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(48) This side is known as Sankhya-Yoga and it is on the basis of its philosophy and under the shadow of its renunciation that the Vedanta philosophy and the path of renunciation were established. The third side was the main shadow, i.e., the opposite of the promoter dharma, the ultimate, like the peacock's tail. This side is known as Jain and Nirgnyadarshan. Buddhism is the ultimate opponent of promoter dharma, but it is a later independent development of a mixture of the second and third sides. But the common goal of all renunciants is to destroy the root of karma in some way and to attain a state where they do not have to return to the cycle of birth again.
It does not seem that promoter dharma was ever prevalent alone, and renunciation emerged later. Yet, there was certainly a time in the beginning when the establishment of promoter dharma was the main thing in society and renunciation was limited to individuals, so it was not only neglected by the promoters of dharma, but also faced the brunt of their opposition. But the distinct traditions of renunciants gradually developed inner elements like meditation, contemplation, austerity, yoga, devotion, etc. to such an extent that even in the presence of promoter dharma, the stamp of renunciation was imposed on society in a way, and everywhere there was talk of renunciation, and literature also began to be created and propagated with the ideas of renunciation.
Renunciants had to speculate about the nature of liberation and its means; but along with this, they also had to think a lot about the elements of karma. They established definitions and explanations of karma and its divisions, classified the elements of karma from the point of view of cause and effect, discussed the inherent powers of karma, considered the time limits of the consequences of each, and also considered the mutual relationships of karmas. In this way, renunciants developed a well-established science of karma.