________________
FUNDAMENTAL TRUTHS
119
it might mean cither 'goat' or 'grain'. The result of this deviation from the strict truth was that the king's throne fell to the ground, but if you look in a dictionary you will see the word bears a double meaning to this day !
The rulcs regarding truthfulness and untruthfulness differ for monks and laity, as we shall see when we como to discuss the twelve vows.
Dishonesty (Adattādāna) is another class of sin which is iii. Adatforbidden to all Jaina; besides actual theft, this sin includes tadana. keeping lost property or treasure trove, smuggling, chcating, taking bribes, and all trcason and law brcaking. It was explained to the writer that the re:won why treason and law breaking were included under this category was that originally they led to much financial profit, and all illegitimate financial profit was stcaling; nowadays they are not so advantagcous, but they are still strictly prohibited. Under this head is also forbidden all sharp practice in business, together with the misappropriation of trust funds and the use of charitable funds for private gain.
Another sin that also bcars a different connotation for iv. Abrahthe professed rcligious and the layman is unchastity macarya. (Abrahmacarya); for whereas a layman is bound to maintain his own wife in all honour and happiness, it is sin for a sādhu to allow so much as the hem of his garment to touch a woman. When we deal with the vows, we shall notice how much Eastern and Western monasticism have in common on this point.
The Jaina realized how many sins sprang from excessive v. Parilove of one's own possessions. They taught that if a monk graha. kept one garment or one vessel above the allowed number, or if he even became over attached to one that he lawfully possessed, he committed the sin of Parigraha, or covetous. ness. In the same way the layman was instructed that if he showed uncontrolled grief when one of his cattle died or his money disappeared, he too had given way to greed.
As one studies more closely the Jaina idea of what sin Krodha.
vi.
