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________________ bhAratIya saMskRti ke do pramukha ghaTakoM kA sahasambandha (vaidika evaM zramaNa) bhAratIya saMskRti kI do dhArAe~ bhAratIya saMskRti eka samanvita saMskRti hai| usakI saMracanA meM Arya aura dravir3a tathA unase vikasita vaidika aura zramaNa dhArAoM kA mahattvapUrNa avadAna hai| jahAM vaidika dhArA mUlata: pravRtti pradhAna rahI hai, vahIM zramaNa dhArA nivRtti pradhAna rahI hai| cAhe prArambha meM vaidika dhArA aura zramaNa dhArA svatantra rUpa meM astitva meM AyI ho, kintu kAlAntara meM ina donoM dhArAoM ne paraspara eka dUsare se bahuta kucha grahaNa kiyA hai| vartamAna yuga meM jahAM vaidika dhArA kA pratinidhitva hindU dharmadarzana karatA hai, vahIM zramaNadhArA kA pratinidhitva jaina aura bauddha dharma karate haiN| kintu yaha samajhanA bhrAntipUrNa hogA ki vartamAna hindU dharma apane zuddha svarUpa meM mAtra vaidika dhArA kA pratinidhi hai| vartamAna hindU dharma meM zramaNadhArA ke anake tattva samAviSTa ho gaye haiN| Aja yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki zramaNa dhArA ke pratinidhi jaina aura bauddha dharma vaidika dhArA aura usase vikasita hindU dharma se pUrNata: aprabhAvita rahe haiN| yadi hama bhAratIya saMskRti ke samyaka itihAsa ko samajhanA cAhate haiM to hameM isa tathya ko dRSTigata rakhanA hogA ki kAlakrama meM usakI vibhinna dhArAeM eka dUsare ko kisa prakAra prabhAvita karatI rahI haiN| koI bhI saMskRti aura sabhyatA zUnya meM vikasita nahIM hotI haiN| dezakAlagata paristhitiyoM ke prabhAva ke sAtha-sAtha vaha sahavartI anya saMskRtiyoM se bhI prabhAvita hotI hai| yaha satya hai ki prAcIna vaidika dharma yajJa-yAga aura karmakANDa pradhAna rahA hai aura usake pratinidhi vartamAna hindU dharma meM Aja bhI ina tattvoM kI pradhAnatA dekhI jAtI hai kintu vartamAna hindU dharma meM saMnyAsa aura mokSa kI avadhAraNA kA bhI abhAva nahIM hai| kAlakrama meM vaidika dharma ne adhyAtma, saMnyAsa, vairAgya evaM tapa-tyAga ke tattvoM ko zramaNa paramparA se lekara AtmasAta kiyA hai| aitihAsika dRSTi se yaha spaSTa hai ki prArambhika vaidika kAla meM ye tattva usameM pUrNataH anupasthita the| prAcIna stara kI vaidika RcAeM isa sambandha meM pUrNata: mauna haiM, kintu AraNyakoM aura upaniSadoM ke kAla meM hI zramaNa paramparA ke, ina tattvoM ko vaidika paramparA meM mAnyatA prApta
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________________ ho cukI thii| IzAvAsyopaniSad, jo atharvaveda kA antima pariziSTa bhI hai, meM sarvaprathama vaidikadhArA aura zramaNadhArA ke samanvaya kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| aupaniSadika cintana nizcita rUpa se tapa-tyAga mUlaka adhyAtma aura vairAgya ko apane meM sthAna detA hai| upaniSad tapa-tyAga mUlaka AdhyAtmika saMskRti para bala dete hue pratIta hote haiN| mAtra yahI nahIM vaidika karmakANDa ke prati praznacihna upasthita karane vAle bhI ve hI prathama grantha haiN| vaidika aura zramaNa saMskRti ke samanvaya kA jo prayatna AraNyakoM evaM upaniSadoM ne kiyA thA, vahI gItA aura mahAbhArata meM puSpita evaM pallavita hotA rahA hai| upaniSad, gItA aura mahAbhArata vaidika tathA zramaNadhArA ke sAMskRtika samanvaya-sthala haiN| unameM prAcIna vaidika dharma eka nayA AdhyAtmika svarUpa letA huA pratIta hotA hai, jise Aja hama hindU dharma ke rUpa meM jAnate haiN| sAtha hI yaha bhI satya hai ki nivRtti pradhAna zramaNadhArA bhI vaidika dhArA se pUrNata: asampRkta nahIM rahI hai| zramaNadhArA ne bhI cAhe-anacAhe rUpa meM vaidika dhArA se bahuta kucha grahaNa kiyA hai| yaha satya hai ki prArambha meM zramaNa dhArA ke adhyAtma ne vaidika dhArA ko prabhAvita kiyA kintu kAlAntara meM use bhI vaidika dhArA ke aneka tattvoM ko AtmasAta karanA pdd'aa| zramaNadhArA meM jo karmakANDa aura pUjA paddhati kA vikAsa huA hai vaha vaidika dhArA se vikasita hindU paramparA kA prabhAva hI hai| aneka hindU devI-devatA aura unakI pUjA-upAsanA kI paddhati zramaNa paramparA meM AtmasAta kara lI gii| kisa paramparA ne kisase, kitanA, kaba aura kina paristhitiyoM meM grahaNa kiyA hai isakI carcA Age kreNge| kintu yahAM yaha samajha lenA Avazyaka hai ki ina donoM dhArAoM kA svatantra vikAsa kina manovaijJAnika pAristhitika kAraNoM se huA aura ve kyoM aura kaise eka-dUsare ke tattvoM ko grahaNa karane ke liye vivaza huIM athavA ina donoM dhArAoM meM pArasparika samanvaya kI AvazyakatA kyoM huI? vaidika aura zramaNa dhArA ke udbhava ke mUla meM kisI na kisI rUpa meM mAnava astitva kA vaividhyatApUrNa honA hai| mAnava astitva dviAyAmI aura virodhAbhAsapUrNa hai| vaha svabhAvataH paraspara do virodhI kendroM ke madhya santulana banAne kA prayatna karatA rahatA hai| manuSya na kevala zarIra hai aura na kevala cetnaa| zarIra ke stara para vaha jaivika vAsanAoM aura icchAoM se prabhAvita hai to cetanA ke stara para vaha viveka se anuzAsita bhI hai| vAsanA aura viveka kA yaha antardvandva manuSya kI niyati hai aura ina donoM ke madhya sAMga santulana sthApita karanA usakI anivAryatA " .
