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## Introduction
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Whose hair follicles are filled with Roman numerals and cannot be cut with scissors. Again, one hair follicle is taken out of that pond after every hundred years. The time it takes to remove all these hair follicles is called Vyavaharapalya. Multiplying this Vyavaharapalya by countless koti years gives the measure of Uddharapalya. By this, the number of islands and oceans is calculated. Multiplying this Uddharapalya by countless koti years gives the measure of Adhapalya. In the scriptures, the description of karma, bhava, lifespan, and the state of the body is done with this Adhapalya. That is, wherever the word 'Palyopama' comes, it should be understood as the measure of time of Adhapalya. This number system uses this Palyopama. Ten Kodakodi Adhapalyopama is one Adhasagaropama, which is commonly used in this text and other texts as Sagaropama or Sagar. Ten Kodakodi Adhasagaropama is one Utsarpini and the same amount of time is one Avasarpini. Together, these two make twenty Kodakodi Sagaropama, which is one Kalpakal.
## Area Measure
The smallest indivisible part of Pudgala is called Paramanu. This Paramanu is so subtle, being one Pradesh, that it cannot be perceived by the senses, let alone by the most powerful microscope. It is without beginning, middle, and end. The amount of space that one indivisible Paramanu occupies is called one Kshetrapradesh. A group of two or more Paramanu is called a Skandha. A Skandha with an infinite number of Paramanu is called Avasannasanna. Eight Avasannasanna make one Sannasanna Skandha, eight Sannasanna make one Tritarenu, eight Tritarenu make one Trasarenu, eight Trasarenu make one Ratharenu, eight Ratharenu make the hair tip of a high-enjoyment earth-dwelling being, eight such hair tips make the hair tip of a medium-enjoyment earth-dwelling being, eight such hair tips make the hair tip of a low-enjoyment earth-dwelling being, eight such hair tips make the hair tip of a karma-dwelling being, eight karma-dwelling hair tips make one Liksha (a scratch that arises in hair), eight Liksha make one Jua, eight Jua make one Yavamdhya (the middle part of a barley grain), and eight Yavamdhya make one Angul. This Angul is of three types: Utshedhangul, Pramanangul, and Atmangul. The Angul that is equal to eight Yavamdhya is called Utshedhangul. Five hundred Utshedhangul make one Pramanangul. That is, the Angul of the first Chakravarti of the Avasarpini time, who has a body five hundred Dhanush high, or the Angul of the humans here or the Videha, who have a similar height, is called Pramanangul. The measure of the Angul of humans, animals, gods, and hell beings, as well as the measure of the residence of gods and their cities, is done with Utshedhangul. The measure of islands, oceans, mountains, altars, rivers, ponds, and fields is done with Pramanangul. Various