Phalguna, śu di. 2, Ravi V. 1283, Kärttika, śu. di. 15, Guru V. 1283, Mārgasirṣa, śu. di. 3,
Bhauma
31 Octo.. A. C. 1216 23 Nov., A. C. 1217 1 Feb., A C. 1218
18 May, A. C. 1218

20 Sept., A. C. 1218
19 April, A. C. 1219 28 May, A. C. 1219 15 June, A. C. 1219 19 Jan., A. C. 1220 8 Feb., A. C. 1220 5 June, A. C. 1223 26 Dec., A, C. 1223 12 April, A. C. 1225 5 Dec., A. C. 1225 28 Jan., A. C. 1226 5 Nov., A. C. 1226 24 Nov., A. C. 1226
381
321
115
97
127
368
224
312
13 Feb., A. C. 1228 14 April, A. C 1228 23 March, A. C. 1229 150 11 Feb., A. C. 1229
217
106
308
105
V. 1284, Phalguna, śu. di. 2, Ravi V. 1284, Vaisakha, śu. di. 10, S'ukra V. 1285, Caitra. ba, di. 12, S'ukraV. 1285, Phalguna, ba. di. 2, Ravi V. 1285, Jyestha. śu. di. 3, Ravi V. 1285, Jyestha, śu. di. 8, Guru V. 1286, S'rāvana, śu. di. 3, Budha V. 1286, Caitra, śu. di. 12, Budha V. 1287, Caitra, ba. di. 1. Guru V. 1289, Vaisakha, ba. di. 1. Guru V. 1288, Aṣāḍha, ba. di. 15, Bhauma V. 1288, Pausa, śu. di. 15, Sukra V. 1288, Phalguna, śu. di. 10, Budha V. 1288, Jyestha, śu. di. 13, Budha V. 1288, Bhadrapada, śu. di. 1, Soma 18 Aug., A. C. 1232
27 May, A. C. 1229 31 May, A. C. 1229 25 July, A. C. 1229 27 March, A. C. 1230 20 March, A. C. 1231 20 March, A. C 1231 117 I July, A. C. 1231
181
246
9 Jan., A. C. 1232
3 March, A. C. 1232
2 June, A. C. 1232
211
235
177
173
149
262
96
236
96
206
96
174
244
273
287
106
141

Page #399

382.
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
V. 1290, Māgha, ba. di. I, Guru 30 D:c , A. C. 1232 112 V. 1289, Māgha, ba di 6, Bhauma 1 Feb., A. C. 1233 160 V. 1289, Vaišākha, ba. di 12, Ŝukra 6 May, A. C. 1233 306 V. 1289, Aśvina, ba di. 15, Soma 5 S-pt., A. C. 1233 298 V. 1290, Kārttika, ha. di. 2, Guru 22 Sept., A. C. 1233' 294 V. 1290, Caitra, śu. di. 11, Ravi : 12 March, A. C. 1234 -263 V. 1290, Prathama Śrāvana, ba. di. 22 July, A. C. 1234 300
10, Sani V. 1291, Māgha, śu. di. 5, Guru 25 Jan., A. C. 1235 176 V. 121(9)1, Vaisakha, śu. di. 14, . 3 May, A C. 1235 283
Guru V. 1291, Vajśākha. su di. 13, Bhdha 14 May. A. C. 1235 236 V. 1292. Jyeștha, śu. di. 8. s'ani 26 May, A. C. 1235 151 V 1292. Aşādha, śiv. di. 7, Ravi 24 June, A. C. 1235 234 V. 1292, Kärttika, ha. di. 1. Ravi 11 Nove., A. C. 1235 268 V. 1292, Māgha, śu, di, 1, Guru 10 Jan., A. C. 1236 271 V. 1292, Magha, bu, di. (7).
1 Feb., A. C 1236 311 [S'ukra ?) V. 1292, Jyestha, ba. di. 15, Guru 22 May, A. C. 1236 267 V. 1293, Āśvina, śu. di. 15, Soma 5 Octo., A. C. 1237 238 V. 1294. Vajśākha, śu. di. 3. Ravi! 18 April, A. C. 1238 238 V. 1295, Bhādrapada, śu. di. II, 22 Aug., A. C. 1238 234
Ravi V. 1295, Āśvina, ba. di. 2, Ravi 26 Sept., A. C. 1238 162 V. 1296, Mārgasirşa, ha. di. 14, Ravi 7 Nove., A. C. 1238 111 V. 1296, Märgaśīrşa, śu. di 14, Guru 22 Nove., A. C. 1238 142 V. 1(2)95, Pauşa, ba di. 6, Guru 30 Dec., A. C. 1238 132 V. 1295. Caitra, św. di. 2, Mangala 8 March. A. C. 1239 161 V. 1296, Vaišākha, śu. di. 3, Guru 26 April, A. C. 1240 109 V. 1298, Phālguna, śı. di 3. Guru 14 Feb., A. C. 1241 162 V. 1297, Caitra, ba. di. 5, Soma 1 April, A. C. 1241. 152 V: 1298, Vaišākha, ba dj. 2,
March, A. C. 1240 277 Ravi
(28 April, A. C. 1241 V. 1297, Caitra, ba. Ji. 5. Bbauma 2 April, 1. C. 1241 280 V. 1298, Kāritika, śu. di. 10, Budha 16 Octo., A. C. 124199 V. 1298, Märgaśīrşa, śu. di. 13, 18 Nuve., A. C. 1241 99
Soma

