Religious Prayascittas according to old Jaina Ritual

Author(s): Collete Caillat
Publisher: Z_Mahavir_Jain_Vidyalay_Suvarna_Mahotsav_Granth_Part_1_012002.pdf and Mahavir_Jain_Vidyalay_Suvarna_

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THE RELIGIOUS' PRĀYASCITTAS : 97
virtually synonymous with fasting.”38 Hence another meaning of tava, tavo, tapas, which, in the recent disciplinary books, is the name of the sixth payacchitta, that mainly consists of fasts : 39 it will be seen that it has replaced the older parihara.
THEORETICAL REMARKS. Traditionally, ten atonements are listed:
pāyacchittam tu dasaviham (Uttar 30, 31). They are quoted in a famous gatha: 40
äloyana 1 padikamane 2 misa 3 vivege 4 tahā viussagge 5
tava 6 cheya 7 müla 8 anavatthayā 9 ya pärancie 10 c'eva. This list is reproduced in many texts, though sometimes with sligh variants.41 The pāyacchittas, thus, are said to be : "the confession, repentance, mixed (or: both these), restitution, and collectedness; further : austerity, suppressing (part of), radical (suppressing of religious seniority), destitution, exclusion".
Though some of these may be theoretical rather than real, it is noteworthy that the Digambaras too teach ten pāyacchittas which mostly correspond to those of the Svetāmbaras.42 It must be admitted that alterations took place early enough;43 but, for the present purpose, it will suffice to consider the oldest list, comprising ten items.44
The first two are often alluded to; the last four are mentioned only in the oldest books of discipline (the Kappa-, Vavahära- and Nisihasutta),45 which, on the other hand, give instructions about the fifth, but ignore the third and the fourth. Some teachers contend that the ninth and tenth are to be taken together and counted as one expiation only; moreover, they expulse the first and second, retaining instead the third one that unites them both, and which, according to them, should be called "external" (bāhya) to the other six.46 Thus, the Jainas were quite aware of the heterogeneous character of the atonements. The first five, it is true, are somewhat artificially forced into the above
38 R. Williams, Jaina Yoga 238. 39 ZDMG 60, 1906, 538; Doctrine 161. 40 VayPithBh 53; cf. K p. 12; Jita p. 1196 n. 1, ubi alia. 41 (tad-) ubhaya instead of misa, Uvav 30 I'; Jiya 4. 42 Mülācāra 5, 164 f. 43 Cf. the list in the Tattvārtha, comprising nine pāyacchittas. 44 Cf. S. B. Deo, Jaina Monastic Jurisprudence 40. 45 Cf. Doctrine 161. 46 VavPith? 36 a 12; Bh 100 b; 108 b. G.J.y. 7