Arddhmagdhi Grammar

Author(s): P L Vaidya
Publisher: Modern Book Depot
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/006963/1

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A MANUAL OF ARDHAMĀGADHI GRAMMAR
(Sanctioned as a Text Book by D. P. 1., Bombay)
FOR THE USE OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
BY DR. P. L. VAIDYA
M.A. (CAL.); D. LITT (PARIS) Professor of Sanskrit and Allied Languages
Nowrosjee Wadia College, Poona
FOURTH EDITION (War-Time Edition )
MODER.N BOOK DEPOT Opposite Anandashram
POONA 2. 1944 )
| Price 1-2–0

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE.
.
..
7
11
I THE PRAKRITS AND ARDHAMĀGADHİ : ...
§ 1 Introductory. $2 Characteristic features
of Ardhamāgadhi. II PHONETICS : ...
.... ... A. Vowels in Amg. § 3 General. $ 4-7 Changes of #, , . and 1. § 8 Changes in other vowels. B. Single Consonants. $ 9 Consonants in Amg. § 10 Initial and Medial. § 11 Tufa. § 12 Is astra justifiable ? $ 13–26 Changes in medial single consonants. $ 27-29 Changes peculiar to Amg. $ 30 Isolated changes of consonants. $32 Elision of a syllable, initial, medial and final: Haplology.'§ 33 Metathesis. C. Conjunct Consonants. $ 34 Initial conjuncts in Sanskrit words and their treatment in Amg., and Prothesis. § 35-38 Medial conjuncts. § 39 Anaptyxis or FATHIER or fasiga. § 40 37 fait in place of a member of conjunct consonant. § 41 Loss of that. § 42-44 General rules of Assimilation in Amg. $ 45 Table of Amg. Conjuncts with their equivalents in Sanskrit. $ 46 Conjuncts of three letters. § 47 Doubling of a single consonant.
30
III SANDHI: ...
... $ 48 Sandhi optional even in compounds. $ 49 Sandhi between two words in a com

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
pound. § 50, 52 Lengthening or shortening of a vowel in a compound, $ 51 Insertion of H or 375eart in a compound. $ 53 Sandhi within words. $ 54 Sandhi in a sentence. ?
35
IV DECLENSION :
... A. Nouns and Adjectives. $ 55-56 General. $ 57-58 Nouns and adjectives in masculine gender ending in 37; $ 60 ending in and 3. § 61-62 Neuter nouns ending in 37. $ 63 Some peculiarities. § 64 Neuter nouns ending in and 3. § 65 Feminine nouns ending in 1 ; § 66 ending in 3 5. § 67-69 Irregular declension. B. Pronouns. $ 70 Personal pronouns. $ 71 Demonstrative pronouns. ·$ 72 Interrogative pronouns. $ 73 Relative and other pronouns. C. Numerals. § 74 Cardinals and their declension. $ 75 Ordinals. $ 76 Fractional
numbers. $ 77 Multiplicatives. V CONJUGATION :
$ 78 Types of roots. $ 79 Tenses, Moods, Voices. $ 80 Conjugation in the present tense. $ 81 Past tense. § 82 Future tense. $ 83 Imperative mood. $ 84 Potential mood.
$ 85 Conditional mood. $ 86 Causal forms.
·$ 87 Denominative forms. $ 88 Passive voice. VI VERBAL DERIVATIVES : ...
§ 89 Participles, present active, present passive, past passive, past active, potential passive. $ 90 Indeclinable past participles or Absolutives. $91 Infinitives. $.92 Other derivatives.
...
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
VII Noun DERIVATIVES : ...
$ 93 Feminine base. $ 94 Possessive adjectives. $95 Abstract nouns. $96 Farof Fo termination. $ 97 Comparative and super
lative forms. $ 98 Other noun derivatives. VIII COMPOUNDS :
§ 99 Compounds in Amg. S 100 The Free (77) compound. $ 101 The PURA (ope
TO). $ 102 The 3999 (3445). 103 The agtta (agter). $ 104 The Eoint (agaie).
$ 105 The adverbial compound or outra. IX SYNTAX : ...
§ 106 Order of words in a sentence in prose. § 107 Order of words in verse. § 108 Concordance of adjectives and nouns. $ 109 Irregular concord. $ 110 Relative pronoun and its antecedent. 111 Use of cases. $ 112 Dropping of case-endings. $ 113 Use of synonymous words in one and the same sentence. § 114 Certain phrases peculiar to Amg. $ 115 Representation of words and ', expressions by number.

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PREFACE (SECOND EDITION)
This booklet is intended to serve as a handy Manual for those students of Indian Universities who offer Ardhamāgadhi as their Classical language in the first and the second years of their college life. It may also prove useful to those who offer Ardhamāgadhi as a subsidiary language at their B. A. Examination, and who, for various reasons, have no time to study grammars of Prakrit languages written in Sanskrit-all indigenous grammars of Prakrit languages being written in that language. Besides I find that in none of these original grammars is Ardhamāgadhi treated separately. Students who offer Ardhamāgadhi as distinct from other Prakrits, therefore, often find it difficult to understand the distinctive features of the language. I therefore undertook, at the suggestion of several of my students, to prepare a handy Manual for the use of University students of Ardhamāgadhi, embodying in it all matter relating to this language found in grammars of Heñacandra and others. As this Manual is chiefly intended for students who begin their study of this language for the first time, and without a philological grounding, I have not burdened the treatment with technical terms of philology, though I hope I have treated the subject systematically enough to make it a fair preparation for advanced philological study of Prakrit languages.
In preparing this Manual I have made use of the indigenous grammars of Hemacandra and Vararuci (both recently edited by me), Pischel's Grammatik der Prakrit Sprachen, and several other works like the Ardhamāgadhi Reader by Banarasi Das Jain, M.A., Lahore, and the

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6
.
PREFACE
Introductory part of Pāiyasaddamahaņņayo by Pandit Hargovind Das T. Sheth, Calcutta. I have occasionally differed from them in the views, as also in the method of treating the subject, and yet, I feel I owe to them a deep debt of gratitude. The illustrations have been chiefly chosen from among those given by the grammarians and from works which students are likely to read in their first and second years, and this Manual should therefore proye of great use to them.
I am glad to find that the first edition of this Manual, published in August 1933, is sold out in less than a year, and that a second edition has become necessary. I have availed myself of this opportunity to revise the book thoroughly and to incorporate in it considerable additional matter. I feel confident that this revised and enlarged edition will prove more useful to the students than its predecessor. Poona ?
P. L. VAIDYA July 1934 §
(Fourth EDITION) . This edition is merely a reprint of the Second Edition.
Poona, 1944.
P. L. VAIDYA

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I THE PRAKRITS AND ARDHAMĀGADHI
1. The term Prākṣta or Prakrit designates the large number of dialects of the Indo-European family of languages which are closely related to Sanskrit and occupy a place between Sanskrit and the Modern Indian Languages of Northern India. Scholars are not unanimous about the origin of the term Prākṣta and its exact significance. Two broad views on the subject however may be noted, one maintaining that Prakrit means languages derived from an original, older, language, i. e., Sanskrit, and the other maintaining that the term designates original language itself, probably in a crude form, and was later polished into Sanskrit. Whatever be the true and original meaning, we have to study this group of languages, included under a general name of Prakrits, in relation to Sanskrit, as grammarians of these languages-who, it may be noted, have uniformly written their grammars in Sanskrit-have left us no alternative. The Prakrit is the class-name of a group of dialects and includes a number of them such as पाली; पैशाची (with its subdialect arrasastiarai); STATTĪN; Gartitaat; #TATETTIST; itaal; Artet; Arengt; and 3793tat (with its subdialects the JamT, aras etc.). Each of these dialects have or had a vast literature and must have been current in different provinces in India. Each of these dialects has its own peculiar features and as such can be distinguished from every other. The grammarians however give a dominant position to HTETTTET, treat it in their works first, and exhaustively, other dialects being noted only for their deviation from it.

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A MANUAL OF
Of these Prakrits the Ardhamāgadhi dialect has a special place in their history. As a dialect Ardhamāgadhi is pre-eminently ATERIET, sharing only a few characteristics with heraft; at any rate grammarians have treated it so. SATTE is the language of the Sacred Canon of Svetāmbara Jains, Lord Mahāvira is said to have delivered all his discourses in that language. Gods and great teachers, according to Jain belief, use this language. (Cf. भगवं च णं अद्धमागहाए भासाए धम्ममाइक्खइ-समवायाङ्ग; तए णं समणे भगवं महावीरे......कृणियस्स रको अद्धमागहाए भासाए भासह
औपपातिक; देवा णं अद्धमागहाए भासाए भासन्ति-भगवतीसूत्र ; से कित भासारिया ? भासारिया जे णं अद्धमागहाए भासाए भासन्ति-प्रज्ञापनासूत्र);
Hemacandra designates अर्धमागधी as आर्ष, i.e., the language of the seers or sages, and quotes a passage, WTTTACHME
rata u Hagga, 'Old works are assuredly in the state Arrat language. Hargovind Das Sheth believes that अर्धमागधी is older than माहाराष्ट्री. Where exactly this language was spoken is not yet decided with certainty ; but it is probable that it must have been the language of a part of the Magad ha country as a passage from the Farruft suggests ( Alat THTATRAS GAUTE, Ogre Perorafatasi at WEAPTÉ ).
2. The chief characteristics which should enable a student to distinguish STTATTET from other Prakrit dialects are :
(1) The medial single , instead of being dropped as in other Prakrit dialects, has a tendency to be changed to ग. In माहाराष्ट्री, क is dropped.
(2) The medial single is often retained. In माहाराष्ट्री it is dropped.
(3) The medial single is at times retained. (4) The medial single qis changed to a. (5) The medial single T is retained. (6) The medial is at times retained. •

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ARDHAMĀGADHI GRAMMAR
१
.
।
(7) When the medial single consonants क, ग, च, ज, त द, प, य, व are dropped, their place is often taken by य If, however, the vowel preceding the above consonants is BT, 3, sit and the vowel in the consonant dropped is dissimilar, य is not inserted.
(8) Initial न is optionally changed to ण. Medial न is changed into 07.
(9) 37 is occasionally lengthened in certain expressions :-जामेव for Sk. यम् + एव, which in Amg. should in reality be जं + एव. Similarly तामेव, खिप्पामेव, एवामेव, पुवामेव जेणामेव, तेणामेव, तणामवि (तृणम् + अपि). ___(10) इति after a long vowel is represented by इ, and after a short vowel including short ए and ओ, by त्ति.
(11) Initial is dropped or is changed to 37 in words यथा and यावत् . अहक्खाय for यथाख्यात, जहाणामए for यानामक, आवकहा for यावत्कथा, जावज्जीव for यावज्जीव.
.. (12) Between two words of a compound म् or अनुस्वार is inserted even in prose ; e. g., निरयंगामी, उडुंगारवा, गोणमाइ सामाइयमाइयाई.
(13) For declensional forms the following peculiarities may be noted :
(i) Nom. Sing. of Masculine words ending in अ normally ends in 5, but occasionally ends in sì also.
(ii) Locative sing, termination is normally fat, but ए and म्मि are also found ; e. g., धम्मंसि, धम्मे, धम्मम्मि. . ___ (iii) Dative sing. termination is आए; e. g., देवाए, सवणयाए, गमणाए, अट्टाए, अहियाए, असुहाए. ___(iv) Amg. uses a certain number of declensional forms based upon false analogy; e. g. मणसा, वयसा, कायसा, बलसा, जोगसा, चक्खुसा, कम्मुणा, धम्मुणा; अस्माकं.
(14) The following forms of finite verbs peculiar to Amg. should be noted :
2 .

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(i) Third person sing. forms of the Past tense, such as होत्था, हुत्था, पहारेत्थ, पहारेत्था and plural forms of the same tense in अंसु and इंसु such as आहंसु पुच्छिसु, गञ्छिसु, आभासिंसु
(ii) The following forms more or less derived from corresponding Sk. forms :-आइक्खइ, कुम्वई, भुविं, होक्खई, बया, अब्बवी, आघं, दुरुहइ, विगिचए, तिवायए, अकासी, तिउट्टइ, तिउट्टिजा, पडिसंधयाई, घेच्छिहि, समुच्छिहि etc. ___(15) The Indeclinable past participle, Gerund or Absolutive forms peculiar to Amg, are:
(i) forms ending in हु-कटु, साहहु, अवहटु, from , ह;
(ii) forms ending in इत्ता, एत्ता, इत्ताणं, एत्ताणं, such as चइत्ता, विउहित्ता, पासित्ता, करेत्ता, पासित्ताण, करेत्ताणं etc.; ..(iii) forms ending in इत्तु such as दुरुहित्तु, जाणितु, वहित्तु .etc.; . (iv) forms ending in चा such as किच्चा, नच्चा, सोञ्चा, मोच्चा, चैच्चा or चिच्चा (for त्यक्त्वा ), etc.;
(v) forms ending in इया or इय, such as परिजाणिया, परियाणिया, वियाणियां, वियाणिय, दुरुहिया, दुरुहिय ;
(vi) The following forms more or less derived from corresponding Sk. forms :-विउक्कम्म, निसम्म, समिञ्च, संखाए, अणुवीइ (अणुवीय), ल , लक्ष्ण, दिस्सा ets.
(16) The Infinitive in Amg. is formed by adding इत्तए or एत्तए to the root. Thus we have करित्तए, गच्छित्तए, भुञ्जित्तए, उवसामित्तए, ओवायइत्तए.
(17) Past passive participle termination for roots ending in F is Š in Amg., in place of a in Sk. or 37 or in Prakrit. Thus we have कड, मड, अभिहड, वावड, संवुड, विपड, वित्थड etc. • (18) The comparative termination in Amg. is तराज, तराय, तराग (Sk. तर-क); e. g., अणिहतराए, अप्पतराए, अकन्ततराए, मूढतराए, मूढतरागे.

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(19) There are a few other noun affixes peculiar to Amg. such as are found in Briet, gaa, 75HT TO, वुसिमं etc.
(20) The vocabulary also of Amg. is peculiar in several respects. Tia, a, Frt (for ora), Jiq, 59a, पडुच्च, वग्गु, सुमिण, पुढो, मिलक्खू , दुगुल्ल, मणोसिला, तालियण्ट, वडिंसग etc. are found in Amg. only.
II
PHONETICS
A. VOWELS 3. General-The vowels in Amg. are:-_37, 8, T , J, 5, 5 and 3. *, F, E, 9 and 37 have no place in the language; their place is taken by other vowels of the language as will be shown later. अनुस्वार and अनुनासिक occur in the language ; of these 3TETETT will be treated under consonants. The 'TATIA sound is always associated with a short vowel, and its use is determined by its place in metrical composition; if a long vowel is wanted we have to pronounce the vowel with a gratt; if a short vowel is required we have to pronounce it with अनुनासिक. gand si are both short as well as long in all Prakrits ; when they are short, they are often written as & and J. In my opinion the practice of writing and 3 in the place of 5 and 37 followed by a conjunct consonant is not desirable and should be discouraged. Thus ge and Art for Hra should not be written as and fhet, as after all the quantity of & here is long. When not followed by conjunct consonants and 3 may be allowed if these vowels are to be pronounced short. fart is absent from all.Prakrits.
4. # of Sanskrit words is substituted in Amg. by 37,2,3 and it; the substituted vowels and g may

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further be changed to g and 377 if followed by conjunct consonants. (a) =अ- कय (कृत), कड (कृत), कण्ह (कृष्ण), तण्हा
(तृष्णा), गहिथ (गृहीत ), भइ (भृति), अणहारअ
(ऋणधारक). (b) = - किमि (कृमि), दिहि (दृष्टि), मिग (मृग), सिङ्गार
(राङ्गार), समिद्ध (समृद्ध), पिट्टि (पृष्ठ), माइ (मातृ ),
सरिस (सदृश), तालविण्ट ( तालवृन्त). (c) ऋउ- उउ (ऋतु), पाहुड (प्राभूत), वुत्तन्त (वृत्तान्त ),
पाउस (प्रावृष्), संपरिखुड (संपरिवृत), माउ (मातृ),
उसह (ऋषभ), मुसा (मृषा). (d) ऋ=रि- रिद्ध ( ऋछ), रिसि (ऋषि), रिण (ऋण), रिसह
(ऋषभ). 5. ल of Sanskrit words (which is rare even there ) is substituted in Amg. by इलि, e.g., किलित्त (क्लप्त ).
6. ऐ of Sanskrit words is substituted in Amg. often by ए but at times by अइ.. (a) ऐ-ए-वेर (वैर ), सेल (शैल), वेज (वैद्य), एरावण (ऐरावत),
तेल्लोक (त्रैलोक्य), गेवेज (प्रैवेय). (b) ऐ = अइ - वइस्स (वैश्य), दइव (दैव).
7. औ of Sanskrit words is substituted in Amg. often by ओ, at times by अउ and rarely by आ. (a) औ= ओ- कोमुई ( कौमुदी), सोगुमल्ल (सौकुमार्य ), जोग्वणग
(यौवनक), कोसम्बी (कौशाम्बी ), पोरिसी (पौरुषी). (b) औ= अउ - पउर (पौर), सउह ( सौध), कउरव (कौरव). (c) औ% आ-गारव (गौरव).
8. In addition to these substitutions among vowels there are several others, too numerous and complicated to bring under definite rules, but the following may be mentioned by way of illustration : . (a) अा -सामिद्धी ( समृद्धि), पावयण (प्रवचन), पामोक्ष
(प्रमुख), चाउरन्त (चतुरन्त). अ-इ-दिन (दत्त), इसिं (ईषत् ), पिक्क (पक्क), मझिम
(मध्यम).

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13
best he had
अ%D1- अहिन्नू (अभिज्ञ), कयन्नू (कृतज्ञ). अ=ए-सेजा (शय्या), एस्थ (अत्र).. अ = 0- लाऊ (अलाबू), रण्ण (अरण्य), पि (अपि), वि (अपि).
वडिंसय (अवतंसक), तीय (अतीत). (b) आ=अ-जह ( यथा), तह (तथा).
आ-इ-सइ (सदा), आइरिय (भाचार्य). आ-ए-गेज्म (ग्राह्य), मेत्त (मात्र), पारेवय (पारावत ).
आओ- ओल्ल ( आई), ओली (आली). (c) इ = अ - हलद्दी (हरिद्रा), तित्तिरि (तित्तिर), सउण (शकुनि),
इउ - उच्छू (इक्षु), उसु (इषु). इ=ए-पेण्ड (पिण्ड), सेन्दूर (सिन्दूर), मेरा (मिरा). .
इ%30-त्ति, ति (इति). (d) ई - पाणिय (पानीय), अलिय (अलीक), आणिय (आनीत),
तइय (तृतीय). ई%33- जुण्ण (जीर्ण). ईए - केरिस (कीदृश), आमेल (आपीड), नेड (नीड). . उ=अ - मउल (मुकुल), मउड (मुकुट), गरुआ (गुरुक). उ=इ - मिउडि (भ्रुकुटि), पुरिस (पुरुष). उ =ओ-पोक्खर (पुष्कर), पोक्खरिणी (पुष्करिणी), पोण्ड.
रिय (पुण्डरीक), तोण्ड (तुण्ड), मोग्गर (मुद्गर), पोग्गल _ (पुल), ओराल ( उदार).
उ = - दग, उदक). (6) ऊ=उ - कोउहल्ल ( कौतूहल ).
ऊ%ए - नेउर (नूपुर). ___ = ओ - तोणार (तूणीर), कोप्पर ( कूपर), तम्बोल ( ताम्बूल),
मोल्ल (मूल्य). (g) ए-इ-इक्क (एक from एक). (h) ओ= उ-तुण्ड ( तोण्ड).
There are a few other changes, somewhat sporadic, which vowels in Amg. undergo. They are:
' (i) ए for k followed by विसर्ग ; e.g., पुरेकम्म (पुरस्कर्म), अन्तेउर (अन्तःपुर ).
(ii) ऊ for आ ; e.g., उसार (आसार); perhaps the Sk. origin may be अवसार or अपसार.
બ

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A MANUAL OF
(iii) अ for इ ; e.g., सढिल (शिथिल); the change is due to the process of dissimilation.
(iv) • for ई; e. g., विहूण (विहीन) ; the change is due to the process of dissimilation.
(v) ओ for इ; e.g., दोहाइथ (द्विधाकृत); it is possible to derive the Prakrit form from दो rather than from द्वि.
B. SINGLE CONSONANTS 9. GENERAL-The Amg. language admits all the consonants of the Sanskrit alphabet except 7 and 'which are substituted by . Of nasals 5 and 5 do not appear singly or with vowels, but they do appear in conjunction with consonants of apart and agri respectively. Thus we can have सिङ्गार, भिङ्गार, अङ्ग, उवा, चिञ्चा, चञ्चू, अञ्जलि, विन्झ etc. The practice of Jain writers of Mss. however is to use अनुस्वार rather than परसवर्ण, although I feel it a healthier practice to encourage the use of the latter in modern editions. Single consonants without vowels are not allowed to stand at the end of a word. They are either dropped altogether as in जाव ( यावत् ), ताव (तावत्), जस (यशस्), तम (तमस् ), जम्म (जन्मन्); or a vowel is added to the ending consonant as in सरिआ (सरित्), पाडिवआ (प्रतिपद् ), संपया (संपद), आवई (आपद् ), पाउस (प्रावृष ), भिसअ (भिषग्), सरअ (शरद् ), दिसी (दिर), or an अनुस्वार is substituted for the consonant as in वीसुं (विष्वक् ), सम्म (सम्यक्); सक्खं (साक्षात्), जे ( यद् ), तं (तद् ), जावं (यावत्), तावं (तावत् ), or उ is substituted for a consonant which with the preceding vowel becomes
ओ as in पुढो (पृथक् ), पुणो (पुनर् ). Final म् is substituted by अनुस्वार as in जलं (जलम् ), नई (नदीम् ), वच्छं ( वत्सम् ). Final न् also is substituted by अनुस्वार as in भगवं (भगवान् ), रायं (राजन् ). Amg., like other Prakrits, does not admit विसर्ग which becomes 377 if the preceding vowel happens to be अ as in वच्छो ( वत्सः) or is dropped altogether as in घेण (धेनुः), कई (कविः), मई (मतिः).
10. INITIAL AND MEDIAL-Single consonants occurring at the beginning of a word, remain as a rule, un

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changed in Amg. This rule is slackened for the single initial consonant of a word when it happens to be the second member of a compound word. Thus we can have सुहकर and सुहयर from सुखकर; जलचर and जलयर from जलचर, where and are regarded as initial as well as medial. सुपुरुष gives us सुउरिस because प is regarded as medial here. These consonants, however, remain unchanged when they come after an अनुस्वार. Thus we have संकर, संगम, नक्कंजर, धणंजय, पुरंदर etc., and not संअर, or संयर ; संअम, or संयम ; संयलिय (for संकलित ) etc. Similarly, an initial conjunct consonant is not allowed in Amg. but when a word with initial conjunct happens to be the second word in a compound, the rule is slackened. Thus we have सुहपसव and सुहप्पसव from सुखप्रसव ; मज्जपसङ्गी and मज्जप्पसङ्गी from मद्यप्रसङ्गिन् ; निग्गमपवेस and निग्गमप्पवेस from निर्गमप्रवेश ; रयणप्पभा from रत्नप्रभा ; सइरप्पयार from स्वैरप्रचार etc.
11. The medial single consonants क, ग, च, ज, त, प, च and व are, as a rule, dropped. When they are so dropped, their place is taken by a lightly pronounced य ( लघुप्रयत्नतरयश्रुति or अस्पृष्टतरयश्रुति ) in Amg. and in Jain Māhārāṣṭrī, provided the preceding vowel is or and the vowel left after the dropping of the consonant is not इ, ई, उ or ऊ. Thus we have तित्थयर ( तीर्थकर ), नयर ( नगर ), कयग्गह (कचग्रह), पयावई ( प्रजापति), धरणीयल ( धरणीतल ), मयण ( मदन), रिक ( रिपु ), नयण ( नयन ), लायण्ण ( लावण्य ) यश्रुति is not possible in the following :- सउण ( शकुन or शकुनि ), पउर (प्रचुर), राईव (राजीव), पईव (प्रदीप ), वाऊ (वायु), as the vowel combinations there do not require it. Sometimes is noticed occurring between two words when the initial of the seccond word is dropped as in न याणइ ( न जानाति ).
fa
12. Here I should like to refer to the question of afa, i. e., reading and writing in the place of vowels (original or उद्वृत्त, i e, left after the dropping of a consonant), which is very largely resorted to by writers

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of Jain Mss. ( Canonical and non-Canonical) and perpetuated by modern editors and scholars like Hargovind Das Sheth. Hemacandra in his grammar refers to the question of tra in i. 180 ; Mārkandeya too refers to it in his grammar. None of the Prakrit grammarians, however, refers to agra which is thus unauthorised, ungrammatical, and as such highly objectionable. That it was unknown to Hemacandra who was himself a Jain and who must have undoubtedly been conversant with the practice of canonical writings, clearly indicates that it must have come into vogue after 13th century A. D. I pick up a few glaring instances of this asia from the 1st part of agereusi and other books :-a7fia (afrg), staroria ( BETOTETT), Tarar (77737T ), a gritară (RETTETS ). It is clear from these instances that there 'is no justification whatsoever for a asfa there. I should, therefore, advise students to avoid the use of astia. Hargovind Das in his Introduction to TIETACAF"ai, page 28, says that this asulat is a special feature of Amg., but from the above examples taken from TECTIEUST which is not written in Amg., I feel sure that arrêt is a special peculiarity of Jain writers of Mss., and not of the language.
13.' Medial single consonants ET, , , 7, and Hare regarded in all Prakrit languages as conjunct consonants of + E, I+E, D+E, +E, +, and + E. The aspirate
alone is generally retained out of these consonants. Thus we have ret (rar), À€ (a), thot ( FÀYA), aig (Arg), gaIE ( 19 ), FETT ( FTH1T).
14. Medial single z is generally changed to 3. Thus we have 3755 ( a ), 973 ( 972 ), 3 (F3), etc.
15. Medial single 8 is generally changed to 7 as in ## ( 178 ), foET (1937).
16. a in the preposition afà is changed to g. This is due to compensation of the cerebral which •is lost, and

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which affects 7. It first becomes 3 and then by § 14 is changed to 3. Thus we have gigaie (sagrauta), qisqa (afaqa), PÍSET ( fa&TT ), TIITEIT ( Arfaetê ), TiSAT (
S AT). Similarly or in certain words is changed to to compensate the loss of a cerebral in the original Sk. word. Thus we have TCH ( 4 ), goat (quat) and faica (FATTras which comes from the root y). also is changed to as under the same circumstances as in gataz (seraufa), fost (aria), grad (CIT).
17. The medial single af is generally changed to 07. Hemacandra however remarks that in 379, i, e, in Amg., even medial 57 is not at times changed to as in 371777, af, at etc. It is however better to observe this general rule of changing 7 to or in the middle of a word. If initial a occurs at the beginning of the second member of a compound, we may or inay not change it to 0. Thus we may have पडिनिक्खम or पांडणिक्खम from प्रतिनिष्क्रम् , but ordinarily we should have di as in 970TT ( FORT), FUTOT (aga). Fyr ( 937 ), 770 ( 777), FUF (Hlaala ).
18. As regards initial single 4, Jain grammarians like Hemacandra, allow an option to change it to a. The non-Jain grammarians say that 7, initial or medial, must be changed to 0. The practice of Mss. writers cannot, in this respect, serve a useful guide to us. So by resorting to charitalahtar rule of grammarians, we should have initial 7 in Jain works, (which rule I have followed in works edited by me except in the solitary case of ui ( 97 as an expletive ), and or in the middle.
19. Here again I should like to indulge in a digression to discuss the position of a and up. The grammarians (Jains and non-Jains), do not help us at all in this matter; they are all silent about these conjuncts. I should, therefore, recommend the observance of Jacobi's rule to use to where in the original Sk, word of occurs, and to

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use w everywhere else. Thus we should have जुण्ण ( जीर्ण), तिण्ण (तीर्ण), ओइण्ण (अवतीर्ण), चुण्ण (चूर्ण), etc., and दिन ( दत्त), आवन (आपन्न), परिसा (प्रतिज्ञा or परिज्ञा) etc. The writers of Jain Mss. have made promiscuous use of both these conjuncts, but by following the rule of व्यवस्थितविभाषा, we can get out of the chaos.
20. Medial single 9 is dropped in Amg. as has been explained above. But more frequently it is changed to as in सवह (शपथ), साव (शाप), साविय (शापित), उवसग्ग (उपसर्ग), पईव (प्रदीप), कासव (काश्यप), पाव (पाप), उवमा (उपमा), महिवाल (महिपाल ), गोवाल (गोपाल), तवइ (तपति).
21. Grammarians hardly make any distinction between a and 7 and give preference to a over the former. The writers of Mss. fully support the grammarians in maintaining the chaotic condition. .
22. Initial य, if not the result of a यश्रुति, is normally changed to ज as in जस (यशस्), जमल ( यमल), जुयल (युगल), जावजीवं (यावजीवम् ), जाइ ( याति). Initial य coming after an उपसग also is frequently changed to ज as in संजोग (संयोग), संजम (संयम), अवजस (अपयशस्); but instances where य is not changed to 37 after a preposition are also common as पओअ (प्रयोग), पओयण (प्रयोजन). The initial य of यथा and यावत् in certain compound expressions is dropped in Amg., as in अहक्खाय (यथाख्यात), अहाजाय (यथाजात), अहापडिरूव (यथाप्रति रूप), अहाछन्द (यथाछन्द), अहासुहं (यथासुखम् ), अहापजत्त (यथापर्याप्त), अहापवित्त (यथाप्रवृत्त), अहासुत्त (यथासूत्र), आवकहा (यावत्कथा) etc.
23. Medial single is at times changed to as in जुहिडिल (युधिष्ठिर ), कालुणवडिया (करुणपतिता or कारुण्यपतिता), फलिहा (परिखा),परियाल (परिवार), चलण (चरण foot), सुकुमाल (सुकुमार ), अणेलिस (अन् + एरिस, अनीदृश) etc.; but the use of . र in Amg. is pretty frequent as in परम, परसु, परामुस, परिक्खित्त, चरण etc.

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24. श and ष, whether initial or medial, single or as members of a conjunct consonant, are changed to as in सह (शब्द), वंस (वंश), सुद्ध (शुद्ध), दस (दश), पविसइ (प्रविशति ). निहस (निकष', कसाअ (कषाय ), घोस (घोष), सेस (शेष). • 25. Medial single sibilant स, whether original or as substitute for 7 and 9, is sometimes replaced by & as in दहमुह (दशमुख), छह (पष् - षट् ), पाहाण (पासाण-पाषाण), दिवह or दियह (दिवस).
26. The general rules for dropping certain medial single consonants given above are Mpplicable to various Prakrit languages including Amg., but there are a few exceptions to these in Amg. They are noted below.
27. Medial single क is often changed to ग in Amg. as in पगप्प (प्रकल्प), आगर (आकर ), आगास (आकाश), सावग (श्रावक), अन्तगड (अन्तकृत), सूयगड (सूत्रकृत), पगाजमाण (प्रकृष्यमाण), दारग (दारक), लोग (लोक), आगई (आकृति), पागार (प्राकार).
28. As Amg. shows a preference to ग over क, the medial single ग is often retained as in आगम (आगम), आगमण (आगमन), आणुगामिय (आनुगामिक), जागर (जागर), अणगार (अनगार ), भगवं ( भगवान् , भगवन् ).
29. Similarly, Amg. shows a preference for द and hence it is not dropped as in विदिय (विदित), पदिसो (प्रदिशः), उवदिसह (उपदिशति).
30. Besides these there are a few isolated cases, too varied to bring under any general rule, in which medial single consonants undergo changes other than those mentioned above. I give below a few illustrations:
Medial कभ or ह-सीभर or सीहर (शीकर). है क-घ or ह-निघस or निहस (निकष), फलिह (स्फटिक),
. चिहुर (चिकुर). कस-तिंदूस (कन्दुक ).
टल-फलिह (स्फटिक), चवेला (चपेटा), फालेइ (पाटयति), ___ त-ह-वेडिस ( वेतस ).

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Medial.तर-सत्तरि ( सप्तति). ___ तह-वसही (वसति), भारह (भारत), भरह ( भरत).
थ=ढ-मेढी (मेथी). . दर-एयारह (एकादश), बारह (द्वादश ), तेरह (त्रयोदश),
गग्गर (गद्गद). द =ल-दोहल ( दोहद), कलम्ब (कदम्ब ). दह-कउह (ककुद). प=म-नीम (नीप), आमेल (आपीड). म= व-अहिवन्नू (अभिमन्यु ). य=ह-छाही (छाया), र= ड-पडिपुण्ण (परिपूर्ण). व= य-परियाल (परिवार ), अणुयत्तमाण (अनुवर्तमान).
श%ड-कक्खड (कर्कश). 31. Initial single consonants,' as a rule, do not undergo any change unless they become medial as second members of a compound expression. There are, however, a few exceptions to the above rule as noted below. Initial क = ख-खुजा ( कुब्जा), खील (कील in लोहकील). :: क =ग-गेन्दुअ (कन्दुक).
क= च-चिलाइया (किरातिका). क=त-तिंदूस (कन्दुक), तिरीड ( किरटि). च = त-तिगिच्छा (चिकित्सा ), तेगिच्छी (चिकित्सिन् ). च= य-य (च, and), यावि (च + अपि). ज= द-दुगुञ्छा (जुगुप्सा). त=च-चिट्टइ (तिष्ठति). द = ड-डण्ड (दण्ड), डसइ (दशति), डम्भ (दम्भ )
डड (दग्ध). प = फ-फालेइ (पाटयति), फलिह (परिध ), फ़लिहा
(परिखा). ब-भ-भिसिणी (बिसिनी). बम-माहण ब्राह्मण ). मव-वम्मह (मन्मथ). य= ल-लट्ठी ( यष्टि).

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Initial _ल = न-नङ्गल ( लाङ्गल ), नंगूल ( लाङ्गूल ), निडाल ( ललाट ).
श = छ-छाव ( शाव ), छिरा (शिरा ). ष= छ- छ ( षष् ), छप्पय ( षट्पद ).
स = छ- छुहा (सुधा), छत्तिवण्ण (सप्तपर्ण ).
دو
33
21
99
32. There is, in Amg., as in other Prakrits, a tendency to drop altogether syllables ( vowels and consonants with vowels) either at the beginning or in the middle of a word. When a syllable at the beginning of a word is dropped, it is usually an unaccented vowel as in f (इति), वि ( अपि after a vowel), पि (अपि after an अनुस्वार ), व (इव ), व्वं (इव after a short vowel), गिणि (अग्नि), तिउट्टइ ( अतिवर्तते ), वाहणा ( उपानह् ), वर्डिसय (अवतंसक), दग ( उदक ). Sometimes a syllable is dropped in the middle of a single word as in उम्बर ( उदुम्बर), अड (अवड अवट), जीय ( जीवियजीवित), सीया (शिबिका), सिय (सिचय ). In compound. expressions the last syllable of the first member, or the syllable at the commencement of the second member is dropped as in राउल ( राजकुल- रायउल), देउल ( देवकुल- देवउल ), पावडण (पादपतन पायवडण), पावीढ (पादपीठ- पायवीढ ), मच्छन्ध ( मत्स्यबन्ध ). सत्तट्ठी ( सप्तषष्टि), अवरत्त ( अवर + रत्त, अपररात्र ), एमेए ( एवं + एए, एवमेते), दन्तवण ( दन्तपवन), अणायण (अणाययण, अनायतन ). This second is nothing but a form of the philological phenomenon known as Haplology. Sometimes the final syllable of a word is dropped as in इ (इति).
33. There is one more phenomenon noticeable in Amg., as in other Prakrits, namely, the change of position of certain syllables in the body of a word. It is called Metathesis in philology. There are several well-known instances of this phenomenon-and grammarians have not given a complete list of words wherein it is visibleas वाणासी (वाराणसी), दीहर ( दीघर or दीरह from दीर्घ), वाहणा ( उपानह ), निडाल ( ललाट-नलाट), दिहि (धृति), रहस्स ( ह्रस्व ), ( परतिन्ना, परइन्ना, from प्रतिज्ञा ), पेरन्त ( परयन्त पयरन्त from
परिना

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gerna ), EFHET (JFHETT, 17H37 from f), steht (oposta, 3779277, from 1 ).
C. CONJUNCT CONSONANTS 34. The Amg. language, like other Prakrits, does not allow a conjunct consonant at the beginning of the word. There are a few exceptions to this rule when a nasal with the aspirate is allowed to stand so, as in my (FI), etfazt ( FITA), E ( STEH ). To tell the truth one is not a real conjunct but only an aspirated nasal for which no special symbol was introduced in the Sanskrit alphabet. Whenever, therefore, a Sanskrit word commences with a conjunct consonant, one of the two members of the conjunct is dropped. , The loss of this member is sometimes compensated by some change in the remaining consonant. For instance; au (STT) where
is dropped and the remaining er is changed to a; so also ator (fror), 507 or eu ( 707 ), berart ( Friedrari), ( Fort), afa or 97H ( FFH, Vedic FATH), 10 (7), are (PAN), ( are 17 orra), 377 (25), ATO (FT), per ( Fam ), etc. There is, however, another method of avoiding a conjunct at the commencement of a word, known to philologists as Prothesis. By this a vowel is affixed to the conjunct so that it ceases to be initial as in grafi ( Eft). Initial conjunct is also avoided by Anaptyxis, Fathit, for which see $39 below.
35. In the middle of a word, Amg., like other Prakrits, avoids a union of two consonants of different classes, and makes an attempt to reduce them to the same class; in other words, one member of a conjunct assimilates the other. The grammarians explain this phenomenon thus--one member of the conjunct is dropped and the remaining member is then doubled. Thus we have 7 ( 19 ), TOTT ( ), PET (TT), 379 (STT) etc.

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36. When, however, as a result of dropping one member of a conjunct the remaining member has to be doubled, and when that member happens to be the second or the fourth letter of the class (i.e.: ख, घ, छ, झ, ठ, ड, थ, ध, फ and भ), the resulting conjunct will first be ख्ख, म्य etc., and then the prior letter will be substituted by the first letter if it is the second letter of the class or by the third letter if it is the fourth letter of the class. Thus we shall have वक्खाण ( व्याख्यान), वग्घ (व्याघ्र ), मुच्छा (मूछा), निज्झर (निझर), कट्ठ (काष्ठ), तित्थ (तीर्थ ), निद्धण (निर्धन ), गुप्फ (गुरुफ), निब्भर (निर्भर).
37. There are a few corollaries to the above rule : A long vowel, when followed by a conjunct or by an अनुस्वार, is shortened as in कह ( काष्ठ), तिस्थ (तीर्थ ), सालं (शालाम् ), परंमुह (पराङ्मुख ).
38. If, however, one member of a conjunctis altogether dropped, the preceding vowel, if not already long, is lengthened to.keep up the quantity of the word. Thus we have सीस (शिष्य), आस (अश्व), नसिास (निश्वास), उसास ( उच्छ्वास), सीस (शीर्ष ), ईसर (ईश्वर), आणा (आज्ञा), पासइ (पश्यति), कासव (कश्यप), वीसास (विश्वास), फास (स्पर्श), मणूस (मनुष्य), वासा (वर्षा), वीसाम (विश्राम), नीसह (निःसह), ऊसिय (उच्छित ), दीह (दिग्घ from दीर्घ), दाहिण (दक्षिण), आयाहिण (आदक्षिण), सूहव (सुबहग from सुभग), दूहव (दुर्भग), ऊसव (उत्सव), एयारूव (एतद्रप), माया (मात्रा through मत्ता-माता-माया).
39. The principle illustrated by examples of words in $38, is that of avoiding a conjunct consonant and at the same time keeping up the quantity of the word. There is another manifestation of the principle in the philological phenomenon known as Anaptysis or FTTHIAS or विश्लेष. The conditions necessary for this स्वरभाक्त are that one of the members of the conjunct consonants should be a nasal or a semi-vowel or when a vowel, अ, इ, ई or उ is inserted between them. The indigenous

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grammarians have not noted this as a rule, but have recorded a few instances of words in which the phenomenon is noticed. The above rule however is of universal application and can be illustrated by सिया (स्यात्), भविय ( भव्य ), चेइय ( चैत्य ), दुवार ( द्वार), दुवे (द्वे), तुमे ( त्वम् ), कसिण ( कृष्ण ), किल्लिन्न (क्लिन्न), किलेस (क्लेश ), सुक्किल (शुक्ल), सुदरिसण (सुदर्शन), वरिसइ ( वर्षति ), हरिस (हर्ष ), पउम (पद्म), 'छउ मह (छद्मस्थ), नगिण (नग्न), सुहुम (सूक्ष्म), पसिण ( प्रश्न ), सुमिण or सिविण ( स्वप्न ), अरहा or अरिहा or अरुहा ( अर्हत् ), गरिहामि (गर्हामि), जीया (ज्या), सूरिय (सूर्य), आयरिय (आचार्य), बम्भचरिय ( ब्रह्मचर्य), अच्छारिय ( आश्चर्य ), भारिया ( भार्या), दीहर ( दीरघ- दीरहदीहर from दीर्घ), सिणाण ( स्नान ), मिलक्खू ( म्लेच्छ ), सिरी (श्री), 'हिरी (ही), किरिया (क्रिया), अभिक्खणं ( अभीक्ष्णम् ).
"
40. There is another way of avoiding apparently a conjunct consonant in a word. It is by substituting an अनुस्वार for one of the members of the conjunct consonant. This अनुस्वार may be changed to परसवर्ण if possible. Thus we have वंक or वङ्क ( वक्र ), तंस ( यश्र), अंसु (अश्रु ), मंसु ( श्मश्रु ), पुंछ or पुञ्छ (पुच्छ), दंसण (दर्शन), सुदंसण (सुदर्शन), वयंस ( वयस्य ), मणंसी ( मनस्विन् ), सुंक (शुल्क), संघंस ( संघर्ष ).
41. Sometimes, however, the already existing अनुस्वार (which, by-the-bye is regarded as a consonant ) is dropped, and then the preceding vowel, if not already long is lengthened, as in वीसा ( विंशति ), तीसा (त्रिंशत् ), सीह (सिंह), मासल (मांसल ), मास (मांस), कास (कांस्य ), साहद्दु (संहृत्य ), साहरइ ( संहरति ).
42. When one of the two members of the conjunct consonant is to be dropped, the semivowels,, and occurring as first or second members, are dropped and the remaining consonant is doubled if it is not initial as in अक्क ( अर्क), वग्ग (वर्ग), चक्क ( चक्र), कयग्गह ( कचग्रह), रत्ती (रात्री), वक्कल ( वल्कल ), उक्का (उल्का), सण्ह ( श्लक्ष्ण ), विक्कव (विक्लव), पक्क (पक्व ). व and ब being treated alike, we have सद्द (शब्द), लुखअ (लुब्धक ).

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ARDHAMĀGADHI GRAMMAR
___ 25
43. When म, न and य happen to be second members of a conjunct consonant, they are dropped and the remaining consonant is then doubled as in जुग्ग (युग्म ), नग्ग (नम), सामा (श्यामा), etc.
44. Generally क, ग, ट, ड, त, द, प, श, ष and स, as first members of a conjunct consonant are dropped, and the remaining consonant is then doubled as in भुत्त (भुक्त), दुद्ध (दुग्ध ), छप्पय (षट्पद ), खग्ग ( खड्ग), उप्पल (उत्पल), मोग्गर (मुद्गर), सुत्त (सुप्त), निश्चल (निश्चल), गोही (गोष्ठी), नेह (स्नेह ) etc.
45. I give below a Table (adapted from Cowell's Introduction to his edition of Vararuci) of Prakrit conjuncts together with their Sanskrit equivalents with suitable illustrations. As a rule the conjuncts represent their corresponding conjunct occurring in the middle of a word; but by dropping the first letter, they will be equally valid for those conjuncts at the beginning of a word. Thus we is equal to Sk. * in the middle as in
जक्ख (यक्ष), but ख %क्ष when initial as in खय क्षय). Similarly प्प प्र in the middle as in विप्प (विप्र ), but q=प्र initial as in पागार (प्राकार).
(1) क= क्त-मुक्क । मुक्त)
कक्य-वक्क (वाक्य) क -क्र-चक्क (चक्र) क= स्क-सक्कार (सरकार) कर्क-तक (तर्क) . क%क्ल-सुक्क (शुक्ल)
क=क-पिक्क (पिक्क)
क=ष्क-सुक्क (शुष्क) (2) क्ख =क्ष-चक्खु (चक्षुष)
क्ख =क्ष्य-लक्ख (लक्ष्य) क्ख = ख्य-आइक्खइ ( आख्याति) क्ख = च्छ-मिलक्खू (म्लेच्छ) क्ख =क-पोक्खर (पुष्कर) क्ख स्क -अवक्खन्द (अपस्कन्द) क्ख = स्ख-पक्खलिय (प्रस्खलित) .

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26
A MANUAL OF .
ho hos
प्र
(3) ग्ग=न-नग्ग ( नन्न)
ग्ग = ग्य-आरोग्ग (आरोग्य) ग्ग=ग्र-कयग्गह (कचग्रह) ग्ग= इग-खग्ग (खड्ग) ग्ग-दू-मोग्गर (मुद्गर) गर्ग-विसग्ग (विसर्ग)
ग्ग=लग-वग्गू (वल्गु) (4) ग्घ =न-विग्घ (विन)
ग्घ =घ्र-सिग्ध (शीघ्र)
ग्ध =र्घ-अग्घ ( अर्घ) (5) च = च्य-अच्चुअ (अच्युत)
च= स्य-परिचाअ (परित्याग), निश्च (नित्य) . च= स्व-भोच्चा (भुक्त्वा), नच्चा (ज्ञात्वा), सोचा (श्रुत्वा)
=थ्य-तच (तथ्य) चर्च-अञ्चेइ ( अर्चयति) (6) च्छ =क्ष-अच्छी (अक्षि)
च्छ = र्छ-मुच्छा (मूर्छा) च्छ = च्छ-किच्छ (कृच्छ). च्छ %त्स-वच्छ (वत्स) च्छ =रस्य-मच्छ (मत्स्य) च्छ =थ्य-रच्छा (रथ्या), मिच्छा (मिथ्या) च्छ % श्व-पच्छा ( पश्चात् )
च्छ = श्र-छे ( श्रेयस) (7) ज= ब्ज-कुजा (कुब्जा)
ज्य व्र -वज (वज्र) जर्ज-विसजेइ (विसर्जयति) ज= ज्व-पज्जलिय (प्रज्वलित) ज=ध-अज (अद्य) ज= यय-सेजा (शय्या)
जयं-अज (आर्य), कज (कार्य) (8) ज्झ = धद्व-बुज्झा (बुवा )
ज्म = ध्य-अज्झयण (अध्ययन), मज्म (मध्य) __ -बज्झ (बाह्य), गुज्म ( गुह्य) (9)=-अट्ट (आतं), किष्यि (कीर्तित)
त-पण (पत्तन)

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ARDHAMAGADHI GRAMMAR
27
(10) तु र्थ-अट्ठ (अर्थ)
हष्ट-द: (दष्ट), लट्ठी (यष्टि) ह -गोही (गोष्ठी)
४= स्थ-अट्टि (मस्थि) (11) दु र्त-गड्ड (गर्त ) (12) १ = ग्ध-वियड (विदग्ध)
= व्य-अड्ड (आब्य)
= छ-जायस (जातश्रद्ध) बुध-अड्ड (अर्ध) (13) ण्ट =न्त-तालवेण्ट (तालवृन्त) (14) ण्ड =न्त-भिण्डिवाल (भिन्दिपाल) (15) ण्ण =ण्य-पुण्ण (पुण्य)
पण = ण्व-किण्ण (किण्व) .
पण =ण-महण्णव (महार्णव) (16) ण्ह =क्ष्ण-तिण्ह (तीक्ष्ण), सण्ह (लक्षण)
पह-श्न-पण्ह (प्रभ) गह = षण-उण्ह ( उष्ण), कण्ह (कृष्ण), पाहि (वृष्णि) पह%स्स-हाण (स्नान), पण्हय (प्रस्नव) पह--वहि ( वह्नि) -
ण्ह = ह्र-पुन्वण्ह (पूर्वाह्न), मज्झण्ह (मध्याह) (17)त्त=क्त-रत्त (रक्त)
तस्न-पयत्त (प्रयत्न), जत्त (यत्न) तत्र-पत्त (पात्र), मुत्त (मूत्र) तस्व-तत्त (तस्व) तप्त-तत्त (तप्त), पत्त (प्राप्त)
तत-मुहुत्त (मुहूर्त) (18) स्थ = क्थ-सिस्थ (सिक्थ)
स्थ%-एत्थ (अत्र), सम्वत्थ (सर्वत्र) स्थ =र्थ-अत्थ (अर्थ)
स्थ = स्त-अस्थमिय (अस्तमित) . . . स्थ = स्थ-पत्थ (प्रस्थ), पस्थिय (प्रस्थिक) ' (19) दू = or ई-अह (आई ), उवहुअ (उपद्रुत)
६% ब्द-सह (शब्द)

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A MANUAL OF
६ =द-अदिय (अर्दित) (20) द्ध = ग्ध-दुद्ध (दुग्ध), मुद्ध (मुग्ध)
= ध्व-विद्धंस (विध्वंस) द्ध =ब्ध-थद्ध (स्तब्ध), लद्धि (लब्धि)
v=र्ध-अद्धरत्त (अर्धरात्र) (21) न्ध =हू-चिन्ध (चिह्न) . (22) =ज्ञ-सम्वन्नू (सर्वज्ञ)
न्य-अक्ष (अन्य) मन्व-अभिजमाण (अन्वीयमान) मन-निक (निन)
स-न-निमय (निर्णय) . (23) प्प =क्म-हप्प (रुक्म), रुप्पिणी:(रुक्मिणी)
प्प स्प-तप्पर (तत्पर) प्प = स्म-अप्पा ( आत्मन् ), माहप्प (माहात्म्य ). प्प-प्य-रुप्प (रूप्य) प्प-प्र-विप्प (विप्र) प्प =4-अप्पेइ (अर्पयति) प्पल्प-अप्प (अल्प)
प्प प्ल-विप्पव (विप्लव) . (24) प्फ = स्फ-फलिह (स्फटिक), निप्फन्द(निस्पन्द)
फ%ष्प-पुप्फ (पुष्प)
प्फ स्प-पुट (स्पृष्ट), संफास (संस्पर्श) (25) ब्ब%द-बुखुड (बुबुदः)
बब--अब्बवी (अब्रवीत् ) (26) ब्म द्भ -उब्भव (उद्भव)
मभ्य-अब्भास (अभ्यास, अभ्याश) भ-भ्र-अब्भागम (अभ्रागम) म=र्भ-दब्भतिण (दर्भतृण.)
ब्भ =-जिम्मा (जिह्वा), विम्भल (विब्भल) from (विह्वल) (27) म्ब-म्र-अम्ब (आम्रः), तम्ब (तान) (28) म्भ =झ-बम्भण (ब्राह्मण) (29) म्म=न्म-जम्म (जन्मन्)
म्म=म्य-रम्य (रम्य)
॥
॥
॥...

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ARDHAMAGADHI GRAMMAR
म्मम-धम्म (धर्म)
म्म-स्म-जम्म (जाल्म), गुम्म (गुल्म) (30) म्हश्म-कम्हार (काश्मीर)
म्ह =ष्म-उम्हा (उष्मन्) म्ह =स्म-विम्हिय (विस्मित)
म्ह --जिम्ह (जिह्म) (31) ल=ल्य-मल्ल (माल्य), सल्ल (सल्व)
लल्व-बिल्ल (बिल्व) . ल= र्य-सोगुमल्ल (सौकुमार्य) ल्ल %ई-अल्ल (आई) लह =हू-कल्हार (कहार), अल्हाद (आह्राद)
लह =र्य-पल्हत्थ (पर्यस्त), विपल्हत्थ (विपर्यस्त) (33) स्व-हु-उग्विग्ग (उद्विम)
व्व र्व -सव्व (सर्व) . व्वव्य-सव्व (सव्य), हव्व (हव्य)
व्व व्र-तिव्व (तीव्र) (34) स्स =श्म-अम्हा (अश्मन् ), रस्सि (रश्मि)
स्स-श्य-विणस्सइ (विनश्यति) स्स = ष्य-मणुस्स (मनुष्य) स्सस्य-तस्स (तस्य) स्स = श्र-समण ( श्रमण), मीस (मिस्स from मिश्र) स्स -वीमंस (विमस्स from विमर्श) स्सश्व-वीससइ (विस्ससिह from विश्वसिति). स्स-व-वीसुं (विस्सुं from विष्वक्) स्स-स्त्र-सहस्स (सहस्त्र)
स्स% स्व-सयण (स्वजन) 46. When three consonants come together in a Sanskrit word, a semi-vowel, if there is one, is first dropped, and then the remaining letters are treated according to rules given in $ 45. Thus we have Hory from HTFT. When one of the three is a nasal, it first becomes an FATT ; then the remaining conjunct is treated according to rule ; but as a conjunct is not allowed after an अनुस्वार, only single consonant is left as in विंझ (विन्ध्य),

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30
.
A MANUAL OF
संझा (संध्या). It is possible in the first instance to turn the अनुस्वार into परसवणं. Thus we can have विन्झ. . 47. Under some circumstances, Amg., like other Prakrits, creates a conjunct even though there is none in the original Sanskrit word. Usually this happens by the doubling of a single consonant after g or 39, but sometimes even after other vowels. Thus we have de (तैल), सोत्त (स्रोतस्), पेम्म (प्रेमन्), जोवण ( यौवन), सेव्वा (सेवा), धेज (ध्येय), सो चिय (स चैव), सोग्गइ (सुगति), एक (एक), दइव्व (दैव), कोउहल्ल (कौतूहल), तुण्हिक्क (तूष्णीक), नक्ख (नख), दुगुल्ल (दुकूल), जड़ (जड), उज्जु (ऋजु). Of course it is often an attempt to maintain the quantity of the word.
.. III ,
SANDHI 48. In Sanskrit when two vowels come together, whether in one and the same word or between two words, they always coalesce ; but in Amg., as in other Prakrits, all icoalescence of vowels is optional. The vowels between two words of a sentence hardly coalesce; but even within a word or compound expression they sometimes do not as in रजबलविवद्धणअट्टयाए (राज्यबलविवर्धनार्थाय), साइरेगअवासजायगं (सातिरेकाष्टवर्षजातम् ). At : the same time there are some rules which govern this process of coalescence when it is permissible. I give below a few types of Sandhi.
____49. Sandhi between two words forming a compound :(1) अ + अ = आ-जीव + अजीव =जीवाजीव ;
य+ अवि-यावि __ अ + अ = अ if followed by a conjunct- मरण + अन्त =मरणन्त; न + अस्थि =नस्थि अ +इ=ए- राय + इसि =राएसी; वास + इसी= वासेसी

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ARDHAMĀGADHI GRAMMAR
31
अ + इ =इ if followed by a conjunct
देव + इन्द = देविन्द -अ + ई = ई-तियस + ईस = तियसीस अ + उ =ओ - सीय + उदग= सीओदग; समण + उवा
सग%समणोवासग 37 +3=J if followed by a conjunct consonant
पुरिस + उत्तम = पुरिसुत्तमः जिण्ण + उजाण -
+ + ho toho bi
+
जिण्णुजाण
अ + ऊ = ऊ-नीसास + ऊसास = नीसासूसास
अ+ ए-ए-इह + एव-इहेव • अ+ ओ=ओ-भक्ख + ओयण = भक्खोयण आ + अ = आ-महा + अवयार =महावयार आ + अ = अ if followed by a conjunct
महा + अण्णव = महण्णव आ + ई =इ - महा + इडी=महिड़ी; महा + इन्द-महिन्द आ + ई = ए - महा + ईसर=महेसर आ + उ =ओ- महा + उवयार =महोवयार आ + ए = ए-तहा + एव = तहेव आ + ओ=ओ - महा + ओसहि = महोसहि इ + इ or ई = ई - दहि + ईसर = दहीसर (दधीश्वर)
ई + इ or ई = ई - पुहवी + ईस = पुहवीस ( पृथ्वीश) (4) उ + उ or ऊ =ऊ-साउ + उयय = साऊयय (स्वादूदक)
ऊ+ उ or ऊ= ऊ-वहू + उवयार = वहुवयार (वधूपचार) (5) ए+ ए =ए - इमे + एयारूवे = इमेयारूवे, से + एवं = सेवं.
(6). No other combination of vowels within a compound allows a coalescence as वह + अवऊढ = वहुअवऊढ (वधूपगूढ).
.50. The ending vowel of the first member of a compound, if short, is optionally lengthened, and if long, is optionally shortened. Thus we have (i) सत्तावीसा (सप्तविंशति), भुआयन्त (भुजयन्त्र), अन्धारूव (अन्धरूप), पईहर (पतिगृह), परमाहम्मिय (परमधर्मिक); (ii) सिलखलिअ (शिलास्खलित), बउँणयड (यमुनातट), नइसोत्त (नदीस्रोतस्), गोरिहर (गौरीहर),

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A MANUAL OF
वहुमुह (वधूमुख), वहुवर (वधूवर), पहावागरणाई (प्रश्नव्याकरणानि); नायाधम्मकहाओ (ज्ञातधर्मकथाः).
51. In compounds an अनुस्वार is sometimes inserted. Thus we have निरयंगामी (निरयगामिन् ), उडुंगारव (ऊर्ध्वगौरक), दीहंगारव (दीर्घगौरव), रहस्संगारव (हस्वगौरव ). . This अनुस्वार, if followed by a vowel, is turned into 7. Thus we have अन्नमन (अन्य + अन्य), दोहमद्धा (दीर्घ + अध्वा), गोणमाईणि (गौण + आदीनि), सामाइयमाइयाई (सामायिक + आदिकानि). आहारमाईणि (आहार + आदीनि), जिणवरमुदिड (जिनवर + उद्दिष्ट), जोग्वणमुदए ( यौवन + उदये), अदुक्खमसुहा (अदुःख + असुख), अजहण्णमणुक्कोस (अजघन्य + अनुत्कर्ष), आयारमहा (आचारार्थीय). Similarly र too is in some places inserted in a word as in धिरत्थु (धि + अत्थु, i. e., धिग् + अस्तु). ___. 52. Sometimes a vowel in the preceding word is lengthened even though the two words do not form a compound. Thus we have जामेव ( यमेव, यदेव), तामेव (तमेव, तदेव), खिप्पामेव ( क्षिप्रमेव ), एवामेव (एवमेव ), संजयामेव (संयतमेव), तणामवि (तृणमपि ).
53. Two vowels coming together in one and the same word do not, as a rule, coalesce as in मुद्धाए, देवीए, पाओ, विजए, पई, साउ. The उद्वृत्त vowel, i. e., a vowel left over after the dropping of a consonant, never coalesces with the preceding vowel, but very often it is turned into य. But we have चक्काअ, (चक्रवाकं). Rarely we have काही for काहिइ.
54. All sandhi in a sentence is optional in Amg. as in other Prakrits. We may have धम्म आइक्खइ or धम्ममाइक्खइ. Rarely when two vowels come together between words, one at the end of the first word is dropped as चिन्तमन्तक्खाया (चित्तवती + आख्याता). But this is absolutely forbidden when.and 371 are followed by vowel or when the ending vowel of verbal termination is followed by a vowel. Thus we have मे अच्चम्बिलं (मेऽत्यम्लम्), भमरो आवियई (भ्रमर आपिबति), आलक्खिमो एण्हि (आलक्षयाम इदानीम् ), इच्छसि आवेउं (इच्छसि आपातुम् ), होइ इह (भवति इह ).

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ARDHAMĀGADHI GRAMMAR
33
IV DECLENSION
A. NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES 55. Amg., like other Prakrits, has only two numbers, singular and plural.
56. As Amg. does not allow a consonant to stand: at the end of the word, there will be no nouns and adjectives ending in consonants. As Amg. has no *, there will be no nouns ending in that vowel. There are however a few remnants of the declensional forms of words which, in Sanskrit, ended in consonants and in # We will treat them under irregularities. So for all practical purposes we divide the declension of nouns under the following heads :
(1) Masculine nouns ending in 37. (2) Masculine nouns ending in and 3. (3) Neuter nouns ending in 37. (4) Neuter nouns ending in and J. (5) Feminine nouns ending in T. (6) Feminine nouns ending in 8, 6, 3, 5. (7) Irregular declension.
57. Masculine nouns ending in 2, e. g., ta, are declined as below:
ca, m. a god Singular
Plural a, (aat)
देवा V. car, (eat)
T . देवं
aa, (aat) I. देवेण, देवेणं
देवेहि, देवेहि Ab. देवाओ, देवा
देवेहितो देवस्स
देवाण, देवाणं देवे, देवसि, देवम्मि देवेसु, देवेसुं
G.
.

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A MANUAL OF
58. A few points in general about the forms above must be noted. In the Nominative singular ca is the normal form in Amg., but can also is fairly frequent, the first being taken from Māgadhi dialect and the second from Māhārāștri. The forms in the Instrumental singular and plural, Genitive plural and locative plural allow the ending geatt optionally, the forms with SIFATT being more frequent. Theoretically, Amg., like other Prakrits, has no Dative case, its purpose being served by Genitive, but forms like देवाए, अट्ठाए, सवणयाए, पासणयाए in the singular are frequent. In the Locative singular all the three forms are found in equal proportion, but the form देवंसि is a pure Amg. form, the remaining two having come from other Prakrit dialects.
59. Masculine and neuter nouns and adjectives ending in 37, the last syllable of which is y, have a few declensional forns peculiar to them. In लोय (लोक), Nom. sing is लोए and लोओ, and not लोये and लोयो; Acc. plural लोए, Instr. sing. and plural लोएण, लोएणं, लोएहिं ; Abl. plural लोएहितो ; Loc. sing. and plural लोए and लोएसु, लोएK. That is to say, Q is lost before ए and भो in the declensional forms.
60. Masculine nouns ending in इ and उ, e. g., मुणि and are, are declined as under :
मुणि, m. a sage Singular
Plural N. V. मुणी
मुणोओ, मुणिणो, मुणी मुणिं
मुणीओ, मुणिणो, मुणी मुणिणा
मुणीहि, मुणीहिं मुणीओ, मुणिणो मुणीहितो माणस्स, माणिणो मुणीण, मुणीणं मुर्णिसि
मुणीसु, मुणमसुं
.
ż con

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ARDHAMĀGADHI GRAMMAR
35.
Ab.
साहु, m. a monk Singular
Plural साहू
साहू, साहवो, साहुणो साहु
साहवो साहुं
साहू, साहवो, साहुणो साहुणा
साहूहि साहूहिं साहूओ, साहुणो साहहिंतो साहुस्स, साहुणो
साहूण, साहणं साहुसि
साहूसु, साइसुं 61.. Neuter nouns differ from the declension of masculine nouns only in Nom. and Acc. Elsewhere they are declined like masculine nouns of similar ending.
62. Neuter nouns ending in अ, e.g. वण, are declined as under:
वण, n. a forest Singular
Plural __N. A. वणं ..
वणाई, वणाणि 63. There are a few masculine and neuter nouns such as धम्म (धर्म m.), कम्म (कर्मन् n.), मण (मनस् ॥.), वय (वचस् ।.), काय ( काय m. ) which present a few irregular forms based on false analogy. Thus H and post have their Instr. singular as धम्मुणा and कम्मुणा along with धम्मेण, धम्मेणं, कम्मेण, कम्मेणं. मण has मणो in the Nom. and Acc. singular and Fural in the Instr. sing. along with Hot and मणेणं. Similarly, वय also has in Nom. and Acc. sing. वओ and in Instr. वयसा, along with वयं and वएणं. काय is a word which is frequently used in company with the above words and hence has in Instr. sing. Prerat along with काएणं. In fact all neuter words which in Sanskrit end in स, have their Nom., Acc. and Instr. sing. forms borrowed from Sanskrit. Thus we have तवो, तवं, तवसा, तवेणं; . बसो, जसं, जससा, जसेणं. तेओ, तेयं ; तेयसा, तेएणं etc.

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कन्नं
64. Neuter nouns ending in and 3 are declined as under :- .
दहि, n. curds Singular
Plural . N. A. दहिं
दहीई, दहीणि महु, n. honey Singular
Plural N. A. महुं
महूई, महूणि 65. Feminine nouns ending in आ e. g., कला, are declined as under :
कन्ना, f. a girl Singular
Plural कना
कमा, कचाओ कना, कने . कन्ना, कवाओ
कलाकबाओ कन्नाए
कन्नाहि, कनाहिं Ab.
कन्नाए, कन्नाओ । काहिंतो कन्नाए
कन्नाण, कमाणं L. कनाए .
कन्नासु, कनासु 66. Feminine nouns ending in इ, ई, उ and ऊ are similar in declension except in one particular, namely, the Loc. sing. of nouns ending in and add th and thus have कुच्छिसि and घेणुंसि. I give below complete declension of one word in each ending :
- कुच्छि, f. womb Singular
Plural N. V. कुच्छी
कुच्छी, कुच्छीजो कुच्छि
कुच्छी, कुच्छीओ कुच्छीए
कुच्छीहि, कुच्छीहिं Ab. कुच्छीए, कुच्छीओ
कुच्छीहितो कुच्छीए
कुच्छीण, कुच्छीणं कुच्छीए, कुच्छिसि कुच्छीसु, कुच्छीमुं.
G.
A.
G.

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ARDHAMĀGADHI GRAMMAR
37
L..
1.
... घेणु,f. cow Singular
Plural N. V. धेणू
धेणू, धेणूओ . A. धेर्यु
धेणू, धेणूओ . घेणूए
घेणूहि, धेहि घेणूए, धेणूओ
घेणूहितो G. घेणूए
धेणूण, धेणूणं घेणूए, धेणुंसि घेणूस, घेणूसु
सही, f. a female friend Singular
Plural N. V. सही
. सही, सहीओ सहि
सही, सहीओ. सहीए
• सहीहि, सहीहिं Ab. सहीए, सहीओ सहीहितो G. सहीए
सहीण, सहीणं
सहीसु, सहीखें वहू, f. wife Singular
Plural N. V. वह
. वह, वहओ
वहू, वहूओ
वहूहि, वहूहिं Ab. वहए, वहओ
वहूहितो G. वहए
वहूण, वहणं . L. वहए
वहूसु, वसुं । . 67. The irregular declension forms in Amg. are the forms of nouns which in Sanskrit end in ऋ, न, स, वत् , मत् , and न्त् . These nouns have frequently regular forms but contain a few forms borrowed from Sanskrit. I give below full declension of a few typical words of this group :
सहीए

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A MANUAL OP
(i) पिउ or पिड (Sk. पितृ), m. father. Singular
Plural N. V. पिया
पियरो A. पियरं
पियरो I. . पिउणा
पिऊहिं. पिईहि Ab. पिउणो
पिऊहितो, पिईहितो G. पिउणो, पिउस्स : पिऊणं, पिईणं पियरि
पिऊसु, पिईसु . (ii) भाउ or भाई (Sk. भ्रातृ), m. brother. .. Singular
Plural N. V. भाया
'भायरो A. . भायरं
भायरे, भायरो भाउणा
भाऊहिं, भाईहिं Ab. भाउणो
भाऊहितो, भाईहितो. भाउणो, भाउस्स . भाऊण, भाईणं L. . भायरि
भाउसु, भाइंसु N. B. Nouns of agency in such as gry etc. are rare in Amg., but when used, are declined like भाया.
(iii) माउ or माइ (Sk. मातृ)f. mother Singular
Plural N. V. माया
मायरो A. मायरं
मायरो माजए.
माऊहिं, माईहि Ab. माजए
माऊहिंतो, माईहितो - G. माऊए
माऊणं, माईणं L. माऊए
माउसुं, माईसुं N. B. The word धूया (Sk. दुहित), daughter, is declined like wt, but has mani in Acc. sing. and Terit in Instr. plural.
68. Of words which in Sanskrit end in न , two, viz., राय (राजन् ) and आय, अप्प or अत्त (आत्मन्), deserve special notice. I give below their full declension :-'
I.
.

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ARDHAMĀGADHI GRAMMAR
39
Zinc
रायाणो
(i) राय (Sk. राजन् ) m. a king Singular
Plural राया
रायाणो राय, राया रायं, रायाणं
रायाणो राइणा, रमा
राईहिं राइणो, रनो
राइंहितो राइणो, रखो, रायस्स L. रायंसि
राईसुं (ii) आय, अप्प or अत्त ( Sk. आत्मन् ) m. self, soul Singular
Plural N. .आया, अप्पा, अत्ता . अप्पाणो, अत्ताणो
भाय, आया, अप्प, . अप्पा, अत्त, अत्ता अप्पाणो, अत्ताणो आयाणं, अप्पाणं, अत्ताणं अप्पाणो, अत्ताणो
अप्पणा, अत्तणा अप्पाणेहिं, अत्ताणेहि Ab. आयओ, अप्पणो, अत्तणो अप्पाणेहिंतो, अत्ताणेहितो
अप्पणो, अत्तणो अप्पाणाणं, अत्ताणाणं L. अप्पाणंसि, अत्ताणसि (अत्ते) अप्पाणेसुं, अत्ताणेसुं । 69. Present participles, e. g., अरहन्त, करेन्त, (Sk. कुर्वत्), जयन्त (Sk. यतत् , i.e. यतमान) etc. which in Sanskrit end in ea and words ending in HF and 97 are first treated as words ending in tas अरहन्त, करेन्त, गच्छन्त, भगवन्त, चित्तमन्त etc., and are then declined like a. There are however a few additional forms for this class of words and hence Igive below full declension of अरहन्त :
भरहन्त ( Sk. अर्हत्) m. venerable Singular
Plural N. भरह, भरहन्ते, (अरहा) अरहन्तो v. . . अरहं
अरहन्तो A. अरहन्तं
अरहन्ते

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I. अरहन्तेणं, अरहया . अरहन्तेहिं . ___Ab. अरहओ
भरहन्तेहितो G. अरहन्तस्स, अरहओ अरहन्ताणं .
L. अरहन्ते, अरहन्तंसि अरहन्तेसुं .. ..
N. B.-From भवन्त we have भन्ते in. Vocative.singular and from भगवन्त we have भगवं in Acc. sing. as in समणं भगवं महावीरं वन्दइ, नमसह. .
B. PRONOUNS 70. In the case of pronouns of first person अम्हे (अस्मद् ) and.of second person तुम्ह (युष्मद् ), the grammarians like Hemacandra give a huge variety of forms. I however give below only those forms which are frequent in Amg.
अम्ह (अस्मद् ) Singular
Plural N. - अहं, हं
अम्हे, वयं ममं, मं
'अम्हे,णे मए, मइ .
अम्हहिं मए, मह
- अम्हेहितो मम, मम, मे, मह. अम्ह, णो 'मर्मसि, (मइ) .. अम्हेसु, अम्हेसुं
तुम्ह (युष्मद् ) Thou Singular
Plural . तुम, तं, तुमे
तुब्भे, तुझे, तुम्हे तुर्म
तुब्भे, तुज्को, भे, वो तुमे
तुब्भेहि, तुज्नेहि Ab.
तुब्भेहितो G. तव, ते, तुब्भ, तुह तुभ, तुझं, तुम्ह, भे, वो
L. तुमंसि, (तइ) तुन्भेसुं, तुजोसु 71. The demonstrative pronouns त (तद् ), एय (एतद् ) and इम (इदम) are declined as under:
zidno
I.
तुमत्तो

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ARDHAMĀGADHI GRAMMAR
ततद् ), m. Singular से, सो
Plural
N.
तेहिं (तेहितो) तेसिं
rizon. Zamion
तेणं, गं ताओ . तस्स, से तंसि, तस्सि
त (तद्)f. Singular सा
Plural ताओ
ताओ
तीए, ताए
ताहिं ताओ
(ताहिंतो) तीए, तीसे, से . तासिं तीए; तीसे
। तासुं त (तद् n. Singular
Plural
ताई, ताणि .. एय ( एतद् ) m. Singular
Plural
N. A.
एसे, एसो
एएहिं
A.. एवं .I. . एएणं • Ab. एयाओ
( एएहितो) एयस्स
एएसि L. एयसि, एयम्मि
एएसुं . एय ( एतद् )f. Singular
Plural N. . . एसा
एयाओ A... एयं .
एयाओ ।
.

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एयाहिं
एयाए एयाओ
(एयाहिंतो) एयाए
एयासि.. एयाए
एयासु __एय (एतद् ).. Singular
Plural एवं
एयाई (iii) इम (इदम् ) m. Singular . Plural इमे, अयं, इणमो
N. A.
इमेगं, जेणं इमाओ
(इमेहितो) इमस्स, अस्स, से इमेसि, एसि इमंसि, इमम्मि, आस , इमेसु .. इम (इदम्) f. . Singular
Plural इमा, इयं
इमाओ
इमं
.
इमाओ
zczone
इमाओ
इमाए
इमाहिं
(इमाहितो) इमीसे, इमाए, से . इमासि इमीसि, इमाए इमासु
इम (इदम् ) .. Singular
Plural N. A. इम, इदं
इमाई 72. The Interrogative pronoun क (Sk. किम् ) is declined as under :

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N.
A.
I.
Ab.
G.
L.
N.
A.
I.
Ab.
G.
ARDHAMĀGADHI GRAMMAR
क (किम् ) mm.
N.
A.
Singular
के
केण
काओ
कस्स
कंसि, (कम्मि, कस्सि )
क (किम् ) f.
Singular
का
कं
काए
काओ
की, का
कीसे, का
क ( किम् ) M.
Singular
कं
Mas.
एगे
एगं
Plural
केहि
( के हितो )
केसिं
के
एगा
एगं
Plural
काओ
काओ
काहिं
( काहिंतो )
कासिं
कासुं
N. A.
73. The relative pronoun ज ( यद् ), the indefinite pronouns अन्न (अन्य ), अवर (अपर), कयर ( कतर ), पर ( पर), सव्व (सर्व) and एग ( एक in the plural only) and the reflexive pronouns स (स्व) and सअ ( स्वक) are declined like क (किम् ).
C. NUMERALS
74. The Cardinals in Amg. are declined as under:(i) एग or एक्क, one, is, as a cardinal, used in singular only, and as an adjective, in three genders.
एग, one
Plural काई, काणि
Fem.
Neu.
एर्ग
43
एगं

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एगेणं ।
एगेणं
.
एगाए Ab. एगाओ
एगाओ
एगाओ एगस्स एगाए
एगस्स एगंसि
एगाए (ii) दो, two, ति, three, and चउ, four; are declined in plural only. The same forms are used for all genders:
एगसि.
चउ
चऊसु
N. A. दो, दुवे, दोनि तओ, तिणि चत्तारो, चउरो, चत्तारि
तिहिं, तीहिं चउहि, चऊहिं Ab. दोहिंतो . तीहिंतो . चऊहिंतों
G. दोण्हं तिण्हं चउण्हं _L. दोसु तीसु
(iii) Cardinals from पञ्च, five to अटारस, eighteen, are declined alike in plural only. The same forms are used for all genders. I give below the declension of पञ्च:
N. A. I. Ab. G. L.
पञ्च पञ्च . पञ्चहिं पञ्चहिंतों पञ्चण्हं पञ्चसु These cardinals are :-पञ्च, 53; छ,6; सत्त, 7; अद्व, 8; नव,93; दस, 10; एयारस, एयारह, एक्कारस, 11; दुवालस, बारस, 12; तेरस, 13; चठड्स, चोइस, 14; पन्नरस, 15; सोलस, 16; सत्तरस, 17; अट्ठारस, 18.
(iv) Cardinals from एगूणवीस to अढचत्तालीस are used in singular only irrespective of the number of the noun they qualify. They are declined like words ending in 37 in masculine and neuter gender, and like words ending in आ in the feminine gender. They are :-एगूणवीस, अउणवीस, 19%; वीस, 20; एगवीस, 21 ; बावीस, 22; तेवीस, 23; चउवीस, 24; पणवीस, 25; छव्वीस, 26; सत्तावीस, 27; अट्ठावीस, 28; अउणतीस, 29; तीस, 30; एकतीस, 31; बत्तीस, 32; तेत्तीस, 33; चोत्तीस, 34; पणतीस, 35; छत्तीस, 36; सत्ततीस, 37; अतीस 38 ; एगूणचत्तालीस, 39; चत्तालीस, 40; एकचत्तालीस, इगयाल,41; बायालीस, 42; तेयालीस, 43; चउयालीस, चोयालीस, 44; पणयालीस, पणयाल 45;

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45
छायालीस, 46; सत्तचत्तालीस, सत्तयालीस, सायालीस, 47; अट्ठचत्तालास, अढयालीस, अढयाल, 48.
(v) Cardinals from एगूगपन्नास to अट्ठावन्न are declined in plural like a though at times they are declined in the feminine like कन्ना. They are एगणपन्नास, अउणापन्न, 49; पन्नास, 50; एक्कावन्न, 51; बावन्न, 52; तेवन्न, 53; चउवन्न, 54; पणवन्न, 55%3B छप्पन, 56; सत्तावन्न, 57; अट्टावन्न, 58.
(vi) Cardinals from एगूणसहि to नवनउइ are declined in the singular only irrespective of the number of the noun they qualify. They are declined in Nom. and Acc. like neuter nouns and in other cases like feminine nouns ending in इ. They are :-एगूणसहि, अउणहि, 59; सहि, 60%; एगसहि, 61; बासहि, बावहि, 62; तेसहि, तेवहि, 63; चोसहि, चउवहि, 64; पणसहि, पहि, 65; छावहि, 66; सत्तसहि, 67; अट्ठसहि, अढसहि, 68; एगूणसत्तरि, अउणत्तरि, 69; सत्तरि, 70; एगसत्तरि, 71; बावत्तरि, 72; तेवत्तरि, 73; चोवत्तरि, 74; पञ्चहत्तरि, पन्नत्तरि, 75; गवत्तरि, 76; सत्तहत्तरि, 77; अट्ठहत्तरि, 78; एगूणासइ, 79; असीइ. 80; एगासीइ, एक्कासीइ, 81; बासीइ, 82; तेसीइ, तेयासी, 83; चउरासीइ, चोरासी, 84; पञ्चासीइ, 85; छलसीइ, 86; सत्तासीइ, 87; अहासाइ, 88; एगूणनउइ, 89; नउइ, 90; एक्कणउइ, 91; बाणउइ, 92; तेणउइ, 93; चउणउइ, 94; पञ्चणउइ, 95; छण्णउइ, 96; सत्तणउइ, 97; अट्टाणउइ, 98; नवणउइ, 99. _ (vii) The cardinals from सय to सागरोवम are declined in singular and plural like nouns in the respective endings. They are:-सय, 100; सहस्स or साहस्सी, 1000; सयसहस्स or सयसाहस्सी, or लक्ख, lac; कोडी, crore; कोडाकोडी, crore of crores; 92371Ta expressing the number of years taken for emptying, at the rate of one hair a century, a well of one yojana or one hundred yojanas in all diniensions, so densely packed with hair that a river could flow over it without any drops of water penetrating the heap. सागरोवम is ten कोडाकोडीs of पलिओवम.

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75. The ordinals in Amg. are, TH, THE, first; fagat, ata, gre, second; 754, 57, third; 73727, fourth; " , fifth; 7, sixth; the remaining ordinals are formed by adding #, to the cardinal. The feminine 'base of these ordinals is formed by adding आ, to पढम, दोच्च, तच्च, and by adding to the remaining.
76. The fraction half of a number is formed by prefixing or suffixing 378 or 37, to the next cardinal. Note : fag, forg, 11; 365, 23; 365, 37; 34643#, 44: etc. The remaining are formed by prefixing are or she.
77. The multiplicatives are generally formed by adding खुत्तो to the number. But note: सई, once; दुक्खुत्तो, दोच्चं, twice; तिक्खुत्तो, तञ्चं, thrice. The rest are formed by adding Ga only.
V
• CONJUGATION 78. The conjugation of verbs in Amg., as in other Prakrits, is not so complicated as it is in Sanskrit. There are at the most three classes of roots, viz., those that are conjugated like gre, (Sk. ET-434 ); those that are conjugated like aft, ( Sk. $ ); and those ending in vowels other than 37 or 5, e. g., roots like GT, FI, E, etc. There are a few verbal forms, such as gastr, 34at, etc. derived from Sanskrit by analogy, but it should be remembered that they are quite exceptional.
79. The roots are conjugated in two voices, active and passive; in three tenses, present, past and future; and in three moods, imperative, potential and conditional. They are further conjugated in three persons, first, second and third; and in two numbers, singular and plural. All roots normally take the Parasmaipada only, but we

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ARDHAMĀGADHI GRAMMAR
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occasionally find forms of Atmanepada which may therefore be regarded as irregular or abnormal.
80. The Present tense is used more frequently than any other tense or mood, and serves at times the purpose of the past and the future. The normal conjugation in the present tense (active voice ) is as under :
(i) पास (Sk. दृश्-पश्य् ) to see Singular
Plural 1st. पासामि
पासामो 2nd. पाससि
पासह 3rd. पासह
पासन्ति All roots ending in अ.are conjugated like पास.
(ii) करे (Sk. कृ) to do Singular
Plural 1st. करेमि
करेमो 2nd. करेसि
करेह 3rd. करेइ .
करेन्ति Roots which end in 37 are at times allowed to take 5 in its place. The roots are then conjugated like पास as well as करे.
- (iii) हु (Sk. भू) to be Singular
Plural 1st.. होमि . 2nd. होसि
होह 3rd. हाइ
होन्ति (iv) झिया (Sk. ध्यै) to think, to brood over Singular
Plural 1st. झियामि
झियामो 2nd.. झियासि
झियाइ 3rd. झियाइ
झियन्ति The root format also appears as fara when it is conjugated like पास.
होमो

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नेमि
(v) उवट्ठा ( Sk. उप + स्था) to wait upon Singular
Plural 1st. उवहामि
उवट्ठामो .. 2nd. उवहासि
उवट्टाह . 3rd. उपहाइ
उवट्ठन्ति The root or is changed to fa; with preposition 5 it becomes उहे.
(vi) at to lead, to carry Singular
Plural 1st.
. नेमो 2nd. नेसि
नेह 3rd. नेइ
नेन्ति The root & (Sk. ! ) is conjugated like it.
(vii) अस् to be Singular
Plural 1st. अंसि, मि 2nd. . आसि, सि
(727) (only after a
short vowel) 3rd. आथि
सन्ति Very often feet is the only form which serves the purpose of all persons and numbers.
81. The past tense (active voice ) is rarely used as its purpose is served by the present tense. The conju. gation of this tense is as below:---
पास (दृश-पश्य) to see Singular .
Plural All persons पासिस्थ, पासिस्था पासिंसु
करे (कृ) to do Singular
Plural All persons करेल्थ, करेस्था, करित्था करसु, करिंसु .

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ARDHAMAGADHI GRAMMAR
1st.
The forms वयासी from वय (वच) to speak, अकासी from करे (कृ) to do, अहोसी from हू (भू) to be, अब्बवी from बे (5) to say, are irregular in that they are derived from Sanskrit, and are used for singular as well as plural.
82. Roots in the Future tense are conjugated in two different ways as below :
(i) पास (दृश-पश्य) to see Singular
Plural पासिस्मामि, पासिस्सं पासिस्सामो 2nd. पासिस्ससि
पासिस्सह 3rd. पासिस्सइ
पासिस्सन्ति पास (दृश-पश्य ) to see Singular
Plural 1st. पासिहिमि
पासिहिमो 2nd. पासिहिसि
पासिहिह 3rd. पासिहिद
पासिहिन्ति (ii) करे (कृ) to do Singular
Plural 1st. करिस्सामि, करिस्सं करिस्सामो 2nd. करिस्ससि
करिस्सह 3rd. करिस्सइ
करिस्सन्ति __ करे-का (कृ) to do Singular
Plural 1st. काहिमि, काहं
काहिमो 2nd. काहिसि
काहिह ird. काहिइ, काही . काहिन्ति
The roots ना (ज्ञा), दा etc. are conjugated in the future tense like at above. There are a few bases of the future tense which are more or less derived from the corresponding Sanskrit forms, e.g., वोच्छ from वय ( वच); दच्छ from दा; सोच्छ from सुण (श्रु); गच्छ from गम् ; रोच्छ
i

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. A MANUAL OF
1st.
from रुद्; वेच्छ from विद्; मोच्छ from मुच्; छेच्छ from छिद्; भेच्छ from भिद् ; and भोच्छ from भुज् . These forms are conjugated as below :
दा to give Singular
Plural 1st. दच्छामि, दच्छिमि दच्छामो, दच्छिमो 2nd.. दच्छसि, दच्छिसि । दच्छह, दच्छिह ।
3rd. दच्छइ, दाच्छइ दच्छन्ति, दच्छिन्ति
83. Roots in the imperative mood are conjugated as below:
(i) पास ( दृश-पश्य) to see Singular
Plural पासामु
, पासामो 2nd.
पास, पासाहि, पासस पासह 3rd. पासउ
पासन्तु (ii) करे (कृ) to do Singular
Plural 1st. करेम्
करेमो 2nd. 3rd. करेउ
करेन्तु 84. All roots in the potential mood are conjugated as below :
पास ( दृश्–पश्य् ) to see Singular
Plural 1st. पासेजा, पासेजामि पासेजाम 2nd. पासेजा-जासि-जाहि पासेजाह 3rd. पासेजा
. पासेजा Very often Tre is the only form which is used for all persons and numbers.
कुजा from n for Sk. कुर्यात् , सिया from अस् for Sk. स्यात्, and garg from , are derived from Sanskrit.
करेह

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ARDHAMAGADHI GRAMMAR
51
85. The conditional mood is formed in Amg. as in other Prakrits by using the present participle in a of the root as would be clear from the following illustrations :-- (i) तं जइ णं मोग्गरपाणिजक्खे इह संनिहिए होन्ते, से णं किं ममं एयारूवं आवई पाविज्जमानं पासन्ते ? ( अन्तगडदसाओ) "" Had the divine been present here (in the image or statue }, would he have seen (tolerated) me being reduced to this miserable condition ?" (ii) जइ हैं होन्तो, एवं च चिट्ठन्ता, तो णे सुसासिए करेन्तो - ( वसुदेवहिण्डी ) "Had I been there (on the throne), and had they (ministers) behaved like this, I would have taught them a good lesson."
A
86. The Causal forms are obtained from primitive root (i) by adding directly to those roots that end in आ, e. g., ठावे from ठा ( स्था ), ण्हावे from ण्हा (स्ना ), दावे from (); (ii) by adding na to roots ending in, e. g., करावे (कृ), कप्पावे (क्लृप् ), गिण्हावे ( ग्रह् ); (iii) by adding ए to the root and changing the first in the root to T, e. g., मारे (मर-मृ), कारे (कर-कृ), पाडे ( पड-पत्), पडिलाभे ( प्रति + लभ् ). All these forms are conjugated in all tenses and moods like करे. दरिसे and दंसे from दृश् are irregular.
87. Denominatives are roots obtained from nouns. Such roots are formed (i) by changing the ending of the noun to ए, eg., पहाणे ( ण्हाण) to give a bath, उच्चारे ( उच्चार) to ease oneself, पासवणे ( पासवण, प्रस्त्रवण), to make water, (, ) to make one touch or observe; (ii) by adding आवे to the noun, eg., सद्दावे (सद्द - शब्द ), उक्कम्पावे (उक्कम्प-उत्कम्प ).
88. Roots have a special base in the Passive voice from which base all tenses and moods are formed. This base is obtained by adding to most of the roots. Thus we have पासिजह from पास to see ; सुणिजइ from सुण to hear; पाविजइ from पाव ( प्र + आप ) to obtain, कहिज्जइ from to tell. This passive base is conjugated in the Parasmaipada only.

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There are however a few roots which form their passive base as derived from Sanskrit or quite abnormally. These are : लब्भइ (लभ्यते), मुच्चइ (मुच्यते), भिजइ (भियते), भुजइ (भुज्यते), नज्जइ (ज्ञायते), दिजइ (दीयते), वुच्चइ (उच्यते), तीरइ (शक्यते), कीरइ (क्रियते), उदुम्वइ (उद्यते).
VI VERBAL DERIVATIVES 89. PARTICIPLES in Amg. are formed by adding certain terminations to the roots. Many of them are derived from the corresponding Sanskrit forms under usual phonetic laws, but are detailed below for ready reference :
(i) Present participle ( active ) is formed by adding न्त or माण to the active base of the root; e.g. पासन्त, पासमाण from पास ; करेन्त, करेमाण from करे; चिट्ठन्त, चिट्ठमाण from चिट्ठ; चयन्त, चयमाण from चय (त्यज्); चरन्त, चरमाण from चर; जलन्त, जलमणि from जल (ज्वल ).
(ii) Present participle (passive ) is formed by adding or Arut to the passive base of the root; e. g., हसिजन्त, हसिजमाण from हस; पाविजन्त, पाविजमाण from पाव (अ+ आप्); एजन्त, एजमाण from आ + इ to go; दिजन्त, दिजमाण from दा.
(iii) Past passive participle is normally formed by adding इय to the root ; e. g., हसिय from हस ; रक्खिय from रक्ख; पुच्छिय from पुच्छ. Roots, the original Sanskrit form of which contains #, derive their past participle from the corresponding Sanskrit form by changing their त to ड; e.g., कड (कृत), मड (मृत), आहड ( आहृत), वावड ( व्यापूत ). A large number of the past participles are however derived directly from Sanskrit forms; e. g., गय (गत), जाय (जात), दिE ( दृष्ट), इट्ट (इष्ट), रुट ( रुष्ट ), नियत्त (निवृत्त), लीण (लीन ),

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ARDHAMĀGADHI GRAMMAR
हीण ( हीन), गीय ( गीत ), आलित्त (आलिप्त or आदीप्त), उब्विग्ग ( उद्विग्न ), किलन्त (क्लान्त), रिद्ध (ऋद्ध ), समिद्ध ( समृद्ध ).
53
(iv) Past active participles are formed by adding वन्त to the past passive participles; eg हसियवन्त, रक्खयवन्त, पुच्छियवन्त Their use is rather rare in Amg.
(v) Potential passive participles are formed by adding (i) णिज्ज to the root ; eg., पासणिज्ज, वन्दणिज, एसणिज्ज, करणिज्ज; or by adding (ii) इयव्व to the root; e. g., पासियन्व, पुच्छियव्व, जाणियव्व. There are some forms of these participles derived from the corresponding forms in Sanskrit such as कज्ज (कार्य), कायव्य ( कर्तव्य ), पेज (पेय) etc.
90. The Indeclinable past participle, Gerund, or Absolutive in Amg. is formed by adding to the root:(i) इत्ता and पुत्ता, eg., पासित्ता, करित्ता, हसित्ता, गच्छित्ता, खवित्ता, पासेत्ता, करेता, हरेत्ता.
(ii) इत्ताणं and एत्ताणं, eg, पासित्ताणं, पासेत्ताणं etc. (iii) इत्तु and एतु, eg., सहित्तु, or सहेत्तु, जाणित्तु, बन्धित्तु. (iv) ऊणं or इऊणं, eg., काऊणं, जाणिऊणं, दाऊणं. पासिणं. (v) ए, eg., उट्ठाए (as in उट्ठाए उट्ठेइ ), परिन्नाए (परिज्ञाय ), समायाए ( समादाय ).
अवहट्टु.
(vi) हुe. g., कट्टु, साहद्दु ( from सम् + हृ ), (vii) derived from Sanskrit form in r and, such as किच्चा ( कृत्वा), नच्चा ( ज्ञात्वा ), भोच्चा (भुक्त्वा ), सोच्चा ( श्रुत्वा ), चिच्चा ( त्यक्वा ); अभिगम्म ( अभिगम्य ), निसम्म ( निशम्य ), परिन्नाय ( प्रतिज्ञाय ), समादाय ( समादाय ). 91. The Infinitive in Amg. is formed by adding to
the root :
(i) इत्तए or एत्तए, eg, करित्तए, करेत्तए, साडित्तए, पाडित्तए, ओवाइणित्तए ;
(ii) उं or इउं e. g., दाउं, काउं, पासिउं, गिव्हिडं.
92. Other verbal derivatives in Amg. are obtained from Sanskrit by necessary phonetic changes. Thus we have गमण ( गमन), चरण, करण, दाया ( दाता ), दाग (दायक ), दाण (दान), गइ (गति) etc.

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.
A MANUAL OF
VII NOUN DERIVATIVES 93. The feminine base from adjectives and nouns ending in 37 is formed by adding at or to the masculine base. Thus we have दारिया (दारिका), अथा (अजा), एलया (एडका), गोरी (गौरी), भुञ्जमाणी, भुञ्जन्ती, पेच्छन्ती, पञ्चमी, छट्ठी, सत्तमी or सत्तमा, अट्ठमी or अट्ठमा etc.
94. The possessive adjectives in Amg. are formed by adding वन्त or मन्त, आल, आलू, इर, ई, इल्ल, सी (स्विन् ); e. g., धणवन्त, गुणवन्त, पुण्णमन्त, सिरिमन्त; जडाल, रसाल; दयाल, ईसालू ( इर्ष्यालु); वेविर (from वेप to tremble) गविर; धणी, अत्थी; दाहिणिल्ल, पुरथिमिल्ल, बाहिरिल्ल, पढमिल्ल, गामिल्ल, or गामेल्ल (from ग्राम, village); ओयंसी, ( ओजस्विन् ), तेयंसी, (तेजस्विन् ), जसंसी ( यशस्विन् ), मणंसी (मनस्विन् ), नहंसी (नखवान् ).
95. The abstract nouns in Amg. are formed from nouns and adjectives by adding त्त, त्ता, or त्तण, e. g. देवत्त, पुत्तत्त, महुरत्त; देवत्ता, पुत्तत्ता, नेरइयत्ता; आयरियत्तण, तक्करत्तण, महुरत्तण.
96. The स्वार्थे termination क (changed into अ or य or 77), which does not change the original meaning of a word, is often added in Amg. to nouns and adjectives; e.g., हिययअ (हृदय-क), बहुय (बहु-क), हस्थय (हस्त-क), मग्गदअ (मार्गद-क), चक्खुदअ ( चक्षुर्द-क), भत्तघरअ (भक्तगृह-ग), पट्टय (पट्ट-क), मुहुत्ताग (मुहूर्त-क).
97. The comparative and superlative forms in Amg. are formed by adding तर, यर, तराअ, यराग, तराग and तम to the adjectives, e.g., अणिट्टतर, आणिहतराअ, अणिट्टयर, आणट्टतम, कन्तयर, कन्ततर, कन्ततराअ, कन्ततराग, कन्ततम. The comparative and superlative forms in 47 and are borrowed from Sanskrit by effecting the necessary phonetic changes. Thus we have सेयं or छेयं ( श्रेयस् ) सेट, (श्रेष्ठ), जेट (ज्येष्ठ), कायस (कनीयस्) etc. ____98. Other noun derivatives are borrowed from Sanskrit by necessary phonetic changes.

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VIII
COMPOUNDS 99. The compounds in Amg. are formed, and are explained, more or less in the same manner as they are formed and explained in Sanskrit. There are four principal types of compounds, viz. दन्द ( Sk. द्वन्द्व), तत्पुरिस (Sk. तप्पुरुष), बहुव्वीहि (Sk. बहुव्रीहि ) and अव्वईभाव (Sk. अव्ययीभाव). Of these तत्पुरिस has two varieties called कम्मधारय (Sk. कर्मधारय ), and उववय (Sk. उपपद, in which a verbal derivative is added to a noun). I explain below the nature of each of these types with suitable illustrations.
100. The दन्द compound is formed when two nouns, which can be used independently and without being compounded, are put together so as to form one word. In the explanation of such compounds we have to add a (if the word before ends in अनुस्वार) or य (if it ends in vowel). Thus we have : जीवाजीवा-जीवे य अजीवे य जीवाजीवा, soul and no-soul; वत्थगन्धं-वत्थं च गन्धे य वत्थगन्धं, clothing and scented paste; नरपसूणं-नरा य पसू य नरपसू, तेसिं नरपसूर्ण, of men and animals ; गामनयरेसु-गामा य नयरा य गामनयरा, तेसु गामनयरेसु, in villages and cities ; भत्तपाणं-भत्तं च पाणं च भत्तपाणं, food and drink ; असणपाणखाइमसाइमेणं-असणं च पाणं च खाइमं च साइमं च असणपाणखाइमसाइम, तेणं, असणपाणखाइमसाइमेणं, by food, drink, eatables and relishes ; बीयहरियाणि-बीयाणि य हरियाणि य बीयहरियाणि, seeds and green grass ; वच्चमुत्तं-वच्चं च मुत्तं च वञ्चमुत्तं, dung and urine. __101. The कम्मधारय is a variety of तप्पुरिस compound and is formed by putting together an adjective and the noun it qualifies, or by putting together adjectives or by putting together two nouns in apposition. Thus we have नीलुप्पलं नीलं उप्पलं नीलुप्पलं, a blue lotus. सुहकम्माइं-सुहाई कम्माई सुहकम्माई, auspicious deeds; पुश्वकम्माइं-पुवाई कम्माई

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पुग्वकम्माई, deeds of former life ; सेयरत्ते-सेए य रत्ते य सेयरत्ते. white and red; सब्भिन्तरबाहिरं-सब्भिन्तरं च बाहिरं च साब्भन्तरबाहिरं, inner and outer; अहुणोवलित्त-अहुणा उवलितं अहुणोवलितं, (a house) just besmeared with cowdung ; अणलसे-न. अलसे अपलसे, not lazy, active; आदिन्नं न दिलं अदिलं not given; अहिंसा-न हिंसा अहिंसा, non-injury.
102. The उववय compound in Amg. is also a variety of Tegop and is formed by adding a verbal derivative to a noun. Thus we have तित्थगरे-तित्थं करेइ त्ति तिस्थगरे, founder of a religious system; लोगपज्जोयगरे-लोगस्स पजोए लोगपज्जोए(तप्पुरिस), लोगपजोयं करेइ त्ति लोगपजोयगरे, illumining the world ; नाणदंसणधरे-नाणं च दसणं नाणदंसणाई (दन्द), नाणदंसणाई धरइ त्ति नाणदंसणधरे, possessor of knowledge and faith ; अभयदए-अभयं देइ त्ति अभयदए, one who gives protection; मग्गदए-मग्गं देइ त्ति मग्गदए, one who makes or shows the path ; निरयंगामी-निरयं गच्छइ त्ति निरयंगामी; one who goes to hell; धम्मोणुवत्ती-धम्म अणुवत्तइ or अणुवदृइ त्ति धम्माणुवत्ती one who follows or obeys religious instruction.
103. The तप्पुरिस compound is formed of two words the first of which is put in an oblique case (i. e., case other than Nominative ) in its explanation. Thus we have several sub-varieties of this compound according to the case in which the first word is put ; (i) परिसागए-परिसं गए परिसागए, gone to the assembly, in the midst of an assembly; (ii) विसमरणं-विसेणं मरणं विसमरणं, death by poison; महुकारसमा-महुकारेणं समा महुकारसमा, like a bee: वायाइद्धे-वाएर्ण आइद्ध वायाइद्धे, shaken by wind; आगइगइविनायाआगई य गई य आगइगईओ (द्वन्द्व), आगइगईहिं विनाया आगइगइविवाया (तत्पुरुष), recognised by (their movement of) coming and going. (iii) सुहधम्मे-सुहाए धम्मे सुहधम्मे, religious practice for happiness; (iv) चोरभयं-चोराओ भयं चोरभयं, fear of thief ; रुक्खपडणं-रुक्खाओ पडणं रुक्खपडणं, falling from a tree; (v) पुण्णफलं-पुण्णस्स फलं पुण्णफलं, fruit of meritorious

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deed; भत्तेसणा-भत्तस्स एसणा भत्तेसणा, seeking of food. बुद्धवयणं बुद्धस्स वयणं बुद्धवयणं, the word of the wise ; पाणाइवाए- पाणस्स अइवा पाणइवाए, injury to a living being; गहवई - गहस्स पई गहवई, lord of a house, a house-holder; रयहरणं- रयस्स हरणं रयहरणं, ( a piece of cloth for ) the wiping of the dust सङ्कट्ठाणं सङ्काए ठाणं सङ्कट्ठाणं, a place of fear, a suspicious place; (vi) गिहवासे - गिहंसि वासे गिहवासे, dwelling in a house ; गाणकुसले-गाणंसि कुसले गाणकुसले, expert in music, पुरिसोवयारकुसला - पुरिसस्स उवयारा पुरिसोवयारा, पुरिसोवयारेसुं कुसला पुरिसोवयारकुसला, clever in serving men ; नाणापिण्डरया- नाणापिण्डेसुं रया नाणापिण्डरया, used to obtain food from various places or houses.
57
104. The बहुवीहि compound is formed by putting together an adjective and a noun, or two nouns; the whole becoming an attribute of a third object. The relation between the adjective and the noun or the two nouns is expressed by an oblique case of the relative pronoun in the explanation of the compound. The adjective in this compound may or may not be placed first. Thus we have जियकोहे - जिए कोहे जेणं से जियकोहे, one who has conquer - ed anger ; सम्मद्दिट्ठी- सम्मं or सम्मा दिट्ठी जेसिं ते सम्मद्दिट्ठी, those who hold the right view; पञ्चिन्दिए- पञ्च इन्दियाई जस्स से पञ्चिन्दिए, one who has got five sense organs; सुट्ठियप्पा - सुट्ठिए अप्पा जस्स से सुट्ठियप्पा, one whose mind is concentrated ; धूमकेऊ- धूमे केऊ जस्स से धूमकेऊ, (fire ) of which smoke is the mark ; नीरया-निग्गए रए जेसिं ते नीरया ( monks ), who are free from impurities ; अणेगजीवा - अणेगे जीवा जीसे सा अणेगजीवा, ( earth), having many living cells ; अणगारे अविजमाणं अगारं जस्स से अणगारे, one who has no house, a houseless monk ; fuerrear - पहिया आसवा जेहिं ते पिहियासवा, ( monks) who have stopped doing sinful activities. परमाहम्मिया - परमे धम्मे जेसिं ते परमाहम्मिया, those whose duty or aim is to seek pleasure or highest bliss (परम); संजयविरयपडिहयपञ्चवक्खायपावकम्मे - पडिहयं जहा सिया तहा पच्चक्खायं पडिहपयच्चकखायं (कम्मधारए), पावं कम्मं पावकम्म

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(कम्मधारए), पडिहपयञ्चक्खायं पावकम्मं जेणं से पडिहयपञ्चक्खायपावकम्मे (बहुव्वीहि), संजए विरए (विसेसेणं रए विरए) पडिहयपच्चक्खायपावकम्मे य संजयविरयपडिहयपच्चक्खायपावकग्मे, one who is self-controlled (संजय), devoted to duty (विरय) and who has completely renounced doing sinful deeds; परीसहरिऊदन्ता-परीसहा एव रिऊ (कम्मधारए), दन्ता परीसहरिऊ जेहिं ते परीसहरिऊदन्ता, those who have subdued or curbed their enemies, namely, the unpleasant contacts. सपुत्ते-पुत्तेणं सह सपुत्ते, with his son; ससरक्खे-रएणं सह ससरक्खे (सरजस्क), full of dust or impurities.
___105. The अव्वईभाव' or adverbial compound in Amg. is formed by putting together an indeclinable or a preposition, and a noun. Thus we have :-Alawirat or जावजीवाए-जाव जीवे वट्टइ ताव जावजीवं or जावजीवाए, so long as life lasts ; अहासुहं-जहा सुहं सिया तहा अहासुहं, as would please you; आणुपुट्वि-पुग्वेणं अणुवट्टमाणं, in due order; अहागडं-जहा (कडं) सिया तहा अहागडं, as would be done (obtained ). There is a class of adverbs which have the Genitive ending Fy such as TETEKT, (breaking a thing) with the तट sound in the fashion of a rope; सरसरस्स, (climbing) with the sound in the fashion of a snake ; दवदवस्स, (going ) with a quick gait or with quick steps ; छडछडस्स, (whipping) with the सट् sound of a whip; धगधगस्त (burning) with the धग sound of fire; मडमडस्स, (killing an animal) with the HF sound in the fashion of a butcher, which also may be regarded as adverbial compounds.
IX
SYNTAX 106. The order of words in Amg. prose is more or less governed by the same principles as are applicable to Sanskrit. Ordinarily, adverbial phrases denoting time and place are placed at the commencement of the sentence ; then comes the subject term together with its

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attributes or adjectival phrases and relative clauses dependent upon it ; then comes the object term together with its attributes or adjectival phrases and relative clauses dependent upon it ; then come adverbs followed by the verb. The adjectives normally precede the noun they qualify, but at times, particularly when the adjectival phrase consists of more than one word, they are allowed to come after the noun.
107. This rule about the position of words in a sentence is considerably slackened in metrical composition where a verb may come before all other words such as subject and object.
108. The adjectives qualifying a noun generally agree with it in number, gender and case. The cardinal numbers, declined in the singular only, namely, numbers from 19 to 48, and from 59 to 99, agree with the noun they qualify in case only. Thus we have : grande guata HTI OTT, of the nāyas (i. e., narratives of well-known persons ), they have declared nineteen lessons '; gregardit GĦOTT, Á HETETT, atat
aghaT TETIT, in books on dreams they mention fortytwo dreams, thirty great dreams, (in all) seventy-two dreams'; वीसं वासाइं सामण्णपरियागं पाउणित्ता, 'having led the life of a monk for twenty years ’; aratiti pastaTi faFEAT, ' having taught seventy-two arts’; arra greit, dasë, 'with seventyfive years still left '; araftar Prag, in twenty-two unpleasant contacts or troubles'.
109. But sometimess in prose as well as in verse the usual rules of concord of number, gender and case are not observed in Ang. (i) qui, Hà, forgūtoi BTÉ Og ri...
og AliEAT,' under this pretext, sir, I shall just bring King Paesi hither'. Here the subject 37 in the singular is used with the verb आणेस्सामो in the plural. अङ्कवाणिया

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1... EN VASTAT TÌ THI Fei gass, just as dealers in precious stone 37......desirous of evading taxation, do not ask or go by the right route.' Here the subject 37 atforent in the plural is used with the verb gegs in the singular. (ii) Sometimes forms of nouns or adjectives, different in gender, are made to agree with one another ; strata TrumT, as many living beings'. Here Frafra in the neuter gender goes with our in the masculine genderi दोन्नि, तिणि and चत्तारि are forms of neuter gender, but they are used with words of the masculine or feminine gender; FIAT GTTAT, 'two persons'. (iii) Sometimes nouns in one case are made to agree with their adjective in another case : सइ अन्नेण मग्गेण (दशवैकालिक, V. I. 6) 'there being another passage available'. Here witor in the Instrumental case is made to agree with सइ (Sk. सति) in the Locative case. Examples of anacoluthon, i. e, a sudden change of construction from active voice to passive voice, are also noticed in Amg.: TRATTHÍOCHT OI, FATIT, TË geh gitè 'Is, O Citta, this person fit to be visited by me?' Here the potential passive participle THTHION is linked with and in the Nominative whereas it should have been as, i. e., in the Instrumental.
110. The relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in number and gender. In metrical composition this rule is at times slackened as can be seen from tagerer et a Tarra a È ang ka st, II, 2, where Juta in the plural is made to agree with êt in the singular. *
111. The different cases of nouns in Amg. are used in the same way as in Sanskrit. There are however a few specialities of the language. The Genitive is the most general case in Amg. and as such can take the place of any oblique case as can be seen from the following illustrations :-ai THTISCOT TATOTTFETTOT HETTUI, where Genitive is used for the Instrumental; Time NES, where Genitive

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61
is used for Ablative. The Locative case is used for the Accusative especially with verbs indicating motion as TIÀ FITA, TIÀ STALÀ. Similarly Instrumental is used in the place of Locative as ao provi, ao FTO, facang
THINK grogy. The Dative is almost absent in Amg. and its place is taken by the Genitive except in a few cases like सवणयाए, पासणयाए etc. where it has the sense of an Infinitive.
112. Sometimes in prose as well as in verse caseendings are dropped :-3770 STTitan The grae, surrounded by his wives and retinue'. Here are requires gituradi i. e., the Instrumental case, while the text gives ARTITE without case-ending, Aye Tiere qat arties, 'elegantly putting on auspicious clothes.' Here 977 is an adverb and should have the ending of the Accusative, while the text gives it without the case-ending. Ata JETS À Ti,' he leaves off all dust as (a snake leaves ) his own skin or slough.' Here at should have been at, i.e. in Acc. singular. TITT OTaart tot, the results of one's acts are terrible.'. Here faat is used without the ending of Nom. plural.
113. The Amg. language frequently uses synonymous words in the same sentence either separately or in compounds. Thus we have 3gp, Farmag, fiety, HUISTE ipartim Th, HAHETU; Toh, , gag, arerean, मिसिमिसेमाणे; आइक्खइ, भासइ पनवेइ, परवेइ etc.; अद्धरत्तकालसमयंसि, where काल and समय are synonyms ; मच्छियाचडगरपहकरेणं where चडगर and पहकर both mean swarm; अम्बरवत्थनियत्थे, where अम्बर and वत्थ are synonyms; वसाणुए where वस and अणुअ (अनुग) are synonyms ; सोचा निसम्म where both mean the same thing.
114. Certain phrases such as GIT JE,' he stood up by rising from his seat or by leaving his seat,' are found

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in Amg. only. The frequent use of the expletive particle . of also is peculiar to this language. _____115. The Amg. literature has devised certain devices of effecting economy of space in writing and as such they deserve notice.
(i) They use gootsit to indicate long and typical descriptions of persons or objects such as king, queen, prince, councillors, merchants, towns, cities, gardens, temples, groves of trees etc., e. g. तेणं कालेणं तेणं समएणं चम्पा नामं नयरी होत्था। वण्णओ.
(ii) They use the word fra to abridge passages, the words before and after fra referring to words as they occur in complete passages elsewhere e. g., तरुणे जुगवं जाव निउणसिप्पोवगए. . (iii) They use numbers from 2 to 6 to avoid repetition of synonymous terms.
(a) The figure 2 occurring after a finite verb stands for its Indeclinable past participle or Absolutive; e.g., वन्दइ नमसइः २ एवं वयासी, where the figure stands for वन्दित्ता, नमंसित्ता; एजमाणं पासइ, २ धणुं परामुसइ, where the figure stands for पासित्ता; sometimes figure 2 is followed by त्ता as २ त्ता.
(b) The figure 2 occurring after an adjective means repetition of the adjective; e.g., महया २ सद्देणं is equal to महया महया सद्देणं; पडिजागरमाणी २ विहरइ, stands for पडिजागरमाणी पडिजागरमाणी विहरइ; पगडिजमाणे २ stands for पगडिजमाणे पगड्डिजमाणे; जम्बुद्दीवं २ for जम्बुद्दीवं दीवं; sometimes the figure denotes a synonymous expression; e. g. तेणं कालेणं २, where the figure stands for तेणं कालेणं तेणं समएणं.
(c) The figure 3 is used to express synonymous words numbering three; e.g., लद्धा ३ stands for लद्धा, पत्ता, अभिसमनागया; सकिए ३ for सङ्किए, कंखिए, वितिगिच्छासमावन्ने;

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ARDHAMĀGADHI CRAMMAR
आउक्खएणं ३ for आउक्खएणं नवक्खाणं ठिइक्खएणं; सन्ता ३ for सन्ता, तन्ता, परितन्ता; पञ्चक्खामि ३ for मणसा वयसा कायसा न करेमि, न कारवेमि करेन्तं पि अन्नं न समणुजाणामि; समणेणं ३ for समणेणं भगवया महावीरेग.
(d) The figure 4 is used as above; e. g.; एवमाइक्खइ ४ for एवमाइक्खइ, एवं भासइ, एवं पन्नवेइ, एवं परूवेइ, आलम्बणं ४ for आलम्बणं, पमाणं, आहारे, चक्खू ; सन्तेहिं ४ for सन्तेहिं, तच्चेहि, तहिएहिं; सब्भूएहिं; असणं ४ for असणं पाणं खाइमं साइमं; मंसेहि य ४ for मंसेहि य सोल्लेहि य तलिएहि य भजिएहि य: आसाएमाणी ४ for आसाएमाणी, विसाएमाणी, परिभुञ्जमाणी, परिभाएमाणी; मुच्छिए ४ for मुच्छिए, गिद्धे, गढिए, अज्झोववन्ने; उप्पत्तियाहिं ४ for उप्पत्तियाहिं, वेगइयाहिं, कम्मियाहिं, पारिणामियाहिं; साडित्तए ४ for साडित्तए, पाडित्तए, गालित्तए, विद्धसित्ता; सइ ४ for सडइ, पडड, गलइ, विद्धंसइ.
(e) The figure 5 is used as above; e. g. सिज्झिहिइ ५ for सिज्झिहिइ, बुज्झिहिइ, मुञ्चिहिट्, परिनिव्वहिइ, सव्वदुक्खाणं अन्तं करेहिइ; पुप्फ ५ for पुप्फ, वत्थ, गन्ध, मल्ल, अलंकार; अज्झथिए ५ for अज्झथिए, पत्थिए, चिन्तिए, मांगर, संकप्पे; आसुरत्ते ५ for आसुरत्ते, रुटे, कुविए, चण्डिक्किए, मिसिमिसेमाणे; अणिटेहिं ५ for अणिटेहिं, अकन्तेहिं, अप्पिएहि, अमणुन्नेहिं, अमणामेहिं; भीए ५ for भीए, तत्थे, तसिए, उविग्गे, संजायभए; धम्मकंखिया ५ for धम्मकंखिया, पुण्णकंखिया, सग्गकंखिया, मोक्खकंखिया, धम्मपुण्णसग्गमोक्खकंखिया; सुमुहे गाहावई, ५ for the five phrases धन्ने णं सुमुहे गाहावई, पुष्णे णं सुमुहे गाहावई, कयत्थे णं सुमुहे गाहावई, कयलक्खणे णं सुमुहे गाहावई, सुद्धे णं सुमुहस्स गाहावइस्स जम्म जीवियफले.
(f) The figure 6 is used as above; e. g., इड्डी ६ for इडी, जुई, जसो, बलं, वीरियं, पुरिसक्कारपरक्कम; सुरं ६ for सुरं, महं, मेरयं, मजं, सीहुँ, पसन्नं; इट्ठा, ६ for इट्टा, कन्ता, पिया, अभिरामा, मणुन्ना, मणामा; वेजा ६ for वेजा, वेज पुत्ता, जागया, जाणयपुत्ता, तेगिच्छा तेगिच्छिपुत्ता.

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[ All rights reserved by the Author ] FOURTH EDITION (REPRINT) 1944 mm Printed by:-S. R. Sardesai, B.A., LL.B., Navin Samarth Vidyalaya's Samarth Bharat Press, 41 Budhwar, Poona 2. Published by :-N. T. Bhide, B.A., Modern Book Depot, Opposite Anandashram, Poona 2.