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JAINA BIBLIOORAPHY
sacrad objects of worship, sometimes singly so and sometimes taken in groups. By the 1st or 2nd cent. A. D. images were worshipped by the Jains in fully developed form. Iconographic texts exclusively dealing with the forms of images which treating with the subject of pratiștha or installation ceremony and texts containing casual references to iconographic matter are abundantly available not before the 9th or the 10 cent. A.D. The Jaina in early period paid but very little attention in the matter of the elaboration of the pantheon or the consecration and worship of the different deities included within it. This was probably due to the influence of Tantricism on Jainism in later ages round about the 10th or the 11th eent. A. D. Texts on images mentioned and discussed.
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C. SIVARAMAMURTI.-- Geographical and Chronological factors in India Iconography. Ancient India No. 6, (Delhi, 1950).
Pp. 45-46. Srivatsa a very ancient symbol-a mark of Mahapurusha, (a great person) on the chest of the Jaina Tirthankaras in Kushān sculptures from Mathura (fig. 29, 2.18). Tirthankara images of the mediaeval period in Bengal lack the Śrivatsa mark on the chest though elsewhere in North India it is present in Tirthankara (fig. 29, 2a). In South India also the Tirthankaras lack it. The mark is present on the chest of Tirthankaras in very early North Indian sculptures (Pl. DV.B); it is absent in South Indian Tamil medieval sculpture; it is present in North Indian medieval sculptures (PI, XVI. D) but never in Bengal (Pl. XV. C.).
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J. N. RAMACHANDRAN-Indian Bronzes. (I.O.R., Vol. XIX, Part-III), Madras, 1952.
P. 189. Jaina Bronzes-South Indian Jaina and Buddhist bronzes are not many. Jaina bronzes, some of the 10th and 11th century A.D. and the rest of later periods representing the 24th Tirthankaras, their Śāsana---devatās and Bahubali are known from South and North Karmar (fig. 5), Chingleput, Bellary and North and South Arcot Districts. Jaina metal images are also known from Paharpur, East Bengal (11th century A.D.). Sunderbans, West Bengal from Orissa (7th-11th century A.D.), most of them representing Rishavadeva, the first Tirthankara, and from Gwalior 9th-11th century A.D.). An inscribed large image of Mahāvira (12th century A.D.) from Nahar collection, Calcutta, is of the class popular in South Kanara (fig. 5) and being inscribed, helps dating Jaina images.
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