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## Second Karma Granth: Appendix
The terms "Appendix" and "Adi" are used in their original places. This indicates that time is not just a moment, but a continuously changing flow. Modern scientists also consider time to be a flow and have reached an understanding of its many subtle aspects. However, the Agamas have elaborated on the existence of many subtle aspects within these subtle aspects, proving its infinity.
This discussion is presented briefly for the benefit of the inquisitive. For detailed information, one should refer to texts like Jambudvipaprajnapti and other scriptures and works written by the Acharyas.
Jain philosophy defines the group of six substances, including Jiva, as Lok. Time is one of these six substances. Just as the characteristics, distinctions, and other aspects of the other substances like Jiva are described in the most subtle way, so is time.
Firstly, while explaining the substance of time, it is stated that the substance which acts upon the Jiva and Ajiva substances and helps in changing their new, old, and other states, is called time. Although Dharma and other substances are inherently inclined to produce their new states, these states do not occur without an external cooperative cause, and that cooperative cause is the substance of time. The above characteristic of the substance of time is evident from the literal meaning of the word "time" itself.
"Kalyate, Kshipyate, Prayate Yena Kriyavad Dravyam Sa Kaalah." The substance which causes the active substance to "Kalyate" (be influenced), "Kshipyate" (be thrown), "Prayate" (be motivated), is the substance of time. This substance of time itself does not undergo transformation. (Raj Va. 414222:12)