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JANUARY 1982
of birth and death. The worldly souls have ultrafine particles of matter known as karma particles associated with them. The liberated souls have freed themselves from the bondage of karma particles. There are two basic types of karma, the material (dravya) karma mentioned above which are particles of matter, and abstract (bhāva) karma which are the feelings of pleasure and pain, love and hatred, compassion and anger, etc. The relationship between material karma and abstract karma is that of cause and effect. The material karma give rise to the feelings and emotions (abstract karma) in the worldly souls which in turn cause the influx (āsrava) and bonding (bandha) of fresh material karma. Thus the relationship between the material and abstract karma can be described as one between plant and seed. It should be remarked that soul is an entity different from matter. Thus the transformations in a soul (abstract karma) occur because of the intrinsic attributes of soul while the transformations (influx, bonding, etc.) in material karma take place because of the intrinsic attributes of matter. Acarya Kundakunda has written, in Pañcāstikāyasāra :(1)
bhāvo kammaṇimitto kammam puṇa bhāvakārāṇam havadi na du tesim khalu kattā ņa viņā bhūdā du kattāram 60
The emotional states of a living being are caused by the karma particles and the karma particles in their turn are caused by the emotional states. However, the soul is not the essential cause and still without essential cause these changes can not occur.
kuvvam sagam sahāvam attā kattā sagassa bhāvassa na hi poggalakammāņam idi jiņavayaṇam muṇeyavvam 61
105
Soul which brings about changes in itself is the intrinsic cause of the mental states but the soul is not the intrinsic cause of the changes in the karma particles which are material in nature. This is the teaching of Jina.
kammam pi sagam kuvvadi seņa sahāvena sammamappāṇam jivo vi ya tārisao kammasahāveṇa bhāveņa 62
The changes in karma particles occur due to the intrinsic nature of material particles. Similarly, the changes in any soul occur due to the intrinsic characteristics of the soul and through its own impure states of thought which are conditioned by karma.
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