Page #400

APPENDIX II
383
1153
V. 1298, Vaisakha, śu. di. 4. S'ani 5 April, A. C. 1242 284 V. 1299, Vaisakha, śu. di. 13, Soma 14 April, A. C. 1242 225 V. 1298, Vaišākha, ba. di. 3, S'ani 19 April, A. C. 1242 124 V. 1298, Bhadrapada śu. di. 1, Guru 28 Aug., A. C. 1242 211 V. 1298, Dvi, Bhādrapada, ba. di. 7, 18 Sept., A. C. 1242 128
Guru V. 1298, āśvina, su. di. 10, Ravi 5 Octo., A. C. 1242 267 V. 1299, Māgha, śu. di. 5, Soma 26 Jan., A. C. 1243 206 V. 1299, Caitra, śu. di. 6, Soma $30 March, A. C. 1243 143
128 March, A. C. 1243 V. 1300, Vaišākha, ba. di. 11, Budha 4 May, A. C. 1244 279 V. 1300, Jyeștha, śu. di. 5,
12 May, A. G. 1244 5152 Guru V. 1301, Aşāļha, śu. di. 10, S'ukra 17 June, A. C. 1244 209 V. 1301, Phālguna, ba. di. 1, S'ani 14. Jan., A. C. 1245 163 V. 1301, Phālguna, śu. di, 4, Guru 2 Feb., A. C. 1245 176 V. 1301, Phālguna, ba. di. 13, s'ani 25 Feb.. A. C. 1245 163 V. 1301, Vaisakha, śu. di. 9, S'ukra 7 April, A. C. 1245 107 V. 1301, Aşādha śu. di. 12,
7 July, A. C. 1245 228 Ŝakha (Sukra) V. 1302, Jyeștha, ba. di. 2, Guru 3 May, A. C. 1246 153 V. 1303, Märgaşirşa, ba. di. 12, Guru 6 Dec., A. C. 1246 115 V. 1303, Māgha, śu. di. 14, Solma*) 21 Jan., A. C. 1247 369 V. 1303, Caitra, śu. di. 2, Ravi 24 March, A. C. 1247 212 V. 1303, Vaišākha, śu. di. 4, Budha 10 April, A. C. 1247 212 V. 1304. Vaišākha, śu. di. 13, Sukra 19 April, A. C. 1247 178 V. 1304, Vaišākha, śu. di. 7, Guru 2 April, A. C. 1248 373 V. 1304, Dvitiya Jyeștha, śu. di. 9, June, A. C. 1248 213
Soma V. 1305, Jyeștha, śu. di. 15, Ravi 7 June, A. C. 1248 102 V. 1305, Vaišākha, śu. di. 3, Sani 17 April, A. C. 1249 290 V. 1305, Jyeștha, śu. di. 11, Soina 24 May, A. C. 1249 213 V. 1305, Aşādha, ba. di. 7,
4 June, A. C. 1249 1120 Sukra
1218 V. 1305, Jyestha, ba. di. 8, S'ani 5 June, A. C. 1249 370 V. 1305, S'rāvana, śu. di. [11], Budha 21 July, A. C. 1249 239

Page #401

384
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
V. 1305, Āśvina, ba. di. 10, Ravi. 3 Octo. A. C. 1249 365 V. 1306, Māgha, śu. di. 1, Guru 6 Jan., A. C. 1250 164 V. 1308, Vaišākha, ba. di. 5, Guru 24 March, A. C. 1250 250
(11 May A. C. 1251 V. 1309, Vaišākha, śu. di. 3 Guru 11 April, A. C. 125' 154 V. 1309, Phālguna, śu. di. 13, Budha 12 Feb., A. C. 1253 176 V. 1307, Phāiguna, ba. di. 5, Guru 20 Feb., A. C. 1253 240 V. 1309, Caitra, ba. di. 5, Guru 20 Feb., A. C. 1253 245 V. 1309, Vaišākha, śu. di. 3, Budha 2 April, A. C. 1253 251 V. 1310, Vaišākha, ba. di. 10, Guru 24 April, A. C. 1253 243 V. 1309, Jyeștha, śu. di. 1', Budha 30 April, A. C. 1253 215 V. 1311, Jyestha, śu. di. 15, Budha 14 May, A. C. 1253 233 V. 1309, Jycștha, ba. di. 2, Soma 19 May, A. C. 1253291 V. 1310, Caitra, ba. di. 2, Soma . (17 Feb., A. C. 1253191
16 April, A. C. 1254 V. 1310, Caira, ha. di. 13, Guru (27 Feb., A. C. 1253 133
16 April, A. C. 1254 V. 1310, Māgha, śu. di. 13, Ravi Si Feb., A. C. 1254 100
2 Feb., A. C. 1251 V. 1310, Vaisakha, ba. di. 5, Guru 9 April, A. C. 1254 186 V. 1311, Vaišākha, śu. di. 3, Soma 20 April, A. G. 1254 V. 1311, Caitra, ba. di. 7, Budha 31 March, A C. 1255 270 V. 1311, Vaišākha, śu. di. 2, Sani 24 April, A. C. 1255 225 V. 1311, Laukika Jyestha, ba. di. 521 June, A. C. 1256 251 • 12, Budha
11 May, A. C. 1258 V. 1313, Karitika, ba. di. 8, Soma 9 Octo., A. C. 1256 263 V. 1313, Pauşa, śu. di. 7, Soma 25 Dec., A. C. 1256 207 V. 1313, Māgha, ba. di. 5, Soma 5 Feb., A. C. 1257 241 V. 1313, Phålguna, ba. di. 13, Guru 15 March, A. C. 1257 370 V. 1313. Caiua, su, di. 8. Ravi 25 March, A. C. 1257 109
1215 V. 1315, Caira, ba. di. 4, Budha 5 April, A. C: 1257 241 V. 1314, Vajšākha, śu. di. 3, S'ukra 20 April, A. C. 1257 371 V. 1313, Caitra, ba. di 10, Soma 12 May A. C. 1257 187 V. 1315, Jyestha, ba. di. 11, Ravi 10 June, A. C. 1257 185 V. 1316, Māgha, ba. di. 2, Soma : 18 Dec., A. C. 1258 200
257

Page #402

APPENDIX II
V. 1315, Phalguna, śu. di. 2, Ravi V. 1315, Phalguna. śu. di. 4, Budha V. 1315. Phalguna, ba. di. 7, S'ani V. 1315, Dvitiya Caitra, śu. di. 6, Soma
V. 1315, Vaisakha, śu. di. 11, Ravi V. 1315, Vaiśākha, ba. di. 7, Guru V. 1316, Vaisakha, ba. di. 11, S'ukra V. 1318, Jyestha. ba. di. 8, Budha V. 1318, S'rāvana, ba. di. 13, Guru V. 1317, Pauşa, ba. di. 5, Guru V. 1317, Laukika Jyestha, ba. di. 4, Guru
V. 1318, Pausa, śu. di. 9, S'ani V. 1318, Phalguna, śu. di. 15, Bhauma V. 1319, Caitra, ba. di. 13, Bhauma V. 1318, Jyestha, śu. di. 13, Guru V. 1319, Magha, śu. di. 5, Soma V. 1320, Magha, śu. di. 5, S'ani V. 1320, Phalguna, śu. di, 2, S'ukra V. 1320, Jyestha, śu. di. 4. Budha V. 1320, Aṣāḍha, ba. di. 13. Ravi V. 1321, Śrāvana, ba. di. 13, Guru V. 1322, Vaisakha, ba. di. 7, Budha V. 1324, Vaisakha ba. dl. 5, Budha V. 1326, Caitra, ba. di. 12, S'ukra
V. 1325, Aśvina, su, di, 8 Sani V. 1326, Magha, ba. di. 2, Ravi
V. 1326, Magha, ba. di. 2, Ravi V. 1325, Magha, ba. di. 9, Soma V. 1325. Phalguna, śu. di. 4, Budha V. 1325, Phalguna, śu. di. 8, Soma V. 1325, Jyestha, ba. di. 11, S'ani V. 1325, Aşaḍha, śu. di. 14, S'ani
25

