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4. Question: If karma is not visible, how can its existence be known? Answer: Karma is a form of pudgala dravya and has form, taste, smell and touch, but because of its subtle transformation, it is not visible. However, the existence of karma can be inferred by observing the different conditions of beings, such as their knowledge and ignorance, poverty and wealth, strength and weakness. Question: Why do beings have emotions like attachment, etc., and since when? Answer: There is a natural power in both the jiva and pudgala dravya; due to that power, the jiva has the ability to transform into emotions like attachment, etc., and the pudgala dravya has the ability to transform into karma. Due to this ability, when the opportunity for karma arises, emotions like attachment, etc., arise in the jiva, and the pudgala dravya transforms into karma. This transformation of the jiva into emotions like attachment, etc., has been going on since time immemorial, and the transformation of the pudgala dravya into karma has also been going on since time immemorial. The material cause of the jiva's emotions like attachment, etc., is...