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communication. The western Pre-greek philosophers, who were in search of the ultimate stuff from which this world of being originated, then they thought about one to many substances, then Greek philosophers began to determine their nature and features. In the meadiveal period, the government was dominated by Pope and no independence of thought was allowed and Galilieo was burnt alive for expressing his novel thought. In the modern period, due to development in science and mathematics, a new renaissance came into being and the epistemic view of Realist and Idealist schools of thinking became the central issue of the philosophy. After a long debate between the two schools of thoughts, it was ultimately reconciled by Immanuel Kant that, neither the realist nor the idealist stand point will suffice to solve the problems of the epistemic world and the ethical world and he reconciled it by. declaring that concepts without precepts are blind and precepts without concepts are empty'. . 4.4 Western Post-Modern Philosophy
During the late 1920s, '30s, and '40s, Russell and Wittgenstein's formalism was developed by a group of philosophers in Vienna and Berlin, who were known as the Vienna Circle and Berlin Circle respectively, into a doctrine known as logical positivism (or logical empiricism). Logical positivism used formal logical methods to develop an empiricist account of knowledge. Philosophers such as Rudolf Carnap and Hans Reichenbach, along with other members of the Vienna Circle, claimed that the truths of logic and mathematics were tautologies, and those of science were verifiable empirical claims. These two constituted the entire universe of meaningful judgments; anything else was nonsense. The claims of ethics, aesthetics and theology were, accordingly, pseudo-statements, neither true nor false, simply meaningless. Karl Popper's insistence upon the role of falsification in the philosophy of
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