26 Jan.,
A. C. 1259
29 Jan., A. C. 1259
15 Feb., A. C. 1259 31 March, A. C. 1259
4 May,
A. C. 1259
15 May,
A. C. 1259
A. C. 1260
7 May, 2 June, A. C. 1260 8 July, A. C. 1260 23 Dec., A. C. 1260 19 May, A. C. 1261
31 Dec., A. C. 1261
7 March, A. C. 1262 18 April, A. C. 1262 1 June., 15 Jan.,
A. C. 1262
A. C. 1263 A. C. 1264
5 Jan., 1 Feb.,
A. C. 1264
30 April, A. C. 1264 25 May, A. C. 1264 21 Aug.. A. C. 1264 28 April. A. C. 1266 16 March, A. C. 1267
A. C. 1269
A. C. 1269
23 Dec. A. C. 1268 28 Jan.. 6 Feb., 11 Feb., A. C. 1269 18 May., A. C. 1269 29 June., A. C. 1269
385
372
97
276
132
237
124
125
226
201
257
122
200
374
207
97
303
298
186
300
118
(12 March, A. C. 1268 (130
1 March, A. C. 1269 131 15 Sept., A. C. 1268 367
23 Dec.. A. C. 1268 (191
220
220
115
98
98
125
222
288
313
297

Page #403

386 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT V. 1326, Märgaśīrşa, su. di. 4, Guru 28 Nove., A. C. 1269 164 V. 1328, Vaišākha, śu. di. 7, Soma S28 April, A.C. 1270 258
16 April, A. C. 1272 V. 1326, S’rāvana, śu. di. 2, Soma 21 July, A.C. 1270 215 V. 1327, Pausa, su. di. 10, Bhauna 23 Dec., A. C. 1270 100 V. 1327. Māgha, śu. di. 5, Guru 15 Jan.. A. C. 1271 227 V. 1327, Māgha, śu. di. 9, Budha 21 Jan., A. C. 1271 100 V. 1327, Vaišākha, śu. di. 2, Soma 13 April, A. C. 1271 181 V. 1327, Bhādrapada, ba. di. 2, Ravi 23 Aug, A. Č. 1171 128 V. 1328, Srāvaņa, śu. di. 2, Sukra 10 Ju!y, A. C. 1271 322 V. 1329, Vaisakha, ba. di. 9, Sukra 525 March, A. C. 1272 [252
112 May, A.C. 1273 1281 V. 1330, Vajśākha, śu. di. 14, Budha 13 April, A. C. 1272 100 V. 1330, Aśvina, śu. di. 5, Guru 29 Sept., A. C. 1272 208 V. 1330, Caitra, śu. di. 7, Sani 26 March, A. C. 1273 154 V. 1331, Vaišākha, śu. di. 15, Budha 3 May, A. C. 1273 5131
177 V. 1331, Aşādha, śu. di. 14, Guru 30 June, A. C. 1273 194
125 May, A. C. 1276 V. 1330, Caitra, ba. di. 7, Sani 31 March, A. C. 1274 „126
247 V. 1330, Vaišākha, śu. di. 9, Soma, 16 April, A. C. 1274 107. V. 1331, Vaišākha, śu. di. 9, Soma 16 April, A. C. 1274 103 V. 1327, Vaišākha, śu. di. 5, Guru 16 April, A. C. 1274 110 V. 1330, Aşādha, śu. di. 4, Ravi 10 June, A. C. 1274 374 V. 1330, Āśvina, śu. di. 5, Guru 6 Sept., A. C. 1274 229 V. 1331, Vaišākha, ści. di. 3, Ravi 31 March, A. C. 1275 237 V. 1332, Mārgasirşa, śu. di. 11, Sani 30 Nove., A. C. 1275 323 V. 1333, Caitra, śu. di. 11, Budha 17 March, A. C. 1277 216 V. 1334, Radha (Vaišākha), śu. di. 10, 18 April, A. C. 1277 202 Ravi
18 May, A. C. 1278 V. 1333, Jyeștha, śu. di. 5, Rivi 9 May, A. C. 1277 314 V. 1333, Jyestha, ba. di. 14, Bhauma June, A. C. 1277 300 V. 1334, Āśvina, śu. di. 14, (Ravi ?) 12 Sept., A. C. 1277 290 V. 1334, Dyitiya Phālguna, ba. di. 19 Feb., A. C. 1278 296
11, S'ani

Page #404

APPENDIX JI
387
24
oma
V. 1334, Vaišākha, ba. di. 5, Budha 13 April, A. C. 1278 121 V. 1334, Jyeștha, ba. di. 2, Soma 9 May, A. C. 1278 155 V. 1334, Vajšākha, ba. di. 4, Guru 12 May, A. C. 1278 247 V. 1334, Jyeștha, śu. di. 3, Budha 27 May, A. C. 1278 155 V. 1334, Bhādrapada, śu. di. 1, Ŝani 20 Aug., A. C. 1278 293 V. 1335, Märgśīrşa, ba. di. 13, Soma 14 Nove., A. C. 1278 184 V. 1335, Māgha, śu. di. 13, S'ukra 27 Jan., A. C. 1279 176 V. 1335, Caitra, ba. di. 5, Ravi 2 April, A. C. 1279 156 V. 1335, Vajśākha śu. di. 4, Soma 517 April, A. C. 1279 372
127 April, A. C. 1278 V. 1335, Vaisakha, śu. di. 8, Guru 20 April, A. C. 1279 304 V. 1335, S’rāvana, śu. di. 15, Soma 24 July, A. C. 1279 309 V. 1336, Jyeștha, şu. di. 5, Ravi 5 May, A. C. 1280 110 V. 1338, Jyeștha, ba. di. 2, s'ukra 17 May, A. C. 1280 134 V, 1337, Vaišākha, su, di. 2, Soma 21 April, A. C. 1281 274 V. 1337, Vaišākha, su, di. 5, Guru 24 April. A. C. 1281 110 V. 1338, Phälguna, śu. di. Soma 16 Feb., A. C. 1282 98 V. 1338, Caitra, ba. di. 2, S’ukra 27 March, A. C. 1282 248 V. 1338, Vaisakha, śu. di. (2), S'ani 11 April, A. C. 1282 292 V. 1338, Vaišākha, śu. di. 3, Ravi 12 April, A. C. 1282 369 V. 1338, Jveștha, śu. di. 12, Budha 20 May, A. C. 1282 237 V. 1338, Jyeștha, śu. di. 14, S'ukra 22 May, A. C. 1282 179 V. 1339, Vajśākha, su. di. 11, Sukra 9 April, A.C. 1283 107 V. 1339, Jyeștha, śu. di. 8, Budha 5 May, A. C. 1283 304 V. 1340, Vaišākha, ba. di. 10, Ŝukra. 23 April, A. C. 1283 259 V. 1340, Jyeștha, ha. di. 10, Šukra 123 April, A. C. 1283 307
19 June, A. C. 1284 V. 1340. Jyeștha, śu. di. 5, Ravi 21 May, A, C. 1284 239 V. 1343, āśvina, ba. di. 4, Bhauma 521 Aug., A. C. 1285 301
18 Octo., A. C. 1286 V. 1342, Māgha, śu. di. 8, S'ukra 4 Jan., A. C. 1286 369 V. 1343, Laukika Kārttika,
20 Octo., A. C. 1286 165 śu, di. 2, Ravi V. 1343, Māgha, śu. di. 5, Sonia 20 Jan., A. C. 1287 288 V. 1343, Māgha, śu di. 12, Soma 27 Jan., A. C. 1287 207 V. 1343, Māgha, ba. di. 1, S'ani 1 Feb., A. C. 1287 295 V. 1343, Māgha, ba. di. 2, s'ani „ „ in 372

Page #405

388
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
V. 1343, Vaisakha, śu. di. [3], Budha V. 1344, Magha, ba. di. 3, Guru V. 1344, Jyeștha, śu. di. 10. (Budha)
16 April, 22 Jan., 12 May,
A.C. 1287 264 A. C. 1288 259 A. C. 1288 (108
181
275
V. 1344, Jyestha, ba. di. 4, S'ukra 21 May, A. C. 1288 126
246 V. 1343. Māgha, su di. 10, Guru 30 Jan, A C 1289282 V. 1346, Phalguna, su. di. 1, Ravi 12 Feb., A. C 1290 174 V. 1346, Caitra, śu. di. 1, Bhauma 14 March, A. C. 1290 285 V. 1346, Vaisakha, śu. di 7, Soma 17 April, A. C. 1290 238 V. 1346, Vajšākha, ba. di. 6, Soma 1 May. A. C 1290 305 V. 1346, Jyeștha, śu. di. 15, Guru 25 May, A. C. !290 111 V. 1346, Jyeștha, ba. di. 1, S'ukra 26 May, A. C. 1290 220 V. 1348, Phālguna, ba di. 11, Soma 26 Feb.. A. C. 1291 314 V. 1347, Vaišākha, ba. di 5, S'ukra 20 April. A. C. 1291 190 V. 1347, Āsādha, ba. di. 9, Guru 21 June, A. C. 1291 230 V. 1348, Aşādba, śu. di. 3, Ravi 29 June, A. C. 1292 144 V. 1349, Mārgaśīrşa, ba. di. 11, Ŝani 6 Dec, A. C. 1292 217 V. 1349, Caitra, ba. di 6, Ravi 29 March, A. C. 1293 s127
1135 V, 1349, Jyeștha, su di. 14, Budha 20 May, A. C. 1293 214 V. 1349, Jyeștha, ba. di. 6, Budha 27 May, A. C. 1293 248 V. 1350, Kārttika, ba. di. 8, Guru 24 Sept, A. C. 1293 319 V. 1350, Vaišākha, śu. di. 5, Šukra 2 April, A. C. 1294 290 V. 1350, Vaišākha, ba. di. 5, S'ukra 16 April, A. C. 1294 269 V. 1350, Jyeștha, śu. di 2, S'ukra 18 May, A. C. 1294 108 V. 1352, Phålguna, śu. di. 10, Budha 15 Feb., A. C. 1296 98 V. 1353, Vaišākha, ba. di. 9, Guru (29 March A. C. 1296 130
116 May, A.C. 1297 V. 1353, Vaisakha, ba. di. 10, Ŝukra 530 March, A. C. 1296 252
(17 May, A. C. 1297 V. 1352, Vajśākha, ba. di. 5, Soma 23 April, A. C. 1296 260 V. 1354, Märgaśīrşa, ba. di. I, Soma 12 Nov., A. C. 1296 112 V. 1354, Kärttika, śu. di. 11, Ravi 27 Octo., A. C. 1297 206 V, 1354, Kärttika, śu. di. 15, Guru 31 Octo., A. C. 1297 369 V. 1354, Pauşa, ba. di. 5, Ŝani 4 Jan., A. C. 1298 276