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________________ bhAratIya saMskRti ke do pramukha ghaTakoM kA sahasambandha hai| zArIrika stara para vaha jaivika vAsanAoM se cAlita hai aura isa stara para usa para jaivika yAMtrika niyamoM kA Adhipatya hai / yahI usakI paratantratA bhI hai| kintu caitasika stara para vaha viveka se zAsita hai| yahAM usameM saMkalpa svAtaMtrya hai| zArIrika stara para vaha baddha hai, paratantra hai kintu caitasika stara para vaha svatantra hai, mukta hai| daihika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti aura AdhyAtmika toSa vaha ina donoM meM se kisI bhI eka kI upekSA karane meM samartha nahIM hai| eka ora usakA vAsanAtmaka ahaM usake sammukha apanI mAMgeM prastuta karatA hai to dUsarI ora use viveka cAlita apanI antarAtmA kI bAta bhI sunanI hotI hai| usake liye ina donoM meM se kisI kI bhI pUrNa upekSA karanA sambhava nahIM hai| manuSya ke jIvana kI saphalatA isI meM hai ki vaha apane vartamAna astitva meM ina donoM choroM meM eka sAMga-saMtulana banA ske| mAnavIya saMskRti meM zramaNa aura vaidika dhArAoM ke udbhava ke mUla meM vastutaH mAnava astitva kA yaha dviAyAmI yA virodhAbhAsapUrNa svarUpa hI hai| manuSya ko daihika stara para vAsanAtmaka tathA caitasika stara para AdhyAtmika jIvana jInA hotA hai| vaidika evaM pravartaka dharmoM ke mUla meM manuSya kA vAsanAtmaka jaivika pakSa hI pradhAna rahA hai| jabaki zramaNa yA nivartaka dharmoM ke mUla meM viveka buddhi pramukha rahI hai| Age hama yaha vicAra kareMge ki ina pravartaka aura nivartaka dharmoM kI vikAsa yAtrA kA manovaijJAnika krama kyA hai ? aura unake sAMskRtika pradeya kisa rUpa meM haiM ? : vaidika evaM zramaNadhArA ke udbhava kA manovaijJAnika AdhAra mAnava-jIvana meM zArIrika vikAsa vAsanA ko aura caitasika vikAsa viveka ko janma detA hai| pradIpta vAsanA apanI santuSTi ke liye 'bhoga' kI apekSA rakhatI hai to vizuddha - viveka apane astitva ke liye 'saMyama' yA 'virAga' kI apekSA karatA hai| kyoMki sarAga-viveka sahI nirNaya dene meM akSama hotA hai| vastutaH vAsanA bhogoM para jItI hai aura viveka virAga pr| yahIM do alaga-alaga jIvana-dRSTiyoM kA nirmANa hotA hai| eka kA AdhAra vAsanA aura bhoga hotA hai to dUsarI kA AdhAra viveka aura viraag| zramaNa paramparA meM inameM se pahalI ko mithyA dRSTi aura dUsarI ko samyak dRSTi ke nAma se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| upaniSadoM meM inheM kramazaH preya aura zreya ke mArga kahe gaye haiN| kaThopaniSad meM RSi kahatA hai ki preya aura zreya donoM hI manuSya ke sAmane upasthita hote haiN| unameM se manda-buddhi zArIrika yoga-kSema arthAt preya ko aura vivekI puruSa zreya ko cunatA hai / vAsanA kI tuSTi ke liye bhoga aura bhoga ke sAdhanoM kI upalabdhi ke liye
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________________ karma apekSita hai| isI bhogapradhAna jIvana-dRSTi se karma-niSThA kA vikAsa huA hai| dUsarI ora viveka ke liye virAga (saMyama) aura virAga ke liye AdhyAtmika mUlya-bodha (zarIra ke Upara AtmA kI pradhAnatA kA bodha) apekSita hai| isI se AdhyAtmika jIvana-dRSTi yA tyAga-mArga kA vikAsa huaa| ___inameM pahalI dhArA se pravartaka dharma kA aura dUsarI se nivartaka dharma kA udbhava huaa| pravartaka dharma kA lakSya bhoga rahA, ata: usane apanI sAdhanA kA lakSya suvidhAoM kI upalabdhi ko hI bnaayaa| jahA~ aihika jIvana meM usane dhanadhAnya, patra, sampatti Adi kI kAmanA kI, vahIM pAralaukika jIvana meM svarga (bhautika sukha-suvidhAoM kI uccatama avasthA) kI prApti ko hI mAnava-jIvana kA carama lakSya ghoSita kiyaa| puna: Anubhavika jIvana meM jaba manuSya ne yaha dekhA ki alaukika evaM prAkRtika zaktiyA~ usakI sukha-suvidhAoM kI upalabdhi ke prayAsoM ko saphala yA viphala banA sakatI haiM, to usane yaha mAnA ki usakI sukha. suvidhAe~ usake apane puruSArtha para nahIM, apitu ina zaktiyoM kI kRpA para nirbhara hai| taba vaha inheM prasanna karane ke liye eka ora inakI stuti aura prArthanA karane lagA to dUsarI ora unheM bali aura yajJoM ke mAdhyama se bhI santuSTa karane lgaa| isa prakAra pravartaka dharma meM do zAkhAoM kA vikAsa huA - 1. zraddhApradhAna bhaktimArga aura 2. yajJa-yAga pradhAna krm-maarg| dUsarI ora niSpApa aura svatantra jIvana jIne kI umaMga meM nivartaka dharma ne nirvANa yA mokSa arthAt vAsanAoM evaM laukika eSaNAoM se pUrNa mukti ko mAnava-jIvana kA lakSya mAnA aura isa hetu jJAna aura virAga ko pradhAnatA dI, kintu jJAna aura virAga kA yaha jIvana sAmAjika evaM pArivArika vyastatAoM ke madhya sambhava nahIM thaa| ata: nivartaka dharma mAnava ko jIvana ke karma-kSetra se kahIM dUra nirjana vanakhaNDoM aura giri kandarAoM meM le gyaa| usameM jahA~ eka ora daihika mUlyoM evaM vAsanAoM ke niSedha para bala diyA gayA jisase vairAgyamUlaka tapa mArga kA vikAsa huA, vahIM dUsarI ora usa aikAntika jIvana meM cintana aura vimarza ke dvArA khule, jijJAsA kA vikAsa huA, jisase cintanapradhAna jJAna-mArga kA udbhava huaa| isa prakAra nivartaka dharma bhI do zAkhAoM meM vibhakta ho gayA - 1. jJAna-mArga aura 2. tp-maarg| mAnava prakRti ke daihika aura vaitasika pakSoM ke AdhAra para pravartaka aura nivartaka dharmoM ke vikAsa kI isa prakriyA ko nimna sAraNI ke mAdhyama se adhika spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai -
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________________ bhAratIya saMskRti ke do pramukha ghaTakoM kA sahasambandha : 5 manuSya (pravartaka) (nivartaka) cetanA vAsanA viveka bhoga virAga (tyAga) abhyudaya (preya) niHzreyas svarga karma pravRtti pravartaka dharma alaukika zaktiyoM kI upAsanA mokSa (nirvANa) saMnyAsa nivRtti nivartaka dharma Atmopalabdhi samarpaNamUlaka yajJamUlaka cintana pradhAna dehadaNDanamUlaka bhaktimArga karmamArga jJAnamArga tapamArga nivartaka (zramaNa) evaM pravartaka (vaidika) dharmoM ke dArzanika evaM sAMskRtika pradeya pravartaka aura nivartaka dharmoM kA yaha vikAsa bhinna-bhinna manovaijJAnika AdhAroM para huA thA, ata: yaha svAbhAvika thA ki unake dArzanika evaM sAMskRtika pradeya bhinna-bhinna hoN| pravartaka evaM nivartaka dharmoM ke ina pradeyoM aura unake AdhAra para unameM rahI huI pArasparika bhinnatA ko nimna sAraNI se spaSTatayA samajhA jA sakatA hai - pravartaka dharma nivartaka dharma 1. jaivika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA |1. upAsanAmUlaka AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA 2. vidhAyaka jIvana-dRSTi | 2. niSedhaka jIvana-dRSTi 3. samaSTivAdI 3. vyaSTivAdI : - - -
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________________ 4. 5. IzvaravAdI 6. IzvarIya kRpA para vizvAsa vyavahAra meM karma para bala phira bhI 4. daivika zaktiyoM kI kRpA para vizvAsa 7. sAdhanA ke bAhya sAdhanoM para bala 8. jIvana kA lakSya svarga/ Izvara ke sAnnidhya kI prApti 9. varNa-vyavasthA aura jAtivAda kA janmanA AdhAra para samarthana 10. gRhastha jIvana kI pradhAnatA 11. sAmAjika jIvana zailI vyavahAra meM naiSkarmaNyatA kA samarthana phira AtmakalyANa hetu vaiyaktika puruSArtha para balA 5. anIzvaravAdI 6. vaiyaktika prayAsoM para vizvAsa, karma siddhAnta kA smrthn| 7. 8. Antarika vizuddhatA para bala / jIvana kA lakSya mokSa evaM nirvANa kI praapti| 9. jAtivAda kA virodha, varNa-vyavasthA kA kevala karmaNA AdhAra para samarthana | 10. saMnyAsa jIvana kI pradhAnatA / 11. ekAkI jIvana zailI / 12. rAjatantra kA samarthana 12. janatantra kA smrthn| 13. zaktizAlI kI pUjA 13. sadAcArI kI pUjA 14. vidhi vidhAnoM evaM karmakANDoM kI / 14. dhyAna aura tapa kI pradhAnatA / pradhAnatA 15. brAhmaNa saMsthA (purohita varga) kA 15. zramaNa saMsthA kA vikaas| vikAsa 16. samAdhimUlaka 16. samAdhimUlaka pravartaka dharma meM prArambha meM jaivika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA rahI, vedoM meM jaivika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti se sambandhita prArthanAoM ke svara adhika mukhara hue haiN| udAharaNArtha- hama sau varSa jIyeM, hamArI santAna baliSTa hoM, hamArI gAyeM adhika dUdha deveM, vanaspati pracura mAtrA meM hoM Adi Adi / isake viparIta nivartaka dharma ne jaivika mUlyoM ke prati eka niSedhAtmaka rukha apanAyA, usane sAMsArika jIvana kI duHkhamayatA kA rAga alApA / unakI dRSTi meM zarIra AtmA kA baMdhana hai aura saMsAra duHkhoM kA sAgara / unhoMne saMsAra aura zarIra donoM se hI mukti ko jIvana-lakSya
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________________ bhAratIya saMskRti ke do pramukha ghaTakoM kA sahasambandha maanaa| unakI dRSTi meM daihika AvazyakatAoM kA niSedha, anAsakti, virAga aura Atma santoSa hI sarvocca jIvana mUlya hai| 40 7 eka ora jaivika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA kA pariNAma yaha huA hai ki pravartaka dharma meM jIvana ke prati eka vidhAyaka dRSTi kA nirmANa huA tathA jIvana ko sarvatobhAvena vAMchanIya aura rakSaNIya mAnA gayA, to dUsarI ora jaivika mUlyoM ke niSedha se jIvana ke prati eka aisI niSedhAtmaka dRSTi kA vikAsa huA jisameM zArIrika mA~goM ko ThukarAnA hI jIvana-lakSya mAna liyA gayA aura deha- daNDana hI tapa tyAga aura AdhyAtmikatA ke pratIka bana ge| pravartaka dharma jaivika mUlyoM para bala detA hai ataH svAbhAvika rUpa se vaha samAjagAmI banA, kyoMki daihika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti, jisakA eka aMga kAma bhI hai, kI pUrNa saMtuSTi to samAja - jIvana meM hI sambhava thI, kintu virAga aura tyAga para adhika bala dene ke kAraNa nivartaka dharma samAja - vimukha aura vaiyaktika bana gaye / yadyapi daihika mUlyoM kI upalabdhi hetu karma Avazyaka the kintu jaba manuSya ne yaha dekhA ki daihika AvazyakatAoM kI santuSTi ke liye usake vaiyaktika prayAsoM ke bAvajUda unakI pUrti yA ApUrti kinhIM anya zaktiyoM para nirbhara hai, to vaha daivavAdI aura IzvaravAdI bana gayA / vizva vyavasthA aura prAkRtika zaktiyoM ke niyantraka tattvoM ke rUpa meM usane vibhinna devoM aura phira Izvara kI kalpanA kI aura unakI kRpA kI AkAMkSA karane lgaa| isake viparIta nivartaka dharma vyavahAra meM naiSkarmaNyatA kA samarthaka hote hue bhI karma siddhAnta ke prati AsthA ke kAraNa yaha mAnane