________________
400
35 NAV.29.28: atah sampurna-vastu-pratipadanabhävad vikalädeso 'bhidhiyate, nayamatena sambhavad-dharmaṇām darfana-matram ity arthah. 'Hence, (such a statement] inasmuch as it does not demonstrate the whole real thing is called the incomplete account, which means that it merely shows [selected] properties that are possibly there in consonance with the opinion of (sc. according to) a [respective] viewpoint."
36 The index parameter 1, which refers to the present moment and means 'now', is also a variable (not a constant!), for clearly the actual meaning of the description 'now' steadily changes along the time axis.
"JTBh2 § 8. p. 23.16-18: tatha viseṣa-grähino 'rpita-nayaḥ, samanya-grahinas cânarpita-nayah. tatränarpita-naya-mate tulyam eva ripam sarveṣām siddhānām bhagavatam, arpita-naya-mate tv eka-dvi-try-ādi-samaya-siddhāḥ sva-samana-samayasiddhair eva tulya iti.
PIOTR BALCEROWICZ
JTBh.2 § 8. p. 23.25-26: tatra rju-sütrådayas carvãro nayas caritra-lakṣaṇāvāḥ kriyāyā eva prädhänyam abhyupagacchanti, tasya eva mokṣam pratyavyavaharitakāraṇatvät. naigama-saṁgraha-vyavahārās tu yady api caritra-śruta-samyaktvānāṁ trayanam api mokṣa-käraṇatvam icchanti...
39 JTBh.2 $8. p. 23.19.
SVM.28.205-206 (p. 167.10-11):... naigamo bhāvābhāva-bhūmikatvād bhimavisayah. See below, p. 17 and n. 44.
41
It is Jonardon Ganeri who drew my attention to the Fregean example.
42
See NAV.29.20: paryaya-dabda vibhinnärthah, prativibhakta-vyutpatti-nimittakatvād iha ye ye prativibhakta-vyutpatti-nimittakäs te te bhinnarthaḥ, yathêndra-ghatapurusa-sabda vibhinnârtha(h). The expression bhinnärtha in the above passage is a hackneyed description and may indeed also be translated as 'having different meanings. The use of vastu in the passage below is less unequivocal, TBV.1.3 (Naya-mimämsd). p. 313.15-21: eka-samjñd-samabhirohaṇāt samabhiraḍhas tv äha -yatha hi viruddha-lingådi-yogäd bhidyate vastu tatha samjña-bhedad api. tatha hi samjñd-bhedah prayojana-vasar sanketa-kartṛbhir vidhiyate na vyasanitavā anyatha anavastha-prasakteḥ tato yavanto vastunaḥ svábhidhayakäḥ sabdas tävanto 'rtha-bhedah pratyartham dabda-nivelät näikasyårthasydnekenäbhidhanam yuktim iti 'ghatah 'kujah kumbhah' iti vacana-bhedad bhinna evarthah, kriya-sabdatvāt vā sarva-fabdanam sarve 'py anvartha eva vacakäh tato 'ghatate' 'kutite kau bhati" iti ca kriyd-laksana-nimitta-bhedät naimittikenâpy arthena bhinnena bhavyam iti 'ghataḥ ity ukte kutah 'kutah' iti pratipattiḥ tena tad-arthasyänabhihitarvät?
Cf. NAV.29.19 on the fabda-naya: na cendra-sakra-purandaradayah paryayasabda vibhinnartha-vācitaya kadäcana pratyante, tebhyaḥ sarvada väikäkära.
parămarsotpatter...
SVM.28.204-213 (p. 167.9-18): pürvah parvo nayah pracura-gocaraḥ paraḥ paras tu parimita-visayaḥ, san-mätra-gocarat sangrahän naigamo bhavabhāva bhumikarvad bhima-visayaḥ, sad-višesa-prakāśakad vyavahärataḥ sangrahaḥ samasta sat-samühdpadariakatvad bahu-visayahḥ, vartamina-visayad rju-sûträd vyavaharas tri-kala-visayavalambitväd analpárthah, kälädi-bhedena bhinnarthöpadarlinaḥ sabdad rju-s@tras tad-viparita-vedakatvan maharthaḥ[.] pratiparyaya-fabdam artha-bhedam abhipsatah samabhirudhac chahdas tad-viparvaydnuyavitvär prabhata-viṣayah. pratikriyam vibhinnam artham pratijänänad evam-bhätät samabhirudhas tadanyathartha-sthäpakatvän mahd-gocaraḥ, naya-väkyam api sva-visaye pravartamanan vidhi-pratiṣedhäbhyām sapta-bhangīm anuvrajati. iti.