Page #406

APPENDIX II
389
V. 1354, Vaisakha, śu. di. 2, Soma 14 April, A. C. 1298 210 V. 1354, Jyestha, ba. di. 5, Sukra 2 May, A. C. 1298 189 V. 1354, Jyeștha, śu. di. 13, Ravi 25 May, A. C. 1298 182 V. 1355, Vaišākha, śu. di. 12, Soma 13 April, A. C. 1299 182 V, 1355, Aşadha, śu. di. 7, Sani 6 June, A. C. 1299 291 V. 1356, Vaišākha, ba. di. 12, Ravi 17 April, A. C. 1300 121 V. 1356, Jyeștha, ba. di. 8, Šapi 25 April, A C. 1299 253
11 June, A. C. 1300 V. 1356, Jyeștha, śu di. 15, Sukra 3 Jude, A. C. 1300 5214
292 V. 1357, Vaisakha, ba. di. 1, Guru 30 March, A.C. 1301 190 V. 1357, Vaišākha, ba. di. 5, S'ukra 28 April, A.C. 1301 270 V. 1357, Āsādha, śudi, I, Guru 8 June, A.C. 1301 239 V. 1360, Bhādrapada, ba. di. 18 Aug., A. C. 1304 367 [2, Bhau]ma
Śaka Era Saka 531, Caitra, śu. di. 15, Budha 26 March, A. C. 609 54 Ŝaka 679, Āśvavuja, śuddha 7, Vişuva 25 Sept, A. C. 757 53
Samkrānti Saka 736, Maha Vaisakha Parva 8 April, A. C. 814 364
Somagrahaņa Saka 848, Vaišākha, śu. di. 3, Soma, 17 April, A. C. 926 364
Vyaya samvatsara Śaka 956, Bhadrapada, ba. di. 15 15 Sept., A. C. 1034 346 Saka 972, Pauşa, ba. di. 15, Bhauma · 15 Jan., A. C. 1051 346
Sūryagrahaņa Saka 976, Kārttika, ba. di. 15, Vijaya' 13 Nov., A. C. 1053 347
Samvatsara Ŝaka 979, Māgha Samvatsara 22 Jan., A. C. 1048 346 S'aka 996, Märgaśīışa, śu. di. 11 2 Dec., A. C. 1074 347 S'aka 999, S'rāvana, śu. di. 6
29 July, A C. 1077 347
Kalacuri Era K. 207, Vaišākha, śu. di. 13
23 April, A C. 457 37 K. 399, Phålguna, ba di. 15, Sūrya- 17 Feb., A, C. 649 363
grahaņa

Page #407

390 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT K. 456, Māgha, su. di. 15
2 Feb., A. C. 706 K. 460, Āśvina, ba. di. 11
23 Sept, A. C. 710 50 K. 486, Aşādha, śu. di 12
22 June, A. C. 736 50
Gupta Era G. 513, ...12, Uttaråyaņa
22 Dec., A. C. 832 74 G. 555
A C. 874-75 63 G. 567, S'uci, Candragrahaņa
A.C. 886-87 73 G. 585, Phålguna, śu. di. 5
10 Nove., A. C. 904 75 G. 596
A.C. 915-16 73 Valabhi Era Val. 254, Vaisakha, Suryoparāga
Cir. A. C 573 41 Val. 330, Dvi. Mārgasira
Cir. A. C 648 42 Val. 343 Dvi. Āsādha
A. C. 662 43 Val. 357, Dvi. Paușa
Cir. A. C. 675 Val. 470
Cir. A. C. 788-89 69 Val. 500
Cir. A. C. 818-19 70 Val. 574
A.C. 892493 70 Val. 927, Phålguna, su di. 2, Soma 19 Feb., A. C. 1246 350 Val. 945, Āşādha, ba. di. 14, Ravi 25 May, A. C. 1264 350
3 Simha Era Sim. 32, Āśvina, ba. di. 13, Soma 15 Octo., A. C. 1145 338 Sim. 60
A. C. 1173-74 338 Sim. 96, Mārgaśirsa, śu. di. 14, Guru 12 Nov., A. C. 1209 338 Sim. 151, Āsādha, ba. di. 13, Ravi 25. May, A. C. 1264 338
Siddha-Hema-Kumāra Era Si. He. Ku. Sam. 4, Vaisakha, ba. di. 2, 12 March, A. C. 1164 345
Guru
43

Page #408

CHART
A Chart indicating the Relative Position of the Epochs of Eras used in Gujarat during the Ancient Period
57 B.C.VIKRAMA
78 A.C. SAKA
249-50 A. C.-KALACURI 318 A. C.-VAL ABHĪ 319 A. C.- -GUPTA

622 A.C.-HIJRĪ
1113-14 A.CSIMHA
1204 A.C.SIDDHA
HEMA-KUMĀRA
391

Page #409

392
RK Samhita
Atharva Samhitā
Taittiriya Samhita
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
Vajansantya Samhita
Satapatha Brāhmaṇa Taittiriya Brahmaṇa Atharvana Jyotişam Asvalayana Srautasūtra
Avsalayana Gṛhyasūtra
Paraskara Grhya Sutra Ed. by Gopal Shastri nene, Benares, 1926 Ed. and Trans by Prabhashankar Jayashankar Pathak, Bombay, 1924
Jain Dhatu Pratima Lekh-Samgraha, Part I, Bombay, V. S. 1973 Jivadevasuriprabandha (Prabhavakacarita) Descriptive Catalogue of MSS. in the Jain Bhandars at Patan, Vol. I, Baroda, 1937 Bṛhatkathakosa (Ed. Upadhye, A. N.)
Bombay, 1943
Padmapuraṇāntargata
Dharmaranya
Buddhisågarsuri (Ed.)
Chandraprabhasūri Dalal, C. D. (Ed.)
Harişeṇa
Hemacandrācārya
Jayasimhasüri
Jinamandanagani
Jinasenasūri
BIBLIOGRAPHY
(A) Works
Sanskrit
Ed. by F. Max Muller, (Se. ed.), 1890-92 Ed. R. Roth and W.D. Whitney, Berlin, 1856
Ed. by A Weber, Berlin, 1871-72 with the of Madhava, Calcutta,
commentary 1854-59
Ed. with Mahidhara's comm. by A. Weber, London, 1852

Ed. by A. Weber, London, 1885 Ed. by R. Mitra, Calcutta, 1855-70
Abhidhānacintamani, Ed. by Babu Rama and Vidyakara Misra, Calcutta, 1807 -Dvyāśraya Mahā Kāvya (Ed. Abhayatilakagani and Kathvate, A. V.) Parts I, II, Bombay, 1915, 1921 Kumarapala-Bhupala Carita (Ed. Muni. Kṣantivijayagani), Bombay, 1926 Kumarapalaprabandha (Ed. Muni
Caturvijayaji), Bhavnagar, 1915 Harivansapuranam (Ed. Darbarilal), Bombay