lagA ki vyakti kA bandhana aura mukti svayaM usake kAraNa hai, ataH nivartaka dharma puruSArthavAda aura vaiyaktika prayAsoM meM AsthA rakhane lgaa| anIzvaravAda, puruSArthavAda aura karma - siddhAnta usake pramukha tattva bana ge| sAdhanA ke kSetra meM jahA~ pravartaka dharmoM meM alaukika daivIya zaktiyoM kI prasannatA ke nimitta karmakANDa aura bAhyavidhAnoM (yajJa-yAga) kA vikAsa huA, vahIM nivartaka dharmoM ne citta zuddhi aura sadAcAra para adhika bala diyA tathA kinhIM daivIya zaktiyoM ke nimitta karmakANDa ke sampAdana ko anAvazyaka maanaa| zramaNa aura vaidika dhArAoM kI prAcInatA kA prazna yahAM svabhAvika rUpa se yaha prazna upasthita hotA haiM ki zramaNa dhArA aura vaidika dhArA meM kauna prAcIna hai ? isa prazna kA uttara do dRSTiyoM se diyA jA sakatA hai - (1) manovaijJAnika dRSTi se aura ( 2 ) aitihAsika dRSTi se /
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________________ 8 jahAM taka manovaijJAnika evaM samAjazAstrIya dRSTi kA prazna hai hameM yaha svIkAra karanA hogA ki mAnavIya sabhyatA aura saMskRti kA eka kAlakrama meM vikAsa huA hai| manuSya prArambha meM eka vivekazIla vikasita prANI ke rUpa meM hI prakRti para Azrita hokara apanA jIvana jItA thaa| usameM sabhyatA, saMskRti aura AdhyAtmika cetanA kA vikAsa eka paravartI ghaTanA hai| apane prAkRta jIvana se sAmAjika jIvana aura sAmAjika jIvana se AdhyAtmika jIvana kI ora usakA kramika vikAsa huA hai| jaina paramparA kI dRSTi se bhI vicAra kareM to yaugalika paramparA se kulakara paramparA aura usase rAjya vyavasthA, dharma vyavasthA, sabhyatA aura saMskRti kA vikAsa huA hai| vizuddha prAkRtika jIvana se sAmAjika jIvana aura sAmAjika jIvana se AdhyAtmika jIvana kI ora usane eka yAtrA kI hai| isa dRSTi se vicAra karane para yaha lagatA hai ki prArambha meM pravartaka dhArA yA vaidika dhArA hI astitva meM aayii| jaise-jaise prAkRtika saMsAdhanoM meM kamI AI aura manuSyoM kI saMkhyA meM bhI vRddhi huI, jaivika AvazyakatAoM ke sAdhanoM para Adhipatya kI bhAvanA jAgRta huii| una jaivika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke sAdhanoM kI adhikatama upalabdhi kaise ho, usI hetu prakRti pUjA aura tajjanya prAkRtika zaktiyoM meM devatva kA AropaNa karane vAle vaidika dharma kA vikAsa huaa| kintu jaba vyakti ina bhautika upalabdhiyoM se AtmatoSa nahIM pA sakA aura unake nimitta se usakA vaiyaktika aura sAmAjika jIvana saMgharSoM aura tanAvoM se grasta ho gayA hogA to vaha AdhyAtmika zAnti kI khoja meM nikalA hogA aura usI se AdhyAtmika zramaNa dhArA kA vikAsa huaa| prArambhika avasthA meM usake sAmane mukhya samasyAeM usakI jaivika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti hI rahI hogI / kahA bhI hai- "bhUkhe bhajana na hoMhi gopAlA'" / ataH svAbhAvika hai ki pahale pravartaka vaidika dharma kA vikAsa huA hogA kintu jaisA IsAmasIha kA kathana hai ki - "Man can not live by bread alone" arthAt manuSya kevala roTI para jindA nahIM raha sakatA, pariNAmata: usakI AdhyAtmika bhUkha aura jijJAsAvRtti jAgrata huI aura usane AdhyAtmika evaM nivRttimUlaka dharmo ko janma diyaa| kyoMki mUlya vyavasthA ke krama meM bhI jaivika aura sAmAjika mUlyoM ke bAda hI AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI ora rujhAna hotI hai / jaivika aura sAmAjika mUlyoM kI upekSA karake AdhyAtmika mUlyoM ko jInA, cAhe kisI vyakti vizeSa ke lie sambhava ho, kintu vaha sArvabhaumika aura sArvajanika nahIM ho sktaa| jahAM taka aitihAsika sAkSyoM kA prazna hai bhAratIya saMskRti ko samajhane ke liye hamAre sAmane do hI pramANa haiN| 1. sAhityika aura 2. purAtAttvika /
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________________ bhAratIya saMskRti ke do pramukha ghaTakoM kA sahasambandha : 9 sAhityika pramANoM kI apekSA se hameM jo prAcInatama grantha upalabdha hai, vaha Rgveda hai| Rgveda na kevala bhAratIya sAhitya apitu vizva sAhitya kA prAcInatama grantha hai| dUsarI ora purAtAttvika dRSTi se jo sAkSya hameM upalabdha hai unameM mohanajodar3o aura har3appA hI prAcInatama haiN| vaidika aura zramaNa saMskRtiyoM meM kauna prAcIna hai isakA aitihAsika dRSTi se nirNaya inhIM do sAkSyoM para nirbhara kregaa| jaisA ki hama pUrva meM ullekha kara cuke haiM, sAhityika sAkSyoM meM Rgveda prAcInatama hai| Rgveda meM zramaNadhArA ke pramukha zabdoM meM arahanta, vAtarazanAmuni, zramaNa, vrAtya Adi kA ullekha prApta hotA hai| Rgveda Arhat aura bArhat aisI do paramparAoM kA bhI spaSTa rUpa se ullekha karatA hai| Rgveda meM ina donoM paramparAoM ke ullekha isa tathya ko pratipAdita karate haiM ki Rgveda ke racanAkAla meM donoM hI paramparAeM apanA astitva rakhatI thiiN| Rgveda meM na kevala arahanta evaM arhat zabda milate haiM, apitu Arhat paramparA kA aura usake Adya saMsthApaka RSabha ke bhI ullekha haiN| Rgveda meM 112 RcAoM meM 'RSabha' zabda kA ullekha hai| yadyapi sarva sthaloM para 'RSabha' zabda tIrthakara RSabha kA vAcaka hai, yaha kahanA to kaThina hai kintu una RcAoM ke AdhAra para yaha mAnanA bhI sambhava nahIM hai ki ve sabhI RcAeM sAmAnyata: vRSabha (baila) kI vAcaka haiN| yaha eka suspaSTa tathya hai ki - aupaniSadika sUktoM aura vaidika RcAoM meM aneka aisI haiM jo pratIkAtmaka haiN| kyoMki unheM pratIkAtmaka mAne binA unakA koI bhI vAstavika artha nahIM nikala sktaa| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM zvetAzvataropaniSad kA yaha kathana leM, "ajAmekAM lohitazuklakRSNAM bahvIH prajA: sRjAmAnAsarUpA'- sAmAnya zAbdika artha kI dRSTi se isakA artha hogA ki lAla, kAle aura sapheda raMga kI eka bakarI apane hI samAna santAnoM ko janma detI hai, kintu dArzanika dRSTi se isakA artha hai ki satva, rajas aura tamasguNa se yukta prakRti apane hI samAna sRSTi ko janma detI hai| vastuta: yahI sthiti Rgveda kI RSabhavAcI RcAoM kI haiN| ata: unakA pratIkAtmaka artha kisa prakAra jaina yA zramaNa paramparA se sambaddha pratIta hotA hai, isakI vistRta carcA hamane Rgveda meM RSabha vAcI RcAeM nAmaka eka lekha meM kI hai| vistAra bhaya se yahAM usa carcA meM utaranA to sambhava nahIM hai, kintu itanA nizcita hai ki Rgveda ke kAla meM isa deza meM Arhat aura bArhat donoM hI paramparAeM jIvita thI arthAt vaidika aura zramaNa dhArAoM kA saha-astitva thaa| jahAM taka purAtAttvika sAkSyoM kA prazna hai mohanajodar3o aura har3appA ke utkhanana meM aneka aise pramANa upalabdha haiM jo zramaNa yA Arhat paramparA ke astitva ko siddha karate haiN| har3appA ke utkhanana meM hameM dhyAnastha yogiyoM kI aneka sIleM
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________________ upalabdha hotI haiM, jinameM khaDgAsana yA padmAsana kI mudrA meM yogI dhyAna meM baiThe dikhAye gaye haiN| yadyapi ina purAtAttvika sAkSyoM meM aneka abhilekha bhI haiM, jo abhI taka nahIM par3he gaye haiN| kintu inase itanA to siddha hotA hai ki usa kAla meM eka susaMskRta sabhyatA astitva meM thI aura usakA bahuta kucha sambandha prAcIna Arhat dhArA kI yoga, zaiva Adi zramaNa dhArA kI paramparAoM se rahA hai| zaiva paramparA avaidika paramparA hai, ise aneka vidvAnoM ne bhI svIkAra kiyA hai| vastuta: sAMkhya yoga, zaiva, AjIvaka, bauddha aura jaina ye sabhI paramparAeM mUla meM prAcIna Arhat zramaNa dhArAoM ke hI vividha rUpa haiN| ina saba sAkSyoM ko cAhe hama spaSTa rUpa se nirgrantha yA jaina udghoSita na bhI kara sakeM to bhI ye sabhI sAkSya Arhat zramaNadhArA ke hI sUcaka hai| aupaniSadika dhArA ke sAtha-sAtha sAMkhya-yoga Adi paramparAeM bhI mUlata: zramaNa hI haiM aura isa dRSTi se vicAra karane para yaha siddha ho jAtA hai ki zramaNa paramparA bhI utanI hI prAcIna hai jitanI vaidika prmpraa| bhAratIya zramaNa paramparA ke vibhinna ghaTaka bhAratIya zramaNa paramparA yA Arhat paramparA eka ativyApaka paramparA hai| aupaniSadika, jaina aura bauddha sAhitya ke prAcIna aMzoM meM isake astitva ke saMketa upalabdha hote haiN| isa zramaNa paramparA kA prAcInatama saMketa Rgveda (10/136/ 2) meM vAtarazanA muni ke ullekha ke rUpa meM bhI upalabdha hai| jisakA sAmAnya artha nagna muni yA vAyu kA bhakSaNa kara jIvita rahane vAle muni, aisA hotA hai| Rgveda meM jIrNa aura malayukta arthAt maile vastra dhAraNa karane vAle pizaMgavasanA muniyoM kA bhI ullekha milatA hai| yaha saba ullekha isa tathya ke pramANa haiM ki Rgvaidika kAla meM zramaNa paramparA kA astitva thaa| puna: Rgveda, atharvaveda Adi meM jo vrAtyoM kA ullekha upalabdha hotA hai vaha bhI zramaNadhArA kI prAcInatA kA sUcaka hai| isakA eka pramANa yaha hai ki AraNyakoM meM zramaNoM aura vAtarazanA muniyoM ko eka hI batAyA gayA hai| isI prakAra upaniSadoM (bRhadA0 4/3/22) meM tApasoM aura zramaNoM ko eka batAyA gayA hai| jaina paramparA meM bhI zramaNoM ke pAMca prakAroM kI carcA karate hae unameM nirgrantha, AjIvaka, zAkyapatrIya zramaNa, gairika aura tApasa aise pAMca vibhAga milate haiN| yadi hama aupaniSadika, bauddha aura jaina dhArA ke prAcIna sAhitya kA adhyayana karate haiM to hameM isa prAcIna zramaNa dhArA kI vyApakatA kA jJAna ho jAtA hai| isa sambandha meM ati vizad carcA to yahA~ sambhava nahIM hai kintu yadi hama bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (6/5/3-4 pR. 356 tathA 4/6/1-3) ke brahmavettA RSiyoM kI vaMzAvalI, bauddha paramparA kI theragAthA, tathA jaina paramparA ke grantha RSibhASita ke RSiyoM kA tulanAtmaka dRSTi se adhyayana kareM to hameM bhAratIya
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________________ bhAratIya saMskRti ke do pramukha ghaTakoM kA sahasambandha : 11 zramaNa dhArA kI vyApakatA kA patA laga sakatA hai| kyoMki ina tInoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana karane para inameM aneka nAma samAna rUpa se pAye jAte haiM jo isa tathya ke sUcaka haiM ki bhAratIya zramaNadhArA kA mUla srota eka hI hai| ___ aupaniSadika dhArA ko zramaNadhArA ke sAtha saMyojita karane ke pIche mukhya rUpa se nimna AdhAra haiM - aupaniSadika dhArA mUlata: karmakANDa kI virodhI hai| upaniSadoM meM na kevala vaidika karmakANDa kI upekSA kI gaI hai apitu muNDakopaniSad (1/2/7) meM yaha kahakara ki yajJa rUpI ye naukAeM adRr3ha haiM, sachidra haiM, ye saMsAra sAgara meM DubAne vAlI haiM, na kevala vaidika karmakANDa kI AlocanA kI hai apitu yaha kahakara ki jo ise zreya mAnakara isakA abhinandana karatA hai, vaha mUr3ha puruSa jarA aura mRtyu ko prApta hotA hai, karmakANDa kI heyatA ko bhI ujAgara kiyA gayA hai| isake sAtha-sAtha bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (6/2/8) meM janaka ke dvArA yAjJavalkya ko spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahA gayA hai ki yaha adhyAtma vidyA pahale kisI bhI brAhmaNa ke pAsa nahIM rahI hai, tumhArI namratAyukta prArthanA ko dekhakara hI maiM tumheM pradAna karatA huuN| isa paricarcA meM na kevala bhautika upalabdhiyoM ko hIna batAyA gayA hai, apitu yajJa rUpI karmakANDa ko prAkRtika zaktiyoM ke sAtha samanvaya karate hue unakA kisI rUpa meM AdhyAtmIkaraNa bhI kiyA gayA hai| isa upaniSad meM (6/2/16 pR. 345) spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahA gayA hai ki ve loka jo yajJa, dAna, tapasyA ke dvArA lokoM para vijaya prApta karate haiM ve dhUma mArga ko prApta hote haiM / jJAtavya hai ki yahA~ dhUma mArga ko janma-maraNa kI paramparA ko bar3hAne vAlA kahA gayA hai| yadyapi upaniSadoM meM aneka sthaloM para karmakANDa sambandhI ullekha mila jAte haiM kintu aupaniSadika RSi unakI zreSThatA ko svIkAra nahIM karate the| dUsarA mahattvapUrNa saMketa upaniSadoM meM yaha milatA hai ki unameM yajJIya karmakANDa kA AdhyAtmIkaraNa kiyA gayA hai| Atmatattva kI sarvoparitA aupaniSadika cintana ke AdhyAtmika hone kA sabase mahattvapUrNa pramANa haiM (aitareyopaniSad 1/1/1) / yajJa ke AdhyAtmIkaraNa ke kucha ullekha yahA prastuta kiye jAte haiM : bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (6/2/12) meM kahA gayA hai ki puruSa hI agni hai| usakA khulA huA mukha hI samidhAeM haiM, prANa hI dhuMA hai, vANI hI jvAlA hai, cakSu hI aMgAre haiM, zrotra hI ciMgArI hai| isa agni meM hI samasta devatA anna kA homa karate haiN| yahAM yaha bhI jJAtavya hai ki yadyapi bRhadAraNyaka ko upaniSad kI koTi meM ginA jAtA hai, kintu mUla meM vaha AraNyaka varga kA hI hai| AraNyaka usa sthiti ke sUcaka haiM jaba vaidika karmakANDa AdhyAtmika svarUpa grahaNa karane
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________________ kI ora prathamataH prasthita huA thaa| upaniSadoM ke AdhyAtmika pakSa ko samajhane ke lie muNDakopaniSad ke prathama khaNDa ke dasa aura dvitIya khaNDa ke ATha zloka vizeSa rUpa se draSTavya haiN| muNDakopaniSad spaSTa rUpa se aupaniSadika dhArA ke zramaNadhArA hone kA sabase bar3A pramANa hai| isI prakAra kaThopaniSad ke prathama adhyAya kI dvitIya vallI ke prArambha meM jo zreya aura preya mArga kA vivecana kara zreya mArga kI pramukhatA batAI gaI hai vaha bhI aupaniSadika dhArA ke zramaNa dhArA ke nikaTa hone kA pramANa hai| muNDakopaniSad (3/1/5) kA yaha kathana ki "isa zarIra ke bhItara jo Atmatattva upasthita hai use satya, tapa, samyak jJAna aura brahmacarya ke dvArA doSoM se kSINa yatIgaNa dekha lete haiM" jaina darzana ke samyak jJAna, samyak darzana, samyak cAritra aura samyaka tapa rUpa mokSamArga ko hI pratidhvanita karatA hai| isI prakAra "yaha AtmA vANI, medhA (buddhi) athavA zAstra-zravaNa se prApta nahIM hotii| vastuta: jo ise jAnanA cAhatA hai usake sAmane yaha AtmA svayaM hI apane svarUpa ko udghATita kara detA hai|" (muNDakopaniSad 3/2/3) kA yaha kathana hameM jaina Agama AcArAMga meM bhI milatA hai| upaniSadoM meM aise anekoM vacana upalabdha haiM jo zramaNa paramparA kI avadhAraNA se tAdAtmya rakhate haiN| yaha satya hai ki upaniSadoM para vaidika paramparA kA bhI prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai, kyoMki mUlata: aupaniSadika dhArA vaidika dhArA aura zramaNa dhArA ke samanvaya kA hI pariNAma hai| zvetAzvetara upaniSad (4/5/6) meM bhI sAMkhya darzana kA - vizeSa rUpa se triguNAtmaka prakRti evaM do pakSiyoM ke udAharaNa dvArA Asakta evaM anAsakta jIvoM kA jo citraNa hai vaha spaSTa rUpa se sAMkhya darzana aura aupaniSadika dhArA kI zramaNa paramparA ke sAtha sahadharmitA ko hI sUcita karatA hai| isI krama meM bRhadAraNyaka upaniSad (4/4/12)kA yaha kathana ki,"puruSa ke dvArA AtmasvarUpa kA jJAna ho jAne para use kisI kAmanA yA icchA se duHkhI nahIM honA par3atA hai" tathA isI upaniSad (4/4/22) meM Age yaha kathana ki "yaha AtmA mahAna, ajanmA, vijJAnamaya, hRdayAkAzazAyI hai aura ise jAnane ke liye hI munijana putraiSaNA, vittaiSaNA, lokaiSaNA kA parityAga kara bhikSAcaryA se jIvana jIte haiN| isa AtmA kI mahimA nitya hai, vaha karma ke dvArA na to vRddhi ko prApta hotI hai na hrAsa ko| isa AtmA ko jAnakara vyakti karmoM se lipta nahIM hotaa| isa AtmA kA jJAna rakhane vAlA zAMtacitta, tapasvI uparata, sahanazIla aura samAhita citta vAlA AtmA, AtmA meM hI AtmA kA darzana kara sabhI ko apanI AtmA ke samAna dekhatA hai, usase koI pApa nahIM hotA, vaha pApazUnya, malarahita, saMzayahIna brAhmaNa brahmaloka ko prApta ho jAtA hai (bRhadAraNyaka 4/4/23) aupaniSadika dhArA ke zramaNa dhArA se naikaTya ko hI sUcita karatA hai| vastutaH
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________________ bhAratIya saMskRti ke do pramukha ghaTakoM kA sahasambandha : 13 bRhAraNyakopaniSad meM yAjJavalkya aura janaka kA saMvAda tathA yAjJavalkya kA apanI patniyoM- maitreyI aura kAtyAyanI kA saMvAda aupaniSadika RSiyoM ke zramaNadhArA se prabhAvita hone kI ghaTanA ko hI abhivyakta karate haiM (bRhadAraNyakopaniSad 4/5/ 1 se 7 tk)| yahAM hamane prasaMgavaza kevala prAcIna mAne jAne vAle kucha upaniSadoM ke hI saMketa prastuta kiye haiN| paravartI upaniSadoM meM to zramaNadhArA se prabhAvita yaha AdhyAtmika ciMtana adhika vistAra aura spaSTatA se upalabdha hotA hai| yaha eka sunizcita tathya hai ki vaidika dhArA brAhmaNoM aura AraNyakoM se gujarate hue aupaniSadika kAla taka zramaNadhArA se milatI hai| yaha zramaNadhArA eka ora vaidikadhArA se samanvita hokara kAlakrama meM sanAtana hindU dharma ke rUpa meM vikasita hotI hai to dUsarI ora vaidika dhArA se apane ko aprabhAvita rakhate hue mUla zramaNadhArA- jaina, bauddha aura AjIvaka paramparA ke rUpa meM vibhakta hokara vikasita hotI hai| phira bhI jaina, bauddha aura AjIvaka sampradAyoM ke nAmakaraNa evaM vikAsa ke pUrva bhI yaha zramaNadhArA sAmAnya rUpa se pravAhita hotI rahI hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki ina dhArAoM ke aneka pUrva puruSa na kevala jaina, bauddha aura AjIvaka paramparA meM samAna rUpa meM svIkRta hue, kintu aupaniSadika cintana aura usase vikasita paravartI hindU dharma kI vividha zAkhAoM meM bhI samAna rUpa se mAnya kie gaye haiN| yadi hama upaniSadoM meM diye gaye RSivaMza, jaina grantha RSibhASita meM ullekhita RSigaNoM tathA bauddha grantha theragAthA meM ullekhita theroM kA tulanAtmaka dRSTi se adhyayana kareM to hameM aisA lagatA hai ki aupaniSadika, bauddha, jaina aura AjIvaka dhArAeM apanI pUrva avasthA meM saMkucitatA ke ghere se pUrNatayA mukta thIM aura eka samanvita mUlasrota kA hI saMketa karatI haiN| 1. devanArada, vajjIputta, asitadevala, aMgirasa, bhAradvAja, puSpazAlaputra, valkalacIri, kummAputra, ketalIputra, mahAkAzyapa, taitalIputra, maMkhalIputra (gozAlaka), yAjJavalkya, metajyabhayAlIbAhuka (metAryabhayAlI), madhurAyana, zoryAyana, vidura, vArisenakRSNa, AryAyana, utkaTa, gAthApatiputra, gardabhAla, rAmapatta, harigirI, ambar3aparivrAjaka, mAtaMga, vArattaka, Adraka, vardhamAna, vAyu, pArzva, piMga, mahAzAlaputra aruNa, RSigirI, uddAlaka, nArAyaNa (vArAyaNa), zrIgirI, sAriputra, saMjaya, dvaipAyana, indranAga, soma, yama, varNa, varuNa, vaizramaNa aadi| (1) bRhadAraNyakopaniSad (bRhadA. 4/5) yAjJavalkyIya paramparA kI sUcI 1. brahma 31. aupajadhani 2. parameSThi 32. traivanI
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________________ 14 ri - sanaka sanAtana 5. sannAru 6. vyaSTi vipracitta 8. ekarSi 9. prAdhvansana 10. mRtyu 11. atharvAvAdeva 12. dadhyaNAtharvaNa 13. dadhici 14. azvinI kumAra 15. vizvarUpAtvASTra 16. AbhUtitvArASTra 17. AGgirasa 18. patha:saubhara 19. bAbhravadatsanapAdvAbhrava 20. vidarbhI kauNDinya 21. gAlava 22. kumAra hArita 23. kaizoryAtkApya 24. zAMDilya 25. vAtsya 26. gautama 27. mANTi 28. Atreya 29. bhAradvAja 30. Asuri 33. asurAyana-yAska jAtukarNya 34. pArAzara 35. pArAzaryAyaNa 36. ghRtakauzika 37. kauzikAyanI 38. sAyakAyaNa 39. kAzAyaNa 40. saukarAyaNa 41. mAdhyandina 42. jAbAla 43. uddAlakA 44. gArgyaputra 45. pArAzaryAyaNa 46. saitava 47. gautama 48. gargavaMzI 49. gArya 50. agnivaizya 51. gautama 52. kauzika 53. zAMDilya 54. koNDinya 55. kauzika 56. gaupavana 57. pautimAdhya 58. gaupavana 59. pautimASya
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________________ bhAratIya saMskRti ke do pramukha ghaTakoM kA sahasambandha : 15 (2) bRhadAkhyakopaniSad (bRhadA. 6/4) 1. Aditya 26. mANDukIputra 2. aMbhinI 27. mANDukAyanIputra vAk 28. jAyantI 4. naidhruvIkazyapa 29. AlambIputra 5. zilpakazyapa 30. AlambAyanIputra 6. haritakazyapa 31. sAMkRtIputra 7. asitAdvArpagaNa 32. zauGgIputra 8. jIhvAvAnvAdhyayoga 33. ArtabhAgIputra 9. vAjazravA 34. vArkAruNIputra 10. kUzrI 35. pArAzarIyaputra 11. upavezI 36. vAtsIputra 12. aruNa 37. pArAzarIyaputra 13. uddAlaka 38. bhAradvAjIputra 14. yAjJavalkya 39. gautamI sUta 15. AsurI 40. AtreyI putrI 16. prAznIputra AsurAyana 41. kApIputra 17. prAznIputra asuri 42. kANvIputra 18. sAMjIvIputra 43. vaiyAghrapadIputra 19. prAcInayogIputra 44. AlambIputra 20. kArzakaiyIputra 45. kauzikIputra 21. vaidabhRttiputra 46. kAtyAyanIputra 22. krauJcikIputra 47. pArAzarIputra 23. bhAlukIputra 48. bhAradvAjIyaputra 24. rAthItarI putra 49. gautamI putra 25. zAMNDilIputra 50. kAtyAyanIputra 51. pautimASI putra
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________________ 16 (3) zeragAthAntargata bauddha paramparA kI sUcI 1. brahma 2. prajApati 3. kAvazaiya 4. yajJavacArAjastambAyana 5. kuzri 6. vAtsya 7. zANDilya 8. vAmakazAyana 9. mAhitthi 10. kautsa 11. mANDaNya 12. mANDukAyanI 13. sAMjIvI 14. Age kI paramparA smaan| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki uparokta sUciyoM ke avalokana se eka bAta bahuta spaSTa ho jAtI hai ki ina tInoM hI sUciyoM meM kucha nAma samAna rUpa se pAye jAte haiN| vizeSa rUpa se aupaniSadika sUciyoM ke kucha nAma RSibhASita kI sUcI meM aura kucha nAma theragAthA kI sUcI meM pAye jAte haiN| mAtra yahI nahIM RSibhASita kI sUcI ke kucha nAma theragAthA kI sUcI ke sAtha-sAtha sattanipAta Adi bauddha piTaka sAhitya ke granthoM meM bhI pAye jAte haiN| sAmAnyatayA yahA~ yaha prazna upasthita kiyA jA sakatA hai ki eka nAma ke kaI vyakti vibhinna kAloM meM bhI ho sakate haiM aura eka kAla meM bhI ho sakate haiM ? kintu jaba hama ina sUciyoM meM prastuta kucha vyaktitvoM kA gambhIratA se adhyayana karate haiM to hameM aisA lagatA hai ki ina sUciyoM meM jo nAma samAna rUpa se milate haiM ve bhinna vyaktiyoM ke sacaka nahIM haiM, apitu isase bhinna yahI siddha hotA hai ki ve eka hI vyakti ke nAma haiN| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM - yAjJavalkya kA nAma zatapathabrAhmaNa, sAMkhyAyana AraNyaka, bRhadAraNyakopaniSad, mahAbhArata ke sabhAparva, vanaparva evaM sAMkhyaparva meM milatA hai to dUsarI ora vaha hameM RSibhASita kI sUcI meM bhI milatA hai| jaba hama RSibhASita prastuta yAjJavalkya ke upadeza kI bRhadAraNyakopaniSada meM unake upadeza se tulanA karate haiM to spaSTa rUpa se lagatA hai ki ve donoM hI sthaloM para vittaiSaNA, patraiSaNA aura lokaiSaNA ke tyAga kI bAta karate haiN| donoM paramparAoM meM unake upadeza kI isa samAnatA ke AdhAra para unheM do bhinna vyakti nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| isI prakAra jaba hama theragAthA ke gozAla thera, RSibhASita ke maMkhalIputra (gozAlaka) tathA mahAbhArata ke maMkI (maMkhI) RSi ke upadezoM kI tulanA karate haiM to tInoM hI sthAnoM para unakI pramukha mAnyatA niyativAda ke sampoSaka tattva mila jAte haiN| ata: hama ina tInoM ko alaga-alaga vyakti nahIM mAna skte| isI prakAra jaba hama RSibhASita ke vardhamAna aura theragAthA ke vardhamAna thera kI tulanA karate haiM to hama pAte haiM ki theragAthA kI aTThakathA meM vardhamAna thera ko vaizAlI gaNarAjya ke licchavI vaMza kA rAjakumAra batAyA gayA hai, ata: ve vardhamAna mahAvIra hI haiN| ___
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________________ bhAratIya saMskRti ke do pramukha ghaTakoM kA sahasambandha : 17 isase yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki na kevala theragathA apitu bauddha tripiTaka sAhitya ke vibhinna granthoM meM ullikhita nATaputra (jJAtaputra) jaina paramparA ke vardhamAna mahAvIra hI haiN| sUtrakRtAMga kI mahAvIra stuti meM mahAvIra ke liye jo 'savvavArivAritto' kA nirdeza hai vaha tripiTaka ke granthoM meM samAna rUpa se pAyA jAtA hai| ata: theragAthA ke vardhamAna thera aura jaina paramparA ke mahAvIra bhinna vyakti nahIM haiN| isI prakAra piMga RSi kA jo ullekha RSibhASita, suttanipAta aura mahAbhArata meM pAyA jAtA hai ki usake AdhAra para unheM alaga-alaga vyakti nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| jaina paramparA ke RSibhASita, sUtrakRtAMga, sthAnAMga aura anuttaraupapAtika tathA bauddha paramparA ke tripiTaka sAhitya ke aneka granthoM meM rAmaputta kA ullekha milatA hai, unheM bhI alaga-alaga vyakti nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| ata: tInoM paramparA meM jo kucha nAma samAna rUpa se milate haiM unheM bhinna-bhinna vyakti mAnanA pakSAgraha kA hI sUcaka hogaa| ina samarUpatAoM se yahI sUcita hotA hai ki jisa prakAra caudahavIM-pandrahavIM zatAbdI meM bhArata meM santoM kI sAmanjasyapUrNa paramparA rahI hai vaise hI buddha aura mahAvIra ke pUrva aura unakI samakAlika RSi paramparA rahI hai| kAlAntara meM jaba dharma-sampradAyoM kA gaThana huA, to isI pUrva paramparA meM se mantavya Adi kI apekSA jo adhika samIpa lage unako apanI dhArA meM sthAna de diyA gayA aura zeSa kI upekSA kara dI gii| yaha bhI huA ki kAlAntara meM jaba sAmpradAyika Agraha dRDhamUla hone lage to pUrva meM svIkRta RSiyoM ko bhI apanI paramparA se abhinna batAne hetu unheM bhinna vyakti batAne kA prayatna kiyA gayA / yaha sthiti jaina aura bauddha donoM paramparAoM meM ghaTita huii| yahI kAraNa rahA ki kAlAntara meM RSibhASita ko mUlAgama sAhitya se haTA kara prakIrNaka sAhitya meM DAla diyA gayA aura Age calakara use vahAM se bhI haTA diyA gyaa| cAhe hama sahamata hoM yA na hoM kintu yaha satya hai ki prAcIna bhArata kI isI zramaNa dhArA kI RSi paramparA se aupaniSadika bauddha, jaina, AjIvaka aura sAMkhya, yoga Adi kA vikAsa huA hai| jaina dhArA mUlata: zramaNadhArA kA hI eka aMga haiN| sUtrakRtAMga meM AcAra aura vicAragata matabhedoM ke bAvajUda bhI videha, namI, rAmaputta, bAhuka, udaka, nArAyaNa, asitadevala, dvaipAyana, pArAzara Adi ko apanI paramparA se sammata batAte hue tapodhana, tAttvika mahApuruSa tathA siddhi ko prApta kahA gayA hai| yaha isa tathya kA sUcaka hai ki mUla meM bhAratIya zramaNadhArA eka rahI hai aura aupaniSadika, sAMkhya, yoga, bauddha, jaina aura AjIvaka paramparAe~ isI zramaNadhArA se vikasita huI haiM aura kisI na kisI rUpa meM usakI aMgIbhUta bhI haiN|