Arddhmagdhi Grammar

Author(s): P L Vaidya
Publisher: Modern Book Depot
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/006963/1

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A MANUAL OF ARDHAMAGADHI GRAMMAR (Sanctioned as a Text Book by D. P. 1., Bombay) FOR THE USE OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS BY DR. P. L. VAIDYA M.A. (CAL.); D. LITT (PARIS) Professor of Sanskrit and Allied Languages Nowrosjee Wadia College, Poona FOURTH EDITION (War-Time Edition ) MODER.N BOOK DEPOT Opposite Anandashram POONA 2. 1944 ) | Price 1-2-0

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TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE. . .. 7 11 I THE PRAKRITS AND ARDHAMAGADHI : ... SS 1 Introductory. $2 Characteristic features of Ardhamagadhi. II PHONETICS : ... .... ... A. Vowels in Amg. SS 3 General. $ 4-7 Changes of #, , . and 1. SS 8 Changes in other vowels. B. Single Consonants. $ 9 Consonants in Amg. SS 10 Initial and Medial. SS 11 Tufa. SS 12 Is astra justifiable ? $ 13-26 Changes in medial single consonants. $ 27-29 Changes peculiar to Amg. $ 30 Isolated changes of consonants. $32 Elision of a syllable, initial, medial and final: Haplology.'SS 33 Metathesis. C. Conjunct Consonants. $ 34 Initial conjuncts in Sanskrit words and their treatment in Amg., and Prothesis. SS 35-38 Medial conjuncts. SS 39 Anaptyxis or FATHIER or fasiga. SS 40 37 fait in place of a member of conjunct consonant. SS 41 Loss of that. SS 42-44 General rules of Assimilation in Amg. $ 45 Table of Amg. Conjuncts with their equivalents in Sanskrit. $ 46 Conjuncts of three letters. SS 47 Doubling of a single consonant. 30 III SANDHI: ... ... $ 48 Sandhi optional even in compounds. $ 49 Sandhi between two words in a com

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TABLE OF CONTENTS pound. SS 50, 52 Lengthening or shortening of a vowel in a compound, $ 51 Insertion of H or 375eart in a compound. $ 53 Sandhi within words. $ 54 Sandhi in a sentence. ? 35 IV DECLENSION : ... A. Nouns and Adjectives. $ 55-56 General. $ 57-58 Nouns and adjectives in masculine gender ending in 37; $ 60 ending in and 3. SS 61-62 Neuter nouns ending in 37. $ 63 Some peculiarities. SS 64 Neuter nouns ending in and 3. SS 65 Feminine nouns ending in 1 ; SS 66 ending in 3 5. SS 67-69 Irregular declension. B. Pronouns. $ 70 Personal pronouns. $ 71 Demonstrative pronouns. *$ 72 Interrogative pronouns. $ 73 Relative and other pronouns. C. Numerals. SS 74 Cardinals and their declension. $ 75 Ordinals. $ 76 Fractional numbers. $ 77 Multiplicatives. V CONJUGATION : $ 78 Types of roots. $ 79 Tenses, Moods, Voices. $ 80 Conjugation in the present tense. $ 81 Past tense. SS 82 Future tense. $ 83 Imperative mood. $ 84 Potential mood. $ 85 Conditional mood. $ 86 Causal forms. *$ 87 Denominative forms. $ 88 Passive voice. VI VERBAL DERIVATIVES : ... SS 89 Participles, present active, present passive, past passive, past active, potential passive. $ 90 Indeclinable past participles or Absolutives. $91 Infinitives. $.92 Other derivatives. ... 46

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TABLE OF CONTENTS VII Noun DERIVATIVES : ... $ 93 Feminine base. $ 94 Possessive adjectives. $95 Abstract nouns. $96 Farof Fo termination. $ 97 Comparative and super lative forms. $ 98 Other noun derivatives. VIII COMPOUNDS : SS 99 Compounds in Amg. S 100 The Free (77) compound. $ 101 The PURA (ope TO). $ 102 The 3999 (3445). 103 The agtta (agter). $ 104 The Eoint (agaie). $ 105 The adverbial compound or outra. IX SYNTAX : ... SS 106 Order of words in a sentence in prose. SS 107 Order of words in verse. SS 108 Concordance of adjectives and nouns. $ 109 Irregular concord. $ 110 Relative pronoun and its antecedent. 111 Use of cases. $ 112 Dropping of case-endings. $ 113 Use of synonymous words in one and the same sentence. SS 114 Certain phrases peculiar to Amg. $ 115 Representation of words and ', expressions by number.

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PREFACE (SECOND EDITION) This booklet is intended to serve as a handy Manual for those students of Indian Universities who offer Ardhamagadhi as their Classical language in the first and the second years of their college life. It may also prove useful to those who offer Ardhamagadhi as a subsidiary language at their B. A. Examination, and who, for various reasons, have no time to study grammars of Prakrit languages written in Sanskrit-all indigenous grammars of Prakrit languages being written in that language. Besides I find that in none of these original grammars is Ardhamagadhi treated separately. Students who offer Ardhamagadhi as distinct from other Prakrits, therefore, often find it difficult to understand the distinctive features of the language. I therefore undertook, at the suggestion of several of my students, to prepare a handy Manual for the use of University students of Ardhamagadhi, embodying in it all matter relating to this language found in grammars of Henacandra and others. As this Manual is chiefly intended for students who begin their study of this language for the first time, and without a philological grounding, I have not burdened the treatment with technical terms of philology, though I hope I have treated the subject systematically enough to make it a fair preparation for advanced philological study of Prakrit languages. In preparing this Manual I have made use of the indigenous grammars of Hemacandra and Vararuci (both recently edited by me), Pischel's Grammatik der Prakrit Sprachen, and several other works like the Ardhamagadhi Reader by Banarasi Das Jain, M.A., Lahore, and the

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6 . PREFACE Introductory part of Paiyasaddamahannayo by Pandit Hargovind Das T. Sheth, Calcutta. I have occasionally differed from them in the views, as also in the method of treating the subject, and yet, I feel I owe to them a deep debt of gratitude. The illustrations have been chiefly chosen from among those given by the grammarians and from works which students are likely to read in their first and second years, and this Manual should therefore proye of great use to them. I am glad to find that the first edition of this Manual, published in August 1933, is sold out in less than a year, and that a second edition has become necessary. I have availed myself of this opportunity to revise the book thoroughly and to incorporate in it considerable additional matter. I feel confident that this revised and enlarged edition will prove more useful to the students than its predecessor. Poona ? P. L. VAIDYA July 1934 SS (Fourth EDITION) . This edition is merely a reprint of the Second Edition. Poona, 1944. P. L. VAIDYA

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I THE PRAKRITS AND ARDHAMAGADHI 1. The term Praksta or Prakrit designates the large number of dialects of the Indo-European family of languages which are closely related to Sanskrit and occupy a place between Sanskrit and the Modern Indian Languages of Northern India. Scholars are not unanimous about the origin of the term Praksta and its exact significance. Two broad views on the subject however may be noted, one maintaining that Prakrit means languages derived from an original, older, language, i. e., Sanskrit, and the other maintaining that the term designates original language itself, probably in a crude form, and was later polished into Sanskrit. Whatever be the true and original meaning, we have to study this group of languages, included under a general name of Prakrits, in relation to Sanskrit, as grammarians of these languages-who, it may be noted, have uniformly written their grammars in Sanskrit-have left us no alternative. The Prakrit is the class-name of a group of dialects and includes a number of them such as pAlI; paizAcI (with its subdialect arrasastiarai); STATTIN; Gartitaat; #TATETTIST; itaal; Artet; Arengt; and 3793tat (with its subdialects the JamT, aras etc.). Each of these dialects have or had a vast literature and must have been current in different provinces in India. Each of these dialects has its own peculiar features and as such can be distinguished from every other. The grammarians however give a dominant position to HTETTTET, treat it in their works first, and exhaustively, other dialects being noted only for their deviation from it.

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A MANUAL OF Of these Prakrits the Ardhamagadhi dialect has a special place in their history. As a dialect Ardhamagadhi is pre-eminently ATERIET, sharing only a few characteristics with heraft; at any rate grammarians have treated it so. SATTE is the language of the Sacred Canon of Svetambara Jains, Lord Mahavira is said to have delivered all his discourses in that language. Gods and great teachers, according to Jain belief, use this language. (Cf. bhagavaM ca NaM addhamAgahAe bhAsAe dhammamAikkhai-samavAyAGga; tae NaM samaNe bhagavaM mahAvIre......kRNiyassa rako addhamAgahAe bhAsAe bhAsaha aupapAtika; devA NaM addhamAgahAe bhAsAe bhAsanti-bhagavatIsUtra ; se kita bhAsAriyA ? bhAsAriyA je NaM addhamAgahAe bhAsAe bhAsanti-prajJApanAsUtra); Hemacandra designates ardhamAgadhI as ArSa, i.e., the language of the seers or sages, and quotes a passage, WTTTACHME rata u Hagga, 'Old works are assuredly in the state Arrat language. Hargovind Das Sheth believes that ardhamAgadhI is older than mAhArASTrI. Where exactly this language was spoken is not yet decided with certainty ; but it is probable that it must have been the language of a part of the Magad ha country as a passage from the Farruft suggests ( Alat THTATRAS GAUTE, Ogre Perorafatasi at WEAPTE ). 2. The chief characteristics which should enable a student to distinguish STTATTET from other Prakrit dialects are : (1) The medial single , instead of being dropped as in other Prakrit dialects, has a tendency to be changed to ga. In mAhArASTrI, ka is dropped. (2) The medial single is often retained. In mAhArASTrI it is dropped. (3) The medial single is at times retained. (4) The medial single qis changed to a. (5) The medial single T is retained. (6) The medial is at times retained. *

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ARDHAMAGADHI GRAMMAR 1 . / (7) When the medial single consonants ka, ga, ca, ja, ta da, pa, ya, va are dropped, their place is often taken by ya If, however, the vowel preceding the above consonants is BT, 3, sit and the vowel in the consonant dropped is dissimilar, ya is not inserted. (8) Initial na is optionally changed to Na. Medial na is changed into 07. (9) 37 is occasionally lengthened in certain expressions :-jAmeva for Sk. yam + eva, which in Amg. should in reality be jaM + eva. Similarly tAmeva, khippAmeva, evAmeva, puvAmeva jeNAmeva, teNAmeva, taNAmavi (tRNam + api). ___(10) iti after a long vowel is represented by i, and after a short vowel including short e and o, by tti. (11) Initial is dropped or is changed to 37 in words yathA and yAvat . ahakkhAya for yathAkhyAta, jahANAmae for yAnAmaka, AvakahA for yAvatkathA, jAvajjIva for yAvajjIva. .. (12) Between two words of a compound m or anusvAra is inserted even in prose ; e. g., nirayaMgAmI, uDuMgAravA, goNamAi sAmAiyamAiyAI. (13) For declensional forms the following peculiarities may be noted : (i) Nom. Sing. of Masculine words ending in a normally ends in 5, but occasionally ends in si also. (ii) Locative sing, termination is normally fat, but e and mmi are also found ; e. g., dhammaMsi, dhamme, dhammammi. . ___ (iii) Dative sing. termination is Ae; e. g., devAe, savaNayAe, gamaNAe, aTTAe, ahiyAe, asuhAe. ___(iv) Amg. uses a certain number of declensional forms based upon false analogy; e. g. maNasA, vayasA, kAyasA, balasA, jogasA, cakkhusA, kammuNA, dhammuNA; asmAkaM. (14) The following forms of finite verbs peculiar to Amg. should be noted : 2 .

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A MANUAL OF (i) Third person sing. forms of the Past tense, such as hotthA, hutthA, pahArettha, pahAretthA and plural forms of the same tense in aMsu and iMsu such as AhaMsu pucchisu, gaJchisu, AbhAsiMsu (ii) The following forms more or less derived from corresponding Sk. forms :-Aikkhai, kumvaI, bhuviM, hokkhaI, bayA, abbavI, AghaM, duruhai, vigicae, tivAyae, akAsI, tiuTTai, tiuTTijA, paDisaMdhayAI, ghecchihi, samucchihi etc. ___(15) The Indeclinable past participle, Gerund or Absolutive forms peculiar to Amg, are: (i) forms ending in hu-kaTu, sAhahu, avahaTu, from , ha; (ii) forms ending in ittA, ettA, ittANaM, ettANaM, such as caittA, viuhittA, pAsittA, karettA, pAsittANa, karettANaM etc.; ..(iii) forms ending in ittu such as duruhittu, jANitu, vahittu .etc.; . (iv) forms ending in cA such as kiccA, naccA, soJcA, moccA, caiccA or ciccA (for tyaktvA ), etc.; (v) forms ending in iyA or iya, such as parijANiyA, pariyANiyA, viyANiyAM, viyANiya, duruhiyA, duruhiya ; (vi) The following forms more or less derived from corresponding Sk. forms :-viukkamma, nisamma, samiJca, saMkhAe, aNuvIi (aNuvIya), la , lakSNa, dissA ets. (16) The Infinitive in Amg. is formed by adding ittae or ettae to the root. Thus we have karittae, gacchittae, bhuJjittae, uvasAmittae, ovAyaittae. (17) Past passive participle termination for roots ending in F is S in Amg., in place of a in Sk. or 37 or in Prakrit. Thus we have kaDa, maDa, abhihaDa, vAvaDa, saMvuDa, vipaDa, vitthaDa etc. * (18) The comparative termination in Amg. is tarAja, tarAya, tarAga (Sk. tara-ka); e. g., aNihatarAe, appatarAe, akantatarAe, mUDhatarAe, mUDhatarAge.

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ARDHAMAGADHI GRAMMAR (19) There are a few other noun affixes peculiar to Amg. such as are found in Briet, gaa, 75HT TO, vusimaM etc. (20) The vocabulary also of Amg. is peculiar in several respects. Tia, a, Frt (for ora), Jiq, 59a, paDucca, vaggu, sumiNa, puDho, milakkhU , dugulla, maNosilA, tAliyaNTa, vaDiMsaga etc. are found in Amg. only. II PHONETICS A. VOWELS 3. General-The vowels in Amg. are:-_37, 8, T , J, 5, 5 and 3. *, F, E, 9 and 37 have no place in the language; their place is taken by other vowels of the language as will be shown later. anusvAra and anunAsika occur in the language ; of these 3TETETT will be treated under consonants. The 'TATIA sound is always associated with a short vowel, and its use is determined by its place in metrical composition; if a long vowel is wanted we have to pronounce the vowel with a gratt; if a short vowel is required we have to pronounce it with anunAsika. gand si are both short as well as long in all Prakrits ; when they are short, they are often written as & and J. In my opinion the practice of writing and 3 in the place of 5 and 37 followed by a conjunct consonant is not desirable and should be discouraged. Thus ge and Art for Hra should not be written as and fhet, as after all the quantity of & here is long. When not followed by conjunct consonants and 3 may be allowed if these vowels are to be pronounced short. fart is absent from all.Prakrits. 4. # of Sanskrit words is substituted in Amg. by 37,2,3 and it; the substituted vowels and g may

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A MANUAL OF further be changed to g and 377 if followed by conjunct consonants. (a) =a- kaya (kRta), kaDa (kRta), kaNha (kRSNa), taNhA (tRSNA), gahitha (gRhIta ), bhai (bhRti), aNahAraa (RNadhAraka). (b) = - kimi (kRmi), dihi (dRSTi), miga (mRga), siGgAra (rAGgAra), samiddha (samRddha), piTTi (pRSTha), mAi (mAtR ), sarisa (sadRza), tAlaviNTa ( tAlavRnta). (c) Ru- uu (Rtu), pAhuDa (prAbhUta), vuttanta (vRttAnta ), pAusa (prAvRS), saMparikhuDa (saMparivRta), mAu (mAtR), usaha (RSabha), musA (mRSA). (d) R=ri- riddha ( Rcha), risi (RSi), riNa (RNa), risaha (RSabha). 5. la of Sanskrit words (which is rare even there ) is substituted in Amg. by ili, e.g., kilitta (klapta ). 6. ai of Sanskrit words is substituted in Amg. often by e but at times by ai.. (a) ai-e-vera (vaira ), sela (zaila), veja (vaidya), erAvaNa (airAvata), telloka (trailokya), geveja (praiveya). (b) ai = ai - vaissa (vaizya), daiva (daiva). 7. au of Sanskrit words is substituted in Amg. often by o, at times by au and rarely by A. (a) au= o- komuI ( kaumudI), sogumalla (saukumArya ), jogvaNaga (yauvanaka), kosambI (kauzAmbI ), porisI (pauruSI). (b) au= au - paura (paura), sauha ( saudha), kaurava (kaurava). (c) au% A-gArava (gaurava). 8. In addition to these substitutions among vowels there are several others, too numerous and complicated to bring under definite rules, but the following may be mentioned by way of illustration : . (a) aA -sAmiddhI ( samRddhi), pAvayaNa (pravacana), pAmokSa (pramukha), cAuranta (caturanta). a-i-dina (datta), isiM (ISat ), pikka (pakka), majhima (madhyama).

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ARDHAMAGADHI GRAMMAR 13 best he had a%D1- ahinnU (abhijJa), kayannU (kRtajJa). a=e-sejA (zayyA), estha (atra).. a = 0- lAU (alAbU), raNNa (araNya), pi (api), vi (api). vaDiMsaya (avataMsaka), tIya (atIta). (b) A=a-jaha ( yathA), taha (tathA). A-i-sai (sadA), Airiya (bhAcArya). A-e-gejma (grAhya), metta (mAtra), pArevaya (pArAvata ). Ao- olla ( AI), olI (AlI). (c) i = a - haladdI (haridrA), tittiri (tittira), sauNa (zakuni), iu - ucchU (ikSu), usu (iSu). i=e-peNDa (piNDa), sendUra (sindUra), merA (mirA). . i%30-tti, ti (iti). (d) I - pANiya (pAnIya), aliya (alIka), ANiya (AnIta), taiya (tRtIya). I%33- juNNa (jIrNa). Ie - kerisa (kIdRza), Amela (ApIDa), neDa (nIDa). . u=a - maula (mukula), mauDa (mukuTa), garuA (guruka). u=i - miuDi (bhrukuTi), purisa (puruSa). u =o-pokkhara (puSkara), pokkhariNI (puSkariNI), poNDa. riya (puNDarIka), toNDa (tuNDa), moggara (mudgara), poggala _ (pula), orAla ( udAra). u = - daga, udaka). (6) U=u - kouhalla ( kautUhala ). U%e - neura (nUpura). ___ = o - toNAra (tUNIra), koppara ( kUpara), tambola ( tAmbUla), molla (mUlya). (g) e-i-ikka (eka from eka). (h) o= u-tuNDa ( toNDa). There are a few other changes, somewhat sporadic, which vowels in Amg. undergo. They are: ' (i) e for k followed by visarga ; e.g., purekamma (puraskarma), anteura (antaHpura ). (ii) U for A ; e.g., usAra (AsAra); perhaps the Sk. origin may be avasAra or apasAra. ba

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14 A MANUAL OF (iii) a for i ; e.g., saDhila (zithila); the change is due to the process of dissimilation. (iv) * for I; e. g., vihUNa (vihIna) ; the change is due to the process of dissimilation. (v) o for i; e.g., dohAitha (dvidhAkRta); it is possible to derive the Prakrit form from do rather than from dvi. B. SINGLE CONSONANTS 9. GENERAL-The Amg. language admits all the consonants of the Sanskrit alphabet except 7 and 'which are substituted by . Of nasals 5 and 5 do not appear singly or with vowels, but they do appear in conjunction with consonants of apart and agri respectively. Thus we can have siGgAra, bhiGgAra, aGga, uvA, ciJcA, caJcU, aJjali, vinjha etc. The practice of Jain writers of Mss. however is to use anusvAra rather than parasavarNa, although I feel it a healthier practice to encourage the use of the latter in modern editions. Single consonants without vowels are not allowed to stand at the end of a word. They are either dropped altogether as in jAva ( yAvat ), tAva (tAvat), jasa (yazas), tama (tamas ), jamma (janman); or a vowel is added to the ending consonant as in sariA (sarit), pADivaA (pratipad ), saMpayA (saMpada), AvaI (Apad ), pAusa (prAvRSa ), bhisaa (bhiSag), saraa (zarad ), disI (dira), or an anusvAra is substituted for the consonant as in vIsuM (viSvak ), samma (samyak); sakkhaM (sAkSAt), je ( yad ), taM (tad ), jAvaM (yAvat), tAvaM (tAvat ), or u is substituted for a consonant which with the preceding vowel becomes o as in puDho (pRthak ), puNo (punar ). Final m is substituted by anusvAra as in jalaM (jalam ), naI (nadIm ), vacchaM ( vatsam ). Final n also is substituted by anusvAra as in bhagavaM (bhagavAn ), rAyaM (rAjan ). Amg., like other Prakrits, does not admit visarga which becomes 377 if the preceding vowel happens to be a as in vaccho ( vatsaH) or is dropped altogether as in gheNa (dhenuH), kaI (kaviH), maI (matiH). 10. INITIAL AND MEDIAL-Single consonants occurring at the beginning of a word, remain as a rule, un

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ARDHAMAGADHI GRAMMAR 15 changed in Amg. This rule is slackened for the single initial consonant of a word when it happens to be the second member of a compound word. Thus we can have suhakara and suhayara from sukhakara; jalacara and jalayara from jalacara, where and are regarded as initial as well as medial. supuruSa gives us suurisa because pa is regarded as medial here. These consonants, however, remain unchanged when they come after an anusvAra. Thus we have saMkara, saMgama, nakkaMjara, dhaNaMjaya, puraMdara etc., and not saMara, or saMyara ; saMama, or saMyama ; saMyaliya (for saMkalita ) etc. Similarly, an initial conjunct consonant is not allowed in Amg. but when a word with initial conjunct happens to be the second word in a compound, the rule is slackened. Thus we have suhapasava and suhappasava from sukhaprasava ; majjapasaGgI and majjappasaGgI from madyaprasaGgin ; niggamapavesa and niggamappavesa from nirgamapraveza ; rayaNappabhA from ratnaprabhA ; sairappayAra from svairapracAra etc. 11. The medial single consonants ka, ga, ca, ja, ta, pa, ca and va are, as a rule, dropped. When they are so dropped, their place is taken by a lightly pronounced ya ( laghuprayatnatarayazruti or aspRSTatarayazruti ) in Amg. and in Jain Maharastri, provided the preceding vowel is or and the vowel left after the dropping of the consonant is not i, I, u or U. Thus we have titthayara ( tIrthakara ), nayara ( nagara ), kayaggaha (kacagraha), payAvaI ( prajApati), dharaNIyala ( dharaNItala ), mayaNa ( madana), rika ( ripu ), nayaNa ( nayana ), lAyaNNa ( lAvaNya ) yazruti is not possible in the following :- sauNa ( zakuna or zakuni ), paura (pracura), rAIva (rAjIva), paIva (pradIpa ), vAU (vAyu), as the vowel combinations there do not require it. Sometimes is noticed occurring between two words when the initial of the seccond word is dropped as in na yANai ( na jAnAti ). fa 12. Here I should like to refer to the question of afa, i. e., reading and writing in the place of vowels (original or udvRtta, i e, left after the dropping of a consonant), which is very largely resorted to by writers

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A MANUAL OF of Jain Mss. ( Canonical and non-Canonical) and perpetuated by modern editors and scholars like Hargovind Das Sheth. Hemacandra in his grammar refers to the question of tra in i. 180 ; Markandeya too refers to it in his grammar. None of the Prakrit grammarians, however, refers to agra which is thus unauthorised, ungrammatical, and as such highly objectionable. That it was unknown to Hemacandra who was himself a Jain and who must have undoubtedly been conversant with the practice of canonical writings, clearly indicates that it must have come into vogue after 13th century A. D. I pick up a few glaring instances of this asia from the 1st part of agereusi and other books :-a7fia (afrg), staroria ( BETOTETT), Tarar (77737T ), a gritara (RETTETS ). It is clear from these instances that there 'is no justification whatsoever for a asfa there. I should, therefore, advise students to avoid the use of astia. Hargovind Das in his Introduction to TIETACAF"ai, page 28, says that this asulat is a special feature of Amg., but from the above examples taken from TECTIEUST which is not written in Amg., I feel sure that arret is a special peculiarity of Jain writers of Mss., and not of the language. 13.' Medial single consonants ET, , , 7, and Hare regarded in all Prakrit languages as conjunct consonants of + E, I+E, D+E, +E, +, and + E. The aspirate alone is generally retained out of these consonants. Thus we have ret (rar), AEUR (a), thot ( FAYA), aig (Arg), gaIE ( 19 ), FETT ( FTH1T). 14. Medial single z is generally changed to 3. Thus we have 3755 ( a ), 973 ( 972 ), 3 (F3), etc. 15. Medial single 8 is generally changed to 7 as in ## ( 178 ), foET (1937). 16. a in the preposition afa is changed to g. This is due to compensation of the cerebral which *is lost, and

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ARDHAMAGADHI GRAMMAR 17 which affects 7. It first becomes 3 and then by SS 14 is changed to 3. Thus we have gigaie (sagrauta), qisqa (afaqa), PISET ( fa&TT ), TIITEIT ( Arfaete ), TiSAT ( S AT). Similarly or in certain words is changed to to compensate the loss of a cerebral in the original Sk. word. Thus we have TCH ( 4 ), goat (quat) and faica (FATTras which comes from the root y). also is changed to as under the same circumstances as in gataz (seraufa), fost (aria), grad (CIT). 17. The medial single af is generally changed to 07. Hemacandra however remarks that in 379, i, e, in Amg., even medial 57 is not at times changed to as in 371777, af, at etc. It is however better to observe this general rule of changing 7 to or in the middle of a word. If initial a occurs at the beginning of the second member of a compound, we may or inay not change it to 0. Thus we may have paDinikkhama or pAMDaNikkhama from pratiniSkram , but ordinarily we should have di as in 970TT ( FORT), FUTOT (aga). Fyr ( 937 ), 770 ( 777), FUF (Hlaala ). 18. As regards initial single 4, Jain grammarians like Hemacandra, allow an option to change it to a. The non-Jain grammarians say that 7, initial or medial, must be changed to 0. The practice of Mss. writers cannot, in this respect, serve a useful guide to us. So by resorting to charitalahtar rule of grammarians, we should have initial 7 in Jain works, (which rule I have followed in works edited by me except in the solitary case of ui ( 97 as an expletive ), and or in the middle. 19. Here again I should like to indulge in a digression to discuss the position of a and up. The grammarians (Jains and non-Jains), do not help us at all in this matter; they are all silent about these conjuncts. I should, therefore, recommend the observance of Jacobi's rule to use to where in the original Sk, word of occurs, and to

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18 A MANUAL OF use w everywhere else. Thus we should have juNNa ( jIrNa), tiNNa (tIrNa), oiNNa (avatIrNa), cuNNa (cUrNa), etc., and dina ( datta), Avana (Apanna), parisA (pratijJA or parijJA) etc. The writers of Jain Mss. have made promiscuous use of both these conjuncts, but by following the rule of vyavasthitavibhASA, we can get out of the chaos. 20. Medial single 9 is dropped in Amg. as has been explained above. But more frequently it is changed to as in savaha (zapatha), sAva (zApa), sAviya (zApita), uvasagga (upasarga), paIva (pradIpa), kAsava (kAzyapa), pAva (pApa), uvamA (upamA), mahivAla (mahipAla ), govAla (gopAla), tavai (tapati). 21. Grammarians hardly make any distinction between a and 7 and give preference to a over the former. The writers of Mss. fully support the grammarians in maintaining the chaotic condition. . 22. Initial ya, if not the result of a yazruti, is normally changed to ja as in jasa (yazas), jamala ( yamala), juyala (yugala), jAvajIvaM (yAvajIvam ), jAi ( yAti). Initial ya coming after an upasaga also is frequently changed to ja as in saMjoga (saMyoga), saMjama (saMyama), avajasa (apayazas); but instances where ya is not changed to 37 after a preposition are also common as paoa (prayoga), paoyaNa (prayojana). The initial ya of yathA and yAvat in certain compound expressions is dropped in Amg., as in ahakkhAya (yathAkhyAta), ahAjAya (yathAjAta), ahApaDirUva (yathAprati rUpa), ahAchanda (yathAchanda), ahAsuhaM (yathAsukham ), ahApajatta (yathAparyApta), ahApavitta (yathApravRtta), ahAsutta (yathAsUtra), AvakahA (yAvatkathA) etc. 23. Medial single is at times changed to as in juhiDila (yudhiSThira ), kAluNavaDiyA (karuNapatitA or kAruNyapatitA), phalihA (parikhA),pariyAla (parivAra), calaNa (caraNa foot), sukumAla (sukumAra ), aNelisa (an + erisa, anIdRza) etc.; but the use of . ra in Amg. is pretty frequent as in parama, parasu, parAmusa, parikkhitta, caraNa etc.

Page #19
ARDHAMAGADHI GRAMMAR 24. za and Sa, whether initial or medial, single or as members of a conjunct consonant, are changed to as in saha (zabda), vaMsa (vaMza), suddha (zuddha), dasa (daza), pavisai (pravizati ). nihasa (nikaSa', kasAa (kaSAya ), ghosa (ghoSa), sesa (zeSa). * 25. Medial single sibilant sa, whether original or as substitute for 7 and 9, is sometimes replaced by & as in dahamuha (dazamukha), chaha (paS - SaT ), pAhANa (pAsANa-pASANa), divaha or diyaha (divasa). 26. The general rules for dropping certain medial single consonants given above are Mpplicable to various Prakrit languages including Amg., but there are a few exceptions to these in Amg. They are noted below. 27. Medial single ka is often changed to ga in Amg. as in pagappa (prakalpa), Agara (Akara ), AgAsa (AkAza), sAvaga (zrAvaka), antagaDa (antakRta), sUyagaDa (sUtrakRta), pagAjamANa (prakRSyamANa), dAraga (dAraka), loga (loka), AgaI (AkRti), pAgAra (prAkAra). 28. As Amg. shows a preference to ga over ka, the medial single ga is often retained as in Agama (Agama), AgamaNa (Agamana), ANugAmiya (AnugAmika), jAgara (jAgara), aNagAra (anagAra ), bhagavaM ( bhagavAn , bhagavan ). 29. Similarly, Amg. shows a preference for da and hence it is not dropped as in vidiya (vidita), padiso (pradizaH), uvadisaha (upadizati). 30. Besides these there are a few isolated cases, too varied to bring under any general rule, in which medial single consonants undergo changes other than those mentioned above. I give below a few illustrations: Medial kabha or ha-sIbhara or sIhara (zIkara). hai ka-gha or ha-nighasa or nihasa (nikaSa), phaliha (sphaTika), . cihura (cikura). kasa-tiMdUsa (kanduka ). Tala-phaliha (sphaTika), cavelA (capeTA), phAlei (pATayati), ___ ta-ha-veDisa ( vetasa ).

Page #20
20 . A MANUAL OF Medial.tara-sattari ( saptati). ___ taha-vasahI (vasati), bhAraha (bhArata), bharaha ( bharata). tha=Dha-meDhI (methI). . dara-eyAraha (ekAdaza), bAraha (dvAdaza ), teraha (trayodaza), gaggara (gadgada). da =la-dohala ( dohada), kalamba (kadamba ). daha-kauha (kakuda). pa=ma-nIma (nIpa), Amela (ApIDa). ma= va-ahivannU (abhimanyu ). ya=ha-chAhI (chAyA), ra= Da-paDipuNNa (paripUrNa). va= ya-pariyAla (parivAra ), aNuyattamANa (anuvartamAna). za%Da-kakkhaDa (karkaza). 31. Initial single consonants,' as a rule, do not undergo any change unless they become medial as second members of a compound expression. There are, however, a few exceptions to the above rule as noted below. Initial ka = kha-khujA ( kubjA), khIla (kIla in lohakIla). :: ka =ga-gendua (kanduka). ka= ca-cilAiyA (kirAtikA). ka=ta-tiMdUsa (kanduka), tirIDa ( kiraTi). ca = ta-tigicchA (cikitsA ), tegicchI (cikitsin ). ca= ya-ya (ca, and), yAvi (ca + api). ja= da-duguJchA (jugupsA). ta=ca-ciTTai (tiSThati). da = Da-DaNDa (daNDa), Dasai (dazati), Dambha (dambha ) DaDa (dagdha). pa = pha-phAlei (pATayati), phaliha (paridha ), falihA (parikhA). ba-bha-bhisiNI (bisinI). bama-mAhaNa brAhmaNa ). mava-vammaha (manmatha). ya= la-laTThI ( yaSTi).

Page #21
ARDHAMAGADHI GRAMMAR Initial _la = na-naGgala ( lAGgala ), naMgUla ( lAGgUla ), niDAla ( lalATa ). za = cha-chAva ( zAva ), chirA (zirA ). Sa= cha- cha ( SaS ), chappaya ( SaTpada ). sa = cha- chuhA (sudhA), chattivaNNa (saptaparNa ). dw 33 21 99 32. There is, in Amg., as in other Prakrits, a tendency to drop altogether syllables ( vowels and consonants with vowels) either at the beginning or in the middle of a word. When a syllable at the beginning of a word is dropped, it is usually an unaccented vowel as in f (iti), vi ( api after a vowel), pi (api after an anusvAra ), va (iva ), vvaM (iva after a short vowel), giNi (agni), tiuTTai ( ativartate ), vAhaNA ( upAnah ), varDisaya (avataMsaka), daga ( udaka ). Sometimes a syllable is dropped in the middle of a single word as in umbara ( udumbara), aDa (avaDa avaTa), jIya ( jIviyajIvita), sIyA (zibikA), siya (sicaya ). In compound. expressions the last syllable of the first member, or the syllable at the commencement of the second member is dropped as in rAula ( rAjakula- rAyaula), deula ( devakula- devaula ), pAvaDaNa (pAdapatana pAyavaDaNa), pAvIDha (pAdapITha- pAyavIDha ), macchandha ( matsyabandha ). sattaTThI ( saptaSaSTi), avaratta ( avara + ratta, apararAtra ), emee ( evaM + ee, evamete), dantavaNa ( dantapavana), aNAyaNa (aNAyayaNa, anAyatana ). This second is nothing but a form of the philological phenomenon known as Haplology. Sometimes the final syllable of a word is dropped as in i (iti). 33. There is one more phenomenon noticeable in Amg., as in other Prakrits, namely, the change of position of certain syllables in the body of a word. It is called Metathesis in philology. There are several well-known instances of this phenomenon-and grammarians have not given a complete list of words wherein it is visibleas vANAsI (vArANasI), dIhara ( dIghara or dIraha from dIrgha), vAhaNA ( upAnaha ), niDAla ( lalATa-nalATa), dihi (dhRti), rahassa ( hrasva ), ( paratinnA, parainnA, from pratijJA ), peranta ( parayanta payaranta from parinA

Page #22
A MANUAL OF gerna ), EFHET (JFHETT, 17H37 from f), steht (oposta, 3779277, from 1 ). C. CONJUNCT CONSONANTS 34. The Amg. language, like other Prakrits, does not allow a conjunct consonant at the beginning of the word. There are a few exceptions to this rule when a nasal with the aspirate is allowed to stand so, as in my (FI), etfazt ( FITA), E ( STEH ). To tell the truth one is not a real conjunct but only an aspirated nasal for which no special symbol was introduced in the Sanskrit alphabet. Whenever, therefore, a Sanskrit word commences with a conjunct consonant, one of the two members of the conjunct is dropped. , The loss of this member is sometimes compensated by some change in the remaining consonant. For instance; au (STT) where is dropped and the remaining er is changed to a; so also ator (fror), 507 or eu ( 707 ), berart ( Friedrari), ( Fort), afa or 97H ( FFH, Vedic FATH), 10 (7), are (PAN), ( are 17 orra), 377 (25), ATO (FT), per ( Fam ), etc. There is, however, another method of avoiding a conjunct at the commencement of a word, known to philologists as Prothesis. By this a vowel is affixed to the conjunct so that it ceases to be initial as in grafi ( Eft). Initial conjunct is also avoided by Anaptyxis, Fathit, for which see $39 below. 35. In the middle of a word, Amg., like other Prakrits, avoids a union of two consonants of different classes, and makes an attempt to reduce them to the same class; in other words, one member of a conjunct assimilates the other. The grammarians explain this phenomenon thus--one member of the conjunct is dropped and the remaining member is then doubled. Thus we have 7 ( 19 ), TOTT ( ), PET (TT), 379 (STT) etc.

Page #23
ARDHAMAGADHI GRAMMAR 23 36. When, however, as a result of dropping one member of a conjunct the remaining member has to be doubled, and when that member happens to be the second or the fourth letter of the class (i.e.: kha, gha, cha, jha, Tha, Da, tha, dha, pha and bha), the resulting conjunct will first be khkha, mya etc., and then the prior letter will be substituted by the first letter if it is the second letter of the class or by the third letter if it is the fourth letter of the class. Thus we shall have vakkhANa ( vyAkhyAna), vaggha (vyAghra ), mucchA (mUchA), nijjhara (nijhara), kaTTha (kASTha), tittha (tIrtha ), niddhaNa (nirdhana ), guppha (gurupha), nibbhara (nirbhara). 37. There are a few corollaries to the above rule : A long vowel, when followed by a conjunct or by an anusvAra, is shortened as in kaha ( kASTha), tistha (tIrtha ), sAlaM (zAlAm ), paraMmuha (parAGmukha ). 38. If, however, one member of a conjunctis altogether dropped, the preceding vowel, if not already long, is lengthened to.keep up the quantity of the word. Thus we have sIsa (ziSya), Asa (azva), nasiAsa (nizvAsa), usAsa ( ucchvAsa), sIsa (zIrSa ), Isara (Izvara), ANA (AjJA), pAsai (pazyati), kAsava (kazyapa), vIsAsa (vizvAsa), phAsa (sparza), maNUsa (manuSya), vAsA (varSA), vIsAma (vizrAma), nIsaha (niHsaha), Usiya (ucchita ), dIha (diggha from dIrgha), dAhiNa (dakSiNa), AyAhiNa (AdakSiNa), sUhava (subahaga from subhaga), dUhava (durbhaga), Usava (utsava), eyArUva (etadrapa), mAyA (mAtrA through mattA-mAtA-mAyA). 39. The principle illustrated by examples of words in $38, is that of avoiding a conjunct consonant and at the same time keeping up the quantity of the word. There is another manifestation of the principle in the philological phenomenon known as Anaptysis or FTTHIAS or vizleSa. The conditions necessary for this svarabhAkta are that one of the members of the conjunct consonants should be a nasal or a semi-vowel or when a vowel, a, i, I or u is inserted between them. The indigenous

Page #24
24 * A MANUAL OF grammarians have not noted this as a rule, but have recorded a few instances of words in which the phenomenon is noticed. The above rule however is of universal application and can be illustrated by siyA (syAt), bhaviya ( bhavya ), ceiya ( caitya ), duvAra ( dvAra), duve (dve), tume ( tvam ), kasiNa ( kRSNa ), killinna (klinna), kilesa (kleza ), sukkila (zukla), sudarisaNa (sudarzana), varisai ( varSati ), harisa (harSa ), pauma (padma), 'chau maha (chadmastha), nagiNa (nagna), suhuma (sUkSma), pasiNa ( prazna ), sumiNa or siviNa ( svapna ), arahA or arihA or aruhA ( arhat ), garihAmi (garhAmi), jIyA (jyA), sUriya (sUrya), Ayariya (AcArya), bambhacariya ( brahmacarya), acchAriya ( Azcarya ), bhAriyA ( bhAryA), dIhara ( dIragha- dIrahadIhara from dIrgha), siNANa ( snAna ), milakkhU ( mleccha ), sirI (zrI), 'hirI (hI), kiriyA (kriyA), abhikkhaNaM ( abhIkSNam ). " 40. There is another way of avoiding apparently a conjunct consonant in a word. It is by substituting an anusvAra for one of the members of the conjunct consonant. This anusvAra may be changed to parasavarNa if possible. Thus we have vaMka or vaGka ( vakra ), taMsa ( yazra), aMsu (azru ), maMsu ( zmazru ), puMcha or puJcha (puccha), daMsaNa (darzana), sudaMsaNa (sudarzana), vayaMsa ( vayasya ), maNaMsI ( manasvin ), suMka (zulka), saMghaMsa ( saMgharSa ). 41. Sometimes, however, the already existing anusvAra (which, by-the-bye is regarded as a consonant ) is dropped, and then the preceding vowel, if not already long is lengthened, as in vIsA ( viMzati ), tIsA (triMzat ), sIha (siMha), mAsala (mAMsala ), mAsa (mAMsa), kAsa (kAMsya ), sAhaddu (saMhRtya ), sAharai ( saMharati ). 42. When one of the two members of the conjunct consonant is to be dropped, the semivowels,, and occurring as first or second members, are dropped and the remaining consonant is doubled if it is not initial as in akka ( arka), vagga (varga), cakka ( cakra), kayaggaha ( kacagraha), rattI (rAtrI), vakkala ( valkala ), ukkA (ulkA), saNha ( zlakSNa ), vikkava (viklava), pakka (pakva ). va and ba being treated alike, we have sadda (zabda), lukhaa (lubdhaka ).

Page #25
ARDHAMAGADHI GRAMMAR ___ 25 43. When ma, na and ya happen to be second members of a conjunct consonant, they are dropped and the remaining consonant is then doubled as in jugga (yugma ), nagga (nama), sAmA (zyAmA), etc. 44. Generally ka, ga, Ta, Da, ta, da, pa, za, Sa and sa, as first members of a conjunct consonant are dropped, and the remaining consonant is then doubled as in bhutta (bhukta), duddha (dugdha ), chappaya (SaTpada ), khagga ( khaDga), uppala (utpala), moggara (mudgara), sutta (supta), nizcala (nizcala), gohI (goSThI), neha (sneha ) etc. 45. I give below a Table (adapted from Cowell's Introduction to his edition of Vararuci) of Prakrit conjuncts together with their Sanskrit equivalents with suitable illustrations. As a rule the conjuncts represent their corresponding conjunct occurring in the middle of a word; but by dropping the first letter, they will be equally valid for those conjuncts at the beginning of a word. Thus we is equal to Sk. * in the middle as in jakkha (yakSa), but kha %kSa when initial as in khaya kSaya). Similarly ppa pra in the middle as in vippa (vipra ), but q=pra initial as in pAgAra (prAkAra). (1) ka= kta-mukka / mukta) kakya-vakka (vAkya) ka -kra-cakka (cakra) ka= ska-sakkAra (sarakAra) karka-taka (tarka) . ka%kla-sukka (zukla) ka=ka-pikka (pikka) ka=Ska-sukka (zuSka) (2) kkha =kSa-cakkhu (cakSuSa) kkha =kSya-lakkha (lakSya) kkha = khya-Aikkhai ( AkhyAti) kkha = ccha-milakkhU (mleccha) kkha =ka-pokkhara (puSkara) kkha ska -avakkhanda (apaskanda) kkha = skha-pakkhaliya (praskhalita) .

Page #26
26 A MANUAL OF . ho hos pra (3) gga=na-nagga ( nanna) gga = gya-Arogga (Arogya) gga=gra-kayaggaha (kacagraha) gga= iga-khagga (khaDga) gga-dU-moggara (mudgara) garga-visagga (visarga) gga=laga-vaggU (valgu) (4) ggha =na-viggha (vina) ggha =ghra-sigdha (zIghra) gdha =rgha-aggha ( argha) (5) ca = cya-accua (acyuta) ca= sya-paricAa (parityAga), nizca (nitya) . ca= sva-bhoccA (bhuktvA), naccA (jJAtvA), socA (zrutvA) =thya-taca (tathya) carca-aJcei ( arcayati) (6) ccha =kSa-acchI (akSi) ccha = rcha-mucchA (mUrchA) ccha = ccha-kiccha (kRccha). ccha %tsa-vaccha (vatsa) ccha =rasya-maccha (matsya) ccha =thya-racchA (rathyA), micchA (mithyA) ccha % zva-pacchA ( pazcAt ) ccha = zra-che ( zreyasa) (7) ja= bja-kujA (kubjA) jya vra -vaja (vajra) jarja-visajei (visarjayati) ja= jva-pajjaliya (prajvalita) ja=dha-aja (adya) ja= yaya-sejA (zayyA) jayaM-aja (Arya), kaja (kArya) (8) jjha = dhadva-bujjhA (buvA ) jma = dhya-ajjhayaNa (adhyayana), majma (madhya) __ -bajjha (bAhya), gujma ( guhya) (9)=-aTTa (AtaM), kiSyi (kIrtita) ta-paNa (pattana)

Page #27
ARDHAMAGADHI GRAMMAR 27 (10) tu rtha-aTTha (artha) haSTa-da: (daSTa), laTThI (yaSTi) ha -gohI (goSThI) 4= stha-aTTi (masthi) (11) du rta-gaDDa (garta ) (12) 1 = gdha-viyaDa (vidagdha) = vya-aDDa (Abya) = cha-jAyasa (jAtazraddha) budha-aDDa (ardha) (13) NTa =nta-tAlaveNTa (tAlavRnta) (14) NDa =nta-bhiNDivAla (bhindipAla) (15) NNa =Nya-puNNa (puNya) paNa = Nva-kiNNa (kiNva) . paNa =Na-mahaNNava (mahArNava) (16) Nha =kSNa-tiNha (tIkSNa), saNha (lakSaNa) paha-zna-paNha (prabha) gaha = SaNa-uNha ( uSNa), kaNha (kRSNa), pAhi (vRSNi) paha%ssa-hANa (snAna), paNhaya (prasnava) paha--vahi ( vahni) - Nha = hra-punvaNha (pUrvAhna), majjhaNha (madhyAha) (17)tta=kta-ratta (rakta) tasna-payatta (prayatna), jatta (yatna) tatra-patta (pAtra), mutta (mUtra) tasva-tatta (tasva) tapta-tatta (tapta), patta (prApta) tata-muhutta (muhUrta) (18) stha = ktha-sistha (siktha) stha%-ettha (atra), samvattha (sarvatra) stha =rtha-attha (artha) stha = sta-asthamiya (astamita) . . . stha = stha-pattha (prastha), pasthiya (prasthika) ' (19) dU = or I-aha (AI ), uvahua (upadruta) 6% bda-saha (zabda)

Page #28
A MANUAL OF 6 =da-adiya (ardita) (20) ddha = gdha-duddha (dugdha), muddha (mugdha) = dhva-viddhaMsa (vidhvaMsa) ddha =bdha-thaddha (stabdha), laddhi (labdhi) v=rdha-addharatta (ardharAtra) (21) ndha =hU-cindha (cihna) . (22) =jJa-samvannU (sarvajJa) nya-akSa (anya) manva-abhijamANa (anvIyamAna) mana-nika (nina) sa-na-nimaya (nirNaya) . (23) ppa =kma-happa (rukma), ruppiNI:(rukmiNI) ppa spa-tappara (tatpara) ppa = sma-appA ( Atman ), mAhappa (mAhAtmya ). ppa-pya-ruppa (rUpya) ppa-pra-vippa (vipra) ppa =4-appei (arpayati) ppalpa-appa (alpa) ppa pla-vippava (viplava) . (24) ppha = spha-phaliha (sphaTika), nipphanda(nispanda) pha%Spa-puppha (puSpa) ppha spa-puTa (spRSTa), saMphAsa (saMsparza) (25) bba%da-bukhuDa (bubudaH) baba--abbavI (abravIt ) (26) bma dbha -ubbhava (udbhava) mabhya-abbhAsa (abhyAsa, abhyAza) bha-bhra-abbhAgama (abhrAgama) ma=rbha-dabbhatiNa (darbhatRNa.) bbha =-jimmA (jihvA), vimbhala (vibbhala) from (vihvala) (27) mba-mra-amba (AmraH), tamba (tAna) (28) mbha =jha-bambhaNa (brAhmaNa) (29) mma=nma-jamma (janman) mma=mya-ramya (ramya) // // // ...

Page #29
ARDHAMAGADHI GRAMMAR mmama-dhamma (dharma) mma-sma-jamma (jAlma), gumma (gulma) (30) mhazma-kamhAra (kAzmIra) mha =Sma-umhA (uSman) mha =sma-vimhiya (vismita) mha --jimha (jihma) (31) la=lya-malla (mAlya), salla (salva) lalva-billa (bilva) . la= rya-sogumalla (saukumArya) lla %I-alla (AI) laha =hU-kalhAra (kahAra), alhAda (AhrAda) laha =rya-palhattha (paryasta), vipalhattha (viparyasta) (33) sva-hu-ugvigga (udvima) vva rva -savva (sarva) . vvavya-savva (savya), havva (havya) vva vra-tivva (tIvra) (34) ssa =zma-amhA (azman ), rassi (razmi) ssa-zya-viNassai (vinazyati) ssa = Sya-maNussa (manuSya) ssasya-tassa (tasya) ssa = zra-samaNa ( zramaNa), mIsa (missa from mizra) ssa -vImaMsa (vimassa from vimarza) ssazva-vIsasai (vissasiha from vizvasiti). ssa-va-vIsuM (vissuM from viSvak) ssa-stra-sahassa (sahastra) ssa% sva-sayaNa (svajana) 46. When three consonants come together in a Sanskrit word, a semi-vowel, if there is one, is first dropped, and then the remaining letters are treated according to rules given in $ 45. Thus we have Hory from HTFT. When one of the three is a nasal, it first becomes an FATT ; then the remaining conjunct is treated according to rule ; but as a conjunct is not allowed after an anusvAra, only single consonant is left as in viMjha (vindhya),

Page #30
30 . A MANUAL OF saMjhA (saMdhyA). It is possible in the first instance to turn the anusvAra into parasavaNaM. Thus we can have vinjha. . 47. Under some circumstances, Amg., like other Prakrits, creates a conjunct even though there is none in the original Sanskrit word. Usually this happens by the doubling of a single consonant after g or 39, but sometimes even after other vowels. Thus we have de (taila), sotta (srotas), pemma (preman), jovaNa ( yauvana), sevvA (sevA), dheja (dhyeya), so ciya (sa caiva), soggai (sugati), eka (eka), daivva (daiva), kouhalla (kautUhala), tuNhikka (tUSNIka), nakkha (nakha), dugulla (dukUla), jar3a (jaDa), ujju (Rju). Of course it is often an attempt to maintain the quantity of the word. .. III , SANDHI 48. In Sanskrit when two vowels come together, whether in one and the same word or between two words, they always coalesce ; but in Amg., as in other Prakrits, all icoalescence of vowels is optional. The vowels between two words of a sentence hardly coalesce; but even within a word or compound expression they sometimes do not as in rajabalavivaddhaNaaTTayAe (rAjyabalavivardhanArthAya), sAiregaavAsajAyagaM (sAtirekASTavarSajAtam ). At : the same time there are some rules which govern this process of coalescence when it is permissible. I give below a few types of Sandhi. ____49. Sandhi between two words forming a compound :(1) a + a = A-jIva + ajIva =jIvAjIva ; ya+ avi-yAvi __ a + a = a if followed by a conjunct- maraNa + anta =maraNanta; na + asthi =nasthi a +i=e- rAya + isi =rAesI; vAsa + isI= vAsesI

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ARDHAMAGADHI GRAMMAR 31 a + i =i if followed by a conjunct deva + inda = devinda -a + I = I-tiyasa + Isa = tiyasIsa a + u =o - sIya + udaga= sIodaga; samaNa + uvA saga%samaNovAsaga 37 +3=J if followed by a conjunct consonant purisa + uttama = purisuttamaH jiNNa + ujANa - + + ho toho bi + jiNNujANa a + U = U-nIsAsa + UsAsa = nIsAsUsAsa a+ e-e-iha + eva-iheva * a+ o=o-bhakkha + oyaNa = bhakkhoyaNa A + a = A-mahA + avayAra =mahAvayAra A + a = a if followed by a conjunct mahA + aNNava = mahaNNava A + I =i - mahA + iDI=mahir3I; mahA + inda-mahinda A + I = e - mahA + Isara=mahesara A + u =o- mahA + uvayAra =mahovayAra A + e = e-tahA + eva = taheva A + o=o - mahA + osahi = mahosahi i + i or I = I - dahi + Isara = dahIsara (dadhIzvara) I + i or I = I - puhavI + Isa = puhavIsa ( pRthvIza) (4) u + u or U =U-sAu + uyaya = sAUyaya (svAdUdaka) U+ u or U= U-vahU + uvayAra = vahuvayAra (vadhUpacAra) (5) e+ e =e - ime + eyArUve = imeyArUve, se + evaM = sevaM. (6). No other combination of vowels within a compound allows a coalescence as vaha + avaUDha = vahuavaUDha (vadhUpagUDha). .50. The ending vowel of the first member of a compound, if short, is optionally lengthened, and if long, is optionally shortened. Thus we have (i) sattAvIsA (saptaviMzati), bhuAyanta (bhujayantra), andhArUva (andharUpa), paIhara (patigRha), paramAhammiya (paramadharmika); (ii) silakhalia (zilAskhalita), bau~NayaDa (yamunAtaTa), naisotta (nadIsrotas), gorihara (gaurIhara),

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A MANUAL OF vahumuha (vadhUmukha), vahuvara (vadhUvara), pahAvAgaraNAI (praznavyAkaraNAni); nAyAdhammakahAo (jJAtadharmakathAH). 51. In compounds an anusvAra is sometimes inserted. Thus we have nirayaMgAmI (nirayagAmin ), uDuMgArava (Urdhvagauraka), dIhaMgArava (dIrghagaurava), rahassaMgArava (hasvagaurava ). . This anusvAra, if followed by a vowel, is turned into 7. Thus we have annamana (anya + anya), dohamaddhA (dIrgha + adhvA), goNamAINi (gauNa + AdIni), sAmAiyamAiyAI (sAmAyika + AdikAni). AhAramAINi (AhAra + AdIni), jiNavaramudiDa (jinavara + uddiSTa), jogvaNamudae ( yauvana + udaye), adukkhamasuhA (aduHkha + asukha), ajahaNNamaNukkosa (ajaghanya + anutkarSa), AyAramahA (AcArArthIya). Similarly ra too is in some places inserted in a word as in dhiratthu (dhi + atthu, i. e., dhig + astu). ___. 52. Sometimes a vowel in the preceding word is lengthened even though the two words do not form a compound. Thus we have jAmeva ( yameva, yadeva), tAmeva (tameva, tadeva), khippAmeva ( kSiprameva ), evAmeva (evameva ), saMjayAmeva (saMyatameva), taNAmavi (tRNamapi ). 53. Two vowels coming together in one and the same word do not, as a rule, coalesce as in muddhAe, devIe, pAo, vijae, paI, sAu. The udvRtta vowel, i. e., a vowel left over after the dropping of a consonant, never coalesces with the preceding vowel, but very often it is turned into ya. But we have cakkAa, (cakravAkaM). Rarely we have kAhI for kAhii. 54. All sandhi in a sentence is optional in Amg. as in other Prakrits. We may have dhamma Aikkhai or dhammamAikkhai. Rarely when two vowels come together between words, one at the end of the first word is dropped as cintamantakkhAyA (cittavatI + AkhyAtA). But this is absolutely forbidden when.and 371 are followed by vowel or when the ending vowel of verbal termination is followed by a vowel. Thus we have me accambilaM (me'tyamlam), bhamaro AviyaI (bhramara Apibati), Alakkhimo eNhi (AlakSayAma idAnIm ), icchasi AveuM (icchasi ApAtum ), hoi iha (bhavati iha ).

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ARDHAMAGADHI GRAMMAR 33 IV DECLENSION A. NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES 55. Amg., like other Prakrits, has only two numbers, singular and plural. 56. As Amg. does not allow a consonant to stand: at the end of the word, there will be no nouns and adjectives ending in consonants. As Amg. has no *, there will be no nouns ending in that vowel. There are however a few remnants of the declensional forms of words which, in Sanskrit, ended in consonants and in # We will treat them under irregularities. So for all practical purposes we divide the declension of nouns under the following heads : (1) Masculine nouns ending in 37. (2) Masculine nouns ending in and 3. (3) Neuter nouns ending in 37. (4) Neuter nouns ending in and J. (5) Feminine nouns ending in T. (6) Feminine nouns ending in 8, 6, 3, 5. (7) Irregular declension. 57. Masculine nouns ending in 2, e. g., ta, are declined as below: ca, m. a god Singular Plural a, (aat) devA V. car, (eat) T . devaM aa, (aat) I. deveNa, deveNaM devehi, devehi Ab. devAo, devA devehito devassa devANa, devANaM deve, devasi, devammi devesu, devesuM G. .

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A MANUAL OF 58. A few points in general about the forms above must be noted. In the Nominative singular ca is the normal form in Amg., but can also is fairly frequent, the first being taken from Magadhi dialect and the second from Maharastri. The forms in the Instrumental singular and plural, Genitive plural and locative plural allow the ending geatt optionally, the forms with SIFATT being more frequent. Theoretically, Amg., like other Prakrits, has no Dative case, its purpose being served by Genitive, but forms like devAe, aTThAe, savaNayAe, pAsaNayAe in the singular are frequent. In the Locative singular all the three forms are found in equal proportion, but the form devaMsi is a pure Amg. form, the remaining two having come from other Prakrit dialects. 59. Masculine and neuter nouns and adjectives ending in 37, the last syllable of which is y, have a few declensional forns peculiar to them. In loya (loka), Nom. sing is loe and loo, and not loye and loyo; Acc. plural loe, Instr. sing. and plural loeNa, loeNaM, loehiM ; Abl. plural loehito ; Loc. sing. and plural loe and loesu, loeK. That is to say, Q is lost before e and bho in the declensional forms. 60. Masculine nouns ending in i and u, e. g., muNi and are, are declined as under : muNi, m. a sage Singular Plural N. V. muNI muNoo, muNiNo, muNI muNiM muNIo, muNiNo, muNI muNiNA muNIhi, muNIhiM muNIo, muNiNo muNIhito mANassa, mANiNo muNINa, muNINaM murNisi muNIsu, muNamasuM . z con

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ARDHAMAGADHI GRAMMAR 35. Ab. sAhu, m. a monk Singular Plural sAhU sAhU, sAhavo, sAhuNo sAhu sAhavo sAhuM sAhU, sAhavo, sAhuNo sAhuNA sAhUhi sAhUhiM sAhUo, sAhuNo sAhahiMto sAhussa, sAhuNo sAhUNa, sAhaNaM sAhusi sAhUsu, sAisuM 61.. Neuter nouns differ from the declension of masculine nouns only in Nom. and Acc. Elsewhere they are declined like masculine nouns of similar ending. 62. Neuter nouns ending in a, e.g. vaNa, are declined as under: vaNa, n. a forest Singular Plural __N. A. vaNaM .. vaNAI, vaNANi 63. There are a few masculine and neuter nouns such as dhamma (dharma m.), kamma (karman n.), maNa (manas // .), vaya (vacas / .), kAya ( kAya m. ) which present a few irregular forms based on false analogy. Thus H and post have their Instr. singular as dhammuNA and kammuNA along with dhammeNa, dhammeNaM, kammeNa, kammeNaM. maNa has maNo in the Nom. and Acc. singular and Fural in the Instr. sing. along with Hot and maNeNaM. Similarly, vaya also has in Nom. and Acc. sing. vao and in Instr. vayasA, along with vayaM and vaeNaM. kAya is a word which is frequently used in company with the above words and hence has in Instr. sing. Prerat along with kAeNaM. In fact all neuter words which in Sanskrit end in sa, have their Nom., Acc. and Instr. sing. forms borrowed from Sanskrit. Thus we have tavo, tavaM, tavasA, taveNaM; . baso, jasaM, jasasA, jaseNaM. teo, teyaM ; teyasA, teeNaM etc.

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A MANUAL OF kannaM 64. Neuter nouns ending in and 3 are declined as under :- . dahi, n. curds Singular Plural . N. A. dahiM dahII, dahINi mahu, n. honey Singular Plural N. A. mahuM mahUI, mahUNi 65. Feminine nouns ending in A e. g., kalA, are declined as under : kannA, f. a girl Singular Plural kanA kamA, kacAo kanA, kane . kannA, kavAo kalAkabAo kannAe kannAhi, kanAhiM Ab. kannAe, kannAo / kAhiMto kannAe kannANa, kamANaM L. kanAe . kannAsu, kanAsu 66. Feminine nouns ending in i, I, u and U are similar in declension except in one particular, namely, the Loc. sing. of nouns ending in and add th and thus have kucchisi and gheNuMsi. I give below complete declension of one word in each ending : - kucchi, f. womb Singular Plural N. V. kucchI kucchI, kucchIjo kucchi kucchI, kucchIo kucchIe kucchIhi, kucchIhiM Ab. kucchIe, kucchIo kucchIhito kucchIe kucchINa, kucchINaM kucchIe, kucchisi kucchIsu, kucchImuM. G. A. G.

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ARDHAMAGADHI GRAMMAR 37 L.. 1. ... gheNu,f. cow Singular Plural N. V. dheNU dheNU, dheNUo . A. dheryu dheNU, dheNUo . gheNUe gheNUhi, dhehi gheNUe, dheNUo gheNUhito G. gheNUe dheNUNa, dheNUNaM gheNUe, dheNuMsi gheNUsa, gheNUsu sahI, f. a female friend Singular Plural N. V. sahI . sahI, sahIo sahi sahI, sahIo. sahIe * sahIhi, sahIhiM Ab. sahIe, sahIo sahIhito G. sahIe sahINa, sahINaM sahIsu, sahIkheM vahU, f. wife Singular Plural N. V. vaha . vaha, vahao vahU, vahUo vahUhi, vahUhiM Ab. vahae, vahao vahUhito G. vahae vahUNa, vahaNaM . L. vahae vahUsu, vasuM / . 67. The irregular declension forms in Amg. are the forms of nouns which in Sanskrit end in R, na, sa, vat , mat , and nt . These nouns have frequently regular forms but contain a few forms borrowed from Sanskrit. I give below full declension of a few typical words of this group : sahIe

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A MANUAL OP (i) piu or piDa (Sk. pitR), m. father. Singular Plural N. V. piyA piyaro A. piyaraM piyaro I. . piuNA piUhiM. piIhi Ab. piuNo piUhito, piIhito G. piuNo, piussa : piUNaM, piINaM piyari piUsu, piIsu . (ii) bhAu or bhAI (Sk. bhrAtR), m. brother. .. Singular Plural N. V. bhAyA 'bhAyaro A. . bhAyaraM bhAyare, bhAyaro bhAuNA bhAUhiM, bhAIhiM Ab. bhAuNo bhAUhito, bhAIhito. bhAuNo, bhAussa . bhAUNa, bhAINaM L. . bhAyari bhAusu, bhAiMsu N. B. Nouns of agency in such as gry etc. are rare in Amg., but when used, are declined like bhAyA. (iii) mAu or mAi (Sk. mAtR)f. mother Singular Plural N. V. mAyA mAyaro A. mAyaraM mAyaro mAjae. mAUhiM, mAIhi Ab. mAjae mAUhiMto, mAIhito - G. mAUe mAUNaM, mAINaM L. mAUe mAusuM, mAIsuM N. B. The word dhUyA (Sk. duhita), daughter, is declined like wt, but has mani in Acc. sing. and Terit in Instr. plural. 68. Of words which in Sanskrit end in na , two, viz., rAya (rAjan ) and Aya, appa or atta (Atman), deserve special notice. I give below their full declension :-' I. .

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ARDHAMAGADHI GRAMMAR 39 Zinc rAyANo (i) rAya (Sk. rAjan ) m. a king Singular Plural rAyA rAyANo rAya, rAyA rAyaM, rAyANaM rAyANo rAiNA, ramA rAIhiM rAiNo, rano rAiMhito rAiNo, rakho, rAyassa L. rAyaMsi rAIsuM (ii) Aya, appa or atta ( Sk. Atman ) m. self, soul Singular Plural N. .AyA, appA, attA . appANo, attANo bhAya, AyA, appa, . appA, atta, attA appANo, attANo AyANaM, appANaM, attANaM appANo, attANo appaNA, attaNA appANehiM, attANehi Ab. Ayao, appaNo, attaNo appANehiMto, attANehito appaNo, attaNo appANANaM, attANANaM L. appANaMsi, attANasi (atte) appANesuM, attANesuM / 69. Present participles, e. g., arahanta, karenta, (Sk. kurvat), jayanta (Sk. yatat , i.e. yatamAna) etc. which in Sanskrit end in ea and words ending in HF and 97 are first treated as words ending in tas arahanta, karenta, gacchanta, bhagavanta, cittamanta etc., and are then declined like a. There are however a few additional forms for this class of words and hence Igive below full declension of arahanta : bharahanta ( Sk. arhat) m. venerable Singular Plural N. bharaha, bharahante, (arahA) arahanto v. . . arahaM arahanto A. arahantaM arahante

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A MANUAL OF I. arahanteNaM, arahayA . arahantehiM . ___Ab. arahao bharahantehito G. arahantassa, arahao arahantANaM . L. arahante, arahantaMsi arahantesuM .. .. N. B.-From bhavanta we have bhante in. Vocative.singular and from bhagavanta we have bhagavaM in Acc. sing. as in samaNaM bhagavaM mahAvIraM vandai, namasaha. . B. PRONOUNS 70. In the case of pronouns of first person amhe (asmad ) and.of second person tumha (yuSmad ), the grammarians like Hemacandra give a huge variety of forms. I however give below only those forms which are frequent in Amg. amha (asmad ) Singular Plural N. - ahaM, haM amhe, vayaM mamaM, maM 'amhe,Ne mae, mai . amhahiM mae, maha - amhehito mama, mama, me, maha. amha, No 'marmasi, (mai) .. amhesu, amhesuM tumha (yuSmad ) Thou Singular Plural . tuma, taM, tume tubbhe, tujhe, tumhe turma tubbhe, tujko, bhe, vo tume tubbhehi, tujnehi Ab. tubbhehito G. tava, te, tubbha, tuha tubha, tujhaM, tumha, bhe, vo L. tumaMsi, (tai) tunbhesuM, tujosu 71. The demonstrative pronouns ta (tad ), eya (etad ) and ima (idama) are declined as under: zidno I. tumatto

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ARDHAMAGADHI GRAMMAR tatad ), m. Singular se, so Plural N. tehiM (tehito) tesiM rizon. Zamion teNaM, gaM tAo . tassa, se taMsi, tassi ta (tad)f. Singular sA Plural tAo tAo tIe, tAe tAhiM tAo (tAhiMto) tIe, tIse, se . tAsiM tIe; tIse / tAsuM ta (tad n. Singular Plural tAI, tANi .. eya ( etad ) m. Singular Plural N. A. ese, eso eehiM A.. evaM .I. . eeNaM * Ab. eyAo ( eehito) eyassa eesi L. eyasi, eyammi eesuM . eya ( etad )f. Singular Plural N. . . esA eyAo A... eyaM . eyAo / .

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A MANUAL OP eyAhiM eyAe eyAo (eyAhiMto) eyAe eyAsi.. eyAe eyAsu __eya (etad ).. Singular Plural evaM eyAI (iii) ima (idam ) m. Singular . Plural ime, ayaM, iNamo N. A. imegaM, jeNaM imAo (imehito) imassa, assa, se imesi, esi imaMsi, imammi, Asa , imesu .. ima (idam) f. . Singular Plural imA, iyaM imAo imaM . imAo zczone imAo imAe imAhiM (imAhito) imIse, imAe, se . imAsi imIsi, imAe imAsu ima (idam ) .. Singular Plural N. A. ima, idaM imAI 72. The Interrogative pronoun ka (Sk. kim ) is declined as under :

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N. A. I. Ab. G. L. N. A. I. Ab. G. ARDHAMAGADHI GRAMMAR ka (kim ) mm. N. A. Singular ke keNa kAo kassa kaMsi, (kammi, kassi ) ka (kim ) f. Singular kA kaM kAe kAo kI, kA kIse, kA ka ( kim ) M. Singular kaM Mas. ege egaM Plural kehi ( ke hito ) kesiM ke egA egaM Plural kAo kAo kAhiM ( kAhiMto ) kAsiM kAsuM N. A. 73. The relative pronoun ja ( yad ), the indefinite pronouns anna (anya ), avara (apara), kayara ( katara ), para ( para), savva (sarva) and ega ( eka in the plural only) and the reflexive pronouns sa (sva) and saa ( svaka) are declined like ka (kim ). C. NUMERALS 74. The Cardinals in Amg. are declined as under:(i) ega or ekka, one, is, as a cardinal, used in singular only, and as an adjective, in three genders. ega, one Plural kAI, kANi Fem. Neu. erga 43 egaM

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A MANUAL OF egeNaM / egeNaM . egAe Ab. egAo egAo egAo egassa egAe egassa egaMsi egAe (ii) do, two, ti, three, and cau, four; are declined in plural only. The same forms are used for all genders: egasi. cau caUsu N. A. do, duve, doni tao, tiNi cattAro, cauro, cattAri tihiM, tIhiM cauhi, caUhiM Ab. dohiMto . tIhiMto . caUhiMtoM G. doNhaM tiNhaM cauNhaM _L. dosu tIsu (iii) Cardinals from paJca, five to aTArasa, eighteen, are declined alike in plural only. The same forms are used for all genders. I give below the declension of paJca: N. A. I. Ab. G. L. paJca paJca . paJcahiM paJcahiMtoM paJcaNhaM paJcasu These cardinals are :-paJca, 53; cha,6; satta, 7; adva, 8; nava,93; dasa, 10; eyArasa, eyAraha, ekkArasa, 11; duvAlasa, bArasa, 12; terasa, 13; caThaDsa, coisa, 14; pannarasa, 15; solasa, 16; sattarasa, 17; aTThArasa, 18. (iv) Cardinals from egUNavIsa to aDhacattAlIsa are used in singular only irrespective of the number of the noun they qualify. They are declined like words ending in 37 in masculine and neuter gender, and like words ending in A in the feminine gender. They are :-egUNavIsa, auNavIsa, 19%; vIsa, 20; egavIsa, 21 ; bAvIsa, 22; tevIsa, 23; cauvIsa, 24; paNavIsa, 25; chavvIsa, 26; sattAvIsa, 27; aTThAvIsa, 28; auNatIsa, 29; tIsa, 30; ekatIsa, 31; battIsa, 32; tettIsa, 33; cottIsa, 34; paNatIsa, 35; chattIsa, 36; sattatIsa, 37; atIsa 38 ; egUNacattAlIsa, 39; cattAlIsa, 40; ekacattAlIsa, igayAla,41; bAyAlIsa, 42; teyAlIsa, 43; cauyAlIsa, coyAlIsa, 44; paNayAlIsa, paNayAla 45;

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ARDHAMAGADHI GRAMMAR 45 chAyAlIsa, 46; sattacattAlIsa, sattayAlIsa, sAyAlIsa, 47; aTThacattAlAsa, aDhayAlIsa, aDhayAla, 48. (v) Cardinals from egUgapannAsa to aTThAvanna are declined in plural like a though at times they are declined in the feminine like kannA. They are egaNapannAsa, auNApanna, 49; pannAsa, 50; ekkAvanna, 51; bAvanna, 52; tevanna, 53; cauvanna, 54; paNavanna, 55%3B chappana, 56; sattAvanna, 57; aTTAvanna, 58. (vi) Cardinals from egUNasahi to navanaui are declined in the singular only irrespective of the number of the noun they qualify. They are declined in Nom. and Acc. like neuter nouns and in other cases like feminine nouns ending in i. They are :-egUNasahi, auNahi, 59; sahi, 60%; egasahi, 61; bAsahi, bAvahi, 62; tesahi, tevahi, 63; cosahi, cauvahi, 64; paNasahi, pahi, 65; chAvahi, 66; sattasahi, 67; aTThasahi, aDhasahi, 68; egUNasattari, auNattari, 69; sattari, 70; egasattari, 71; bAvattari, 72; tevattari, 73; covattari, 74; paJcahattari, pannattari, 75; gavattari, 76; sattahattari, 77; aTThahattari, 78; egUNAsai, 79; asIi. 80; egAsIi, ekkAsIi, 81; bAsIi, 82; tesIi, teyAsI, 83; caurAsIi, corAsI, 84; paJcAsIi, 85; chalasIi, 86; sattAsIi, 87; ahAsAi, 88; egUNanaui, 89; naui, 90; ekkaNaui, 91; bANaui, 92; teNaui, 93; cauNaui, 94; paJcaNaui, 95; chaNNaui, 96; sattaNaui, 97; aTTANaui, 98; navaNaui, 99. _ (vii) The cardinals from saya to sAgarovama are declined in singular and plural like nouns in the respective endings. They are:-saya, 100; sahassa or sAhassI, 1000; sayasahassa or sayasAhassI, or lakkha, lac; koDI, crore; koDAkoDI, crore of crores; 92371Ta expressing the number of years taken for emptying, at the rate of one hair a century, a well of one yojana or one hundred yojanas in all diniensions, so densely packed with hair that a river could flow over it without any drops of water penetrating the heap. sAgarovama is ten koDAkoDIs of paliovama.

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A MANUAL OF 75. The ordinals in Amg. are, TH, THE, first; fagat, ata, gre, second; 754, 57, third; 73727, fourth; " , fifth; 7, sixth; the remaining ordinals are formed by adding #, to the cardinal. The feminine 'base of these ordinals is formed by adding A, to paDhama, docca, tacca, and by adding to the remaining. 76. The fraction half of a number is formed by prefixing or suffixing 378 or 37, to the next cardinal. Note : fag, forg, 11; 365, 23; 365, 37; 34643#, 44: etc. The remaining are formed by prefixing are or she. 77. The multiplicatives are generally formed by adding khutto to the number. But note: saI, once; dukkhutto, doccaM, twice; tikkhutto, taJcaM, thrice. The rest are formed by adding Ga only. V * CONJUGATION 78. The conjugation of verbs in Amg., as in other Prakrits, is not so complicated as it is in Sanskrit. There are at the most three classes of roots, viz., those that are conjugated like gre, (Sk. ET-434 ); those that are conjugated like aft, ( Sk. $ ); and those ending in vowels other than 37 or 5, e. g., roots like GT, FI, E, etc. There are a few verbal forms, such as gastr, 34at, etc. derived from Sanskrit by analogy, but it should be remembered that they are quite exceptional. 79. The roots are conjugated in two voices, active and passive; in three tenses, present, past and future; and in three moods, imperative, potential and conditional. They are further conjugated in three persons, first, second and third; and in two numbers, singular and plural. All roots normally take the Parasmaipada only, but we

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ARDHAMAGADHI GRAMMAR ___47 occasionally find forms of Atmanepada which may therefore be regarded as irregular or abnormal. 80. The Present tense is used more frequently than any other tense or mood, and serves at times the purpose of the past and the future. The normal conjugation in the present tense (active voice ) is as under : (i) pAsa (Sk. dRz-pazy ) to see Singular Plural 1st. pAsAmi pAsAmo 2nd. pAsasi pAsaha 3rd. pAsaha pAsanti All roots ending in a.are conjugated like pAsa. (ii) kare (Sk. kR) to do Singular Plural 1st. karemi karemo 2nd. karesi kareha 3rd. karei . karenti Roots which end in 37 are at times allowed to take 5 in its place. The roots are then conjugated like pAsa as well as kare. - (iii) hu (Sk. bhU) to be Singular Plural 1st.. homi . 2nd. hosi hoha 3rd. hAi honti (iv) jhiyA (Sk. dhyai) to think, to brood over Singular Plural 1st. jhiyAmi jhiyAmo 2nd.. jhiyAsi jhiyAi 3rd. jhiyAi jhiyanti The root format also appears as fara when it is conjugated like pAsa. homo

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A MANUAL OF nemi (v) uvaTThA ( Sk. upa + sthA) to wait upon Singular Plural 1st. uvahAmi uvaTThAmo .. 2nd. uvahAsi uvaTTAha . 3rd. upahAi uvaTThanti The root or is changed to fa; with preposition 5 it becomes uhe. (vi) at to lead, to carry Singular Plural 1st. . nemo 2nd. nesi neha 3rd. nei nenti The root & (Sk. ! ) is conjugated like it. (vii) as to be Singular Plural 1st. aMsi, mi 2nd. . Asi, si (727) (only after a short vowel) 3rd. Athi santi Very often feet is the only form which serves the purpose of all persons and numbers. 81. The past tense (active voice ) is rarely used as its purpose is served by the present tense. The conju. gation of this tense is as below:--- pAsa (dRza-pazya) to see Singular . Plural All persons pAsistha, pAsisthA pAsiMsu kare (kR) to do Singular Plural All persons kareltha, karesthA, karitthA karasu, kariMsu .

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ARDHAMAGADHI GRAMMAR 1st. The forms vayAsI from vaya (vaca) to speak, akAsI from kare (kR) to do, ahosI from hU (bhU) to be, abbavI from be (5) to say, are irregular in that they are derived from Sanskrit, and are used for singular as well as plural. 82. Roots in the Future tense are conjugated in two different ways as below : (i) pAsa (dRza-pazya) to see Singular Plural pAsismAmi, pAsissaM pAsissAmo 2nd. pAsissasi pAsissaha 3rd. pAsissai pAsissanti pAsa (dRza-pazya ) to see Singular Plural 1st. pAsihimi pAsihimo 2nd. pAsihisi pAsihiha 3rd. pAsihida pAsihinti (ii) kare (kR) to do Singular Plural 1st. karissAmi, karissaM karissAmo 2nd. karissasi karissaha 3rd. karissai karissanti __ kare-kA (kR) to do Singular Plural 1st. kAhimi, kAhaM kAhimo 2nd. kAhisi kAhiha ird. kAhii, kAhI . kAhinti The roots nA (jJA), dA etc. are conjugated in the future tense like at above. There are a few bases of the future tense which are more or less derived from the corresponding Sanskrit forms, e.g., voccha from vaya ( vaca); daccha from dA; soccha from suNa (zru); gaccha from gam ; roccha i

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. A MANUAL OF 1st. from rud; veccha from vid; moccha from muc; checcha from chid; bheccha from bhid ; and bhoccha from bhuj . These forms are conjugated as below : dA to give Singular Plural 1st. dacchAmi, dacchimi dacchAmo, dacchimo 2nd.. dacchasi, dacchisi / dacchaha, dacchiha / 3rd. dacchai, dAcchai dacchanti, dacchinti 83. Roots in the imperative mood are conjugated as below: (i) pAsa ( dRza-pazya) to see Singular Plural pAsAmu , pAsAmo 2nd. pAsa, pAsAhi, pAsasa pAsaha 3rd. pAsau pAsantu (ii) kare (kR) to do Singular Plural 1st. karem karemo 2nd. 3rd. kareu karentu 84. All roots in the potential mood are conjugated as below : pAsa ( dRz-pazy ) to see Singular Plural 1st. pAsejA, pAsejAmi pAsejAma 2nd. pAsejA-jAsi-jAhi pAsejAha 3rd. pAsejA . pAsejA Very often Tre is the only form which is used for all persons and numbers. kujA from n for Sk. kuryAt , siyA from as for Sk. syAt, and garg from , are derived from Sanskrit. kareha

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ARDHAMAGADHI GRAMMAR 51 85. The conditional mood is formed in Amg. as in other Prakrits by using the present participle in a of the root as would be clear from the following illustrations :-- (i) taM jai NaM moggarapANijakkhe iha saMnihie honte, se NaM kiM mamaM eyArUvaM AvaI pAvijjamAnaM pAsante ? ( antagaDadasAo) "" Had the divine been present here (in the image or statue }, would he have seen (tolerated) me being reduced to this miserable condition ?" (ii) jai haiM honto, evaM ca ciTThantA, to Ne susAsie karento - ( vasudevahiNDI ) "Had I been there (on the throne), and had they (ministers) behaved like this, I would have taught them a good lesson." A 86. The Causal forms are obtained from primitive root (i) by adding directly to those roots that end in A, e. g., ThAve from ThA ( sthA ), NhAve from NhA (snA ), dAve from (); (ii) by adding na to roots ending in, e. g., karAve (kR), kappAve (klRp ), giNhAve ( grah ); (iii) by adding e to the root and changing the first in the root to T, e. g., mAre (mara-mR), kAre (kara-kR), pADe ( paDa-pat), paDilAbhe ( prati + labh ). All these forms are conjugated in all tenses and moods like kare. darise and daMse from dRz are irregular. 87. Denominatives are roots obtained from nouns. Such roots are formed (i) by changing the ending of the noun to e, eg., pahANe ( NhANa) to give a bath, uccAre ( uccAra) to ease oneself, pAsavaNe ( pAsavaNa, prastravaNa), to make water, (, ) to make one touch or observe; (ii) by adding Ave to the noun, eg., saddAve (sadda - zabda ), ukkampAve (ukkampa-utkampa ). 88. Roots have a special base in the Passive voice from which base all tenses and moods are formed. This base is obtained by adding to most of the roots. Thus we have pAsijaha from pAsa to see ; suNijai from suNa to hear; pAvijai from pAva ( pra + Apa ) to obtain, kahijjai from to tell. This passive base is conjugated in the Parasmaipada only.

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A MANUAL OP There are however a few roots which form their passive base as derived from Sanskrit or quite abnormally. These are : labbhai (labhyate), muccai (mucyate), bhijai (bhiyate), bhujai (bhujyate), najjai (jJAyate), dijai (dIyate), vuccai (ucyate), tIrai (zakyate), kIrai (kriyate), udumvai (udyate). VI VERBAL DERIVATIVES 89. PARTICIPLES in Amg. are formed by adding certain terminations to the roots. Many of them are derived from the corresponding Sanskrit forms under usual phonetic laws, but are detailed below for ready reference : (i) Present participle ( active ) is formed by adding nta or mANa to the active base of the root; e.g. pAsanta, pAsamANa from pAsa ; karenta, karemANa from kare; ciTThanta, ciTThamANa from ciTTha; cayanta, cayamANa from caya (tyaj); caranta, caramANa from cara; jalanta, jalamaNi from jala (jvala ). (ii) Present participle (passive ) is formed by adding or Arut to the passive base of the root; e. g., hasijanta, hasijamANa from hasa; pAvijanta, pAvijamANa from pAva (a+ Ap); ejanta, ejamANa from A + i to go; dijanta, dijamANa from dA. (iii) Past passive participle is normally formed by adding iya to the root ; e. g., hasiya from hasa ; rakkhiya from rakkha; pucchiya from puccha. Roots, the original Sanskrit form of which contains #, derive their past participle from the corresponding Sanskrit form by changing their ta to Da; e.g., kaDa (kRta), maDa (mRta), AhaDa ( AhRta), vAvaDa ( vyApUta ). A large number of the past participles are however derived directly from Sanskrit forms; e. g., gaya (gata), jAya (jAta), diE ( dRSTa), iTTa (iSTa), ruTa ( ruSTa ), niyatta (nivRtta), lINa (lIna ),

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ARDHAMAGADHI GRAMMAR hINa ( hIna), gIya ( gIta ), Alitta (Alipta or AdIpta), ubvigga ( udvigna ), kilanta (klAnta), riddha (Rddha ), samiddha ( samRddha ). 53 (iv) Past active participles are formed by adding vanta to the past passive participles; eg hasiyavanta, rakkhayavanta, pucchiyavanta Their use is rather rare in Amg. (v) Potential passive participles are formed by adding (i) Nijja to the root ; eg., pAsaNijja, vandaNija, esaNijja, karaNijja; or by adding (ii) iyavva to the root; e. g., pAsiyanva, pucchiyavva, jANiyavva. There are some forms of these participles derived from the corresponding forms in Sanskrit such as kajja (kArya), kAyavya ( kartavya ), peja (peya) etc. 90. The Indeclinable past participle, Gerund, or Absolutive in Amg. is formed by adding to the root:(i) ittA and puttA, eg., pAsittA, karittA, hasittA, gacchittA, khavittA, pAsettA, karetA, harettA. (ii) ittANaM and ettANaM, eg, pAsittANaM, pAsettANaM etc. (iii) ittu and etu, eg., sahittu, or sahettu, jANittu, bandhittu. (iv) UNaM or iUNaM, eg., kAUNaM, jANiUNaM, dAUNaM. pAsiNaM. (v) e, eg., uTThAe (as in uTThAe uTThei ), parinnAe (parijJAya ), samAyAe ( samAdAya ). avahaTTu. (vi) hue. g., kaTTu, sAhaddu ( from sam + hR ), (vii) derived from Sanskrit form in r and, such as kiccA ( kRtvA), naccA ( jJAtvA ), bhoccA (bhuktvA ), soccA ( zrutvA ), ciccA ( tyakvA ); abhigamma ( abhigamya ), nisamma ( nizamya ), parinnAya ( pratijJAya ), samAdAya ( samAdAya ). 91. The Infinitive in Amg. is formed by adding to the root : (i) ittae or ettae, eg, karittae, karettae, sADittae, pADittae, ovAiNittae ; (ii) uM or iuM e. g., dAuM, kAuM, pAsiuM, givhiDaM. 92. Other verbal derivatives in Amg. are obtained from Sanskrit by necessary phonetic changes. Thus we have gamaNa ( gamana), caraNa, karaNa, dAyA ( dAtA ), dAga (dAyaka ), dANa (dAna), gai (gati) etc.

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54 . A MANUAL OF VII NOUN DERIVATIVES 93. The feminine base from adjectives and nouns ending in 37 is formed by adding at or to the masculine base. Thus we have dAriyA (dArikA), athA (ajA), elayA (eDakA), gorI (gaurI), bhuJjamANI, bhuJjantI, pecchantI, paJcamI, chaTThI, sattamI or sattamA, aTThamI or aTThamA etc. 94. The possessive adjectives in Amg. are formed by adding vanta or manta, Ala, AlU, ira, I, illa, sI (svin ); e. g., dhaNavanta, guNavanta, puNNamanta, sirimanta; jaDAla, rasAla; dayAla, IsAlU ( irSyAlu); vevira (from vepa to tremble) gavira; dhaNI, atthI; dAhiNilla, purathimilla, bAhirilla, paDhamilla, gAmilla, or gAmella (from grAma, village); oyaMsI, ( ojasvin ), teyaMsI, (tejasvin ), jasaMsI ( yazasvin ), maNaMsI (manasvin ), nahaMsI (nakhavAn ). 95. The abstract nouns in Amg. are formed from nouns and adjectives by adding tta, ttA, or ttaNa, e. g. devatta, puttatta, mahuratta; devattA, puttattA, neraiyattA; AyariyattaNa, takkarattaNa, mahurattaNa. 96. The svArthe termination ka (changed into a or ya or 77), which does not change the original meaning of a word, is often added in Amg. to nouns and adjectives; e.g., hiyayaa (hRdaya-ka), bahuya (bahu-ka), hasthaya (hasta-ka), maggadaa (mArgada-ka), cakkhudaa ( cakSurda-ka), bhattagharaa (bhaktagRha-ga), paTTaya (paTTa-ka), muhuttAga (muhUrta-ka). 97. The comparative and superlative forms in Amg. are formed by adding tara, yara, tarAa, yarAga, tarAga and tama to the adjectives, e.g., aNiTTatara, ANihatarAa, aNiTTayara, ANaTTatama, kantayara, kantatara, kantatarAa, kantatarAga, kantatama. The comparative and superlative forms in 47 and are borrowed from Sanskrit by effecting the necessary phonetic changes. Thus we have seyaM or cheyaM ( zreyas ) seTa, (zreSTha), jeTa (jyeSTha), kAyasa (kanIyas) etc. ____98. Other noun derivatives are borrowed from Sanskrit by necessary phonetic changes.

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ARDHAMAGADHI GRAMMAR VIII COMPOUNDS 99. The compounds in Amg. are formed, and are explained, more or less in the same manner as they are formed and explained in Sanskrit. There are four principal types of compounds, viz. danda ( Sk. dvandva), tatpurisa (Sk. tappuruSa), bahuvvIhi (Sk. bahuvrIhi ) and avvaIbhAva (Sk. avyayIbhAva). Of these tatpurisa has two varieties called kammadhAraya (Sk. karmadhAraya ), and uvavaya (Sk. upapada, in which a verbal derivative is added to a noun). I explain below the nature of each of these types with suitable illustrations. 100. The danda compound is formed when two nouns, which can be used independently and without being compounded, are put together so as to form one word. In the explanation of such compounds we have to add a (if the word before ends in anusvAra) or ya (if it ends in vowel). Thus we have : jIvAjIvA-jIve ya ajIve ya jIvAjIvA, soul and no-soul; vatthagandhaM-vatthaM ca gandhe ya vatthagandhaM, clothing and scented paste; narapasUNaM-narA ya pasU ya narapasU, tesiM narapasUrNa, of men and animals ; gAmanayaresu-gAmA ya nayarA ya gAmanayarA, tesu gAmanayaresu, in villages and cities ; bhattapANaM-bhattaM ca pANaM ca bhattapANaM, food and drink ; asaNapANakhAimasAimeNaM-asaNaM ca pANaM ca khAimaM ca sAimaM ca asaNapANakhAimasAima, teNaM, asaNapANakhAimasAimeNaM, by food, drink, eatables and relishes ; bIyahariyANi-bIyANi ya hariyANi ya bIyahariyANi, seeds and green grass ; vaccamuttaM-vaccaM ca muttaM ca vaJcamuttaM, dung and urine. __101. The kammadhAraya is a variety of tappurisa compound and is formed by putting together an adjective and the noun it qualifies, or by putting together adjectives or by putting together two nouns in apposition. Thus we have nIluppalaM nIlaM uppalaM nIluppalaM, a blue lotus. suhakammAiM-suhAI kammAI suhakammAI, auspicious deeds; puzvakammAiM-puvAI kammAI

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56 A MANUAL OF pugvakammAI, deeds of former life ; seyaratte-see ya ratte ya seyaratte. white and red; sabbhintarabAhiraM-sabbhintaraM ca bAhiraM ca sAbbhantarabAhiraM, inner and outer; ahuNovalitta-ahuNA uvalitaM ahuNovalitaM, (a house) just besmeared with cowdung ; aNalase-na. alase apalase, not lazy, active; AdinnaM na dilaM adilaM not given; ahiMsA-na hiMsA ahiMsA, non-injury. 102. The uvavaya compound in Amg. is also a variety of Tegop and is formed by adding a verbal derivative to a noun. Thus we have titthagare-titthaM karei tti tisthagare, founder of a religious system; logapajjoyagare-logassa pajoe logapajjoe(tappurisa), logapajoyaM karei tti logapajoyagare, illumining the world ; nANadaMsaNadhare-nANaM ca dasaNaM nANadaMsaNAI (danda), nANadaMsaNAI dharai tti nANadaMsaNadhare, possessor of knowledge and faith ; abhayadae-abhayaM dei tti abhayadae, one who gives protection; maggadae-maggaM dei tti maggadae, one who makes or shows the path ; nirayaMgAmI-nirayaM gacchai tti nirayaMgAmI; one who goes to hell; dhammoNuvattI-dhamma aNuvattai or aNuvadRi tti dhammANuvattI one who follows or obeys religious instruction. 103. The tappurisa compound is formed of two words the first of which is put in an oblique case (i. e., case other than Nominative ) in its explanation. Thus we have several sub-varieties of this compound according to the case in which the first word is put ; (i) parisAgae-parisaM gae parisAgae, gone to the assembly, in the midst of an assembly; (ii) visamaraNaM-viseNaM maraNaM visamaraNaM, death by poison; mahukArasamA-mahukAreNaM samA mahukArasamA, like a bee: vAyAiddhe-vAerNa Aiddha vAyAiddhe, shaken by wind; AgaigaivinAyAAgaI ya gaI ya AgaigaIo (dvandva), AgaigaIhiM vinAyA AgaigaivivAyA (tatpuruSa), recognised by (their movement of) coming and going. (iii) suhadhamme-suhAe dhamme suhadhamme, religious practice for happiness; (iv) corabhayaM-corAo bhayaM corabhayaM, fear of thief ; rukkhapaDaNaM-rukkhAo paDaNaM rukkhapaDaNaM, falling from a tree; (v) puNNaphalaM-puNNassa phalaM puNNaphalaM, fruit of meritorious

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ARDHAMAGADHI GRAMMAR deed; bhattesaNA-bhattassa esaNA bhattesaNA, seeking of food. buddhavayaNaM buddhassa vayaNaM buddhavayaNaM, the word of the wise ; pANAivAe- pANassa aivA pANaivAe, injury to a living being; gahavaI - gahassa paI gahavaI, lord of a house, a house-holder; rayaharaNaM- rayassa haraNaM rayaharaNaM, ( a piece of cloth for ) the wiping of the dust saGkaTThANaM saGkAe ThANaM saGkaTThANaM, a place of fear, a suspicious place; (vi) gihavAse - gihaMsi vAse gihavAse, dwelling in a house ; gANakusale-gANaMsi kusale gANakusale, expert in music, purisovayArakusalA - purisassa uvayArA purisovayArA, purisovayAresuM kusalA purisovayArakusalA, clever in serving men ; nANApiNDarayA- nANApiNDesuM rayA nANApiNDarayA, used to obtain food from various places or houses. 57 104. The bahuvIhi compound is formed by putting together an adjective and a noun, or two nouns; the whole becoming an attribute of a third object. The relation between the adjective and the noun or the two nouns is expressed by an oblique case of the relative pronoun in the explanation of the compound. The adjective in this compound may or may not be placed first. Thus we have jiyakohe - jie kohe jeNaM se jiyakohe, one who has conquer - ed anger ; sammaddiTThI- sammaM or sammA diTThI jesiM te sammaddiTThI, those who hold the right view; paJcindie- paJca indiyAI jassa se paJcindie, one who has got five sense organs; suTThiyappA - suTThie appA jassa se suTThiyappA, one whose mind is concentrated ; dhUmakeU- dhUme keU jassa se dhUmakeU, (fire ) of which smoke is the mark ; nIrayA-niggae rae jesiM te nIrayA ( monks ), who are free from impurities ; aNegajIvA - aNege jIvA jIse sA aNegajIvA, ( earth), having many living cells ; aNagAre avijamANaM agAraM jassa se aNagAre, one who has no house, a houseless monk ; fuerrear - pahiyA AsavA jehiM te pihiyAsavA, ( monks) who have stopped doing sinful activities. paramAhammiyA - parame dhamme jesiM te paramAhammiyA, those whose duty or aim is to seek pleasure or highest bliss (parama); saMjayavirayapaDihayapaJcavakkhAyapAvakamme - paDihayaM jahA siyA tahA paccakkhAyaM paDihapayaccakakhAyaM (kammadhArae), pAvaM kammaM pAvakamma

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A MANUAL OF (kammadhArae), paDihapayaJcakkhAyaM pAvakammaM jeNaM se paDihayapaJcakkhAyapAvakamme (bahuvvIhi), saMjae virae (viseseNaM rae virae) paDihayapaccakkhAyapAvakamme ya saMjayavirayapaDihayapaccakkhAyapAvakagme, one who is self-controlled (saMjaya), devoted to duty (viraya) and who has completely renounced doing sinful deeds; parIsahariUdantA-parIsahA eva riU (kammadhArae), dantA parIsahariU jehiM te parIsahariUdantA, those who have subdued or curbed their enemies, namely, the unpleasant contacts. saputte-putteNaM saha saputte, with his son; sasarakkhe-raeNaM saha sasarakkhe (sarajaska), full of dust or impurities. ___105. The avvaIbhAva' or adverbial compound in Amg. is formed by putting together an indeclinable or a preposition, and a noun. Thus we have :-Alawirat or jAvajIvAe-jAva jIve vaTTai tAva jAvajIvaM or jAvajIvAe, so long as life lasts ; ahAsuhaM-jahA suhaM siyA tahA ahAsuhaM, as would please you; ANupuTvi-pugveNaM aNuvaTTamANaM, in due order; ahAgaDaM-jahA (kaDaM) siyA tahA ahAgaDaM, as would be done (obtained ). There is a class of adverbs which have the Genitive ending Fy such as TETEKT, (breaking a thing) with the taTa sound in the fashion of a rope; sarasarassa, (climbing) with the sound in the fashion of a snake ; davadavassa, (going ) with a quick gait or with quick steps ; chaDachaDassa, (whipping) with the saT sound of a whip; dhagadhagasta (burning) with the dhaga sound of fire; maDamaDassa, (killing an animal) with the HF sound in the fashion of a butcher, which also may be regarded as adverbial compounds. IX SYNTAX 106. The order of words in Amg. prose is more or less governed by the same principles as are applicable to Sanskrit. Ordinarily, adverbial phrases denoting time and place are placed at the commencement of the sentence ; then comes the subject term together with its

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ARDHAMAGADHI GRAMMAR 59 attributes or adjectival phrases and relative clauses dependent upon it ; then comes the object term together with its attributes or adjectival phrases and relative clauses dependent upon it ; then come adverbs followed by the verb. The adjectives normally precede the noun they qualify, but at times, particularly when the adjectival phrase consists of more than one word, they are allowed to come after the noun. 107. This rule about the position of words in a sentence is considerably slackened in metrical composition where a verb may come before all other words such as subject and object. 108. The adjectives qualifying a noun generally agree with it in number, gender and case. The cardinal numbers, declined in the singular only, namely, numbers from 19 to 48, and from 59 to 99, agree with the noun they qualify in case only. Thus we have : grande guata HTI OTT, of the nayas (i. e., narratives of well-known persons ), they have declared nineteen lessons '; gregardit GHOTT, A HETETT, atat aghaT TETIT, in books on dreams they mention fortytwo dreams, thirty great dreams, (in all) seventy-two dreams'; vIsaM vAsAiM sAmaNNapariyAgaM pAuNittA, 'having led the life of a monk for twenty years '; aratiti pastaTi faFEAT, ' having taught seventy-two arts'; arra greit, dase, 'with seventyfive years still left '; araftar Prag, in twenty-two unpleasant contacts or troubles'. 109. But sometimess in prose as well as in verse the usual rules of concord of number, gender and case are not observed in Ang. (i) qui, Ha, forgutoi BTE Og ri... og AliEAT,' under this pretext, sir, I shall just bring King Paesi hither'. Here the subject 37 in the singular is used with the verb ANessAmo in the plural. aGkavANiyA

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A MANUAL OF 1... EN VASTAT TI THI Fei gass, just as dealers in precious stone 37......desirous of evading taxation, do not ask or go by the right route.' Here the subject 37 atforent in the plural is used with the verb gegs in the singular. (ii) Sometimes forms of nouns or adjectives, different in gender, are made to agree with one another ; strata TrumT, as many living beings'. Here Frafra in the neuter gender goes with our in the masculine genderi donni, tiNi and cattAri are forms of neuter gender, but they are used with words of the masculine or feminine gender; FIAT GTTAT, 'two persons'. (iii) Sometimes nouns in one case are made to agree with their adjective in another case : sai anneNa maggeNa (dazavaikAlika, V. I. 6) 'there being another passage available'. Here witor in the Instrumental case is made to agree with sai (Sk. sati) in the Locative case. Examples of anacoluthon, i. e, a sudden change of construction from active voice to passive voice, are also noticed in Amg.: TRATTHIOCHT OI, FATIT, TE geh gite 'Is, O Citta, this person fit to be visited by me?' Here the potential passive participle THTHION is linked with and in the Nominative whereas it should have been as, i. e., in the Instrumental. 110. The relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in number and gender. In metrical composition this rule is at times slackened as can be seen from tagerer et a Tarra a E ang ka st, II, 2, where Juta in the plural is made to agree with et in the singular. * 111. The different cases of nouns in Amg. are used in the same way as in Sanskrit. There are however a few specialities of the language. The Genitive is the most general case in Amg. and as such can take the place of any oblique case as can be seen from the following illustrations :-ai THTISCOT TATOTTFETTOT HETTUI, where Genitive is used for the Instrumental; Time NES, where Genitive

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ARDHAMAGADHI GRAMMAR 61 is used for Ablative. The Locative case is used for the Accusative especially with verbs indicating motion as TIA FITA, TIA STALA. Similarly Instrumental is used in the place of Locative as ao provi, ao FTO, facang THINK grogy. The Dative is almost absent in Amg. and its place is taken by the Genitive except in a few cases like savaNayAe, pAsaNayAe etc. where it has the sense of an Infinitive. 112. Sometimes in prose as well as in verse caseendings are dropped :-3770 STTitan The grae, surrounded by his wives and retinue'. Here are requires gituradi i. e., the Instrumental case, while the text gives ARTITE without case-ending, Aye Tiere qat arties, 'elegantly putting on auspicious clothes.' Here 977 is an adverb and should have the ending of the Accusative, while the text gives it without the case-ending. Ata JETS A Ti,' he leaves off all dust as (a snake leaves ) his own skin or slough.' Here at should have been at, i.e. in Acc. singular. TITT OTaart tot, the results of one's acts are terrible.'. Here faat is used without the ending of Nom. plural. 113. The Amg. language frequently uses synonymous words in the same sentence either separately or in compounds. Thus we have 3gp, Farmag, fiety, HUISTE ipartim Th, HAHETU; Toh, , gag, arerean, misimisemANe; Aikkhai, bhAsai panavei, paravei etc.; addharattakAlasamayaMsi, where kAla and samaya are synonyms ; macchiyAcaDagarapahakareNaM where caDagara and pahakara both mean swarm; ambaravatthaniyatthe, where ambara and vattha are synonyms; vasANue where vasa and aNua (anuga) are synonyms ; socA nisamma where both mean the same thing. 114. Certain phrases such as GIT JE,' he stood up by rising from his seat or by leaving his seat,' are found

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A MANUAL OF in Amg. only. The frequent use of the expletive particle . of also is peculiar to this language. _____115. The Amg. literature has devised certain devices of effecting economy of space in writing and as such they deserve notice. (i) They use gootsit to indicate long and typical descriptions of persons or objects such as king, queen, prince, councillors, merchants, towns, cities, gardens, temples, groves of trees etc., e. g. teNaM kAleNaM teNaM samaeNaM campA nAmaM nayarI hotthaa| vaNNao. (ii) They use the word fra to abridge passages, the words before and after fra referring to words as they occur in complete passages elsewhere e. g., taruNe jugavaM jAva niuNasippovagae. . (iii) They use numbers from 2 to 6 to avoid repetition of synonymous terms. (a) The figure 2 occurring after a finite verb stands for its Indeclinable past participle or Absolutive; e.g., vandai namasaiH 2 evaM vayAsI, where the figure stands for vandittA, namaMsittA; ejamANaM pAsai, 2 dhaNuM parAmusai, where the figure stands for pAsittA; sometimes figure 2 is followed by ttA as 2 ttA. (b) The figure 2 occurring after an adjective means repetition of the adjective; e.g., mahayA 2 saddeNaM is equal to mahayA mahayA saddeNaM; paDijAgaramANI 2 viharai, stands for paDijAgaramANI paDijAgaramANI viharai; pagaDijamANe 2 stands for pagaDijamANe pagaDDijamANe; jambuddIvaM 2 for jambuddIvaM dIvaM; sometimes the figure denotes a synonymous expression; e. g. teNaM kAleNaM 2, where the figure stands for teNaM kAleNaM teNaM samaeNaM. (c) The figure 3 is used to express synonymous words numbering three; e.g., laddhA 3 stands for laddhA, pattA, abhisamanAgayA; sakie 3 for saGkie, kaMkhie, vitigicchAsamAvanne;

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ARDHAMAGADHI CRAMMAR AukkhaeNaM 3 for AukkhaeNaM navakkhANaM ThiikkhaeNaM; santA 3 for santA, tantA, paritantA; paJcakkhAmi 3 for maNasA vayasA kAyasA na karemi, na kAravemi karentaM pi annaM na samaNujANAmi; samaNeNaM 3 for samaNeNaM bhagavayA mahAvIrega. (d) The figure 4 is used as above; e. g.; evamAikkhai 4 for evamAikkhai, evaM bhAsai, evaM pannavei, evaM parUvei, AlambaNaM 4 for AlambaNaM, pamANaM, AhAre, cakkhU ; santehiM 4 for santehiM, taccehi, tahiehiM; sabbhUehiM; asaNaM 4 for asaNaM pANaM khAimaM sAimaM; maMsehi ya 4 for maMsehi ya sollehi ya taliehi ya bhajiehi ya: AsAemANI 4 for AsAemANI, visAemANI, paribhuJjamANI, paribhAemANI; mucchie 4 for mucchie, giddhe, gaDhie, ajjhovavanne; uppattiyAhiM 4 for uppattiyAhiM, vegaiyAhiM, kammiyAhiM, pAriNAmiyAhiM; sADittae 4 for sADittae, pADittae, gAlittae, viddhasittA; sai 4 for saDai, paDaDa, galai, viddhaMsai. (e) The figure 5 is used as above; e. g. sijjhihii 5 for sijjhihii, bujjhihii, muJcihiT, parinivvahii, savvadukkhANaM antaM karehii; puppha 5 for puppha, vattha, gandha, malla, alaMkAra; ajjhathie 5 for ajjhathie, patthie, cintie, mAMgara, saMkappe; Asuratte 5 for Asuratte, ruTe, kuvie, caNDikkie, misimisemANe; aNiTehiM 5 for aNiTehiM, akantehiM, appiehi, amaNunnehiM, amaNAmehiM; bhIe 5 for bhIe, tatthe, tasie, uvigge, saMjAyabhae; dhammakaMkhiyA 5 for dhammakaMkhiyA, puNNakaMkhiyA, saggakaMkhiyA, mokkhakaMkhiyA, dhammapuNNasaggamokkhakaMkhiyA; sumuhe gAhAvaI, 5 for the five phrases dhanne NaM sumuhe gAhAvaI, puSNe NaM sumuhe gAhAvaI, kayatthe NaM sumuhe gAhAvaI, kayalakkhaNe NaM sumuhe gAhAvaI, suddhe NaM sumuhassa gAhAvaissa jamma jIviyaphale. (f) The figure 6 is used as above; e. g., iDDI 6 for iDI, juI, jaso, balaM, vIriyaM, purisakkAraparakkama; suraM 6 for suraM, mahaM, merayaM, majaM, sIhu~, pasannaM; iTThA, 6 for iTTA, kantA, piyA, abhirAmA, maNunnA, maNAmA; vejA 6 for vejA, veja puttA, jAgayA, jANayaputtA, tegicchA tegicchiputtA.

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[ All rights reserved by the Author ] FOURTH EDITION (REPRINT) 1944 mm Printed by:-S. R. Sardesai, B.A., LL.B., Navin Samarth Vidyalaya's Samarth Bharat Press, 41 Budhwar, Poona 2. Published by :-N. T. Bhide, B.A., Modern Book Depot, Opposite Anandashram, Poona 2.