________________ "AKLUJKAR: SYNTACTIC GLEANINGS STUDIES IN SANSKRIT SYNTAX a) praviviktah sa hi tasya vastuno Vyavahar ittam rupam. (V 1.24-26) That separated (word meaning) is such a form of that entity which (form) does not figure in communication (i.c., which has reality only as a product or tool of linguistic ana lysis).' (b) prayena sarvo hi svasyam svasyam vidyayam vyakaranam anugacchati. (V 1.14-22) 'Usually everyone follows grammar in his respective branch of learning.' * The observation made in this section makes tair eva (ca) a probable reading in V 1.118, words 13-4. 16Cf. vedam ca vedarigani ca (Yaska 1.20) 'the Veda and the ancillaries of the Veda', samanam ihamananari cadhiyananam ca (Patafjali 1.31) 'of persons interested in and studying one and the same thing'. "The sources of the quotations in example (6) are not known. 18Unless prajnana and asamprakhyana are opposite in meaning (which is possible), the original text here could have been prajnana-rupa-pakas (caprajnana-rupa-pakas ca samprakhyanarupa-pakas) casamprakhyana-rupa-pakas cupam, and the part set off in brackets could have been lost through haplography. 19 Sentences like the following may be excepticns to the observation made in this section or, what is more likely, they may reflect the fact that the concepts connected by ca belonged to antithetical or distinct categories in the author's way of thinking: (a) pradeso 'pi brahmanah sarvarupyam anatikrantas cavikalpas ca. (V 1.9; a citation) The domain of brahman is coterminous with all forms (and hence with all vikalpas "conceptual constructs"), but it is also devoid of or beyond any vikalpa. (b) vedo hi lokanam prakstitvena copadestr-rupatvena ca vivartesu vyavasthasu 'ca vidhata (V 1.10) The Veda fashions the worlds as material cause and also as an instructor or guide in processes of diversification as well as in creations of order or arrangement.' The double employment of ca in some of the verses (karikas) of the Trikandi, as in te lirigais ca sva-sabdcis ca (1.26) and sasthyas ca prathamayas ca (1.67), could be due to constraints of the metre. When ca or va joins three clauses, it may occasionally not figure in the first clause as can be seen from the following: (c) yadi nityanam sabdanam abhivyaktir, janmadi-vikriyapattir va satain, asatam va sopakhya-nirupakhyatvani ... (V 1.28) Whether it is (merely) a manifestation of permanent (basically unchanging) linguistic units, or transformations such as coming into existence in the case of (linguistic units) existing in some other form), or states of being specifiable and being unspecifiable in the case of (previously) inexistent (linguistic units), ...' d) yo 'yam jata-veda, yas ca (...) pursesv antarah prakaso, yas ca (...) prakasaprakasa yoh prakasayita sabdakhyah prakasah, tatraitat sarvam upanibaddham yavad vastv avastu, yavat sthasnu carisnu ceti. (V 1.12) 'All this, whether it is material or non-material (and) whether it is stationary (or) moving, is fixed in that which is this fire, and which is the intemal light in men, and which is (...) the illuminator of the luminous and the non-luminous, the light called sabda (language).' Contrast the use of ca in every clause in examples like (e). (e) ye cesvara-kala-purusa-vidya-kse trajnan vibhakta-lattvan ahuh, ye canisvaram akalam apurusam avidyam aksetrajnam avidya-matrain eva manyante., ye caikatvanatikramena sarmurcchita-viruddhaparimana-saku-rupa-nirbhasa-parigraham apurvaparam vis vatmanam karanam acaksate, tes am ... (V 1.28) 'Of those who propound distinct (primary causes like) God, Time, Self, Knowledge, and the Knower of the Field, and (of those who entertain only nescience devoid of God, Time. Sell. Knowledge, (or) the Knower of the Field, and (of those) who proclaim as cause an all-encompassing entity in which there are, without any loss of oneness, manifestations of infinite, mutually opposed, and unsegregated capacities and of which there is neither a predecessor nor a successor ...' 20Probably, the following sentences also contain a dehali-dipa use of the genitive: (a) samyag-viparinatau linga-vacanadinam vyakaranam nibandhanam (V 1.11) 'In changing properly the gender, grammatical number, etc., the analysis of gender, grammatical number, etc. is the basis. (6) na hy anityatve sabdadinam sastrarambhe kimcid api prayojanam asti. (V 1.23) 'Under the alternative of impermanency of words, etc., there would be no purpose in beginning the science of words, etc.' 21 As an example of the sensitivity mentioned here, note the following. tathatrasaty api sabda-vyakti-samavaye, sabdakster varnavayavavagraha-praptasamskarabhih kramotpannabhir buddhibhih purvam aglhitavyaktam va grhita samskyte 'ntah-karane carama-vijnanenaksuih paricchidyate. (V 1.23)) 'In the same manner, here too, although there is no aggregation of sound individuals, the form of the word-universal, previously unapprehended or indistinctly apprehended through cognitions which are impressed with the intake of phoneme-parts (i.e., parts in the form of phonemes) and which have arisen in a sequence, is determined with the final cognition. It is determined in the inner organ (or mind) which is modified through cognitions which are impressed with the intake of phoneme-parts and which have arisen in a sequence. Here, the instrumental forms (varnavayavavagraha-prapta-samskarabhih kramotpannabhir buddhibhih) are connected with the adjectival phrase purvam agrhitavyaktan va grhita as well as sanskrte 'ntah-karane. To avoid having to repeat the instrumental forms, the author places samsksie 'ntah-karane immediately after the adjectival phrase and, against the usual practice, allows the substantive (akstih) to be removed from(ils the adjectival phrase qualifying it. 221 would concede that if it were not for the order of expressions we would not be able to know in individual instances what the stages in the progression of thought were. These stages are, after all, not open to observation by others; there is no widespread agreement in their case. However, my point is that there is evidence suggesting that a presumed dialogue with the reader is responsible for the presence of certain expressions at certain points: A kind of bouncing board seems to exist in front of the author and his later words seem to be determined by the effect he thinks the earlier words will produce on the board. 23 The condition 'performing a common or identical syntactic role' is not essential to the point I make. It is more of a methodological condition that serves to ensure that evidence of a clear sort is adduced. If different positions assigned to grammatically similar words are explored, the possibility that the difference in positions could be due to the difference in grammatical function is eliminated. 24 The long sentence yarhaivoiksepana-bhramana-recanddinam ... vyavahuru avatisthante in V 1.23 may likewise be viewed by some as containing a series of parenthetical clauses.