Page #410

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Merutungācārya
Muni Jayantavijayaji
(Ed.)
وو
35
""
وو
Arbudacal Pradakşıņā Jain-Lekh Sandoh, Part V, Bhavnagar, V. S. 2005
Jain Pustak Prasasti Samgrah, Bombay, 1943
Pracin Jain Lekh-Samgrah, Part II,
Bhavnagar, 1921
Punyavijayaji (Ed.) Catalogue of Palm-leaf MSS. in the Shanti. nath Jain Bhandar, Cambay, Part I, Baroda, 1961
Jinavijayaji (Ed.)
Jinavijayaji (Ed.)
Nahar Puranachand
(Ed.) Pāṇini
Vidyavijayaji (Ed.) Pracin Lekh-Samgrah, Part I. Bhavnagar,
1936
Peter Peterson (Ed.)
Varahamihira
Vyasa
Shah, Amritlal M.(Ed.) Sri Prasasti-Samgraha, Ahmedabad, V.S. 1993 Upamitibhavaprapañcakathā, Nirnayasagar
Siddharṣisūri
Yaśodevasūri
Yajnavalkya
Yaska
Prabandhacintamani (Ed. Muni. Jinavijayaji), Calcutta, 1933
-Vicaraśreņi or Sthaviravali (Jain Sahitya Samsodhak. Vol. II, Nos. 3-4, Ed. Jinavijayaji), 1925
Abū L'-Fazl Allami
393

Jain Lekh-Samgrah. Parts I, II and III, Benares. 1918, 1927, 1929 Pāņiniś Grammar (Pāṇinisūtram or Aṣṭādhyāji), Vinayasagar Press, Fir. edi., 1930 A Collection of Prakrit and Sanskrit Inscriptions, Archaelogical Department, Bhavnagar
Press, 1918
Bṛnatsamhita. (Ed, Sudhakar Dvivedi)
Benaras, 1897 Maha-Bharata-Adiparva (Ed. Sukthankar
Vishnu S.), Critical Edition, Poona, 1933 S'ri Pākṣikasūtram, 1949-50
Yajnavalkya Smṛti, Anandāśrama-Mudraṇalay, Poona, 1904
Nirukta (Nirnṇayasagar Press), Bombay, 1930
Arabic-Persian
Ain-l-Akbari (Tra. H. Blochmann)
Se. edition, Delhi, 1965

Page #411

1958
394 THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
English Aiyer, Velandai Gopal Chronology of Ancient India, Madras, 1901 Astekar, A. C. The Coinage of the Gupta Empire,
Banaras, 1957 Bapat, P. V.,
2500 Years of Buddhism, New Delhi, 1956 (Gen. Ed.) Barua, B. M.
Old Brāhmi Inscriptions in the Udayagiri
Khandagiri Caves, Calcutta, 1929. Bhandarkar, D. R. A list of Inscriptions of Northern India
(Published in El., Vols. XIX, XX, XXI) Bhattacharya Haridas, Cultural Heritage of India, Vol. III (Ed.)
Calcutta, 1953 Chattopadhyaya, Early History of Northern India, Calcutta, Sudhakar
--The Sakas in India, Calcutta, 1955 Chowdhary, S. N. and Excavations at Devni Mori, Baroda, 1966
Mehta, R. N. Cunningham, A. Bhilsa Topes
--- A Book of lodian Eras, Calcutta, . 1883 Dikshit, Sh. B. and Indian Calendar, London, 1896
Sewell, Robert Diskelkar, D. B. Inscriptions of Kathiawad (Reprinted from
New Indian Antiquary, Vols. I, II, III),
Bombay, 1938-41 Edgerton, Franklin Vikrama's Adventures, Part I, London,
1926 Encyclopedia Britanica, Vol. VI, 11th edition,
Cambridge, 1910 Fleet, J. F.
Corpus Inscriptionum Iodicarum, Vol. III
(Inscriptions of the Early Gupta Kings
and their successors), Calcutta, 1888 Gadre, A.S.
Important Inscriptions from the Baroda
Siate, Baroda, 1943 Cazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Vol.
1, Part I, Bombay, 1896

Page #412

BIBLIOGRAPHY
395
Ghosh, A.
Archaeological Remains, Monuments and Museums (Archaeogical Survey of India),
1964 Ghosh, N. N. Early History of India, Allahabad, 1939 Inamdar, P.A.
Some Archaeological Finds in the Idar
State, Himatnagar, 1936 Jayaswal, K. P. History of India, 150. A. D, to 350 A. D.
Lahorc, 1933 Ketkar, Venkatesh In iian and forcign Chronology, Bombay, Bapuji
1923 Kielhorn
A list of Inscriptions of the Southern India
(published in El Vols. V, VI, VII). Majmudar, M R. (Ed.) Chronology of Gujarat (Vol 1), Baroda,
1960 Majumdar, A. K. Chaulukyas of Gujarat, Bombay, 1956 Majumdar, R. C., Age of Imperial Unity (Th: History and (Gen. Ed.)
Culture of Indian People, Vol. 11) Bombay,
1954 -- Classical Age (The History and Culture
of Indian People, Vol. UI), Bombay, 1954 Mchta, R. N. and Excavations at Devni Mori, Baroda, 1966
Chawdhary, S N. Mehta, R. N. and M. S. University Copper-Plates of the time
Thakkar, A. M. of Toramāņa, Vadodara, 1978 Mirashi, V. V. Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol. IV
(Inscriptions of the Kalacuri-Chedi Era)
Parts I. JI, Ootacamund, 1955 : - Studies in Indology, Vol. II, Nagpur,
1961 Munshi, K M.
Glory that was Gurjar Deśa, Part III,
Bombay, 1944 Narain, A. K. The Indo-Greeks, Oxford, 1957 Nilakanta Sastri, Comprehensive History of India, Vol. I, K.A.
(The Mauryas and the Sātavahanas, 325 B. C.-A. D. 300), Calcutta, 1957