45
JTBh.29. p. 14.1-1: kaḥ punar atra bahu-visayo nayaḥ ko valpa-visayaḥ?...
Cf. also JTBh.1 § 64, p. 20.7-10 séyam sapta-bhangi pratibhanga(m) sakalādesasvabhävä vikaladefa-svabhävä ca. tatra pramana-pratipannànanta-dharmatmakavastunaḥ kälädibhir abheda-vṛtti-prädhänуäd abhedöpacäräd va yaugapadyena
31
48
pratipadakam vacaḥ sakaladeśaḥ, naya-visayi-kṛtasya vastu-dharmasya bheda-vṛttiprādhānyad bhedopacarad va kramenābhidhayakam vakyaṁ vikalädeśaḥ. This and similar statements clearly show that the sapta-bhangi method is not restricted to the scope of pramāna, but is applicable to the naya method as well.
47
SVM.28.216 (p. 167.21): pramānam tu samyag-artha-nirnaya-lakṣaṇam sarvanayatmakam.
SVM.28.13-14 (p. 159.17-18): sad evèti durnayaḥ, sad iti nayaḥ, sydd sad iti pramānam.
Anuoga
BALCEROWICZ 1994
BALCEROWICZ 1999
BALCEROWICZ 2000
THE LOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE NAYA METHOD
BALCEROWICZ (forthcoming/a)
BALCEROWICZ (forthcoming/b)
BASHAM 1951
CRESSWELL 1973 JAINI 1920
401
Bibliography
Nandi-suttam and Anuöga-ddäräim (Nandi-sutra and Anyoga. dvārāni). Ed. Muni Punyavijaya, Dalsukh Mälvania, Amritläl Mohanlal Bhojak. Jaina-Agama-Series No.1, Shri Mahāvīra Jaina Vidyalaya, Bombay 1968.
Balcerowicz, Piotr: 'Zarys džinijskiej teorii poznania' ('The Outline of the Jaina Epistemology), Studia Indologiczne 1 (1994) 12-67, Warsaw,
Balcerowicz, Piotr Jaina Epistemology in Historical and Comparative Perspective. Critical Edition and English Translation of Logical-Epistemological Treatises: Nydyavatāra, Nyāyāvatāra-vivṛti and Nyayavatara-tippana with Introduc tion and Notes. Doctoral Dissertation. University of Hamburg 1999 (to be published in Alt- und Neu-Indische Studien. Band 53. 1+2 [Institut für Kultur und Geschichte Indiens und Tibets, Universität Hamburg), Franz Steiner Verlag 2001). Balcerowicz, Piotr: 'On the Date of the Nydydvatāra, in: On the Understanding of Other Cultures, Proceedings of the International Conference on Sanskrit and Related Studies to Commemorate the Centenary of the Birth of Stanislaw Schayer (1899-1941), Warsaw University, Poland, October 710, 1999. Ed. by Piotr Balcerowicz and Marek Mejor. Studia Indologiczne [Warsaw] 7 (2000) 17-57.
Balcerowicz, Piotr: 'On the Relationship of the Nydydvarra and the Sanimari-tarka-prakarana, a paper delived at the X/th World Sanskrit Conference. Turin, April 3rd-8th. 2000. To be published in the Proceedings (Indologica Taurinensia). Balcerowicz, Piotr: 'Some Remarks on the Nava Method." a paper delived at the International Seminar on Jainism - 'Aspects of Jainism. 8-9 September. 2000, Warsaw. [To be published in the Proceedings).
Basham, AL: History and the Doctrine of the Ajivikas. London, 1951.
= Cresswell, Max: Logics and languages. Methuen and Co. Ltd., London 1973.
Jaini, J.L.: Tuurvärthadhigama-sutra (A Treatise on the Essential Principles of Jainism). Introduction, Translation and Notes by ... Sacred Books of the Jainas Vol. 2. Arrah 1920.
