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Dignāga on trairúpya Reconsidered: A Reply to Prof. Oetke
251
In this connection I would like to explain what is the meaning of the 'evarestriction'. Here is an often-quoted paribhāṣā (No. 131) attributed to a Grammarian Vyādi:
yata eva-käras tato'nyatrāvadhāraṇam (Paribhāṣāsamgraha ed. by Abhyankar, Poona, 1967, p. 43) "When the restrictive particle 'eva' is attached to the word X, the other word Y is restricted.”
In a sentence {X eva Y} or “vrkșa eva simśapā” (simšapā is a tree), the domain of Y is restricted by the domain of X and the domain of simšapās is restricted by the domain of trees. The terms 'avadhārana' or 'niyama' express such a restrictive function of the particle eva. X and Y are called 'niyāmaka' and 'niyamya' respectively.") If we graphically represent the relation between niyamya (Y) and niyāmaka (X), it can be presented in the following two circles:
X=niyāmaka
Y=niyamya
The same relationship can be called 'vyāpti' (pervasion); namely, the domain of Y is pervaded by that of X when Y is vyāpya (the pervaded) and X is vyāpaka (the pervader). As a matter of fact, the Nyāyakośa, compiled by Jhalakikar and revised by Abhyankar (Poona, 1978), gives vyāpti as the first meaning of niyama' and Nārāyaṇa (ca. 1560-1656) presents 'niyama' as one of the synonyms of 'vyāpti' in his Mānameyodaya (ed. and tr. by Kunhan Raja and Suryanarayana Sastri, Madras, 1933, p. 50), other synonyms being 'pratibandha', 'avyabhicāra', and 'avinābhava'.
Dignāga refers to the notion of restriction again in PS II. 21:
