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JAIN JOURNAL
particles which are attracted towards the soul. This has been described by Acarya Umaswami in Tattvārthasūtra :(4)
tivramandajñātājñātabhāvavīrya'dhikaraṇaviteşebhyastadviseşah. 6-7
The duration and fruition of karma are determined by the passions (kasāya) and the states of mind of the living being. This has been stated in Gommațasāra Karmakānda :(2)
jogā payadipadesā ļhidianubhāgā kasāyado honti apariņaducchinnesu ya bandhatthidikāraṇam natthi 257
The nature and quantity bonding of karma are caused by thoughtactivity, and duration and fruition bonding, by passions. In the eleventh stage of subsided delusion (upaśāntamoha), where the deluding karma exists in a passive state and does not operate (i.e., is not subject to modification), and in the twelfth delusionless (kşīnamoha) stage and in the thirteenth stage of active omniscient conqueror (sayoga kevalt), where the passions have been destroyed, there is no cause for bonding. In the fourteenth stage of inactive omniscient, there is no bondage. The fourteen spiritual stages have been described below.
There are thirty-nine different kinds of activities that lead to the influx and bonding of karma particles. These include the activities of the five senses (of touch, taste, smell, sight and hearing), activities involving the four passions (anger-krodha, pride—māna, intrigue-māyā and greed-lobha), activities involving violence (himsā), untruth (asatya), stealing (steya), unchastity (abrahmacarya) and worldly attachment (parigraha), and, rational activities (samyaktva), irrational activities (mithyātva), experimentation (prayogakriyā), mental pain to oneself or others (paritāpiktkriyā), infatuated desire to see a pleasant or unpleasant object (darśanakriyā), etc.(5)
The activities of the worldly souls have also been classified in the following manner : There are 3 phases of each activity, determination (samkalpa), preparation (samārambha) and commencement (ārambha). Each one of these may involve the activity of mind, speech and body, giving 9 variations. A person can do the act himself, can get it done by others or can just give the approval for the act. Thus we get 9x3=27 types of activities. These 27 types multiplied by 4 different passions (anger, pride, intrigue and greed) yield 108 different shades of activities.
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