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## Chapter 62: The Sixfold Path of Pain
**The Lokakasha (space of the world) is not limited in number, but is countless in extent. It extends from the smallest fraction of an angula (finger width) to the Ghanaloka (highest realm).**
1. **The Vedana-Kala-Vidhana (Doctrine of the Duration of Pain) explains how the pain-producing karmic matter (Vedana-dravya-skandha) remains with the living being for a specific duration, depending on its intensity and nature.**
2. **The Vedana-Abhava-Vidhana (Doctrine of the Absence of Pain) states that the variations in pain-related emotions are not limited to a countable, countless, or infinite number, but are infinitely infinite.**
3. **The Vedana-Pratyay-Vidhana (Doctrine of the Causes of Pain) describes the causes of pain.**
4. **The Vedana-Swamitva-Vidhana (Doctrine of the Owners of Pain) explains the owners of pain.**
5. **The Vedana-Vedan-Vidhana (Doctrine of the Experience of Pain) explains the different types of pain experienced by the bound, liberated, and partially liberated beings, using the principles of Nayas (perspectives).**
6. **The Vedana-Gati-Vidhana (Doctrine of the Movement of Pain) describes the movement of pain as static, dynamic, and both static and dynamic.**
7. **The Vedana-Antar-Vidhana (Doctrine of the Internal Nature of Pain) explains the different types of time-bound karmic influences: immediate binding, continuous binding, and both immediate and continuous binding.**
8. **The Vedana-Sannikarsha-Vidhana (Doctrine of the Proximity of Pain) describes the proximity of pain in terms of substance, space, time, and emotion, highlighting the different levels of intensity and subtlety.**
9. **The Vedana-Parimana-Vidhana (Doctrine of the Magnitude of Pain) explains the magnitude of pain in terms of time and space, differentiating between the original and subsequent natures.**
10. **The Vedana-Bhaga-Bhaga-Vidhana (Doctrine of the Division of Pain) explains the proportion of different types of pain based on their nature, duration, and spatial dependence.**
11. **The Vedana-Alpa-Bahutva-Anuyoga-Dwar (Doctrine of the Relative Abundance and Scarcity of Pain) explains the relative abundance and scarcity of these three types of pain.**
This is a brief introduction to the sixteen Anuyoga-Dwaras (Gates of Knowledge). Among them, the knowledge of the owners of pain in terms of substance, space, time, and emotion is particularly useful and important. Therefore, we will discuss it further.
**The Ownership of Pain in Substance**
A being with multiplied karmic actions is called a Gunita-Karma-Ashika. A being whose karmic actions increase progressively is called a Gunita-Karma-Ashika.
* **Earth-bodied beings (Prithvi-kayika) who have lived for a duration less than two thousand Sagaropama (a unit of time) are called Paribhrama (wanderers). They are born in the realm of the Pariapta (sufficient) and then in the realm of the Apariapta (insufficient).**
* **Those who are born in the realm of the Alpa-Ayush (short-lived) and then in the realm of the Ayush (long-lived) and who bind the Pariapta (sufficient) to a full lifespan in the shortest possible time, do so through the lowest level of karmic influence (Jghana-Yoga).**
* **Those who perform the highest level of karmic actions in the upper realms and the lowest level of karmic actions in the lower realms, are called Adhavaas (dwellers).**
**Except for the Ayukarma (lifespan karma), the owner of the highest level of pain in the remaining seven karmas (Jnanavarana, etc.) is the accumulated karmic substance (Karma-dravya) that is progressively multiplied.**
**This is revealed by the fact that a being who has reached the state of Badar Karma-Sthiti (seventy Koḍa-Koḍi Sagaropama) is born many times in the realm of the Pariapta (sufficient) and then in the realm of the Apariapta (insufficient), and lives a long lifespan in the realm of the Dirgha-Ayush (long-lived).**