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( 21 ) understanding, a thing appears to be both existent and non-existent, but it has been proved that there is no lack of understanding; therefore, there is no
Abbava or negation. It is shown below that other philosophies are also really pluralistic, though they donot profess to be so.
Sankhyas. - (Followers of the Sankhya philosophy.) Sankhya declares the even-condition of Satva, Rajas and Tamas to be Prakriti which includes numerous things having different forms and properties such as smallness, driness, heat, cold &c. By recognizing these varieties in one substance, the pluralistic position has been tacitly accepted.
There is only one substance but it has many aspects. The combination of three qualities is Pradhan or Prakriti which means one thing having many forms i.e. the pluralistic position about them.
Naiyayakas. (Followers of the Nyaya philosophy.)
They accept both the common and the special forms of things. The pervasion of one principlein many is the common form, and the differences
