Jaina School Of Indian Mathematics

Author(s): Dipak Jadhav
Publisher: Indian Journal of History of Science

Page 9

324
INDIAN JOURNAL OF HISTORY OF SCIENCE
Table 2: Exclusive class S. No. Mathematician
Sect
Major Works
Written in
Śrīdhara (c. 799 CE)
Digambara
Sanskrit Sanskrit Sanskrit
Mahāvīra (c. 850 CE)
Pātīganita (Shukla 1959) Trisatikā (Dvivedi 1899) Ganita-sāra-sangraha (Padmavathamma 2000) Şaftrimśikā (Jain, Anupam 1982, 1988)
Digambara
Digambara
Sanskrit
Mādhavacandra Traividya (c. 982 CE) Rājāditya (12th century CE)
Digambara
Kannada
Vyavahära-ganita (Padmavathamma et al 2013) Ganita-tilaka-vrtti (Kapadia 1937)
Svetambara
Sanskrit
Simhatilaka Sūri (13th Century CE) Thakkara Pherū (c. 1265-c.1330 CE) Anonymous
Svetāmbara
Ganita-sāra-kaumudi (SaKHYa 2009)
Apabhramsa
Prakrit Sanskrit
Hemarāja (c. 1673)
Digambara Tejasimha Sūri (died in 1686) Svetāmbara
Pātana Mathematical Anthology (Hayashi 2006a) Ganitasāra (Jain, Anupam 1988b) Istanka Pancavimsatikā (Hayashi 2006)
Hindi Sanskrit
9
leaf manuscript of the Trisatikā, written in Kanarese script, discovered in the Jaina Library at Mūdabidri in south Karnataka. It contains
Jinam' whereas the other manuscript contains 'Sivam' (Dvivedi 1899, p. 1). N C Jain Sastri is of the opinion that the occurrence of the reading
Sivam' is a deliberate change as such a custom of changing the benediction of a text is found in other texts too. He regards the reading Jinam' to be authentic. So he suggests that Śrīdhara was a Jaina (Sastri, N C Jain 1947, pp. 31-32). Anupam Jain and Jaychand Jain support N C Jain with scores of arguments (Jain, Anupam and Jain, Jaychand 1988, pp. 49-53). Mamata Agrawal has followed them (Agrawal 2001, pp. 41-43).
were frequently used by L C Jain (Jain, LC 1961, pp. 222-231; 1973, p. 3; 1980, p. 43; 2007, p. 9). RC Gupta understands them in the way as follows.
"The lokottara type of Jaina mathematics is somewhat of abstract and its higher level surpasses that of laukika mathematics. The laukika Jaina mathematics is mostly mensurational and is related to simpler problems of the type which we come across in ordinary life. It is covered by what we call elementary arithmetic, algebra and geometry. ... It is in the category of alaukika mathematics that the work of the Jaina School is unique. In fact, the remarkable achievement in this area clearly distinguishes the Jaina school of Mathematics from other ancient schools whether it is in India, or outside India. One is often surprised to find parallels of several modern mathematical concepts and notions in ancient Jaina texts (Gupta 1993, pp. 22-23)."
The two expressions, laukika ganita and lokottara ganita, were rarely employed in the treatises of the Jaina school of Indian mathematics.
4. LAUKIKA AND LOKOTTARA GANITA
The mathematics found in the treatises of the Jaina school of Indian mathematics is viewed into two categories. One is laukika ganita (worldly mathematics) and the other is alaukika ganita (non-worldly mathematics) or lokottara ganita (post-worldly mathematics). These expressions