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D. D. KOSAMBI
unexplained, or call one variety "man supporting two clubs", when an extra pair of arms, or makes, or rivers springing out of the shoulders could be the only possible explanation, as may be confirmed by looking at the corresponding seals in the volume of plates. The reduction to a hieroglyph may indicate that the type originates in or at least is closer to the Indus valley than to Mesopotamia. The transition from the Indus representations of a deity with an extra pair of arms to the Mesopotamian god with rivers flowing out of his shoulders may be seen in Vats, pictograph 383: (pi CXV; and seal 35 of pl. LXXXVI. Possibly, his symbol 358 a might also have developed from the common source. Mackay pl. LXXVI. 8; reports a unique two-faced clay image fragment, the faces being beardless and slant-eyed whence the connec tion (if any) with the two-faced Mesopotamian Usmu is not direct. RV. i.51.5, seadhathir JE adhi śupta: cjuhtala 'those who sacrificed upon the shoulders and were destroyed by Indra' might indicate cults related to the above Indus pictograms or rather to their originals.
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The absence of fuller archaeological evidence from the Indus valley forces us to consider parallel Mesopotamian seals, permissible because the existence of a common element to the two cultures is admitted*, The Hydra Naga, Sesa) appears with five or seven heads (Frankort p. 72, fig. 26; Pl. XXIII.,j); much later, human figures with two animal heads, goat and stag (ibid.p.271). As the labours of Herakles originate in these seals, the threeheaded Geryon Cacus, or a Kerberos, would have linked up with the Indus seals. However, Ea (originally Enki, a water-god like Nārāyanaj has a twofaced attendant, Usmu according to Furlani, who performs the functions of minister and herald, i.e. is equivalent to a human priest or priest-king. The two rivers flow generally from Ea's, shoulders, occasionally from a jar in his hand. His other attendant, a bearded naked athlete of the Gilgames-Herakles type, also sometimes holds such a river-jar. Frankfort Pl.XXVIII. shows both on a Babylonian seal, in such a way that the rivers might seem to emerge from the hero's shoulders; this seems to be the general case later, c.. PL. XXXIX.i; in XLIV. the river goddesses themselves might be the two attendants flanking the hero from whose shoulders stream the waters. On PL.XLIV.i (a peripheral seal the two streams emerge from a naked goddess's shoulders, as well as those of a much smaller male, perhaps her son. As the water-hero goes back at least to Akkadian times, we must see in him a representative of Ea, and the two-faced attendant must be another such, like the goat-fish which is later Ea himself. This will have to be used in interpreting Indus
*Pather reluctantly, Am Billing to Il Viden 1625), p.11; C.J. Gadd Proc Brit. Acad. zvili, 1232, pp. 121-216, H. Frank Glider Sel London, 1933, pp24-21. My quial thanks are due to be. P.D. Barnett of the Britt. Mevcom. Ese reference, panicularly to L 93115. For the sere antediturian saz, C.L. Worney, JRAS. 1624, pp. 6:3-713; Zimmer, Zeit, für Asyriologie F 25.1924. p. 151. Both Gigam and Batida appear on Ind val
