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monks is not something new amongst the Svetāmbaras, as Dundas' (1999) recent study of the Kaduā Gaccha has shown. Svetāmbara laity have always performed brahmacarya and other special vows, which are often accepted in public from a monk or a nun. Of late, differences in learning also become increasingly formalised amongst Svetāmbaras in particular through the proliferation examinations and degrees from religious and secular schools and universities. The institution of the novice or similar pre-monastic categories is common to both Bīsapanthi Digambara and Śvetāmbara traditions. It may be argued that the Bisapanthi Digambara kşullaka, for instance, is not really a advanced layman, as Jain maintains, but rather a novice, since he has left his household and wanders together with the munis.
References
Carrithers, Michael. "Naked Ascetics in Southern Digambar Jainism." Man (N.S.) 24 (1989) 219-235. ------, "The foundations of community among southern Digambar Jains: An essay on rhetoric and experience." The Assembly of Listeners. Ed. M.Carrithers & C.Humphrey, 261-286. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
Carrithers, Michael & Caroline Humphrey. "Jains as a community: a position paper." The Assembly of Listeners: Jains in Society. Ed. M.Carrithers & C.Humphrey, 5-12. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991a.
Cort, John E. "The Svetambar Mūrtipūjak Jain Mendicant." Man (N.S.) 26 (1991) 651-671.
Dundas, Paul. The Jains. London: Routledge, 1992. -----. "Jainism without monks? The Case of Kaļuā Sāh." Approaches to Jain Studies: Philosophy, Logic, Rituals and Symbols. Ed. N.K.Wagle & o. Qvarnström, 19-35. University of Toronto: Center for South Asian Studies, 1999.
Flügel, Peter. "Protestantische und Post-Protestantische Jaina Reformbewegungen: Zur Geschichte und Organisation der Sthānakavási I." Berliner Indologische Studien 13-14 (2000) 37-103.
Laidlaw, James. "Profit, Salvation and Profitable Saints." Cambridge Anthropology 9, 3 (1985) 50-70.
Mahias, M.C. Delivrance et convivialite: Le système culinaire des Jaina. Paris:
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