Jain Journal 1981 01

Author(s): Jain Bhawan Publication
Publisher: Jain Bhawan Publication

Page 32

106
(1) Asiddha (unproved)-That whose nature (inseparable connection with sadhya) is not determined is unproved. Indetermination of knowledge either through ignorance or through perversion is asiddha, e.g., "This is fragrant because it is a sky-lotus.' Here the reason, viz., the sky-lotus is unreal.
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(2) Viruddha (opposed)-That reason is opposed, the invariable connection of which is known to be with opposite to the sadhya or in other words, which is inseperably connected not with the sadhya, but with its antithesis e.g., "This is firey because it is a body of water.' Here the reason alleged is opposed to what is to be established.
(3) Anaikāntika (doubtful)-A reason, the invariable relationship of which (with the sadhya) is doubted, is doubtful or that whose consistency otherwise is doubted is doubtful. e.g., 'Sound is eternal because it is always audible.' Here the reason is uncertain because audibleness may or may not be proved of eternity.
An objection may be raised that if the Jainas believe that there is one and the only characteristic of hetu i.e., anyathanupapannatva or avinābhāva, the fallacy should also be only one, then why Siddhasena consider hetvābhaşa is of three kinds?
As an answer to this objection, Siddhasena points out that the anyathanupapannatva or avinābhāva (necessary concomitance) can remain unknown either through indecision or through error or through doubt. (1) If it is through indecision, it is unproved (asiddha), (2) If it is through error, it is opposed (viruddha) and (3) If it is through doubt, it is doubted (anaikantika).
But the later logician Akalanka says that in fact there is only one fallacy i.e., akiñcitkara, which is classified into three classes (1) asiddha (2) viruddha and (3) anaikāntika.
References:
1. Pramaṇa-Naya-Tattvālokālankāra by Vadi Devasuri 2. Jaina Tarka Bhāṣa by Yasovijaya
3. A Primer of Indian Logic by S. Kuppuswami Shastri
4. Jainism in Buddhist Literature by Bhagchandra Jain 'Bhaskar' 5. Jain Tark-Sastro-me Anuman Vicar (in Hindi) by Dr. Darbarilal Jain 'Ketia'