Jinamanjari 2001 04 No 23

Author(s): Jinamanjari
Publisher: Canada Bramhi Jain Society Publication

Page 81

monks is not something new amongst the Svetāmbaras, as Dundas' (1999) recent study of the Kaduā Gaccha has shown. Svetāmbara laity have always performed brahmacarya and other special vows, which are often accepted in public from a monk or a nun. Of late, differences in learning also become increasingly formalised amongst Svetāmbaras in particular through the proliferation examinations and degrees from religious and secular schools and universities. The institution of the novice or similar pre-monastic categories is common to both Bīsapanthi Digambara and Śvetāmbara traditions. It may be argued that the Bisapanthi Digambara kşullaka, for instance, is not really a advanced layman, as Jain maintains, but rather a novice, since he has left his household and wanders together with the munis.
References
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Carrithers, Michael & Caroline Humphrey. "Jains as a community: a position paper." The Assembly of Listeners: Jains in Society. Ed. M.Carrithers & C.Humphrey, 5-12. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991a.
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Mahias, M.C. Delivrance et convivialite: Le système culinaire des Jaina. Paris:
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