Page #413

398
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
Pandey, R. B.
Parikh, R. C.
Indian Palaeography. Part I, Banaras, 1952 -Vikramaditya of Ujjain, Banaras, 1951 Kāvyānušāsana, Vol. II, (1st edition) (Intro
duction 10 the History of Gujarat as a Background to the Life and times
of Hemacandra), Bombay, 1938 Indian Chronology, Madras, 1911
Pillai, L. D.
Swamikannu
Rao, S. R. Rapson, E. J.
Raychaudhari,
Hemchandra
-An Indian Ephemeris, Vols. I 10 VI
(Reprint New Delhi), 1984 Excavations at Amreli, Baroda, 1966 Cambridge History of India, Vol. 1,
Cambridge. 1922 -Catalogue of the Coins of the Andhra
Dynasty, the Western Kşatrapas, the Traikūtaka Dynasty and the Bodhi Dynasty (Catalogue of Indian coins in the British Museum, Vol. IV), London,
1908 Political History of Ancient India,
Calcutta, 1932 Report of Calendar Reform Committee,
Government of India, New Delhi, 1955 Alberuni's India, Vols. I, II, London, 1910 Life in the Gupta Age, Bombay, 1943 Studies in the Historical and Cultural Geography and Ethnography of Gujarat,
Poona, 1949 The Ruins of Dabhoi or Darbhāvati in
Baroda State, Baroda, 1940 Indian Calendar, London, 1896
Sachau, E. C., (Ed.) Saletore, R. N. Sankalia, H. D
Sastri, Hiranonda
Sewell, Robert and
Dikshit, Sh. B. Sewell, Robert
Todian Chronography, London, 1912
The Siddhantas and the Indian Calendar. Calcutta, 1924

Page #414

BIBLIOGRAPHY
397
Shah, U. P. Shastri, H. 6
Sircar, D. C.
. (Ed.)
Smith, V. A.
Tod, James Trivedi. R. K.
Virji K. J,
Dikshit. Sh. B.
Akota Bronzes, Bombay, 1959 Data supplied by the Sanskrit Inscriptions
of the Valabhi Kingdom (Unpublished),
Ahmedabad, 1947 Indian Epigraphy, Dclhi, 1965 Select Inscriptions hearing on India (A
History and Civilization), Vol. I, Calcutta,
1942 Early History of India, (4th Edition),
()xford, 1932 Travels in Western India, London, 1839 Fairs and Festivals of Gujarat, (Census of India), Vol. V, Part VII-B, Gujarat,
Ahmedabad, 1961 Ancient History of Saurashtra, Bombay, 1955
Hindi Bhāraiiya Jyotişa (Hindi Trans. by Zara
khandi Shivanath), Lakhanau, 1957 Bhåratiya Jyotişakā Itihås, Lakhanau, 1956 Viranirvåņa Samvat Aur Jain Kālagananā,
Jalor, 1931 Bharatiya Pràcina Lipimäla (The Palaeo
graphy of India), 3rd edition. Delhi, 1959 Gupia Sāmrājya, Varanasi, 1970
Gujarati Gujarat-nā Aitihāsik Lekho (Historical.
Inscriptions of Gujarat), Part I, II, III,
Bombay, 1933, 1935, 1942 Prācin Gurjar Kāvya-Samgraha, Bạroda,
1920 Jain Gurjar Kavio, Bombay, 1926 -Jain Sāhityano Samkşipta Itihas, Bombay,
1933 Bhadreshwar Vasai Mahātirtha, Ahmedabad,
1977
Gorakhnath Muni, Kalyanavijanji
Ojha, G. H.
Gupta, P. L.
Acharya, G. V. (Ed.)
Dalal, C. D. (Ed.)
Desai, M. 1).
Desai, Ratilal D.

Page #415

398
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
Desai, Z. A.
Gujarat Itihas Sandarbha Sūci, Part VI
Ahmedabad, 1972 Dwivedi, Manibhai Puratan Dakşiņa Gujarat, Navasari, 1940 Jamindar, R.C. Kşatrap-Kālanun Gujarāt, Ahmedabad, 1975 Jain, A B.
Forbes Sabhānā Hastalikhit Granthoni
Yāci, Bombay, 1923 Jote, Ratnamanjrav Khambhåtno Itihas, Ahmedabad. 1935
Bhimrav Kanchansāgar Sūri (Ed.) Shatruñjay Girirāj Darshan, Kapadvanj, 1979 Malavania, Dalsukh Gañadharavadı. Prastavaná, Ahmedabad,
1952 Mehta, R N. (Trans.) Rāsamāla (Guj. Trans). Vol. I. 3rd edition,
Bombay, 1922 Modi, R.C.
Sanskrit Dvyāśraya Kavyamāṁ Madhyakālin Gujarāt-ni Sāmājik Sthiti, Ahmedabad,
1942 Muni, Jinavijayji Jitakalpasūtra, Prastāvanā, Ahmedabad, 1926 Muni, Vishalvijayaji Bhiladiyā Pārsvanatha Tirtha, Bhavnagar,
1960 - Bhorol Tirihar Bhavnagar, 1954 -Cār Jain Tirtho (Mātar, Sojītrā, Khedā
and Dholkā), Bhavnagar, 1956 --Ghogā Tirtha, Bhavnagar, 1958 - Kävi, Gandhār, Jhagadia, (Traņa
Tirtho), Bhavnagar, 1957
-Kumbhärlyāji Tirtha, Bhavnagar, 1961 Muni Vishal
Radhar pur Pratimā Lekha-Samdoha, Vijayjı (Ed.)
Bhavnagar. 1960 Nawab, Sarabhai and Jain-Tirtha-Surva-Saṁgrah, Vol. I, Part I,
Shah, A. P. (Ed) Ahmedabad, 1953 Ojha, V. G.
Bhavnagar Prâcina S'odha-Samgrah,
Bhavnagar, 1887 Sandesara, B. J. Jain Agam Sāhityamāṁ Gujarāt,
Ahmedabad, 1952

Page #416

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Shah, A. P. Nawab, Sarabhai, (Ed.)
Shah, Purusottama B. (Ed.) Shastri, D. K.
Shastri, G. J.
Jain Tirtha Sarva Samgrah, Vol.
I, Ahmedabad, 1953
Ramlal Cunilal Modi Lekha-Samgrah,
Patan, 1953
Gujaratno Madh akalin
Itihas,
Parts I, II (Rev. Edition), Ahmedabad, 1953
Puratan Brahma Kṣtetrano Pracin Arvăcin Itihas, Vadali, 1938
Shastri, H. G.
Maitraka-Kälin Gujarat, Ahmedabad, 1955 Nadiyadno Itihas, Ahmedabad, 1949
Thaker, Shantilal
(B) Journals, Proceedings. Commemorative Volumes etc.
Rājput
399
English
Annals of Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona Annual Reports of the Archaeological Department of the Baroda State, Baroda

