Jain Journal 1998 07

Author(s): Jain Bhawan Publication
Publisher: Jain Bhawan Publication

Page 23

JAIN CONTRIBUTION OF THE JAINA LOGICIANS TO INDIAN EPISTEMOLOGY 21 probans. There are some hetus possessed of three characteristics, but deviod of validity, e.g.
sa syāmas tasya patratvād dṛṣṭā śyamā yathetare/ iti tri-lakṣano hetur na niscityai pravartate //
Tattva-samgraha 1369 sa syāmaḥ tat-putratvād tarayāḥ anyaputravat (Pramāṇa-parikṣā p.45). He must be swarthy in complexion since he is the son of Maitreyi (a woman of swarthy complexion). It is an instance of a defective probans, because it is not necessary that every son of Maitreyi will be swarthy in complexion. So in the absence of necessary factor of universal concomitance the three characteristics are useless.
2. There are many hetus which are not possessed of triple characteristics but they are competent, because of having a unitary characteristic of necessary concomitance with the probandum; for example, tomorrow will be Thursday because today is Wednesday, Sakata constellation will arise after a muhurta, because the kṛttika constellation has just arisen, are such hetus which do not have triple characteristics (Trirūpata), but competent enough for the inferential cognition of a probandum. The only one characteristic of Anyathānupapattiis needed to define a probans Pātrakesari says
anyatha-nupapannattam yatra tatra trayeṇa kim | nanyatha-nupapannattam yatra tatra trayena kim |
Tattva-samgraha 1368.
Vidyananda gives two arguments to prove the illegitimacy of triple characteristics of probans as under
(i) It is found in fallacious probans also.
(ii) It is not a differentia to distinguish a probans from a pseudoprobans.
Acarya Hemacandra says that refutation of trairupya will also serve as a refutation of the pañcarūpya, since this is nothing but an elaboration of universal concomitance.
Thus it is a new perspective of Jaina logic which speaks of the deep and penetrative thinking of Jaina logicians.
VI. Establishment of new probans (such as kāraṇa etc)
The Jaina logicians propounded four new probans also, namely kāraṇa (cause), pūrvacara, (predecessor), uttaracara (successor), sahacara (simultaneous). These kinds of probans have not been