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## First Karma Granth
**Verse 2:**
The four types of karma bondage are described as: **nature, state, taste, and region**. There are eight **root natures** and one hundred and eight **consequent natures**.
**Explanation:**
After describing the characteristics of karma and the causes of karma bondage in the previous verse, this verse explains the different types of karma bondage and the number of root natures and consequent natures of karma.
When a living being (jiva) acquires karma particles, they take on the form of karma. At that time, four aspects are created within them. These aspects are called types of bondage. For example, when grass, etc., is eaten by cows, buffaloes, etc., it is transformed into milk. In this milk, a sweet taste is created. This taste remains in this form for a certain period of time, which is also a part of it. This sweetness also has characteristics like intensity and mildness, and the milk also has a certain quantity. Similarly, when karma particles are acquired by a living being and become connected with the regions of the soul, four aspects are created in them, which are called **nature bondage, state bondage, taste bondage, and region bondage**. Their characteristics should be understood as follows:
1. (a) There are four types of bondage: **attachment bondage, time bondage, subtle bondage, and space bondage**.
- Samvayanga, Samvay 4
(b) **Nature, state, subtle aspect, and region are of two types**.
- Tattvarth Sutra, Chapter 8, Sutra: