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not coming out of everything? This is the ground on which Sankhya philosophy accepts that only the apt effect emerges out of the apt cause.
The interdependence and co-existence of substance and mode implies that mode is nothing but the changing property of a substance. When a substance passes through one condition to another and from one moment to another without loosing its essence it is recognised as mode.“
Change can occur in the both entity and attribute." Scriptures like Bhagavati Sutra and Pannavana deal with both the changes at large. The remarkable thing in them is that change takes place at two levels, viz., micro and macro technically known as “pariņāma * and ‘paryāya 5 respectively. The former is recognized as mutation and the latter as mode. The former stands for internal change and the latter for the external. In the absence of the former the latter can not take place. Thus, mode is always preceded by mutation. There is cause-effect relationship between the two.
To explain internal change both the Bhagavati Sūtra and Pannavaņā have mentioned two types of mutation occurring in the world of consciousness and that of non conscious respectively. Each of them is further of 10 types. The mutations related to the conscious world are such as, mutation related to next birth, development of sense-organs, passions, psychic colours, mental, physical and vocal activities, application of knowledge, power of knowledge, power of intuition, self-restraint and sexual tendency. Likewise, the mutations related to non-conscious world are also of 10 types, such as, the unity of matter, movement of material entity, structure of material body, separation of material objects, colour, taste, touch, smell, weightlessness and sound property of non-physical element. Each of the ten are further divided into many according to possible alternatives. For illustration senses are five. Mutation of one is almost different from that of the other. In this way change multipies in mathematical proportion passing through the three periods of time. Wide Implications
The concept of mode referred to in the canons can be the concrete base to the following theories which are of universal application. In brief, the theories are as follows:
1. Objectivity of causal-efficiency 2. Notion of possibility and probability 3. Multiformity of the universe 4. Objectivity of Relativity
5. Individuality of any object 126
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