Annual Reports of the Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi, 1905-06
Annual Reports of the Mysore Archaeological Department,
Mysore
Bharatiya Vidya. Vol. III, Bombay, 1941-42
Centenary Review of Asiatic Society of Bengal. Calcutta Epigraphia Indica, Vol. III 1901-2; Vol. IX, 1907-08; Vol X,
1909-10; Vol. XI. 1911-12; Vol. XII, 1913-14; Vol. XVIII, 1927-28; Vol. XXVI, 1941-42; Vol. XXXIV, 1962- Vol. XXXV, 1963; Vol. XXXVII, 1965. Bombay
Indian Antiquary, Bombay
Epigraphia Indica, Arabic and Persian Supplement. 1961
Indian Culture, Calcutta
Indian Historical Quarterly, Vol XXII, 1946; Vol. XXIII, 1947, Calcutta
Journal of the American Oriental Society
Journal of Ancient Indian History, Vol. II, Calcutta, 1968-69

Page #417

400
THE CHRONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF GUJARAT
Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Numismatic Suppliment. No. XLVII
Journal of Bihar Orissa Research Society, Patna, Vol. III Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol XX, Bombay, 1898
Journal of the Bombay Historical Society, Bombay Journal of the Department of Letters, Calcutta
Journal of Gujarat Research Society. Vol. XXV, Bombay Journal of Indian History, Calcutta
Journal of Oriental Institute, Vol. X, 1973; Vol. XI, XII, 1962-63; Vol. XVII, 1968, Vol XIX, 1970; Vol. XX, 1971; Vol. XXII, 1972-73; Vol XIVIII, 1978-79; Bombay
Nagpur University Journal
Journal of Royal Asistic Society, Vol. XII, London
Lalitakala, New Delhi
New Indian Antiquary, Bombay
Numismetic Chronicles
Poona Orientalist, Vol., XII, Poona
Proceding of the All-India Oriental Conference, Seventeenth
Session, Ahmedabad, 1953
Proceedings of the International Oriental Congress. Vienna Vallabh Vidyanagar Research Bulletin, Vol, I, issue I,
Vallabh Vidyanagar, 1957
Report of the Calendar Reform Committee, New Delhi, 1925 Revised List of Antiquarian Remains in the Bombay Presidency, Vikrama Volume, Ujjain, 1948
Viśveśvaranand Indological Journal
Hindi
Nagari Pracāriņi Patrikä, Banaras
Kishor Vikramanka, Part VI
Vikrama Smrti Granth, Gwalior. 1945
Gurarati
Buddhi Prakash, Vol. 97, 1950; Vol. 103, 1956; Vol. 105, 1958; Vol. 107, 1960; Vol. 108, 1961, Ahmedabad

Page #418

BIBLIOGRAPHY
401
Forbes Gujarati Sabha Traimāsjka, Vol. IV, 1939, Bombay Jain Satya Prakash, Vol. IX, year 8, 1942–43, Ahmedabad Pathik, Year 9, Issue 19, Sept., 1970, Ahmedabad Purātattva, Ahmedabad Sri Mahavira Jain Vidyalaya, Suvarna Mahotsava Smārak
Grantb, Bombay, 1968 Vasanta Rajat Mahotsav Smārak Granth, Ahmedabad, 1927 Vidyapitha Dvaimāsik, Vol. XVII, 1979, Ahmedabad Svādhyây, Vol. I, 1964; III, 1965; VI, 1969; VIII, 1971; X. 1973;
XI, 1974; XIV, 1976; XV, 1977–78; XVI, 1978; XVII,
1979; XIX, 1982; XV, 1983, Baroda Sambodhi, Vol. III, 1974–75, Abmedabad Sāmipya, Vol. I, Ahmedabad, 1984

Page #419

ERRATA
Page
Line
Incorrect
44
years...yea... Svỉnkranti
Correct year...year... Samkranti
48 56 60 64 74
4 7 13 23
4 23-25
emposed which fact begain
79
yarts its origin to the Deccan...
moyes expried
80 1 103 24 1118 128 19 128 9 180 16 197
Phālguua A. C. 1669 1357 165
composed which in fact... began parts Its orgin to the influence of Kalacuri months of the Maitraka period modes expired Phålguna A. C. 1269 1327 163 V. 1214 does not 17..11 183...182 6...11..17 Delete
V. 1914
200
203
11, 13
24, 25 29, 30 3
204
does note 16..10 182...181 5...10..16 but that... Rajasthan A. C, 1926 1233 A. C. 1243 1159
206
18
208
Last
A. C. 1296 1243 1245 1158
6
209 210
15

Page #420

APPENDIX II
403
Page Line Incorrect
Correct 219 5 1129
1199 220 26 ephed
ended 225 14 1299
1311 236 2 V. 1261
V 1281 238 14 1227
1237 251 27 V. 1328
V. 1329 254 7, 11. V. 1232
V. 1231 265 12 276
275 287 5, 6 323... 331, 333, 335 324... 331, 335 298 19V . 1269
V. 1289 310 21, 23 367...and
367-...3329 V. 1322
V. 1323 Wherever 'su.' is printed, should be read as 'śu.'

Page #421

Page #422
Regarding this book The learned author of the present work has done immense service to the students of Indian history and culture by preparing a handy volume on chronological systems in Gujarat. She has spared no pains in arranging the inscriptions and other records under various categories and highlighting their importance. The entire work has been planned in a scientific sequence. Details about certain records are not easily available to non-Gujarati scholars. These have been incorporated in the present study. - Prof. K. D. Bajpai लचुरि संव GUPTA SAU रसावलभी स सिन् सागरा SIMHA SAU एसाविक्रम SAKA SAN कलचुरि संत המטם The research scholar undertook a Herculean task in investigating into the chronological systems discerned in the numerous known dates of the Vikrama Era used in the different parts of the rcgion during the Solanki Period and pointed out the gradual predilection for Kartrikadi years and Amanta months adopted the ein course of time. The author has also discussed the different systems used in the citation of samvatsaras and intercalary months.... The author has not only incorporated revised theories in the body of the text, but also appended study of the dates that came to light subsequently... The work will serve as a valuable reference book on the subject. -Dr. H. G. Shastri Torell वलभी संवत HIRISAN सिंह संवत् DIKRAMA For Personal & Private Use Only